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Alves D, Pereira MO, Lopes SP. Co-immobilization of Ciprofloxacin and Chlorhexidine as a Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Dual-Drug Coating for Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-Based Endotracheal Tubes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:16861-16879. [PMID: 38507790 PMCID: PMC10995906 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The endotracheal tube (ETT) affords support for intubated patients, but the increasing incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is jeopardizing its application. ETT surfaces promote (poly)microbial colonization and biofilm formation, with a heavy burden for VAP. Devising safe, broad-spectrum antimicrobial materials to tackle the ETT bioburden is needful. Herein, we immobilized ciprofloxacin (CIP) and/or chlorhexidine (CHX), through polydopamine (pDA)-based functionalization, onto poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) surfaces. These surfaces were characterized regarding physicochemical properties and challenged with single and polymicrobial cultures of VAP-relevant bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and fungi (Candida albicans). The coatings imparted PVC surfaces with a homogeneous morphology, varied wettability, and low roughness. The antimicrobial immobilization via pDA chemistry was still evidenced by infrared spectroscopy. Coated surfaces exhibited sustained CIP/CHX release, retaining prolonged (10 days) activity. CIP/CHX-coated surfaces evidencing no A549 lung cell toxicity displayed better antibiofilm outcomes than CIP or CHX coatings, preventing bacterial attachment by 4.1-7.2 Log10 CFU/mL and modestly distressingC. albicans. Their antibiofilm effectiveness was endured toward polymicrobial consortia, substantially inhibiting the adhesion of the bacterial populations (up to 8 Log10 CFU/mL) within the consortia in dual- and even inP. aeruginosa/S. aureus/C. albicans triple-species biofilms while affecting fungal adhesion by 2.7 Log10 CFU/mL (dual consortia) and 1 Log10 CFU/mL (triple consortia). The potential of the dual-drug coating strategy in preventing triple-species adhesion and impairing bacterial viability was still strengthened by live/dead microscopy. The pDA-assisted CIP/CHX co-immobilization holds a safe and robust broad-spectrum antimicrobial coating strategy for PVC-ETTs, with the promise laying in reducing VAP incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana
Filipa Alves
- CEB
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University
of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate
Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Olívia Pereira
- CEB
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University
of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate
Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Patrícia Lopes
- CEB
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University
of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate
Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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2
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Ferrer-Luque CM, Solana C, Aguado B, Baca P, Arias-Moliz MT, Ruiz-Linares M. Efficacy of mixed diclofenac solutions against root canal biofilms. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:530-536. [PMID: 37464569 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of diclofenac sodium solutions, with or without cetrimide (CTR) added, against polymicrobial root canal biofilms grown in dentin specimens. The study groups were: (1) 5% diclofenac sodium (DCS); (2) 2.5% DCS; (3) 2.5% DCS + 0. 2% CTR; (4) 2.5% DCS + 0.4% CTR and (5) 0.9% saline solution (SS) as the control. After 5 min of solution contact with the biofilms, the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by means of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Microbial quantification was indicated as the percentage reduction of relative light units (RLUs) for the ATP assay, the Log10 total biovolume and the viability percentage (green cells) for CLSM. Solutions of 2.5% DCS + 0.4% CTR and 5% DCS showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy. Cetrimide increased the antibiofilm activity of diclofenac sodium against endodontic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Maria Ferrer-Luque
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Solana
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Baca
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - María Teresa Arias-Moliz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Matilde Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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3
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Sitkin S, Pokrotnieks J. Targeted Probiotics Against Bacterial-Fungal Biofilms: A New Concept Seems to Bring Us Closer to Microbiome-modulating Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:e40-e41. [PMID: 37672357 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Lay Summary
This article describes the concept of microbiome-modulating therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases using targeted probiotics. A designed probiotic composition is discussed as an example, the targets for which are polymicrobial bacterial-fungal biofilms specific for Crohn’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Sitkin
- Institute of Perinatology and Pediatrics, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Research and Development Department, Elpis Ltd., Riga, Latvia
| | - Juris Pokrotnieks
- Department of Internal Diseases, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
- Centre of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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4
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Zubair R, Mughal S, Rathi S, Ejaz R. Exploring the Efficacy of ZB-06 Vaginal Biofilm as a Novel Treatment for Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis. J Midlife Health 2023; 14:230-232. [PMID: 38312767 PMCID: PMC10836437 DOI: 10.4103/jmh.jmh_119_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the efficacy of ZB-06 vaginal biofilm as a novel treatment for recurrent bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is a prevalent vaginal infection that primarily affects women of reproductive age and is linked to adverse health outcomes. Biofilm production allows bacteria to cling to the vaginal epithelium, making antibiotics harder to penetrate and treat the illness efficiently. ZB-06 is a vaginal biofilm inhibitor that may dissolve the biofilm generated by the bacteria causing BV, enhancing antibiotic therapy efficacy and lowering the risk of recurrence. The current literature on BV, biofilm formation, and the possible function of ZB-06 as a therapy option for recurrent BV is reviewed in this article. More research is needed to determine ZB-06's safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooja Zubair
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Saddar, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sanila Mughal
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Saddar, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sushma Rathi
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Saddar, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Roshanay Ejaz
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Saddar, Karachi, Pakistan
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Dong J, Liu L, Chen L, Xiang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y. The Coexistence of Bacterial Species Restructures Biofilm Architecture and Increases Tolerance to Antimicrobial Agents. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0358122. [PMID: 36847543 PMCID: PMC10100793 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03581-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections caused by polymicrobial biofilms are often difficult to treat effectively, partially due to the elevated tolerance of polymicrobial biofilms to antimicrobial treatments. It is known that interspecific interactions influence polymicrobial biofilm formation. However, the underlying role of the coexistence of bacterial species in polymicrobial biofilm formation is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of the coexistence of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enteritidis on triple-species biofilm formation. Our results demonstrated that the coexistence of these three species enhanced the biofilm biomass and led to restructuring of the biofilm into a tower-like architecture. Furthermore, the proportions of polysaccharides, proteins, and eDNAs in the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition of the triple-species biofilm were significantly changed compared to those in the E. faecalis mono-species biofilm. Finally, we analyzed the transcriptomic profile of E. faecalis in response to coexistence with E. coli and S. enteritidis in the triple-species biofilm. The results suggested that E. faecalis established dominance and restructured the triple-species biofilm by enhancing nutrient transport and biosynthesis of amino acids, upregulating central carbon metabolism, manipulating the microenvironment through "biological weapons," and activating versatile stress response regulators. Together, the results of this pilot study reveal the nature of E. faecalis-harboring triple-species biofilms with a static biofilm model and provide novel insights for further understanding interspecies interactions and the clinical treatment of polymicrobial biofilms. IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms possess distinct community properties that affect various aspects of our daily lives. In particular, biofilms exhibit increased tolerance to chemical disinfectants, antimicrobial agents, and host immune responses. Multispecies biofilms are undoubtedly the dominant form of biofilms in nature. Thus, there is a pressing need for more research directed at delineating the nature of multispecies biofilms and the effects of the properties on the development and survival of the biofilm community. Here, we address the effects of the coexistence of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis on triple-species biofilm formation with a static model. In combination with transcriptomic analyses, this pilot study explores the potential underlying mechanisms that lead to the dominance of E. faecalis in triple-species biofilms. Our findings provide novel insights into the nature of triple-species biofilms and indicate that the composition of multispecies biofilms should be a key consideration when determining antimicrobial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Luhan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuqiang Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yabin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Youbao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Lagudas MFG, Bureros KJC. Inhibition of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis mixed biofilm formation in a catheter disk model system treated with EtOH-EDTA solution. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:6958808. [PMID: 36763802 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization and the formation of biofilms on catheter surfaces pose a great risk for medical-related infections. We aimed (a) to evaluate polymicrobial biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis and (b) to investigate the inhibition and effects of ethanol (EtOH) and EtOH-EDTA solutions on biofilms. Catheter disks were made and used as a substrate for biofilm formation. Varying concentrations of EtOH and EtOH-EDTA solutions were compared in deterring biofilm formation. The EtOH-EDTA solutions were further tested to remove mature and preformed biofilms. Compared to their monospecies counterparts, biofilm concentration significantly increases when C. albicans is co-cultured with S. epidermidis. Moreover, all treatments with EtOH-EDTA solution significantly lowered biofilm formation compared to EtOH alone (P ≤ 0.05). Lastly, biofilm was dramatically reduced when treated with 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% EtOH-EDTA solutions (P ≤ 0.05). Our findings suggest that biofilms become more resilient to treatment when formed by multiple organisms. Nonetheless, treatment with EtOH-EDTA is effective against these polymicrobial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Farah G Lagudas
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Gorordo Avenue, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu, Philippines
| | - Kenneth Joseph C Bureros
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Gorordo Avenue, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu, Philippines.,Marine and Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 lien-hai Road, 80424 Kaohsiung city, Taiwan
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7
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Shivaji S, Nagapriya B, Ranjith K. Differential Susceptibility of Mixed Polymicrobial Biofilms Involving Ocular Coccoid Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis) and a Filamentous Fungus ( Fusarium solani) on Ex Vivo Human Corneas. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020413. [PMID: 36838378 PMCID: PMC9964441 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms confer several advantages to the organisms associated with them, such as increased resistances to antibacterial and antifungal compounds compared to free living cells. Compared to monomicrobial biofilms involving a single microorganism, biofilms composed of microorganisms affiliated to bacterial and fungal kingdoms are predominant in nature. Despite the predominance of polymicrobial biofilms, and more so mixed polymicrobial biofilms, they are rarely studied. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the potential of ocular bacteria and a filamentous fungus to form monomicrobial and mixed polymicrobial biofilms on synthetic and natural substrates and to monitor their response to antibiotics. In this sense, we demonstrated that the ocular pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Fusarium solani form monomicrobial and mixed polymicrobial biofilms both on tissue culture polystyrene plates and on ex vivo human corneas from cadavers using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the mixed polymicrobial biofilms involving the above ocular bacteria and a filamentous fungus were less susceptible to different antibacterials and antifungals in relation to the corresponding control planktonic cells. Further, the MICs to the screened antibacterials and antifungals in polymicrobial biofilms involving a bacterium or a fungus was either increased, decreased, or unchanged compared to the corresponding individual bacterial or fungal biofilm. The results would be useful to the ophthalmologist to plan effective treatment regimens for the eye since these are common pathogens of the eye causing keratitis, endophthalmitis, conjunctivitis, etc.
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Radhakrishnan MP, Suryaletha K, Joseph I, George S, Thomas S. A Novel Brevinin2 HYba5 Peptide against Polymicrobial Biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Protein Pept Lett 2023; 30:795-805. [PMID: 37817656 DOI: 10.2174/0109298665266332231001115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brevinin2 HYba5 (Peptide 29) is a novel cationic peptide identified from an endemic frog, Hydrophylax bahuvistara. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis are troublesome biofilm-forming pathogens associated with nosocomial and community-acquired infections and contribute to the severity of infections associated with implanted devices and chronic wounds. Co-existence of both pathogens in biofilm mode contributes to an increased antibiotic resistance, treatment failure and hence persistent disease burden. Identifying a novel and stable, less toxic compound targeting multispecies biofilm with a lower probability of acquiring resistance in comparison to antibiotics is highly warranted. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the activity of Brevinin2 HYba5 against S. aureus and E. faecalis mixed biofilm. METHODS The anti-biofilm activity of peptide 29 was tested by Crystal violet assay, Confocal laser scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and MTT Assay. Cytotoxicity of the peptide was tested in RBC and L929 fibroblast cell line. Biofilm inhibitory activity of the peptide was evaluated at different temperatures, pH, serum and plasma concentrations. The antibiofilm potential of the peptide was tested against polymicrobial biofilm by Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and plate counting on HiCromeTM UTI Agar media. RESULTS The peptide 29 could inhibit biofilm formation of S. aureus and E. faecalis individually as well as in polymicrobial biofilm at 75 μM concentration. The peptide maintained its antibiofilm potential at different temperatures, serum and plasma concentrations. Activity of the peptide was high at acidic and neutral pH but found to get reduced towards alkaline pH. The peptide is nonhemolytic and does not exhibit significant cytotoxicity against the L929 fibroblast cell line (92.80% cell viability). CONCLUSION The biofilm inhibition property makes peptide 29 a promising candidate for the management of S. aureus and E. faecalis biofilm, especially in catheter-associated devices to prevent the initial colonization and thus can ease the burden of pathogenic biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Periyappilly Radhakrishnan
- Cholera & Biofilm Research Laboratory, Pathogen Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Trivandrum, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Karthika Suryaletha
- Cholera & Biofilm Research Laboratory, Pathogen Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Trivandrum, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Iype Joseph
- Cholera & Biofilm Research Laboratory, Pathogen Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Trivandrum, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Sanil George
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Cholera & Biofilm Research Laboratory, Pathogen Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Trivandrum, 695 014, Kerala, India
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Carević T, Kostić M, Nikolić B, Stojković D, Soković M, Ivanov M. Hesperetin-Between the Ability to Diminish Mono- and Polymicrobial Biofilms and Toxicity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206806. [PMID: 36296398 PMCID: PMC9611592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hesperetin is the aglycone of citrus flavonoid hesperidin. Due to the limited information regarding hesperetin antimicrobial potential and emerging need for novel antimicrobials, we have studied its antimicrobial activity (microdilution assay), antibiofilm activity with different assays in two models (mono- and polymicrobial biofilm), and toxicity (MTT and brine shrimp lethality assays). Hesperetin inhibited growth of all Candida isolates (minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC, 0.165 mg/mL), while it’s inhibitory potential towards Staphylococcus aureus was lower (MIC 4 mg/mL). Hesperetin (0.165 mg/mL) reduced ability of Candida to form biofilms and moderately reduced exopolysaccharide levels in biofilm matrix. Effect on the eradication of 24 h old C. albicans biofilms was promising at 1.320 mg/mL. Inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm formation required higher concentrations of hesperetin (<50% inhibition with MIC 4 mg/mL). Establishment of polymicrobial C. albicans-S. aureus biofilm was significantly inhibited with the lowest examined hesperetin concentration (1 mg/mL) in crystal violet and CFU assays. Hesperetin toxicity was examined towards MRC-5 fibroblasts (IC50 0.340 mg/mL) and in brine shrimp lethality assay (LC50 > 1 mg/mL). Hesperetin is efficient in combating growth and biofilm formation of Candida species. However, its antibacterial application should be further examined due to the cytotoxic effects provoked in the antibacterial concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Carević
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Kostić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Nikolić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Student Square 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Stojković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Soković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Ivanov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Costa RC, Bertolini M, Costa Oliveira BE, Nagay BE, Dini C, Benso B, Klein MI, Barāo VAR, Souza JGS. Polymicrobial biofilms related to dental implant diseases: unravelling the critical role of extracellular biofilm matrix. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 49:370-390. [PMID: 35584310 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2062219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex tri-dimensional structures that encase microbial cells in an extracellular matrix comprising self-produced polymeric substances. The matrix rich in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) contributes to the unique features of biofilm lifestyle and structure, enhancing microbial accretion, biofilm virulence, and antimicrobial resistance. The role of the EPS matrix of biofilms growing on biotic surfaces, especially dental surfaces, is largely unravelled. To date, there is a lack of a broad overview of existing literature concerning the relationship between the EPS matrix and the dental implant environment and its role in implant-related infections. Here, we discuss recent advances in the critical role of the EPS matrix on biofilm growth and virulence on the dental implant surface and its effect on the etiopathogenesis and progression of implant-related infections. Similar to other biofilms associated with human diseases/conditions, EPS-enriched biofilms on implant surfaces promote microbial accumulation, microbiological shift, cross-kingdom interaction, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm virulence, and, consequently, peri-implant tissue damage. But intriguingly, the protagonism of EPS role on implant-related infections and the development of matrix-target therapeutic strategies has been neglected. Finally, we highlight the need for more in-depth analyses of polymicrobial interactions within EPS matrix and EPS-targeting technologies' rationale for disrupting the complex biofilm microenvironment with more outstanding translation to implant applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael C Costa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Bruna E Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Bruna Benso
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, CA, Chile
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valentim A R Barāo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Joāo Gabriel S Souza
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil.,Dental Science School (Faculdade de Ciências Odontológicas - FCO), Montes Claros, Brazil.,Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Sāo Paulo, Brazil
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11
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de Farias AL, Arbeláez MIA, Meneguin AB, Barud HDS, Brighenti FL. Mucoadhesive controlled-release formulations containing morin for the control of oral biofilms. Biofouling 2022; 38:71-83. [PMID: 34906018 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.2015580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of morin on polymicrobial biofilms and its cytotoxicity in controlled-release films and tablets based on gellan gum. Polymicrobial biofilms were formed from saliva for 48 h under an intermittent exposure regime to 1% sucrose and in contact with films or tablets of gellan gum containing 2 mg of morin each. Acidogenicity, bacterial viability, dry weight and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides from biofilms were evaluated. The cytotoxicity of morin was evaluated in oral keratinocytes. Morin released from the systems reduced the viability of all the microbial groups evaluated, as well as the dry weight and insoluble polysaccharide concentration in the matrix and promoted the control of acidogenicity when compared with the control group without the substance. Morin was cytotoxic only at the highest concentration evaluated. In conclusion, morin is an effective agent and shows antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against polymicrobial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Leite de Farias
- Department of Morphology, Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Amaya Arbeláez
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Hernane da Silva Barud
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Laboratory (BioPolMat), University of Araraquara - UNIARA, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti
- Department of Morphology, Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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12
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Li Y, Wu MX. Reversal of Polymicrobial Biofilm Tolerance to Ciprofloxacin by Blue Light plus Carvacrol. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2074. [PMID: 34683395 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound infections are often caused by multi-species biofilms and these biofilm-embedded bacteria exhibit remarkable tolerance to existing antibiotics, which presents huge challenges to control such infections in the wounds. In this investigation, we established a polymicrobial biofilm composed of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii. We tested a cocktail therapy comprising 405-nm blue light (BL), carvacrol (Ca), and antibiotics on the multispecies biofilm. Despite the fact that all strains used to form the biofilm were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (CIP) in planktonic cultures, the biofilm was found to withstand ciprofloxacin as well as BL-Ca dual treatment, mainly because K. pneumoniae outgrew and became dominant in the biofilm after each treatment. Strikingly, when ciprofloxacin was combined with BL-Ca, the multispecies biofilms succumbed substantially and were eradicated at an efficacy of 99.9%. Mechanistically, BL-Ca treatment increased membrane permeability and potentiated the anti-biofilm activity of ciprofloxacin, probably by facilitating ciprofloxacin’s entrance of the bacteria, which is particularly significant for K. pneumoniae, a species that is refractory to either ciprofloxacin or BL-Ca dual treatment. The results suggest that bacterial membrane damage can be one of the pivotal strategies to subvert biofilm tolerance and combat the recalcitrant multispecies biofilms.
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13
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Van Nieuwenhuyse B, Galant C, Brichard B, Docquier PL, Djebara S, Pirnay JP, Van der Linden D, Merabishvili M, Chatzis O. A Case of In Situ Phage Therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in a Bone Allograft Polymicrobial Biofilm Infection: Outcomes and Phage-Antibiotic Interactions. Viruses 2021; 13:1898. [PMID: 34696328 DOI: 10.3390/v13101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy (PT) shows promising potential in managing biofilm infections, which include refractory orthopedic infections. We report the case of a 13-year-old girl who developed chronic polymicrobial biofilm infection of a pelvic bone allograft after Ewing's sarcoma resection surgery. Chronic infection by Clostridium hathewayi, Proteus mirabilis and Finegoldia magna was worsened by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting an inducible Macrolides-Lincosamides-Streptogramin B resistance phenotype (iMLSB). After failure of conventional conservative treatment, combination of in situ anti-S. aureus PT with surgical debridement and intravenous antibiotic therapy led to marked clinical and microbiological improvement, yet failed to prevent a recurrence of infection on the midterm. This eventually led to surgical graft replacement. Multiple factors can explain this midterm failure, among which incomplete coverage of the polymicrobial infection by PT. Indeed, no phage therapy against C. hathewayi, P. mirabilis or F. magna could be administered. Phage-antibiotic interactions were investigated using OmniLog® technology. Our results suggest that phage-antibiotic interactions should not be considered "unconditionally synergistic", and should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Specific pharmacodynamics of phages and antibiotics might explain these differences. More than two years after final graft replacement, the patient remains cured of her sarcoma and no further infections occurred.
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Mochochoko BM, Ezeokoli OT, Sebolai O, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Role of the high-affinity reductive iron acquisition pathway of Candida albicans in prostaglandin E2 production, virulence, and interaction with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Med Mycol 2021; 59:869-881. [PMID: 33862618 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Components of the iron reductive pathway of Candida albicans have been implicated in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and virulence. However, it is unknown whether other components of this pathway influence PGE2. We investigated the role of the iron reductive pathway of C. albicans in biofilm formation, PGE2 production, and virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans. Additionally, as the co-occurrence of C. albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in host tissues is frequent and involves competition for host-associated iron, we examined the effects of this interaction. Deletion of multicopper oxidase gene, FET99, and iron permease genes, FTH1 and FTH2, affected biofilm metabolic activity, and for the FTH2 mutant, also biofilm morphology. Deletion of CCC1 (vacuolar iron transporter) and CCC2 (P-type ATPase copper importer) also influenced biofilm morphology. For PGE2 production, deletion of FET99, FTH1, FTH2, CCC1, and CCC2 caused a significant reduction by monomicrobial biofilms, while FTH2deletion caused the highest reduction in polymicrobial biofilms. URA3 positive mutants of FET99 and FTH2 demonstrated attenuated virulence in C. elegans, potentially due to the inability of mutants to form hyphae in vivo. Deductively, the role of the iron reductive pathway in PGE2 synthesis is indirect, possibly due to their role in iron homeostasis. LAY SUMMARY Iron uptake is vital for disease-causing microbes like Candida albicans. Using strains deficient in some iron-uptake genes, we show that iron-uptake genes, especially FET99 and FTH2, play a role in biofilm formation, prostaglandin production, and virulence in the nematode infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonang M Mochochoko
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Obinna T Ezeokoli
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Olihile Sebolai
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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15
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Fourie R, Cason ED, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Transcriptional response of Candida albicans to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a polymicrobial biofilm. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:6134339. [PMID: 33580263 PMCID: PMC8049422 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is frequently co-isolated with the Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro, the interaction is complex, with both species influencing each other. Not only does the bacterium kill hyphal cells of C. albicans through physical interaction, it also affects C. albicans biofilm formation and morphogenesis, through various secreted factors and cell wall components. The present study sought to expand the current knowledge regarding the interaction between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa, using transcriptome analyses of early static biofilms. Under these conditions, a total of 2,537 open reading frames (approximately 40% of the C. albicans transcriptome) was differentially regulated in the presence of P. aeruginosa. Upon deeper analyses it became evident that the response of C. albicans toward P. aeruginosa was dominated by a response to hypoxia, and included those associated with stress as well as iron and zinc homeostasis. These conditions may also lead to the observed differential regulation of genes associated with cell membrane synthesis, morphology, biofilm formation and phenotypic switching. Thus, C. albicans in polymicrobial biofilms with P. aeruginosa have unique transcriptional profiles that may influence commensalism as well as pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Fourie
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Errol D Cason
- Department of Animal Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
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16
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Maione A, de Alteriis E, Carraturo F, Galdiero S, Falanga A, Guida M, Di Cosmo A, Maselli V, Galdiero E. The Membranotropic Peptide gH625 to Combat Mixed Candida albicans/ Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm: Correlation between In Vitro Anti-Biofilm Activity and In Vivo Antimicrobial Protection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010026. [PMID: 33466540 PMCID: PMC7824901 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiofilm activity of a gH625 analogue was investigated to determine the in vitro inhibition and eradication of a dual-species biofilm of Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae, two leading opportunistic pathogens responsible for several resistant infections. The possibility of effectively exploiting this peptide as an alternative anti-biofilm strategy in vivo was assessed by the investigation of its efficacy on the Galleria mellonella larvae model. Results on larvae survival demonstrate a prophylactic efficacy of the peptide towards the infection of each single microorganism but mainly towards the co-infection. The expression of biofilm-related genes in vivo showed a possible synergy in virulence when these two species co-exist in the host, which was effectively prevented by the peptide. These findings provide novel insights into the treatment of medically relevant bacterial–fungal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta de Alteriis
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Carraturo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via dell'Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
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17
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Fernandes L, Fortes BN, Lincopan N, Ishida K. Caspofungin and Polymyxin B Reduce the Cell Viability and Total Biomass of Mixed Biofilms of Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida spp. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573263. [PMID: 33391197 PMCID: PMC7772422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida spp. are biofilm-forming pathogens commonly found colonizing medical devices, being mainly associated with pneumonia and bloodstream infections. The coinfection by these pathogens presents higher mortality rates when compared to those caused by a single microbial species. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of echinocandins and polymyxin B (PMB) against polymicrobial biofilms of carbapenem-resistant (CR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata). In addition, we tested the antimicrobial effect on their planktonic and monomicrobial biofilm counterparties. Interestingly, beyond inhibition of planktonic [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 0.5 μg/ml] and biofilm [minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC)50 ≤ 2–8 μg/ml] growth of P. aeruginosa, PMB was also effective against planktonic cells of C. tropicalis (MIC = 2 μg/ml), and polymicrobial biofilms of CR P. aeruginosa with C. tropicalis (MBIC50 ≤ 2 μg/ml), C. parapsilosis (MBIC50 = 4–16 μg/ml), C. glabrata (MBIC50 = 8–16 μg/ml), or C. albicans (MBIC50 = 8–64 μg/ml). On the other hand, while micafungin (MFG) showed highest inhibitory activity against planktonic (MIC ≤ 0.008–0.5 μg/ml) and biofilm (MBIC50 ≤ 2–16 μg/ml) growth of Candida spp.; caspofungin (CAS) displays inhibitory activity against planktonic cells (MIC = 0.03–0.25 μg/ml) and monomicrobial biofilms (MBIC50 ≤ 2–64 μg/ml) of Candida spp., and notably on planktonic and monomicrobial biofilms of CR P. aeruginosa (MIC or MBIC50 ≥ 64 μg/ml). Particularly, for mixed biofilms, while CAS reduced significantly viable cell counts of CR P. aeruginosa and Candida spp. at ≥32 and ≥ 2 μg/ml, respectively; PMB was effective in reducing viable cells of CR P. aeruginosa at ≥2 μg/ml and Candida spp. at ≥8 μg/ml. Similar reduction of viable cells was observed for CAS (32–64 μg/ml) combined with PMB (2 μg/ml). These findings highlight the potential of PMB and CAS for the treatment of polymicrobial infections caused by Candida spp. and critical priority CR P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Nakanishi Fortes
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Ishida
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Mynenivenkatasatya SR, Wang H, Cooley W, Garcia-Smith E, Shewale J, Ratcliff J. Effectiveness of a Novel Dentifrice Containing Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide, Sarkosyl, and Sodium Fluoride. Dent J (Basel) 2020; 8:dj8040122. [PMID: 33121042 PMCID: PMC7712167 DOI: 10.3390/dj8040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the effectiveness of a novel dentifrice containing stabilized chlorine dioxide, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (sarkosyl), and sodium fluoride in enhancing enamel fluoride uptake, remineralization, pellicle cleaning and inhibiting biofilm regrowth. Remineralization was measured by fluoride uptake and surface microhardness assessment tests. Artificial stains were removed and scored based on pellicle cleaning ratio. Biofilm regrowth was measured by counting colonies on the agar plates. All studies were conducted using bovine teeth specimens. The efficacy of Toothpaste C (CloSYS anticavity toothpaste) was compared with United States Pharmacopoeia Reference Dentifrice, Toothpaste B (discontinued CloSYS anticavity toothpaste formulation) and leading commercial toothpastes. The enamel fluoride uptake and remineralization by Toothpaste C was 96.1% to 303.3% and 38.0% to 102.4% higher than the tested toothpastes, respectively. The mean pellicle cleaning ratio of Toothpaste C was similar to American Dental Association Reference Material. Toothpaste C had a significant reduction in regrowth of the oral polymicrobial biofilm compared to the control. All tested toothpastes contained 0.24% sodium fluoride. Toothpaste C exhibited significantly superior performance towards fluoride uptake and remineralization compared to the tested toothpastes. Therefore, toothpaste ingredients other than sodium fluoride accounted for the enhanced fluoride uptake and remineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard Wang
- Department of Periodontology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | | | | | - Jaiprakash Shewale
- Rowpar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ 85260, USA; (E.G.-S.); (J.S.); (J.R.)
| | - James Ratcliff
- Rowpar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ 85260, USA; (E.G.-S.); (J.S.); (J.R.)
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19
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Roisin L, Melloul E, Woerther PL, Royer G, Decousser JW, Guillot J, Dannaoui E, Botterel F. Modulated Response of Aspergillus fumigatus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to Antimicrobial Agents in Polymicrobial Biofilm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:574028. [PMID: 33123497 PMCID: PMC7573239 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.574028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The complexity of biofilms constitutes a therapeutic challenge and the antimicrobial susceptibility of fungal-bacterial biofilms remains poorly studied. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) and the Gram-negative bacillus Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sm) can form biofilms and can be co-isolated from the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We previously developed an in vitro biofilm model which highlighted the antibiosis effect of Sm on Af, which was dependent on the bacterial fitness. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of Af and Sm in mono- or polymicrobial biofilms to five antimicrobial agents alone and in two-drug combinations. Methods: Af and Sm clinical reference strains and two strains from CF sputa were tested through a planktonic and biofilm approaches. Af, Sm, or Af-Sm susceptibilities to amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole (ITC), voriconazole (VRC), levofloxacin (LVX), and rifampicin (RFN) were evaluated by conventional planktonic techniques, crystal violet, XTT, qPCR, and viable plate count. Results: Af planktonic cells and biofilms in formation were more susceptible to AMB, ITC, and VRC than Af mature biofilms. Af mature biofilms were susceptible to AMB, but not to ITC and VRC. Based on viable plate count, a lower concentration of LVX and RFN was required to reduce Sm cell numbers on biofilms in formation compared with mature biofilms. The antibiosis effect of Sm on Af growth was more pronounced for the association of CF strains that exhibited a higher fitness than the reference strains. In Af-Sm biofilms, the fungal susceptibility to AMB was increased compared with Af biofilms. In contrast, the bacterial susceptibility to LVX decreased in Af-Sm biofilms and was fungal biomass-dependent. The combination of AMB (64 μg/mL) with LVX or RFN (4 μg/mL) was efficient to impair Af and Sm growth in the polymicrobial biofilm. Conclusion: Sm increased the Af susceptibility to AMB, whereas Af protected Sm from LVX. Interactions between Af and Sm within biofilms modulate susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, opening the way to new antimicrobial strategies in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Roisin
- EA 7380 Dynamyc, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC Anses, Créteil, France
| | - Elise Melloul
- EA 7380 Dynamyc, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC Anses, Créteil, France
| | - Paul-Louis Woerther
- EA 7380 Dynamyc, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC Anses, Créteil, France.,Unité de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Département de prévention, diagnostic et traitement des infections, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Guilhem Royer
- Unité de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Département de prévention, diagnostic et traitement des infections, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France.,LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, CEA, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Winoc Decousser
- EA 7380 Dynamyc, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC Anses, Créteil, France.,Unité de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Département de prévention, diagnostic et traitement des infections, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- EA 7380 Dynamyc, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC Anses, Créteil, France.,Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Dannaoui
- EA 7380 Dynamyc, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC Anses, Créteil, France.,Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Botterel
- EA 7380 Dynamyc, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC Anses, Créteil, France.,Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département de prévention, diagnostic et traitement des infections, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
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20
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Farias ALD, Carvalho LPFD, Méndez DAC, Cruvinel T, Brighenti FL. Characterization of polymicrobial biofilms obtained from saliva or carious lesions in dentin. Biofouling 2020; 36:877-887. [PMID: 33003966 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1826454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the formation of polymicrobial biofilms using carious dentin or saliva as inoculum for application in in vitro microbiological studies on caries research. For biofilm growth, combined samples of infected dentin or saliva from three donors were used. The biofilms were grown on glass coverslips, under a regimen of intermittent exposure (6 h day-1) to 1% sucrose for 4 days. Total bacterial loads, as well as specific aciduric bacteria and mutans streptococci loads were quantified and correlated with biofilm acidogenicity and susceptibility to chlorhexidine. The data were evaluated using the Student's-t, Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The two biofilms showed similar microbial loads (total bacteria, aciduric bacteria and mutans streptococci) on day 4, and high acidogenicity after 48 h and were susceptible to chlorhexidine at different time intervals. In conclusion, both dentin and saliva can be used as an inoculum in in vitro studies of processes related to biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Leite de Farias
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago Cruvinel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil
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21
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Lemoine V, Bernard C, Leman-Loubière C, Clément-Larosière B, Girardot M, Boudesocque-Delaye L, Munnier E, Imbert C. Nanovectorized Microalgal Extracts to Fight Candida albicans and Cutibacterium acnes Biofilms: Impact of Dual-Species Conditions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E279. [PMID: 32466354 PMCID: PMC7344943 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-related infections are a matter of concern especially because of the poor susceptibility of microorganisms to conventional antimicrobial agents. Innovative approaches are needed. The antibiofilm activity of extracts of cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis, rich in free fatty acids, as well as of extract-loaded copper alginate-based nanocarriers, were studied on single- and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Cutibacterium acnes. Their ability to inhibit the biofilm formation and to eradicate 24 h old biofilms was investigated. Concentrations of each species were evaluated using flow cytometry. Extracts prevented the growth of C. acnes single-species biofilms (inhibition > 75% at 0.2 mg/mL) but failed to inhibit preformed biofilms. Nanovectorised extracts reduced the growth of single-species C. albicans biofilms (inhibition > 43% at 0.2 mg/mL) while free extracts were weakly or not active. Nanovectorised extracts also inhibited preformed C. albicans biofilms by 55% to 77%, whereas the corresponding free extracts were not active. In conclusion, even if the studied nanocarrier systems displayed promising activity, especially against C. albicans, their efficacy against dual-species biofilms was limited. This study highlighted that working in such polymicrobial conditions can give a more objective view of the relevance of antibiofilm strategies by taking into account interspecies interactions that can offer additional protection to microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lemoine
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, 86073 Poitiers, France; (V.L.); (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Clément Bernard
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, 86073 Poitiers, France; (V.L.); (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Charlotte Leman-Loubière
- Laboratoire SIMBA EA 7502, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (C.L.-L.); (L.B.-D.)
| | | | - Marion Girardot
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, 86073 Poitiers, France; (V.L.); (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Leslie Boudesocque-Delaye
- Laboratoire SIMBA EA 7502, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (C.L.-L.); (L.B.-D.)
| | - Emilie Munnier
- Laboratoire Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes EA 6295, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Christine Imbert
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, 86073 Poitiers, France; (V.L.); (C.B.); (M.G.)
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Karygianni L, Ren Z, Koo H, Thurnheer T. Biofilm Matrixome: Extracellular Components in Structured Microbial Communities. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:668-681. [PMID: 32663461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms consist of microbial communities embedded in a 3D extracellular matrix. The matrix is composed of a complex array of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that contribute to the unique attributes of biofilm lifestyle and virulence. This ensemble of chemically and functionally diverse biomolecules is termed the 'matrixome'. The composition and mechanisms of EPS matrix formation, and its role in biofilm biology, function, and microenvironment are being revealed. This perspective article highlights recent advances about the multifaceted role of the 'matrixome' in the development, physical-chemical properties, and virulence of biofilms. We emphasize that targeting biofilm-specific conditions such as the matrixome could lead to precise and effective antibiofilm approaches. We also discuss the limited knowledge in the context of polymicrobial biofilms, and the need for more in-depth analyses of the EPS matrix in mixed communities that are associated with many human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Karygianni
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Z Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Koo
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Thurnheer
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Galdiero E, Di Onofrio V, Maione A, Gambino E, Gesuele R, Menale B, Ciaravolo M, Carraturo F, Guida M. Allium ursinum and Allium oschaninii against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans Mono- and Polymicrobic Biofilms in In Vitro Static and Dynamic Models. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030336. [PMID: 32120894 PMCID: PMC7143215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assesses the in vitro antibiofilm potential activity of extracts of wild Allium ursinum and Allium oschaninii. The active ingredients of the extracts were obtained with a technique named Naviglio (rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction, RSLDE) which is based on an innovative and green solid-liquid extraction methodology. The extracts were tested against models of mono- and polymicrobial biofilm structures of clinically antibiotic-resistant pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028. Biofilms were studied using a static and a dynamic model (microtiter plates and a CDC reactor) on three different surfaces reproducing what happens on implantable medical devices. Antimicrobic activities were determined through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), while antibiofilm activity was assessed by minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) using a crystal violet (CV) biofilm assay and colony forming unit (CFU) counts. Results showed that both Allium extracts eradicated biofilms of the tested microorganisms well; biofilms on Teflon were more susceptible to extracts than those on polypropylene and polycarbonate, suggesting that when grown on a complex substrate, biofilms may be more tolerant to antibiotics. Our data provide significant advances on antibiotic susceptibility testing of biofilms grown on biologically relevant materials for future in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.); (B.M.); (F.C.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (V.D.O.)
| | - Valeria Di Onofrio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Naples Parthenope, Business District, Block C4, 80143 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (V.D.O.)
| | - Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.); (B.M.); (F.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Edvige Gambino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.); (B.M.); (F.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Renato Gesuele
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.); (B.M.); (F.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Bruno Menale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.); (B.M.); (F.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Martina Ciaravolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia; 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Federica Carraturo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.); (B.M.); (F.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.); (B.M.); (F.C.); (M.G.)
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24
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Jordana-Lluch E, Garcia V, Kingdon ADH, Singh N, Alexander C, Williams P, Hardie KR. A Simple Polymicrobial Biofilm Keratinocyte Colonization Model for Exploring Interactions Between Commensals, Pathogens and Antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:291. [PMID: 32161578 PMCID: PMC7054238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin offers protection against external insults, with the skin microbiota playing a crucial defensive role against pathogens that gain access when the skin barrier is breached. Linkages between skin microbes, biofilms and disease have not been well established although single-species biofilm formation by skin microbiota in vitro has been extensively studied. Consequently, the purpose of this work was to optimize and validate a simple polymicrobial biofilm keratinocyte model for investigating commensal, pathogen and keratinocyte interactions and for evaluating therapeutic agents or health promoting interventions. The model incorporates the commensals (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus) and pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which form robust polymicrobial biofilms on immortalized keratinocytes (HaCat cells). We observed that the commensals reduce the damage caused to the keratinocyte monolayer by either pathogen. When the commensals were combined with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, much thinner biofilms were observed than those formed by the pathogens alone. When P. aeruginosa was inoculated with S. epidermidis in the presence or absence of M. luteus, the commensals formed a layer between the keratinocytes and pathogen. Although S. aureus completely inhibited the growth of M. luteus in dual-species biofilms, inclusion of S. epidermidis in triple or quadruple species biofilms, enabled M. luteus to retain viability. Using this polymicrobial biofilm keratinocyte model, we demonstrate that a quorum sensing (QS) deficient S. aureus agr mutant, in contrast to the parent, failed to damage the keratinocyte monolayer unless supplied with the exogenous cognate autoinducing peptide. In addition, we show that treatment of the polymicrobial keratinocyte model with nanoparticles containing an inhibitor of the PQS QS system reduced biofilm thickness and P. aeruginosa localization in mono- and polymicrobial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jordana-Lluch
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vanina Garcia
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander D H Kingdon
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nishant Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Williams
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kim R Hardie
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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25
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Mukherjee S, Barman S, Mukherjee R, Haldar J. Amphiphilic Cationic Macromolecules Highly Effective Against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria and Fungi With No Detectable Resistance. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:55. [PMID: 32117934 PMCID: PMC7033416 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever increasing threats of Gram-positive superbugs such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococccus faecium (VRE) are serious matter of concern worldwide toward public health. Such pathogens cause repeated recurrence of infections through the formation of biofilms which consist of metabolically inactive or slow growing dormant bacterial population in vast majority. Concurrently, dispersal of biofilms originates even more virulent dispersed cells responsible for pathogenesis. Along with this, fungal infections most commonly associated with Candida albicans also created a major complicacy in human healthcare. Moreover, concomitant survival of C. albicans and MRSA in a multispecies biofilms created extremely complicated polymicrobial infections. Surprisingly, infections associated with single species biofilm as well as multiple species biofilm (co-existence of MRSA and C. albicans) are almost untreatable with conventional antibiotics. Therefore, the situation demands an urgent development of antimicrobial agent which would tackle persistent infections associated with bacteria, fungi and their biofilms. Toward this goal, herein we developed a new class of branched polyethyleneimine based amphiphilic cationic macromolecules (ACMs) bearing normal alkyl, alkyl ester and alkyl amide moieties. An optimized compound with dual activity against drug-resistant bacteria (MIC = 2-4 μg/mL) and fungi (MIC = 4-8 μg/mL) was identified with minimal toxicity toward human erythrocytes (HC50 = 270 μg/mL). The lead compound, ACM-AHex (12) displayed rapid bactericidal and fungicidal kinetics (>5 log CFU/mL reduction within 1-4 h). It also killed metabolically dormant stationary (MRSA and VRE) and persister (S. aureus) cells. Moreover, this compound was able to disrupt the preformed biofilm of MRSA and reduced the bacterial burden related to the dispersed cells. It showed significant proficiencies to eliminate polymicrobial biofilms of MRSA and C. albicans. Bacteria also could not develop any resistant against this class of membrane active molecules even after 15 days of successive passages. Taken together this class of macromolecule can be developed further as a dual therapeutic agent to combat infections associated with bacterial and fungal co-existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Mukherjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Swagatam Barman
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Riya Mukherjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
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26
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Ng HM, Slakeski N, Butler CA, Veith PD, Chen YY, Liu SW, Hoffmann B, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. The Role of Treponema denticola Motility in Synergistic Biofilm Formation With Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:432. [PMID: 31921707 PMCID: PMC6930189 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis has a polymicrobial biofilm etiology and interactions between key oral bacterial species, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola contribute to disease progression. P. gingivalis and T. denticola are co-localized in subgingival plaque and have been previously shown to exhibit strong synergy in growth, biofilm formation and virulence in an animal model of disease. The motility of T. denticola, although not considered as a classic virulence factor, may be involved in synergistic biofilm development between P. gingivalis and T. denticola. We determined the role of T. denticola motility in polymicrobial biofilm development using an optimized transformation protocol to produce two T. denticola mutants targeting the motility machinery. These deletion mutants were non-motile and lacked the gene encoding the flagellar hook protein of the periplasmic flagella (ΔflgE) or a component of the stator motor that drives the flagella (ΔmotB). The specificity of these gene deletions was determined by whole genome sequencing. Quantitative proteomic analyses of mutant strains revealed that the specific inactivation of the motility-associated gene, motB, had effects beyond motility. There were 64 and 326 proteins that changed in abundance in the ΔflgE and ΔmotB mutants, respectively. In the ΔflgE mutant, motility-associated proteins showed the most significant change in abundance confirming the phenotype change for the mutant was related to motility. However, the inactivation of motB as well as stopping motility also upregulated cellular stress responses in the mutant indicating pleiotropic effects of the mutation. T. denticola wild-type and P. gingivalis displayed synergistic biofilm development with a 2-fold higher biomass of the dual-species biofilms than the sum of the monospecies biofilms. Inactivation of T. denticola flgE and motB reduced this synergy. A 5-fold reduction in dual-species biofilm biomass was found with the motility-specific ΔflgE mutant suggesting that T. denticola periplasmic flagella are essential in synergistic biofilm formation with P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Min Ng
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nada Slakeski
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine A Butler
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul D Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yu-Yen Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sze Wei Liu
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brigitte Hoffmann
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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27
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Kerekes EB, Vidács A, Takó M, Petkovits T, Vágvölgyi C, Horváth G, Balázs VL, Krisch J. Anti-Biofilm Effect of Selected Essential Oils and Main Components on Mono- and Polymicrobic Bacterial Cultures. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E345. [PMID: 31547282 PMCID: PMC6780703 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are surface-associated microbial communities resistant to sanitizers and antimicrobials. Various interactions that can contribute to increased resistance occur between the populations in biofilms. These relationships are the focus of a range of studies dealing with biofilm-associated infections and food spoilage. The present study investigated the effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), marjoram (Origanum majorana), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oils (EOs) and their main components, i.e., trans-cinnamaldehyde, terpinen-4-ol, and thymol, respectively, on single- and dual-species biofilms of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas putida, and Staphylococcus aureus. In dual-species biofilms, L. monocytogenes was paired with each of the other three bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the individual bacteria ranged between 0.25 and 20 mg/mL, and trans-cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon showed the highest growth inhibitory effect. Single-species biofilms of L. monocytogenes, P. putida, and S. aureus were inhibited by the tested EOs and their components at sub-lethal concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the three-dimensional structure of mature biofilms embedded in the exopolysaccharide matrix disappeared or was limited to micro-colonies with a simplified structure. In most dual-species biofilms, to eliminate living cells from the matrix, concentrations exceeding the MIC determined for individual bacteria were required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Beáta Kerekes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Anita Vidács
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6724 Szeged, Mars tér 7, Hungary
| | - Miklós Takó
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Tamás Petkovits
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Horváth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Rókus utca 2, Hungary
| | | | - Judit Krisch
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6724 Szeged, Mars tér 7, Hungary
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28
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Kotaskova I, Obrucova H, Malisova B, Videnska P, Zwinsova B, Peroutkova T, Dvorackova M, Kumstat P, Trojan P, Ruzicka F, Hola V, Freiberger T. Molecular Techniques Complement Culture-Based Assessment of Bacteria Composition in Mixed Biofilms of Urinary Tract Catheter-Related Samples. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:462. [PMID: 30949137 PMCID: PMC6435596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary or ureteral catheter insertion remains one of the most common urological procedures, yet is considered a predisposing factor for urinary tract infection. Diverse bacterial consortia adhere to foreign body surfaces and create various difficult to treat biofilm structures. We analyzed 347 urinary catheter- and stent-related samples, treated with sonication, using both routine culture and broad-range 16S rDNA PCR followed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing (PCR-DGGE-S). In 29 selected samples, 16S rRNA amplicon Illumina sequencing was performed. The results of all methods were compared. In 338 positive samples, from which 86.1% were polybacterial, 1,295 representatives of 153 unique OTUs were detected. Gram-positive microbes were found in 46.5 and 59.1% of catheter- and stent-related samples, respectively. PCR-DGGE-S was shown as a feasible method with higher overall specificity (95 vs. 85%, p < 0.01) though lower sensitivity (50 vs. 69%, p < 0.01) in comparison to standard culture. Molecular methods considerably widened a spectrum of microbes detected in biofilms, including the very prevalent emerging opportunistic pathogen Actinotignum schaalii. Using massive parallel sequencing as a reference method in selected specimens, culture combined with PCR-DGGE was shown to be an efficient and reliable tool for determining the composition of urinary catheter-related biofilms. This might be applicable particularly to immunocompromised patients, in whom catheter-colonizing bacteria may lead to severe infectious complications. For the first time, broad-range molecular detection sensitivity and specificity were evaluated in this setting. This study extends the knowledge of biofilm consortia composition by analyzing large urinary catheter and stent sample sets using both molecular and culture techniques, including the widest dataset of catheter-related samples characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon Illumina sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kotaskova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia.,Medical Genomics Research Group, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Obrucova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Malisova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Videnska
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Zwinsova
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tereza Peroutkova
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Milada Dvorackova
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Kumstat
- Department of Urology, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Trojan
- Department of Urology, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Filip Ruzicka
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Hola
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Freiberger
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia.,Medical Genomics Research Group, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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29
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Bernard C, Lemoine V, Hoogenkamp MA, Girardot M, Krom BP, Imbert C. Candida albicans enhances initial biofilm growth of Cutibacterium acnes under aerobic conditions. Biofouling 2019; 35:350-360. [PMID: 31088179 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1608966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans and Cutibacterium acnes are opportunistic pathogens that co-colonize the human body. They are involved in biofilm-related infections of implanted medical devices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of these species to interact and form polymicrobial biofilms. SEM imaging and adhesion assays showed that C. acnes adhesion to C. albicans did not have a preference for a specific morphological state of C. albicans; bacteria adhered to both hyphal and yeast forms of C. albicans. C. albicans did not influence growth of C. acnes under anaerobic growth conditions, however under aerobic growth condition, C. albicans enhanced early C. acnes biofilm formation. This favorable impact of C. albicans was not mediated by secreted compounds accumulating in the medium, but required the presence of metabolically active C. albicans. The ability of these microorganisms to interact together could modulate the physiopathology of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Bernard
- a Laboratoire Ecologie Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267 , Université de Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Virginie Lemoine
- a Laboratoire Ecologie Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267 , Université de Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Michel A Hoogenkamp
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marion Girardot
- a Laboratoire Ecologie Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267 , Université de Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- c ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB)
| | - Christine Imbert
- a Laboratoire Ecologie Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267 , Université de Poitiers , Poitiers , France
- c ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB)
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30
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Shrivastava A, Patel VK, Tang Y, Yost SC, Dewhirst FE, Berg HC. Cargo transport shapes the spatial organization of a microbial community. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8633-8. [PMID: 30082394 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808966115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome is an assemblage of diverse bacteria that interact with one another to form communities. Bacteria in a given community are arranged in a 3D matrix with many degrees of freedom. Snapshots of the community display well-defined structures, but the steps required for their assembly are not understood. Here, we show that this construction is carried out with the help of gliding bacteria. Gliding is defined as the motion of cells over a solid or semisolid surface without the necessity of growth or the aid of pili or flagella. Genomic analysis suggests that gliding bacteria are present in human microbial communities. We focus on Capnocytophaga gingivalis, which is present in abundance in the human oral microbiome. Tracking of fluorescently labeled single cells and of gas bubbles carried by fluid flow shows that swarms of C. gingivalis are layered, with cells in the upper layers moving more rapidly than those in the lower layers. Thus, cells also glide on top of one another. Cells of nonmotile bacterial species attach to the surface of C. gingivalis and are propelled as cargo. The cargo cell moves along the length of a C. gingivalis cell, looping from one pole to the other. Multicolor fluorescent spectral imaging of cells of different live but nonmotile bacterial species reveals their long-range transport in a polymicrobial community. A swarm of C. gingivalis transports some nonmotile bacterial species more efficiently than others and helps to shape the spatial organization of a polymicrobial community.
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31
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Chan CL, Richter K, Wormald PJ, Psaltis AJ, Vreugde S. Alloiococcus otitidis Forms Multispecies Biofilm with Haemophilus influenzae: Effects on Antibiotic Susceptibility and Growth in Adverse Conditions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:344. [PMID: 28824879 PMCID: PMC5539592 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a biofilm driven disease and commonly accepted otopathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Moraxella catarrhalis, have been demonstrated to form polymicrobial biofilms within the middle ear cleft. However, Alloiococcus otitidis (A. otitidis), which is one of the most commonly found bacteria within middle ear aspirates of children with OME, has not been described to form biofilms. The aim of this study was to investigate whether A. otitidis can form biofilms and investigate the impact on antibiotic susceptibility and survivability in polymicrobial biofilms with H. influenzae in vitro. The ability of A. otitidis to form single-species and polymicrobial biofilms with H. influenzae was explored. Clinical and commercial strains of A. otitidis and H. influenzae were incubated in brain heart infusion with and without supplementation. Biofilm was imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Quantification of biofilm biomass and viable bacterial number was assessed using crystal violet assays and viable cell counting in both optimal growth conditions and in adverse growth conditions (depleted media and sub-optimal growth temperature). Antimicrobial susceptibility and changes in antibiotic resistance of single-species and multi-species co-culture were assessed using a microdilution method to assess minimal bactericidal concentration and E-test for amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. A. otitidis formed single-species and polymicrobial biofilms with H. influenzae. Additionally, whilst strain dependent, combinations of polymicrobial biofilms decreased antimicrobial susceptibility, albeit a small magnitude, in both planktonic and polymicrobial biofilms. Moreover, A. otitidis promoted H. influenzae survival by increasing biofilm production in depleted media and at suboptimal growth temperature. Our findings suggest that A. otitidis may play an indirect pathogenic role in otitis media by altering H. influenzae antibiotic susceptibility and enhancing growth under adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun L Chan
- Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Adelaide UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katharina Richter
- Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Adelaide UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter-John Wormald
- Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Adelaide UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alkis J Psaltis
- Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Adelaide UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Adelaide UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
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