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Gaetano AS, Semeraro S, Greco S, Greco E, Cain A, Perrone MG, Pallavicini A, Licen S, Fornasaro S, Barbieri P. Bioaerosol Sampling Devices and Pretreatment for Bacterial Characterization: Theoretical Differences and a Field Experience in a Wastewater Treatment Plant. Microorganisms 2024; 12:965. [PMID: 38792794 PMCID: PMC11124041 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies on bioaerosol bacterial biodiversity have relevance in both ecological and health contexts, and molecular methods, such as 16S rRNA gene-based barcoded sequencing, provide efficient tools for the analysis of airborne bacterial communities. Standardized methods for sampling and analysis of bioaerosol DNA are lacking, thus hampering the comparison of results from studies implementing different devices and procedures. Three samplers that use gelatin filtration, swirling aerosol collection, and condensation growth tubes for collecting bioaerosol at an aeration tank of a wastewater treatment plant in Trieste (Italy) were used to determine the bacterial biodiversity. Wastewater samples were collected directly from the untreated sewage to obtain a true representation of the microbiological community present in the plant. Different samplers and collection media provide an indication of the different grades of biodiversity, with condensation growth tubes and DNA/RNA shieldTM capturing the richer bacterial genera. Overall, in terms of relative abundance, the air samples have a lower number of bacterial genera (64 OTUs) than the wastewater ones (75 OTUs). Using the metabarcoding approach to aerosol samples, we provide the first preliminary step toward the understanding of a significant diversity between different air sampling systems, enabling the scientific community to orient research towards the most informative sampling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Serena Gaetano
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.G.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (S.L.); (S.F.)
- INSTM National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sabrina Semeraro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.G.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (S.L.); (S.F.)
- INSTM National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Enrico Greco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.G.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (S.L.); (S.F.)
- INSTM National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Cain
- ACEGAS APS AMGA S.p.a., Via degli Alti Forni, 11, 34121 Trieste, Italy;
| | | | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Sabina Licen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.G.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (S.L.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefano Fornasaro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.G.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (S.L.); (S.F.)
| | - Pierluigi Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.S.G.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (S.L.); (S.F.)
- INSTM National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Zhou X, Liu X, Zhao H, Guo G, Jiang X, Liu S, Sun X, Yang H. Research advances in microfluidic collection and detection of virus, bacterial, and fungal bioaerosols. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:132. [PMID: 38351367 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Bioaerosols are airborne suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles containing biological substances such as viruses, bacteria, cellular debris, fungal spores, mycelium, and byproducts of microbial metabolism. The global Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the previous emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and influenza have increased the need for reliable and effective monitoring tools for bioaerosols. Bioaerosol collection and detection have aroused considerable attention. Current bioaerosol sampling and detection techniques suffer from long response time, low sensitivity, and high costs, and these drawbacks have forced the development of novel monitoring strategies. Microfluidic technique is considered a breakthrough for high performance analysis of bioaerosols. In recent years, several emerging methods based on microfluidics have been developed and reported for collection and detection of bioaerosols. The unique advantages of microfluidic technique have enabled the integration of bioaerosol collection and detection, which has a higher efficiency over conventional methods. This review focused on the research progress of bioaerosol collection and detection methods based on microfluidic techniques, with special attention on virus aerosols and bacterial aerosols. Different from the existing reviews, this work took a unique perspective of the targets to be collected and detected in bioaerosols, which would provide a direct index of bioaerosol categories readers may be interested in. We also discussed integrated microfluidic monitoring system for bioaerosols. Additionally, the application of bioaerosol detection in biomedicine was presented. Finally, the current challenges in the field of bioaerosol monitoring are presented and an outlook given of future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guanqi Guo
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiran Jiang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
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Chen Y, Chen J, Shankar SN, Amanatidis S, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Kreisberg N, Spielman S, Lednicky JA, Wu CY. The BioCascade Impactor: A novel device for direct collection of size-fractionated bioaerosols into liquid medium. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2024; 58:264-275. [PMID: 38706712 PMCID: PMC11067687 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2024.2301941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The ability to collect size-fractionated airborne particles that contain viable bacteria and fungi directly into liquid medium while also maintaining their viability is critical for assessing exposure risks. In this study, we present the BioCascade impactor, a novel device designed to collect airborne particles into liquid based on their aerodynamic diameter in three sequential stages (>9.74 μm, 3.94-9.74 μm, and 1.38-3.94 μm when operated at 8.5 L/min). Aerosol samples containing microorganisms - either Saccharomyces kudriavzevii or Micrococcus luteus, were used to evaluate the performance of the BioCascade (BC) paired with either the VIable Virus Aerosol Sampler (VIVAS) or a gelatin filter (GF) as stage 4 to collect particles <1.38 μm. Stages 2 and 3 collected the largest fractions of viable S. kudriavzevii when paired with VIVAS (0.468) and GF (0.519), respectively. Stage 3 collected the largest fraction of viable M. luteus particles in both BC+VIVAS (0.791) and BC+GF (0.950) configurations. The distribution function of viable microorganisms was consistent with the size distributions measured by the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer. Testing with both bioaerosol species confirmed no internal loss and no re-aerosolization occurred within the BC. Irrespective of the bioaerosol tested, stages 1, 3 and 4 maintained ≥80% of viability, while stage 2 maintained only 37% and 73% of viable S. kudriavzevii and M. luteus, respectively. The low viability that occurred in stage 2 warrants further investigation. Our work shows that the BC can efficiently size-classify and collect bioaerosols without re-aerosolization and effectively maintain the viability of collected microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Floida, USA
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Floida, USA
| | - Sripriya Nannu Shankar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Floida, USA
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Floida, USA
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
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Qiu G, Zhang X, deMello AJ, Yao M, Cao J, Wang J. On-site airborne pathogen detection for infection risk mitigation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8531-8579. [PMID: 37882143 PMCID: PMC10712221 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Human-infecting pathogens that transmit through the air pose a significant threat to public health. As a prominent instance, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world in an unprecedented manner over the past few years. Despite the dissipating pandemic gloom, the lessons we have learned in dealing with pathogen-laden aerosols should be thoroughly reviewed because the airborne transmission risk may have been grossly underestimated. From a bioanalytical chemistry perspective, on-site airborne pathogen detection can be an effective non-pharmaceutic intervention (NPI) strategy, with on-site airborne pathogen detection and early-stage infection risk evaluation reducing the spread of disease and enabling life-saving decisions to be made. In light of this, we summarize the recent advances in highly efficient pathogen-laden aerosol sampling approaches, bioanalytical sensing technologies, and the prospects for airborne pathogen exposure measurement and evidence-based transmission interventions. We also discuss open challenges facing general bioaerosols detection, such as handling complex aerosol samples, improving sensitivity for airborne pathogen quantification, and establishing a risk assessment system with high spatiotemporal resolution for mitigating airborne transmission risks. This review provides a multidisciplinary outlook for future opportunities to improve the on-site airborne pathogen detection techniques, thereby enhancing the preparedness for more on-site bioaerosols measurement scenarios, such as monitoring high-risk pathogens on airplanes, weaponized pathogen aerosols, influenza variants at the workplace, and pollutant correlated with sick building syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg1, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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5
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Nannu Shankar S, Mital K, Le E, Lewis GS, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Sabo-Attwood T, Wu CY. Assessment of Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) for online monitoring of delivered dose in an in vitro aerosol exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 92:105650. [PMID: 37463634 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of dosimetry is critical to mitigating the constraints of offline measurements. To address this need, the use of the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) to estimate the dose delivered through the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID) was assessed. CuO nanoparticles suspended in ethanol at different concentrations (0.01-10 mg/mL) were aerosolized using a Collison nebulizer and diluted with air at a ratio of either 1:3 (setup 1) or 1:18 (setup 2). From the aerosol volume concentrations measured by the SMPS, density of CuO (6.4 g/cm3), collection time (5-30 min), flow rate (0.5 LPM) and deposition area (0.28 cm2), the mass doses (DoseSMPS) were observed to increase exponentially over time and ranged from 0.02 ± 0.001 to 84.75 ± 3.49 μg/cm2. The doses calculated from the Cu concentrations determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) (DoseICP) also increased exponentially over time (0.01 ± 0.01-97.25 ± 1.30 μg/cm2). Regression analysis between DoseICP and DoseSMPS showed R2 ≥ 0.90 for 0.1-10 mg/mL. As demonstrated, the SMPS can be used to monitor the delivered dose in real-time, and controlled delivery of mass doses with a 226-fold range can be attained in ≤30 min in DAVID by adjusting the nebulizer concentration, dilution air and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripriya Nannu Shankar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Kiran Mital
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Eric Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | | | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA.
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Lee D, Jang J, Jang J. Sensitive and highly rapid electrochemical measurement of airborne coronaviruses through condensation-based direct impaction onto carbon nanotube-coated porous paper working electrodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131972. [PMID: 37399725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of indoor airborne viruses is critical to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases. Herein, we present sensitive, highly rapid electrochemical measurement of airborne coronaviruses through condensation-based direct impaction onto antibody-immobilized, carbon nanotube-coated porous paper working electrodes (PWEs). Carboxylated carbon nanotubes are drop-cast on paper fibers to make three-dimensional (3D) porous PWEs. These PWEs have higher active surface area-to-volume ratios and electron transfer characteristics than conventional screen-printed electrodes. The limit of detection and detection time of the PWEs for liquid-borne coronaviruses OC43 are 65.7 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL and 2 min, respectively. The PWEs showed sensitive and rapid detection of whole coronaviruses, which can be ascribed to the 3D porous electrode structure of the PWEs. Moreover, water molecules condense on airborne virus particles during air sampling, and these water-encapsulated virus particles (<4 µm) are impacted on the PWE for direct measurement without virus lysis and elution. The whole detection takes ∼10 min, including air sampling, at virus concentrations of 1.8 and 11.5 PFU/L of air, which can be due to the highly enriching and minimally damaging virus capture on a soft and porous PWE, demonstrating the potential for the rapid and low-cost airborne virus monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daesoon Lee
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbeom Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Tilly TB, Ward RX, Morea AF, Nelson MT, Robinson SE, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Lewis GS, Lednicky JA, Sabo-Attwood T, Hussain SM, Wu CY. Toxicity assessment of CeO₂ and CuO nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface using bioinspired condensational particle growth. HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ADVANCES 2023; 7:100074. [PMID: 37711680 PMCID: PMC10500621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heha.2023.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
CeO2 and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) are used as additives in petrodiesel to enhance engine performance leading to reduced diesel combustion emissions. Despite their benefits, the additive application poses human health concerns by releasing inhalable NPs into the ambient air. In this study, a bioinspired lung cell exposure system, Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID), was employed for evaluating the toxicity of aerosolized CeO2 and CuO NPs with a short duration of exposure (≤10 min vs. hours in other systems) and without exerting toxicity from non-NP factors. Human epithelial A549 lung cells were cultured and maintained within DAVID at the air-liquid interface (ALI), onto which aerosolized NPs were deposited, and experiments in submerged cells were used for comparison. Exposure of the cells to the CeO2 NPs did not result in detectable IL-8 release, nor did it produce a significant reduction in cell viability based on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, with a marginal decrease (10%) at the dose of 388 μg/cm2 (273 cm2/cm2). In contrast, exposure to CuO NPs resulted in a concentration dependent reduction in LDH release based on LDH leakage, with 38% reduction in viability at the highest dose of 52 μg/cm2 (28.3 cm2/cm2). Cells exposed to CuO NPs resulted in a dose dependent cellular membrane toxicity and expressed IL-8 secretion at a global dose five times lower than cells exposed under submerged conditions. However, when comparing the ALI results at the local cellular dose of CuO NPs to the submerged results, the IL-8 secretion was similar. In this study, we demonstrated DAVID as a new exposure tool that helps evaluate aerosol toxicity in simulated lung environment. Our results also highlight the necessity in choosing the right assay endpoints for the given exposure scenario, e.g., LDH for ALI and Deep Blue for submerged conditions for cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor B. Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States
| | - Ryan X. Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alyssa F. Morea
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - M. Tyler Nelson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States
| | - Sarah E. Robinson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | | | - John A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Saber M. Hussain
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Santarpia JL, Klug E, Ravnholdt A, Kinahan SM. Environmental sampling for disease surveillance: Recent advances and recommendations for best practice. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:434-461. [PMID: 37224401 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2197825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of infectious diseases includes both the progression of the disease in its host and how it transmits between hosts. Understanding disease transmission is important for recommending effective interventions, protecting healthcare workers, and informing an effective public health response. Sampling the environment for infectious diseases is critical to public health since it can provide an understanding of the mechanisms of transmission, characterization of contamination in hospitals and other public areas, and the spread of a disease within a community. Measurements of biological aerosols, particularly those that may cause disease, have been an ongoing topic of research for decades, and so a wide variety of technological solutions exist. This wide field of possibilities can create confusion, particularly when different approaches yield different answers. Therefore, guidelines for best practice in this area are important to allow more effective use of this data in public health decisions. This review examines air, surface and water/wastewater sampling methods, with a focus on aerosol sampling, and a goal of recommending approaches to designing and implementing sampling systems that may incorporate multiple strategies. This is accomplished by developing a framework for designing and evaluating a sampling strategy, reviewing current practices and emerging technologies for sampling and analysis, and recommending guidelines for best practice in the area of aerosol sampling for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Santarpia
- The Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- National Strategic Research Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Elizabeth Klug
- The Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ashley Ravnholdt
- The Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sean M Kinahan
- The Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- National Strategic Research Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
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9
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Chang Y, Wang Y, Li W, Wei Z, Tang S, Chen R. Mechanisms, Techniques and Devices of Airborne Virus Detection: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085471. [PMID: 37107752 PMCID: PMC10138381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Airborne viruses, such as COVID-19, cause pandemics all over the world. Virus-containing particles produced by infected individuals are suspended in the air for extended periods, actually resulting in viral aerosols and the spread of infectious diseases. Aerosol collection and detection devices are essential for limiting the spread of airborne virus diseases. This review provides an overview of the primary mechanisms and enhancement techniques for collecting and detecting airborne viruses. Indoor virus detection strategies for scenarios with varying ventilations are also summarized based on the excellent performance of existing advanced comprehensive devices. This review provides guidance for the development of future aerosol detection devices and aids in the control of airborne transmission diseases, such as COVID-19, influenza and other airborne transmission viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zewen Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shichuan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Yan S, Liu C, Hou LA, Wang B, Zhang Y. A new filterless indoor air purifier for particulate matter and bioaerosol based on heterogeneous condensation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:115034. [PMID: 36502900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using an indoor air purifier is an important solution for improving indoor air quality and protecting people from the harmful effects of air pollution on their health. The filter air purifiers can remove particulate matter including bioaerosols, but their filter media can cause secondary pollution. To fulfill this need, a new filterless indoor air purifier, the Cloud-Air-Purifying (CAP) air purifier, is presented in this study. Using heterogeneous condensation and supergravity technology, the CAP air purifier grows and collects fine particles, while rapidly disinfecting bioaerosols with chemical disinfection and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Furthermore, the purifying performance of the CAP air purifier was tested in a simulated cabin. The results showed the clean air delivery rate (CADR) of the CAP air purifier was approximately 150 m3/h, and the effective coefficient was 0.93. The CAP air purifier was highly efficient in purifying fine particulate matter, 93% for PM10 and 91% for particle size of 0.5-1 μm in 60 min, which was 13-58 times more than natural decay. The reason for the efficient removal of fine particles is that they can condense and grow in water vapor supersaturated environment and be collected in a supergravity field. Moreover, the CAP air purifier has significant bactericidal effects on bioaerosols. It achieved a disinfection efficiency of 99.99997% by decreasing bioaerosols from 108 CFU/m3 to less than 30 CFU/m3 in only 20 min when particle purification in combination with UV disinfection and disinfectant (ClO2). Furthermore, ClO2 release concentrations, noise, and power consumption were investigated for application purposes, with results showing that they were within acceptable limits. The study presents an innovative idea and design for preventing airborne microorganisms and particulate matter through heterogeneous condensation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Engineering Research Center of Fine Particle Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Engineering Research Center of Fine Particle Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Li-An Hou
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Engineering Research Center of Fine Particle Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Xi'an High-Tech Institute, Xi'an, 710025, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Engineering Research Center of Fine Particle Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Engineering Research Center of Fine Particle Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, PR China.
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11
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Abkar L, Zimmermann K, Dixit F, Kheyrandish A, Mohseni M. COVID-19 pandemic lesson learned- critical parameters and research needs for UVC inactivation of viral aerosols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 8:100183. [PMID: 36619826 PMCID: PMC9553962 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted public awareness of airborne disease transmission in indoor settings and emphasized the need for reliable air disinfection technologies. This increased awareness will carry in the post-pandemic era along with the ever-emerging SARS-CoV variants, necessitating effective and well-defined protocols, methods, and devices for air disinfection. Ultraviolet (UV)-based air disinfection demonstrated promising results in inactivating viral bioaerosols. However, the reported data diversity on the required UVC doses has hindered determining the best UVC practices and led to confusion among the public and regulators. This article reviews available information on critical parameters influencing the efficacy of a UVC air disinfection system and, consequently, the required dose including the system's components as well as operational and environmental factors. There is a consensus in the literature that the interrelation of humidity and air temperature has a significant impact on the UVC susceptibility, which translate to changing the UVC efficacy of commercialized devices in indoor settings under varying conditions. Sampling and aerosolization techniques reported to have major influence on the result interpretation and it is recommended to use several sampling methods simultaneously to generate comparable and conclusive data. We also considered the safety concerns and the potential safe alternative of UVC, far-UVC. Finally, the gaps in each critical parameter and the future research needs of the field are represented. This paper is the first step to consolidating literature towards developing a standard validation protocol for UVC air disinfection devices which is determined as the one of the research needs.
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Key Words
- Aerosolization of pathogens
- Air sampling methods
- Airborne transmission
- CDC, centre for disease control and prevention (USA)
- CMD, count median diameter
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- DSB, double strand break
- Far-UVC
- Far-UVC, ultraviolet irradiation in the ‘far’ range of 200–230 nm
- GTC, growth tube collectors
- LED, light emitting diode
- LPUV, low-pressure ultraviolet lamp
- NIOSH, national institute for occupational safety and health
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PRRS, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
- Particle size distribution
- REL, recommended exposure limit
- RH, relative humidity
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- SSB, single strand break
- Suspending media
- UV, ultraviolet irradiation
- UV-LED, light emitting diode in the ultraviolet range
- UVC, ultraviolet irradiation in the ‘C’, or germicidal, spectrum from 200 to 290 nm
- UVGI, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
- Viral UVC susceptibility
- dsDNA, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid
- ssRNA, single-stranded ribonucleic acid
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12
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Silva PG, Branco PTBS, Soares RRG, Mesquita JR, Sousa SIV. SARS-CoV-2 air sampling: A systematic review on the methodologies for detection and infectivity. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13083. [PMID: 36040285 PMCID: PMC9538005 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to present an overview of the current aerosol sampling methods (and equipment) being used to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the air, along with the main parameters reported in the studies that are essential to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each method and perspectives for future research regarding this mode of transmission. A systematic literature review was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus to assess the current air sampling methodologies being applied to SARS-CoV-2. Most of the studies took place in indoor environments and healthcare settings and included air and environmental sampling. The collection mechanisms used were impinger, cyclone, impactor, filters, water-based condensation, and passive sampling. Most of the reviewed studies used RT-PCR to test the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the collected samples. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected with all collection mechanisms. From the studies detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, fourteen assessed infectivity. Five studies detected viable viruses using impactor, water-based condensation, and cyclone collection mechanisms. There is a need for a standardized protocol for sampling SARS-CoV-2 in air, which should also account for other influencing parameters, including air exchange ratio in the room sampled, relative humidity, temperature, and lighting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla G Silva
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPI Unit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro T B S Branco
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ruben R G Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - João R Mesquita
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPI Unit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia I V Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Jang J, Bhardwaj J, Jang J. Efficient measurement of airborne viable viruses using the growth-based virus aerosol concentrator with high flow velocities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128873. [PMID: 35427967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth tube collectors (GTCs) are used to sample virus aerosols because of their superior viable virus recovery among air samplers. However, a major limitation of such samplers is that they operate at low flow rates compared to many inertia-based air samplers. Herein, we demonstrated efficient measurements of airborne MS2 and T3 viruses using a GTC that can implement high flow velocities for higher flow rates per tube, which we refer to as the growth-based virus aerosol concentrator (GVC), via qPCR and the plaque assay technique. The GVC exhibited a flow rate of up to 6 L/min, where the average sampling flow velocity was 5.09 m/s, 22 times higher than those used in the GTCs, for a single tube with a diameter of 5 mm. The count median diameter of the size-increased particles at the exit of the initiator was measured to be 1.44 µm at 6 L/min, considerably smaller than those observed in conventional GTCs. Nevertheless, the measurement of airborne MS2 and T3 viruses using the GVC showed a high concentration (high enrichment ratio of 109,458 at 10-min sampling) of viruses in a sampling medium, with a high viable virus percentage (> 90%) and physical collection efficiency (> 90%) at 6 L/min, which shows the potential for rapid on-site detection of airborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbeom Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in droplets and bioaerosols directly captured during breathing, speaking and coughing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3484. [PMID: 35241703 PMCID: PMC8894466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the viral load and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in macroscopic respiratory droplets, bioaerosols, and other bodily fluids and secretions is important for identifying transmission modes, assessing risks and informing public health guidelines. Here we show that viral load of SARS-CoV-2 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) in participants’ naso-pharyngeal (NP) swabs positively correlated with RNA viral load they emitted in both droplets >10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}μm and bioaerosols <10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}μm directly captured during the combined expiratory activities of breathing, speaking and coughing using a standardized protocol, although the NP swabs had \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\approx$$\end{document}≈ 10\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^3\times$$\end{document}3× more RNA on average. By identifying highly-infectious individuals (maximum of 18,000 PFU/mL in NP), we retrieved higher numbers of SARS-CoV-2 RNA gene copies in bioaerosol samples (maximum of 4.8\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\times }10^{5}$$\end{document}×105 gene copies/mL and minimum cycle threshold of 26.2) relative to other studies. However, all attempts to identify infectious virus in size-segregated droplets and bioaerosols were negative by plaque assay (0 of 58). This outcome is partly attributed to the insufficient amount of viral material in each sample (as indicated by SARS-CoV-2 gene copies) or may indicate no infectious virus was present in such samples, although other possible factors are identified.
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15
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Compendium of analytical methods for sampling, characterization and quantification of bioaerosols. ADV ECOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Wilson AM, Kaur K, Jones RM, Kelly KE. Feasibility of a High-Volume Filter Sampler for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19 Patient Rooms. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 66:276-280. [PMID: 34791020 PMCID: PMC8767856 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2 by COVID-19 patients can put healthcare workers and susceptible individuals at risk of infection. Air sampling for SARS-CoV-2 has been conducted in healthcare settings, but methods vary widely and there is need for improvement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a high-volume filter sampler, BioCapture z720, to detect SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patient rooms in a medical intensive care unit, a dedicated COVID-19 ward, and at nurses’ stations. In some locations, the BioSpot-VIVAS, known for high efficiency in the collection of virus-containing bioaerosols, was also operated. The samples were processed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA with multi-plex nested polymerase chain reaction. One of 28 samples collected with the high-volume filter sampler was positive for SARS-CoV-2; all 6 samples collected with BioSpot-VIVAS were negative for SARS-CoV-2. The high-volume filter sampler was more portable and less intrusive in patient rooms than the BioSpot-VIVAS, but limits of detection remain unknown for this device. This study will inform future work to evaluate the reliability of these types of instruments and inform best practices for their use in healthcare environments for SARS-CoV-2 air sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Wilson
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kamaljeet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rachael M Jones
- Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kerry E Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Kutter JS, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Mulders A, Fouchier RA, Herfst S. Comparison of three air samplers for the collection of four nebulized respiratory viruses - Collection of respiratory viruses from air. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1874-1885. [PMID: 34124803 PMCID: PMC8530848 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, the transmission routes and shedding kinetics of respiratory viruses remain poorly understood. Air sampling techniques to quantify infectious viruses in the air are indispensable to improve intervention strategies to control and prevent spreading of respiratory viruses. Here, the collection of infectious virus with the six-stage Andersen cascade impactor was optimized with semi-solid gelatin as collection surface. Subsequently, the collection efficiency of the cascade impactor, the SKC BioSampler, and an in-house developed electrostatic precipitator was compared. In an in vitro set-up, influenza A virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus were nebulized and the amount of collected infectious virus and viral RNA was quantified with each air sampler. Whereas only low amounts of virus were collected using the electrostatic precipitator, high amounts were collected with the BioSampler and cascade impactor. The BioSampler allowed straight-forward sampling in liquid medium, whereas the more laborious cascade impactor allowed size fractionation of virus-containing particles. Depending on the research question, either the BioSampler or the cascade impactor can be applied in laboratory and field settings, such as hospitals to gain more insight into the transmission routes of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin S. Kutter
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ard Mulders
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ron A.M. Fouchier
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
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18
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Bhardwaj J, Hong S, Jang J, Han CH, Lee J, Jang J. Recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126574. [PMID: 34252679 PMCID: PMC8256664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Air-transmissible pathogenic viruses, such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses, are some of the most fatal strains and spread rapidly by air, necessitating quick and stable measurements from sample air volumes to prevent further spread of diseases and to take appropriate steps rapidly. Measurements of airborne viruses generally require their collection into liquids or onto solid surfaces, with subsequent hydrosolization and then analysis using the growth method, nucleic-acid-based techniques, or immunoassays. Measurements can also be performed in real time without sampling, where species-specific determination is generally disabled. In this review, we introduce some recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses. Air sampling and measurement technologies for viral aerosols are reviewed, with special focus on the effects of air sampling on damage to the sampled viruses and their measurements. Measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses is an interdisciplinary research area that requires understanding of both aerosol technology and biotechnology to effectively address the issues. Hence, this review is expected to provide some useful guidelines regarding appropriate air sampling and virus detection methods for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Junbeom Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Han
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegil Lee
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Kim HR, An S, Hwang J. High air flow-rate electrostatic sampler for the rapid monitoring of airborne coronavirus and influenza viruses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125219. [PMID: 33516114 PMCID: PMC7825829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Capturing virus aerosols in a small volume of liquid is essential when monitoring airborne viruses. As such, aerosol-to-hydrosol enrichment is required to produce a detectable viral sample for real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. To meet this requirement, the efficient and non-destructive collection of airborne virus particles is needed, while the incoming air flow rate should be sufficiently high to quickly collect a large number of virus particles. To achieve this, we introduced a high air flow-rate electrostatic sampler (HAFES) that collected virus aerosols (human coronavirus 229E, influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2, and bacteriophage MS2) in a continuously flowing liquid. Viral collection efficiency was evaluated using aerosol particle counts, while viral recovery rates were assessed using real-time qRT-PCR and plaque assays. An air sampling period of 20 min was sufficient to produce a sample suitable for use in real-time qRT-PCR in a viral epidemic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rae Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanggwon An
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungho Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Jiang X, Loeb JC, Pan M, Tilly TB, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Lednicky JA, Wu CY, Fan ZH. Integration of sample preparation with RNA-Amplification in a hand-held device for airborne virus detection. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1165:338542. [PMID: 33975694 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol transmission is one of the three major transmission routes of respiratory viruses. However, the dynamics and significance of the aerosol transmission route are not well understood, partially due to the lack of rapid and efficient tools for on-the-spot detection of airborne viruses. We report a hand-held device that integrates a 3D-printed sample preparation unit with a laminated paper-based RNA amplification unit. The sample preparation unit features an innovative reagent delivery scheme based on a ball-based valve capable of storing and delivering reagents through the rotation of the unit without manual pipetting, while the paper-based unit enables RNA enrichment and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). We have determined the detection limit of the integrated sample-preparation/amplification device (SPAD) at 1 TCID50 H1N1 influenza viruses in 140 μL aqueous sample. Further, we integrated SPAD with a previously reported viable virus aerosol sampler (VIVAS), a water-vapor-based condensational growth system capable of collecting aerosolized virus particles (Pan et al., 2016) [1]. Using the combined VIVAS-SPAD platform, we have demonstrated the collection/detection of lab-generated, airborne H1N1 influenza viruses in 65 min, suggesting that the platform has a potential for detecting and monitoring airborne virus transmission during outbreaks. The effective sampling and rapid detection of airborne viruses by the sample-to-answer platform will also help us better understand the dynamics and significance of aerosol transmission of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Julia C Loeb
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maohua Pan
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Trevor B Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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21
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da Silva PG, Nascimento MSJ, Soares RRG, Sousa SIV, Mesquita JR. Airborne spread of infectious SARS-CoV-2: Moving forward using lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142802. [PMID: 33071145 PMCID: PMC7543729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although an increasing body of data reports the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air, this does not correlate to the presence of infectious viruses, thus not evaluating the risk for airborne COVID-19. Hence there is a marked knowledge gap that requires urgent attention. Therefore, in this systematic review, viability/stability of airborne SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses is discussed. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus to assess the stability and viability of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 on air samples. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The initial search identified 27 articles. Following screening of titles and abstracts and removing duplicates, 11 articles were considered relevant. Temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 25 °C and relative humidity ranging from 40% to 50% were reported to have a protective effect on viral viability for airborne SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. As no data is yet available on the conditions influencing viability for airborne SARS-CoV-2, and given the genetic similarity to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, one could extrapolate that the same conditions would apply. Nonetheless, the effect of these conditions seems to be residual considering the increasing number of cases in the south of USA, Brazil and India, where high temperatures and humidities have been observed. CONCLUSION Higher temperatures and high relative humidity can have a modest effect on SARS-CoV-2 viability in the environment, as reported in previous studies to this date. However, these studies are experimental, and do not support the fact that the virus has efficiently spread in the tropical regions of the globe, with other transmission routes such as the contact and droplet ones probably being responsible for the majority of cases reported in these regions, along with other factors such as human mobility patterns and contact rates. Further studies are needed to investigate the extent of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 as this would have important implications for public health and infection-control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria São José Nascimento
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ruben R G Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden; Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sofia I V Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Sayahi T, Nielson C, Yu Y, Neuberger K, Seipp M, Firpo MA, Kelly K, Park AH. Airborne Aerosolized Mouse Cytomegalovirus From Common Otolaryngology Procedures: Implications for COVID-19 Infection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 164:547-555. [PMID: 32928037 PMCID: PMC7492827 DOI: 10.1177/0194599820957966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether common otolaryngology procedures generate viable aerosolized virus through a murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) model for infection. STUDY DESIGN mCMV model of infection. SETTING University of Utah laboratory. METHODS Three-day-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with mCMV or saline. Five days later, each mouse underwent drilling, microdebrider, coblation, and electrocautery procedures. Particle size distribution and PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 µm) concentration were determined with a scanning mobility particle sizer and an aerosol particle sizer in the range of 15 nm to 32 µm. Aerosolized samples from these procedures were collected with an Aerosol Devices BioSpot sampler for viral titer based on polymerase chain reaction and for viable virus through viral culture. RESULTS As compared with the background aerosol concentrations, coblation and electrocautery showed statistically significant increases in airborne aerosols (Tukey-adjusted P value <.040), while microdebrider and drilling at 30,000 rpm did not (.870 < Tukey-adjusted P value < .930). We identified viral DNA in samples from coblation and drilling procedures, although we did not identify viable viruses in aerosol samples from any of the 4 procedures. CONCLUSION Coblation and electrocautery procedures generate >100-fold increases in aerosol concentrations over background; only coblation and drilling produce aerosolized viral DNA. The high concentration of aerosols from coblation and electrocautery suggests the need for appropriate safeguards against particle exposure to health care workers. The presence of viral DNA from drilling and coblation procedures warrants the need for appropriate protection against droplet and aerosol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tofigh Sayahi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christopher Nielson
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yuan Yu
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kaden Neuberger
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Seipp
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew A. Firpo
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kerry Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Albert H. Park
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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23
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Beesoon S, Behary N, Perwuelz A. Universal masking during COVID-19 pandemic: Can textile engineering help public health? Narrative review of the evidence. Prev Med 2020; 139:106236. [PMID: 32795645 PMCID: PMC7418702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 is spreading very quickly around the world. In less than 7 months since it became known to the international community, the virus has infected 18 million in more than 180 countries and killing more than 700,000 people. Person-to-person transmission through infected respiratory droplets from patients with symptoms and asymptomatic carriers is the main mode of spread in the community. There is currently no standard agreed upon drug to treat the disease and the prospect of having a safe and efficacious vaccine might be years away. Thus, public health interventions such as social distancing and hand washing have been introduced and has, to some extent, slowed the progression of the pandemic. Universal masking as a public health intervention is currently mandatory in a vast majority of countries around the world. To avoid personal protective equipment (PPE) shortage crisis for medical staff and other frontline workers, health authorities are recommending the use cloth masks. Although in theory, cloth masks can be helpful to limit the spread of the COVID-19, serious consideration should be given to the choice of textile, the number of layers of cloth used, pre-treatment of the material with water repellent material and other compounds that can enhance the filtration efficiency of the masks without compromising their breathability. This review uses concepts of textile engineering and the theoretical principles of filtration to make suggestions and recommendations to improve the quality and safety of cloth masks for the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Beesoon
- Surgery Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Canada; Division of Community Engagement, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
| | - Nemeshwaree Behary
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles (ENSAIT), GEMTEX Laboratory, 2 allée Louise et Victor Champier BP 30329, 59056 Roubaix, France; Université de Lille, Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Perwuelz
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles (ENSAIT), GEMTEX Laboratory, 2 allée Louise et Victor Champier BP 30329, 59056 Roubaix, France; Université de Lille, Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
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24
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Recent Advances in Occupational Exposure Assessment of Aerosols. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186820. [PMID: 32962023 PMCID: PMC7559367 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure science is underpinned by characterization (measurement) of exposures. In this article, six recent advances in exposure characterization by sampling and analysis are reviewed as tools in the occupational exposure assessment of aerosols. Three advances discussed in detail are (1) recognition and inclusion of sampler wall deposits; (2) development of a new sampling and analytical procedure for respirable crystalline silica that allows non-destructive field analysis at the end of the sampling period; and (3) development of a new sampler to collect the portion of sub-300 nm aerodynamic diameter particles that would deposit in human airways. Three additional developments are described briefly: (4) a size-selective aerosol sampler that allows the collection of multiple physiologically-relevant size fractions; (5) a miniaturized pump and versatile sampling head to meet multiple size-selective sampling criteria; and (6) a novel method of sampling bioaerosols including viruses while maintaining viability. These recent developments are placed in the context of the historical evolution in sampling and analytical developments from 1900 to the present day. While these are not the only advances in exposure characterization, or exposure assessment techniques, they provide an illustration of how technological advances are adding more tools to our toolkit. The review concludes with a number of recommended areas for future research, including expansion of real-time and end-of-shift on-site measurement, development of samplers that operate at higher flow-rates to ensure measurement at lowered limit values, and development of procedures that accurately distinguish aerosol and vapor phases of semi-volatile substances.
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25
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Asadi S, Gaaloul ben Hnia N, Barre RS, Wexler AS, Ristenpart WD, Bouvier NM. Influenza A virus is transmissible via aerosolized fomites. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4062. [PMID: 32811826 PMCID: PMC7435178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are presumed, but not conclusively known, to spread among humans by several possible routes. We provide evidence of a mode of transmission seldom considered for influenza: airborne virus transport on microscopic particles called "aerosolized fomites." In the guinea pig model of influenza virus transmission, we show that the airborne particulates produced by infected animals are mainly non-respiratory in origin. Surprisingly, we find that an uninfected, virus-immune guinea pig whose body is contaminated with influenza virus can transmit the virus through the air to a susceptible partner in a separate cage. We further demonstrate that aerosolized fomites can be generated from inanimate objects, such as by manually rubbing a paper tissue contaminated with influenza virus. Our data suggest that aerosolized fomites may contribute to influenza virus transmission in animal models of human influenza, if not among humans themselves, with important but understudied implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Asadi
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nassima Gaaloul ben Hnia
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ramya S. Barre
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.16750.350000 0001 2097 5006Present Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 304 Guyot Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - Anthony S. Wexler
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Air Quality Research Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - William D. Ristenpart
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nicole M. Bouvier
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
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26
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Ward RX, Tilly TB, Mazhar SI, Robinson SE, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Wang J, Sabo-Attwood T, Wu CY. Mimicking the human respiratory system: Online in vitro cell exposure for toxicity assessment of welding fume aerosol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 395:122687. [PMID: 32330784 PMCID: PMC7276288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In assessing the biological impact of airborne particles in vitro, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure chambers are increasingly preferred over classical submerged exposure techniques, albeit historically limited by their inability to deliver sufficient aerosolized dose. A novel ALI system, the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID), bioinspired by the human respiratory system, uses water-based condensation for highly efficient aerosol deposition to ALI cell culture. Here, welding fumes (well-studied and inherently toxic ultrafine particles) were used to assess the ability of DAVID to generate toxicological responses between differing welding conditions. After fume exposure, ALI-cultured cells showed reductions in viability that were both distinct between welding conditions and linearly dose-dependent with respect to exposure time; comparatively, submerged cell cultures ran in parallel did not show these trends across exposure levels. DAVID delivers a substantial dose in minutes (> 100 μg/cm2), making it preferable over previous ALI systems, which require hours of exposure to deliver sufficient dose, and over submerged techniques, which lack comparable physiological relevance. DAVID has the potential to provide the most accurate assessment of in vitro toxicity yet from the perspectives of physiological relevance to the human respiratory system and efficiency in collecting ultrafine aerosol common to hazardous exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan X Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Trevor B Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Syeda Irsa Mazhar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Female Campus, Room No. 23, Hazrat Maryam Block, H-10 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah E Robinson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, HPNP 4157, 1225 Center Dr, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 Northeast 13thSt, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, HPNP 4157, 1225 Center Dr, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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27
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Kabir E, Azzouz A, Raza N, Bhardwaj SK, Kim KH, Tabatabaei M, Kukkar D. Recent Advances in Monitoring, Sampling, and Sensing Techniques for Bioaerosols in the Atmosphere. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1254-1267. [PMID: 32227840 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioaerosols in the form of microscopic airborne particles pose pervasive risks to humans and livestock. As either fully active components (e.g., viruses, bacteria, and fungi) or as whole or part of inactive fragments, they are among the least investigated pollutants in nature. Their identification and quantification are essential to addressing related dangers and to establishing proper exposure thresholds. However, difficulties in the development (and selection) of detection techniques and an associated lack of standardized procedures make the sensing of bioaerosols challenging. Through a comprehensive literature search, this review examines the mechanisms of conventional and advanced bioaerosol detection methods. It also provides a roadmap for future research and development in the selection of suitable methodologies for bioaerosol detection. The development of sample collection and sensing technology make it possible for continuous and automated operation. However, intensive efforts should be put to overcome the limitations of current technology as most of the currently available options tend to suffer from lengthy sample acquisition times and/or nonspecificity of probe material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsanul Kabir
- Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Abdelmonaim Azzouz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M’Hannech II, 93002 Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Nadeem Raza
- Government Emerson College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Bhardwaj
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, (CIAB) [DBT, Govt. of India], Knowledge
City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), 31535-1897 Karaj, Iran
| | - Deepak Kukkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Korea
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28
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Asadi S, Bouvier N, Wexler AS, Ristenpart WD. The coronavirus pandemic and aerosols: Does COVID-19 transmit via expiratory particles? AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2020; 0:1-4. [PMID: 32308568 PMCID: PMC7157964 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2020.1749229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Asadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Davis College of Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nicole Bouvier
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anthony S Wexler
- Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - William D Ristenpart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Davis College of Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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29
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Mainelis G. Bioaerosol Sampling: Classical Approaches, Advances, and Perspectives. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2020; 54:496-519. [PMID: 35923417 PMCID: PMC9344602 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1671950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosol sampling is an essential and integral part of any bioaerosol investigation. Since bioaerosols are very diverse in terms of their sizes, species, biological properties, and requirements for their detection and quantification, bioaerosol sampling is an active, yet challenging research area. This paper was inspired by the discussions during the 2018 International Aerosol Conference (IAC) (St. Louis, MO) regarding the need to summarize the current state of the art in bioaerosol research, including bioaerosol sampling, and the need to develop a more standardized set of guidelines for protocols used in bioaerosol research. The manuscript is a combination of literature review and perspectives: it discusses the main bioaerosol sampling techniques and then overviews the latest technical developments in each area; the overview is followed by the discussion of the emerging trends and developments in the field, including personal sampling, application of passive samplers, and advances toward improving bioaerosol detection limits as well as the emerging challenges such as collection of viruses and collection of unbiased samples for bioaerosol sequencing. The paper also discusses some of the practical aspects of bioaerosol sampling with particular focus on sampling aspects that could lead to bioaerosol determination bias. The manuscript concludes by suggesting several goals for bioaerosol sampling and development community to work towards and describes some of the grand bioaerosol challenges discussed at the IAC 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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30
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Cox J, Mbareche H, Lindsley WG, Duchaine C. Field sampling of indoor bioaerosols. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 54:572-584. [PMID: 31777412 PMCID: PMC6880939 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1688759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Because bioaerosols are related to adverse health effects in exposed humans and indoor environments represent a unique framework of exposure, concerns about indoor bioaerosols have risen over recent years. One of the major issues in indoor bioaerosol research is the lack of standardization in the methodology, from air sampling strategies and sample treatment to the analytical methods applied. The main characteristics to consider in the choice of indoor sampling methods for bioaerosols are the sampler performance, the representativeness of the sampling, and the concordance with the analytical methods to be used. The selection of bioaerosol collection methods is directly dependent on the analytical methods, which are chosen to answer specific questions raised while designing a study for exposure assessment. In this review, the authors present current practices in the analytical methods and the sampling strategies, with specificity for each type of microbe (fungi, bacteria, archaea and viruses). In addition, common problems and errors to be avoided are discussed. Based on this work, recommendations are made for future efforts towards the development of viable bioaerosol samplers, standards for bioaerosol exposure limits, and making association studies to optimize the use of the big data provided by high-throughput sequencing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Cox
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hamza Mbareche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - William G. Lindsley
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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31
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Pan M, Lednicky JA, Wu CY. Collection, particle sizing and detection of airborne viruses. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1596-1611. [PMID: 30974505 PMCID: PMC7167052 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses that affect humans, animals and plants are often dispersed and transmitted through airborne routes of infection. Due to current technological deficiencies, accurate determination of the presence of airborne viruses is challenging. This shortcoming limits our ability to evaluate the actual threat arising from inhalation or other relevant contact with aerosolized viruses. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms of airborne transmission of viruses, air sampling technologies that can detect the presence of aerosolized viruses, effectively collect them and maintain their viability, and determine their distribution in aerosol particles, are needed. The latest developments in sampling and detection methodologies for airborne viruses, their limitations, factors that can affect their performance and current research needs, are discussed in this review. Much more work is needed on the establishment of standard air sampling methods and their performance requirements. Sampling devices that can collect a wide size range of virus-containing aerosols and maintain the viability of the collected viruses are needed. Ideally, the devices would be portable and technology-enabled for on-the-spot detection and rapid identification of the viruses. Broad understanding of the airborne transmission of viruses is of seminal importance for the establishment of better infection control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pan
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C-Y Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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32
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Pan M, Carol L, Lednicky JA, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Hering S, Fan ZH, Wu CY. Determination of the distribution of infectious viruses in aerosol particles using water-based condensational growth technology and a bacteriophage MS2 model. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 53:583-593. [PMID: 31359905 PMCID: PMC6663101 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1581917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of aerosols containing pathogenic viruses can result in morbidity, in some cases leading to mortality. The objective of this study was to develop a model for assessing how infectious viruses might distribute in airborne particles using bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate for human viruses. Particle deposition in the respiratory system is size-dependent, and small virus-containing particles can be inhaled deeply into the lower lungs, potentially leading to more severe respiratory disease manifestations. Laboratory-generated virus-containing particles were size-selected by a differential mobility analyzer and then collected by the newly introduced Super-Efficient Sampler for Influenza Virus. The number of infectious and total viruses per particle as a function of particle size varied with the spraying medium: it approximated a cubic exponential value scaling for deionized (DI) water, a quartic exponential value for artificial saliva (AS), and between quadratic and cubic exponential value for beef extract solution (BES). The survivability of MS2 did not change significantly with particle size for DI water and BES, while that for AS was maximum at 120 nm. Viruses could be homogeneously distributed or aggregated inside or on the surface of the particles, depending on the composition of the spraying medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Pan
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Leah Carol
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Z. Hugh Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Tilly TB, Ward RX, Luthra JK, Robinson S, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Lewis GS, Salisbury RL, Lednicky JA, Sabo-Attwood TL, Hussain SM, Wu CY. Condensational particle growth device for reliable cell exposure at the air-liquid interface to nanoparticles. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 53:1415-1428. [PMID: 33033421 PMCID: PMC7540808 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1659938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A first-of-its-kind aerosol exposure device for toxicity testing, referred to as the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID), was evaluated for its ability to deliver airborne nanoparticles to lung cells grown as air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures. For inhalation studies, ALI lung cell cultures exposed to airborne nanoparticles have more relevancy than the same cells exposed in submerged culture because ALI culture better represents the respiratory physiology and consequently more closely reflect cellular response to aerosol exposure. In DAVID, water condensation grows particles as small as 5 nm to droplets sized > 5 μm for inertial deposition at low flow rates. The application of DAVID for nanotoxicity analysis was evaluated by measuring the amount and variability in the deposition of uranine nanoparticles and then assessing the viability of ALI cell cultures exposed to clean-air under the same operational conditions. The results showed a low coefficient of variation, < 0.25, at most conditions, and low variability in deposition between the exposure wells, trials, and operational flow rates. At an operational flow rate of 4 LPM, no significant changes in cell viability were observed, and minimal effects observed at 6 LPM. The reliable and gentle deposition mechanism of DAVID makes it advantageous for nanoparticle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor B. Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan X. Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jiva K. Luthra
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Richard L. Salisbury
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tara L. Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Saber M. Hussain
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Yu H, Afshar-Mohajer N, Theodore AD, Lednicky JA, Fan ZH, Wu CY. An efficient virus aerosol sampler enabled by adiabatic expansion. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2018; 117:74-84. [PMID: 32226117 PMCID: PMC7094368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protection of public health against pathogenic viruses transmitted through the airborne route requires effective sampling of airborne viruses for determination of their concentration and distribution. However, sampling viable airborne viruses is challenging as conventional bioaerosol sampling devices operate on inertia-based mechanisms that inherently have low sampling efficiency for virus aerosols in the ultrafine size range (< 100 nm). Herein, a Batch Adiabatic-expansion for Size Intensification by Condensation (BASIC) approach was developed for efficient sampling of virus aerosols. The BASIC utilizes adiabatic expansion in a supersaturated container to activate condensation of water vapor onto virus aerosol particles, thus amplifying the size of the particles by orders of magnitude. Using aerosolized MS2 bacteriophage, the BASIC's performance was evaluated and optimized both from the perspectives of physical size amplification as well as preservation of the viability of the MS2 bacteriophage. Experimental results show that one compression/expansion (C/E) cycle under a compression pressure of 103.5 kPa and water temperature of 25 °C was sufficient to increase the particle diameter from < 100 nm to > 1 µm; further increases in the number of C/E cycles neither increased particle number concentration nor diameter. An increase in compression pressure was associated with physical size amplification and a higher concentration of collected viable MS2. Water temperature of 40 °C was found to be the optimal for size amplification as well as viability preservation. No significant effect on particle size enlargement was observed by changing the dwell time after expansion. The results illustrate the BASIC's capability as a simple, quick and inexpensive tool for rapid sampling of viable airborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Nima Afshar-Mohajer
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Lin XT, Hsu NY, Wang JR, Chen NT, Su HJ, Lin MY. Development of an efficient viral aerosol collector for higher sampling flow rate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3884-3893. [PMID: 29177778 PMCID: PMC7089394 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral aerosol infection through cough generates large amounts of viral aerosol and can result in many adverse health effects such as influenza flu and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). To characterize the coughed viral aerosol, the sampler needs to sample at higher flow rate and possess high physical collection efficiency as well as high viral preservation. However, most current inertia-based high flow bioaerosol samplers are not suited for viral aerosol sampling since the viability will be lost doing the sampling process. Current condensation growth methods only have good physical collection efficiency and viral preservation at low flow rate (< 10 LPM). In this study, we developed a viral aerosol sampling system using a cooler and steam-jet aerosol collector (SJAC) for bioaerosol collection for the first time. The system is based on mixing condensation growth method and has high viral preservation at a higher flow rate (12.5 LPM). We control the inlet aerosol flow temperature and the SJAC mixing reservoir temperature to improve the physical collection efficiency and viability preservation of the viral aerosol. Results indicate that the physical collection efficiency is 70-99% for aerosol 30-100 nm when the aerosol flow and mixing reservoir temperature was 19 and 50 °C, respectively. In addition, the system was 7 and 22 times more efficient for viability preservation of MS2 bacteriophage than the commonly used All Glass Impinger 30 (AGI-30) and BioSampler®, respectively. Finally, the system can be applied to sample at a lower concentration (105 PFU/m3), and results shows the system was 4.7 times more efficient for viability preservation than using AGI-30 alone. The developed viral collection system will improve our understanding of the characteristics of coughed aerosol and can be used for future evaluation of respiratory protective equipment and environmental sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Yun Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Jen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Li J, Leavey A, Wang Y, O’Neil C, Wallace MA, Burnham CAD, Boon ACM, Babcock H, Biswas P. Comparing the performance of 3 bioaerosol samplers for influenza virus. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2018; 115:133-145. [PMID: 32287370 PMCID: PMC7125700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral diseases can be spread when a virus-containing particle (droplet) from one individual is aerosolized and subsequently comes into either direct or indirect contact with another individual. Increasing numbers of studies are examining the occupational risk to healthcare workers due to proximity to patients. Selecting the appropriate air sampling method is a critical factor in assuring the analytical performance characteristics of a clinical study. The objective of this study was to compare the physical collection efficiency and virus collection efficiency of a 5 mL compact SKC BioSampler®, a gelatin filter, and a glass fiber filter, in a laboratory setting. The gelatin filter and the glass fiber filter were housed in a home-made filter holder. Submersion (with vortexing and subsequent centrifugation) was used for the gelatin and glass fiber filters. Swabbing method was also tested to retrieve the viruses from the glass fiber filter. Experiments were conducted using the H1N1 influenza A virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (IAV-PR8), and viral recovery was determined using culture and commercial real-time-PCR (BioFire and Xpert). An atomizer was used to aerosolize a solution of influenza virus in PBS for measurement, and two Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers were used to determine particle size distributions. The SKC BioSampler demonstrated a U-shaped physical collection efficiency, lowest for particles around 30-50 nm, and highest at 10 nm and 300-350 nm within the size range examined. The physical collection efficiency of the gelatin filter was strongly influenced by air flow and time: a stable collection across all particle sizes was only observed at 2 L/min for the 9 min sampling time, otherwise, degradation of the filter was observed. The glass fiber filter demonstrated the highest physical collection efficiency (100% for all sizes) of all tested samplers, however, its overall virus recovery efficiency fared the worst (too low to quantify). The highest viral collection efficiencies for the SKC BioSampler and gelatin filter were 5% and 1.5%, respectively. Overall, the SKC BioSampler outperformed the filters. It is important to consider the total concentration of viruses entering the sampler when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anna Leavey
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caroline O’Neil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meghan A. Wallace
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus CM Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hilary Babcock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pratim Biswas
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Collection of Viable Aerosolized Influenza Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses in a Student Health Care Center through Water-Based Condensation Growth. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00251-17. [PMID: 29034325 PMCID: PMC5636224 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00251-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics and significance of aerosol transmission of respiratory viruses are still controversial, for the major reasons that virus aerosols are inefficiently collected by commonly used air samplers and that the collected viruses are inactivated by the collection method. Without knowledge of virus viability, infection risk analyses lack accuracy. This pilot study was performed to (i) determine whether infectious (viable) respiratory viruses in aerosols could be collected from air in a real world environment by the viable virus aerosol sampler (VIVAS), (ii) compare and contrast the efficacy of the standard bioaerosol sampler, the BioSampler, with that of the VIVAS for the collection of airborne viruses in a real world environment, and (iii) gain insights for the use of the VIVAS for respiratory virus sampling. The VIVAS operates via a water vapor condensation process to enlarge aerosolized virus particles to facilitate their capture. A variety of viable human respiratory viruses, including influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 viruses and influenza B viruses, were collected by the VIVAS located at least 2 m from seated patients, during a late-onset 2016 influenza virus outbreak. Whereas the BioSampler when operated following our optimized parameters also collected virus aerosols, it was nevertheless overall less successful based on a lower frequency of virus isolation in most cases. This side-by-side comparison highlights some limitations of past studies based on impingement-based sampling, which may have generated false-negative results due to either poor collection efficiency and/or virus inactivation due to the collection process. IMPORTANCE The significance of virus aerosols in the natural transmission of respiratory diseases has been a contentious issue, primarily because it is difficult to collect or sample virus aerosols using currently available air sampling devices. We tested a new air sampler based on water vapor condensation for efficient sampling of viable airborne respiratory viruses in a student health care center as a model of a real world environment. The new sampler outperformed the industry standard device (the SKC BioSampler) in the collection of natural virus aerosols and in maintaining virus viability. These results using the VIVAS indicate that respiratory virus aerosols are more prevalent and potentially pose a greater inhalation biohazard than previously thought. The VIVAS thus appears to be a useful apparatus for microbiology air quality tests related to the detection of viable airborne viruses.
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38
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Anderson BD, Lednicky JA, Torremorell M, Gray GC. The Use of Bioaerosol Sampling for Airborne Virus Surveillance in Swine Production Facilities: A Mini Review. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:121. [PMID: 28798919 PMCID: PMC5529434 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern swine production facilities typically house dense populations of pigs and may harbor a variety of potentially zoonotic viruses that can pass from one pig generation to another and periodically infect human caretakers. Bioaerosol sampling is a common technique that has been used to conduct microbial risk assessments in swine production, and other similar settings, for a number of years. However, much of this work seems to have been focused on the detection of non-viral microbial agents (i.e., bacteria, fungi, endotoxins, etc.), and efforts to detect viral aerosols in pig farms seem sparse. Data generated by such studies would be particularly useful for assessments of virus transmission and ecology. Here, we summarize the results of a literature review conducted to identify published articles related to bioaerosol generation and detection within swine production facilities, with a focus on airborne viruses. We identified 73 scientific reports, published between 1991 and 2017, which were included in this review. Of these, 19 (26.7%) used sampling methodology for the detection of viruses. Our findings show that bioaerosol sampling methodologies in swine production settings have predominately focused on the detection of bacteria and fungi, with no apparent standardization between different approaches. Information, specifically regarding virus aerosol burden in swine production settings, appears to be limited. However, the number of viral aerosol studies has markedly increased in the past 5 years. With the advent of new sampling technologies and improved diagnostics, viral bioaerosol sampling could be a promising way to conduct non-invasive viral surveillance among swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Drifted Influenza A and B Viruses Collected by a Water-Based Condensation Growth Air Sampler in a Student Health Care Center during an Influenza Outbreak. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/15/e00178-17. [PMID: 28408687 PMCID: PMC5391425 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00178-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A viable virus aerosol sampler (VIVAS) effectively collected viable influenza A and B viruses from air inside a student health care center during an influenza outbreak. The viruses had “drifted” genes, showcasing the usefulness of the VIVAS for air sampling and noninvasive surveillance of viruses in circulation.
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40
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Eiguren-Fernandez A, Kreisberg N, Hering S. An online monitor of the oxidative capacity of aerosols (o-MOCA). ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2017; 10:633-644. [PMID: 29187913 PMCID: PMC5703220 DOI: 10.5194/amt-10-633-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of airborne particulate matter to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been correlated with the generation of oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo. The cellular damage from oxidative stress, and by implication with ROS, is associated with several common diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and some neurological diseases. Yet currently available chemical and in vitro assays to determine the oxidative capacity of ambient particles require large samples, analyses are typically done offline, and the results are not immediate. Here we report the development of an online monitor of the oxidative capacity of aerosols (o-MOCA) to provide online, time-resolved assessment of the capacity of airborne particles to generate ROS. Our approach combines the Liquid Spot Sampler (LSS), which collects particles directly into small volumes of liquid, and a chemical module optimized for online measurement of the oxidative capacity of aerosol using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. The LSS uses a three-stage, laminar-flow water condensation approach to enable the collection of particles as small as 5 nm into liquid. The DTT assay has been improved to allow the online, time-resolved analysis of samples collected with the LSS but could be adapted to other collection methods or offline analysis of liquid extracts. The o-MOCA was optimized and its performance evaluated using the 9,10-phenanthraquinone (PQ) as a standard redox-active compound. Laboratory testing shows minimum interferences or carryover between consecutive samples, low blanks, and a reproducible, linear response between the DTT consumption rate (nmol min-1) and PQ concentration (μM). The calculated limit of detection for o-MOCA was 0.15 nmol min-1. The system was validated with a diesel exhaust particle (DEP) extract, previously characterized and used for the development, improvement, and validation of the standard DTT analysis. The DTT consumption rates (nmol min-1) obtained with the o-MOCA were within experimental uncertainties of those previously reported for these DEP samples. In ambient air testing, the fully automated o-MOCA was run unattended for 3 days with 3 h time resolution and showed a diurnal and daily variability in the measured consumption rates (nmol min-1 m-3).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanne Hering
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc., 935 Grayson St., Berkeley, CA, USA
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41
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Hong S, Bhardwaj J, Han CH, Jang J. Gentle Sampling of Submicrometer Airborne Virus Particles using a Personal Electrostatic Particle Concentrator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12365-12372. [PMID: 27786464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of airborne viruses via sampling have been critical issues. Most electrostatic samplers have been assessed for bacterial aerosols or micrometer-sized viral particles; however, sampling of submicrometer-sized airborne viruses is necessary, especially because of the high probability of their staying airborne and their deposition in the lower respiratory tract. Here, we present a novel personal electrostatic particle concentrator (EPC) for gentle sampling of submicrometer airborne virus particles. Owing to the enhanced electric field designed in this EPC, the collection efficiencies reached values as high as 99.3-99.8% for 0.05-2 μm diameter polystyrene particles at a flow rate of 1.2 L/min. Submicrometer-sized MS2 and T3 virus particles were also collected in the EPC, and the concentrations relative to their respective initial suspensions were more than 10 times higher than those in the SKC BioSampler. Moreover, the recovery rate of T3 was 982 times higher in the EPC (-2 kV) than in the BioSampler at 12.5 L/min because of the gentle sampling of the EPC. Gentle sampling is desirable because many bioaerosols suffer from significant viability losses during sampling. The influence of ozone generated, applied electrostatic field, and the flow rate on the viability of the viruses will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkyeol Hong
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Han
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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42
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Mirzaee I, Song M, Charmchi M, Sun H. A microfluidics-based on-chip impinger for airborne particle collection. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2254-2264. [PMID: 27185303 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Capturing airborne particles from air into a liquid is a critical process for the development of many sensors and analytical systems. A miniaturized airborne particle sampling device (microimpinger) has been developed in this research. The microimpinger relies on a controlled bubble generation process produced by driving air through microchannel arrays. The particles confined in the microscale bubbles are captured in the sampling liquid while the bubbles form, are released and travel in a millimetre-scale sealed liquid reservoir. The microchannel arrays in the impinger are fabricated using a soft-lithography method with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the structural material. To prevent air leakage at the connections, a PDMS-only sealing technique is successfully developed. The hydrophobicity of the microchannel surface is found to be critical for generating continuous and stable bubbles in the bubbling process. A Teflon layer is coated on the walls of a microchannel array by vapor deposition which effectively increases the hydrophobicity of the PDMS. The collection efficiency of the microimpinger is measured by counting different sizes of fluorescent polystyrene latex particles on polycarbonate membrane filters. Collection efficiencies above 90% are achieved. Furthermore, the particle capturing mechanisms during the injection, formation and rise of a single microbubble are investigated by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved along with the use of the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method to capture the bubble deformations and the particles are tracked using a Lagrangian equation of motion. The model is also employed to study the effect of bubble size on the collection efficiency of the microimpinger.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mirzaee
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
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43
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Jiang X, Pan M, Hering SV, Lednicky JA, Wu CY, Fan ZH. Use of RNA amplification and electrophoresis for studying virus aerosol collection efficiency and their comparison with plaque assays. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2574-2580. [PMID: 27196379 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The spread of virus-induced infectious diseases through airborne routes of transmission is a global concern for economic and medical reasons. To study virus transmission, it is essential to have an effective aerosol collector such as the growth tube collector (GTC) system that utilizes water-based condensation for collecting virus-containing aerosols. In this work, we characterized the GTC system using bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate for a small RNA virus. We investigated using RNA extraction and reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to study the total virus collection efficiency of the GTC system. Plaque assays were also used to enumerate viable viruses collected by the GTC system compared to that by a commercially available apparatus, the SKC® Biosampler. The plaque assay counts were used to enumerate viable viruses whereas RT-PCR provides a total virus count, including those viruses inactivated during collection. The effects of relative humidity (RH) and other conditions on collection efficiency were also investigated. Our results suggest that the GTC has a collection efficiency for viable viruses between 0.24 and 1.8% and a total virus collection efficiency between 18.3 and 79.0%, which is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the SKC® Biosampler. Moreover, higher RH significantly increases both the viable and total collection efficiency of the GTC, while its effect on the collection efficiency of the SKC® Biosampler is not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maohua Pan
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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