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Raunsgard A, Persson L, Czorlich Y, Ugedal O, Thorstad EB, Karlsson S, Fiske P, Bolstad GH. Variation in phenotypic plasticity across age-at-maturity genotypes in wild Atlantic salmon. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17229. [PMID: 38063470 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Evolution of phenotypic plasticity requires genotype-environment interaction. The discovery of two large-effect loci in the vgll3 and six6 genomic regions associated with the number of years the Atlantic salmon spend feeding at sea before maturation (sea age), provides a unique opportunity to study evolutionary potential of phenotypic plasticity. Using data on 1246 Atlantic salmon caught in the River Surna in Norway, we show that variation in mean sea age among years (smolt cohorts 2013-2018) is influenced by genotype frequencies as well as interaction effects between genotype and year. Genotype-year interactions suggest that genotypes may differ in their response to environmental variation across years, implying genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity. Our results also imply that plasticity in sea age will evolve as an indirect response to selection on mean sea age due to a shared genetic basis. Furthermore, we demonstrate differences between years in the additive and dominance functional genetic effects of vgll3 and six6 on sea age, suggesting that evolutionary responses will vary across environments. Considering the importance of age at maturity for survival and reproduction, genotype-environment interactions likely play an important role in local adaptation and population demography in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Raunsgard
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lo Persson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yann Czorlich
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ola Ugedal
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eva B Thorstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sten Karlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peder Fiske
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir H Bolstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
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2
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McGlothlin JW, Kobiela ME, Wright HV, Kolbe JJ, Losos JB, III EDB. Conservation and Convergence of Genetic Architecture in the Adaptive Radiation of Anolis Lizards. Am Nat 2022; 200:E207-E220. [DOI: 10.1086/721091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Blankers T, Fruitet E, Burdfield‐Steel E, Groot AT. Experimental evolution of a pheromone signal. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8941. [PMID: 35646318 PMCID: PMC9130292 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual signals are important in speciation, but understanding their evolution is complex as these signals are often composed of multiple, genetically interdependent components. To understand how signals evolve, we thus need to consider selection responses in multiple components and account for the genetic correlations among components. One intriguing possibility is that selection changes the genetic covariance structure of a multicomponent signal in a way that facilitates a response to selection. However, this hypothesis remains largely untested empirically. In this study, we investigate the evolutionary response of the multicomponent female sex pheromone blend of the moth Heliothis subflexa to 10 generations of artificial selection. We observed a selection response of about three-quarters of a phenotypic standard deviation in the components under selection. Interestingly, other pheromone components that are biochemically and genetically linked to the components under selection did not change. We also found that after the onset of selection, the genetic covariance structure diverged, resulting in the disassociation of components under selection and components not under selection across the first two genetic principle components. Our findings provide rare empirical support for an intriguing mechanism by which a sexual signal can respond to selection without possible constraints from indirect selection responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankers
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elise Fruitet
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Emily Burdfield‐Steel
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Astrid T. Groot
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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4
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Fasanelli MN, Milla Carmona PS, Soto IM, Tuero DT. Allometry, sexual selection and evolutionary lines of least resistance shaped the evolution of exaggerated sexual traits within the genus Tyrannus. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:669-679. [PMID: 35290678 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Variational properties hold a fundamental role in shaping biological evolution, exerting control over the magnitude and direction of evolutionary change elicited by microevolutionary processes that sort variation, such as selection or drift. We studied the genus Tyrannus as a model for examining the conditions and drivers that facilitate the repeated evolution of exaggerated, secondary sexual traits in the face of significant functional limitations. In particular, we explore the role of allometry, sexual selection and their interaction, on the diversification of tail morphology in the genus, assessing whether and how they promoted or constrained phenotypic evolution. Non-deep-forked species tend to show reduced sexual dimorphism and moderate allometric variation in tail shape. The exaggerated and functionally constrained long feathers of deep-forked species, T. savana and T. forficatus, which show both marked sexual dimorphism and allometric tail shape variation, independently diverged from the rest of the genus following the same direction of main interspecific variation accrued during the evolution of non-deep-forked species. Moreover, the latter direction is also aligned with axes summarising sexual dimorphism and allometric variation on deep-forked species, a feature lacking in the rest of the species. Thus, exaggerated tail morphologies are interpreted as the result of amplified divergence through reorientation and co-option of allometric variation by sexual selection, repeatedly driving morphology along a historically favoured direction of cladogenetic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Nicolás Fasanelli
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución -DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Integral de Sistemas Evolutivos, DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo S Milla Carmona
- Laboratorio de Biología Integral de Sistemas Evolutivos, DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Fósiles, Instituto de Estudios Andinos - IDEAN (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio María Soto
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución -DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Integral de Sistemas Evolutivos, DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Tomás Tuero
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución -DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Milocco L, Salazar-Ciudad I. Evolution of the G Matrix under Nonlinear Genotype-Phenotype Maps. Am Nat 2022; 199:420-435. [DOI: 10.1086/717814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro Milocco
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isaac Salazar-Ciudad
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Barcelona, Spain; and Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Evolution, Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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A conserved genetic architecture among populations of the maize progenitor, teosinte, was radically altered by domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112970118. [PMID: 34686607 PMCID: PMC8639367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112970118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the genetic architecture of maize domestication using a quantitative genetics approach. With multiple populations of teosinte and maize, we also compared the genetic architecture among populations within maize and teosinte. We showed that genetic architecture among populations within teosinte or maize is generally conserved, in contrast to the radical differences between teosinte and maize. Our results suggest that while selection drove changes in essentially all traits between teosinte and maize, selection is far less important for explaining domestication trait differences among populations within teosinte or maize. Very little is known about how domestication was constrained by the quantitative genetic architecture of crop progenitors and how quantitative genetic architecture was altered by domestication. Yang et al. [C. J. Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116, 5643–5652 (2019)] drew multiple conclusions about how genetic architecture influenced and was altered by maize domestication based on one sympatric pair of teosinte and maize populations. To test the generality of their conclusions, we assayed the structure of genetic variances, genetic correlations among traits, strength of selection during domestication, and diversity in genetic architecture within teosinte and maize. Our results confirm that additive genetic variance is decreased, while dominance genetic variance is increased, during maize domestication. The genetic correlations are moderately conserved among traits between teosinte and maize, while the genetic variance–covariance matrices (G-matrices) of teosinte and maize are quite different, primarily due to changes in the submatrix for reproductive traits. The inferred long-term selection intensities during domestication were weak, and the neutral hypothesis was rejected for reproductive and environmental response traits, suggesting that they were targets of selection during domestication. The G-matrix of teosinte imposed considerable constraint on selection during the early domestication process, and constraint increased further along the domestication trajectory. Finally, we assayed variation among populations and observed that genetic architecture is generally conserved among populations within teosinte and maize but is radically different between teosinte and maize. While selection drove changes in essentially all traits between teosinte and maize, selection explains little of the difference in domestication traits among populations within teosinte or maize.
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7
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Renaud S, Girard C, Dufour AB. Morphometric variance, evolutionary constraints and their change through time in Late Devonian Palmatolepis conodonts. Evolution 2021; 75:2911-2929. [PMID: 34396530 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic variation is the raw material of evolution. Standing variation can facilitate response to selection along "lines of least evolutionary resistance", but selection itself might alter the structure of the variance. Shape was quantified using 2D geometric morphometrics in Palmatolepis conodonts through the Late Devonian period. Patterns of variance were characterized along the record by the variance-covariance matrix (P-matrix) and its first axis (Pmax). The Late Frasnian was marked by environmental oscillations culminating with the Frasnian/Famennian mass extinction. A shape response was associated with these fluctuations, together with a deflection of the Pmax and the P-matrix. Thereafter, along the Famennian, Palmatolepis mean shape shifted from broad elements with a large platform to slender elements devoid of platform. This shift in shape was associated with a reorientation of Pmax and the P-matrix, due to profound changes in the functioning of the elements selecting for new types of variants. Both cases provide empirical evidences that moving adaptive optimum can reorient phenotypic variation, boosting response to environmental changes. On such time scales, the question seems thus not to be whether the P-matrix is stable, but how it is varying in response to changes in selection regimes and shifts in adaptive optimum. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Renaud
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Catherine Girard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Béatrice Dufour
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
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8
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Engen S, Sæther BE. Structure of the G-matrix in relation to phenotypic contributions to fitness. Theor Popul Biol 2021; 138:43-56. [PMID: 33610661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical theory in population genetics includes derivation of the stationary distribution of allele frequencies under balance between selection, genetic drift, and mutation. Here we investigate the simplest generalization of these single locus models to quantitative genetics with many loci, assuming simple additive effects on a set of phenotypes and a linear approximation to the fitness function. Genetic effects and pleiotropy are simulated by a prescribed stochastic model. Our goal is to analyze the structure of the G-matrix at stasis when the model is not very close to being neutral. The smallest eigenvalue of the G-matrix is practically zero by Fisher's fundamental theorem for natural selection and the fitness function is approximately a linear function of the corresponding eigenvector. Evolution of genetic trade-offs is closely linked to the fitness function. If a single locus never codes for more than two traits, then additive genetic covariance between two phenotype components always has the opposite sign of the product of their coefficients in the fitness function under no mutation, a pattern that is likely to occur frequently also in more complex models. In our major examples only 1-2 percent of the loci are over-dominant for fitness, but they still account for practically all dominance variance in fitness as well as all contributions to the G-matrix. These analyses show that the structure of the G-matrix reveals important information about the contribution of different traits to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Engen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bernt-Erik Sæther
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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9
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Sæther BE, Engen S, Gustafsson L, Grøtan V, Vriend SJG. Density-Dependent Adaptive Topography in a Small Passerine Bird, the Collared Flycatcher. Am Nat 2020; 197:93-110. [PMID: 33417521 DOI: 10.1086/711752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAdaptive topography is a central concept in evolutionary biology, describing how the mean fitness of a population changes with gene frequencies or mean phenotypes. We use expected population size as a quantity to be maximized by natural selection to show that selection on pairwise combinations of reproductive traits of collared flycatchers caused by fluctuations in population size generated an adaptive topography with distinct peaks often located at intermediate phenotypes. This occurred because r- and K-selection made phenotypes favored at small densities different from those with higher fitness at population sizes close to the carrying capacity K. Fitness decreased rapidly with a delay in the timing of egg laying, with a density-dependent effect especially occurring among early-laying females. The number of fledglings maximizing fitness was larger at small population sizes than when close to K. Finally, there was directional selection for large fledglings independent of population size. We suggest that these patterns can be explained by increased competition for some limiting resources or access to favorable nest sites at high population densities. Thus, r- and K-selection based on expected population size as an evolutionary maximization criterion may influence life-history evolution and constrain the selective responses to changes in the environment.
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10
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Zu P, Schiestl FP, Gervasi D, Li X, Runcie D, Guillaume F. Floral signals evolve in a predictable way under artificial and pollinator selection in Brassica rapa. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:127. [PMID: 32972368 PMCID: PMC7517814 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiosperms employ an astonishing variety of visual and olfactory floral signals that are generally thought to evolve under natural selection. Those morphological and chemical traits can form highly correlated sets of traits. It is not always clear which of these are used by pollinators as primary targets of selection and which would be indirectly selected by being linked to those primary targets. Quantitative genetics tools for predicting multiple traits response to selection have been developed since long and have advanced our understanding of evolution of genetically correlated traits in various biological systems. We use these tools to predict the evolutionary trajectories of floral traits and understand the selection pressures acting on them. RESULTS We used data from an artificial selection and a pollinator (bumblebee, hoverfly) evolution experiment with fast cycling Brassica rapa plants to predict evolutionary changes of 12 floral volatiles and 4 morphological floral traits in response to selection. Using the observed selection gradients and the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G-matrix) of the traits, we showed that the observed responses of most floral traits including volatiles were predicted in the right direction in both artificial- and bumblebee-selection experiment. Genetic covariance had a mix of constraining and facilitating effects on evolutionary responses. We further revealed that G-matrices also evolved in the selection processes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our integrative study shows that floral signals, especially volatiles, evolve under selection in a mostly predictable way, at least during short term evolution. Evolutionary constraints stemming from genetic covariance affected traits evolutionary trajectories and thus it is important to include genetic covariance for predicting the evolutionary changes of a comprehensive suite of traits. Other processes such as resource limitation and selfing also need to be considered for a better understanding of floral trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Zu
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gervasi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daniel Runcie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Geiler-Samerotte KA, Li S, Lazaris C, Taylor A, Ziv N, Ramjeawan C, Paaby AB, Siegal ML. Extent and context dependence of pleiotropy revealed by high-throughput single-cell phenotyping. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000836. [PMID: 32804946 PMCID: PMC7451985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropy-when a single mutation affects multiple traits-is a controversial topic with far-reaching implications. Pleiotropy plays a central role in debates about how complex traits evolve and whether biological systems are modular or are organized such that every gene has the potential to affect many traits. Pleiotropy is also critical to initiatives in evolutionary medicine that seek to trap infectious microbes or tumors by selecting for mutations that encourage growth in some conditions at the expense of others. Research in these fields, and others, would benefit from understanding the extent to which pleiotropy reflects inherent relationships among phenotypes that correlate no matter the perturbation (vertical pleiotropy). Alternatively, pleiotropy may result from genetic changes that impose correlations between otherwise independent traits (horizontal pleiotropy). We distinguish these possibilities by using clonal populations of yeast cells to quantify the inherent relationships between single-cell morphological features. Then, we demonstrate how often these relationships underlie vertical pleiotropy and how often these relationships are modified by genetic variants (quantitative trait loci [QTL]) acting via horizontal pleiotropy. Our comprehensive screen measures thousands of pairwise trait correlations across hundreds of thousands of yeast cells and reveals ample evidence of both vertical and horizontal pleiotropy. Additionally, we observe that the correlations between traits can change with the environment, genetic background, and cell-cycle position. These changing dependencies suggest a nuanced view of pleiotropy: biological systems demonstrate limited pleiotropy in any given context, but across contexts (e.g., across diverse environments and genetic backgrounds) each genetic change has the potential to influence a larger number of traits. Our method suggests that exploiting pleiotropy for applications in evolutionary medicine would benefit from focusing on traits with correlations that are less dependent on context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A. Geiler-Samerotte
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shuang Li
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charalampos Lazaris
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Austin Taylor
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Naomi Ziv
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Ramjeawan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Annalise B. Paaby
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Siegal
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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12
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Steven JC, Anderson IA, Brodie ED, Delph LF. Rapid reversal of a potentially constraining genetic covariance between leaf and flower traits in Silene latifolia. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:569-578. [PMID: 31988742 PMCID: PMC6972811 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic covariance between two traits generates correlated responses to selection, and may either enhance or constrain adaptation. Silene latifolia exhibits potentially constraining genetic covariance between specific leaf area (SLA) and flower number in males. Flower number is likely to increase via fecundity selection but the correlated increase in SLA increases mortality, and SLA is under selection to decrease in dry habitats. We selected on trait combinations in two selection lines for four generations to test whether genetic covariance could be reduced without significantly altering trait means. In one selection line, the genetic covariance changed sign and eigenstructure changed significantly, while in the other selection line eigenstructure remained similar to the control line. Changes in genetic variance-covariance structure are therefore possible without the introduction of new alleles, and the responses we observed suggest that founder effects and changes in frequency of alleles of major effect may be acting to produce the changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C. Steven
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
- Present address:
Department of Organismal and Environmental BiologyChristopher Newport UniversityNewport NewsVirginia
| | - Ingrid A. Anderson
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
- Present address:
Vanderbilt‐Ingram Cancer CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
| | - Edmund D. Brodie
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
- Present address:
Mountain Lake Biological Station and Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Lynda F. Delph
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
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13
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Holand H, Kvalnes T, Røed KH, Holand Ø, Saether BE, Kumpula J. Stabilizing selection and adaptive evolution in a combination of two traits in an arctic ungulate. Evolution 2019; 74:103-115. [PMID: 31808544 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stabilizing selection is thought to be common in wild populations and act as one of the main evolutionary mechanisms, which constrain phenotypic variation. When multiple traits interact to create a combined phenotype, correlational selection may be an important process driving adaptive evolution. Here, we report on phenotypic selection and evolutionary changes in two natal traits in a semidomestic population of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in northern Finland. The population has been closely monitored since 1969, and detailed data have been collected on individuals since they were born. Over the length of the study period (1969-2015), we found directional and stabilizing selection toward a combination of earlier birth date and heavier birth mass with an intermediate optimum along the major axis of the selection surface. In addition, we demonstrate significant changes in mean traits toward earlier birth date and heavier birth mass, with corresponding genetic changes in breeding values during the study period. Our results demonstrate evolutionary changes in a combination of two traits, which agree closely with estimated patterns of phenotypic selection. Knowledge of the selective surface for combinations of genetically correlated traits are vital to predict how population mean phenotypes and fitness are affected when environments change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Holand
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Kvalnes
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Knut H Røed
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Holand
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jouko Kumpula
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Terrestrial Population Dynamics, FIN-999870, Kaamanen, Inari, Finland
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14
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Comparative analysis of the multivariate genetic architecture of morphological traits in three species of Gomphocerine grasshoppers. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 124:367-382. [PMID: 31649325 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary change is the change in trait values across generations, and usually occurs in multidimensional trait space rather than along isolated traits. Genetic covariation influences the magnitude and direction of evolutionary change and can be statistically summarized by the additive genetic (co)variance matrix, G. While G can affect the response to selection, it is exposed to evolutionary change by selection and genetic drift, but the magnitude and speed of these changes are poorly understood. We use comparative G matrix analyses to assess evolution of the shape and orientation of G over longer timescales in three species of Gomphocerine grasshoppers. We estimate 10 × 10 G matrices for five morphological traits expressed in both sexes. We find low-to-moderate heritabilities (average 0.36), mostly large cross-sex correlations (average 0.54) and moderate between-trait correlations (average 0.34). G matrices differ significantly among species with wing length contributing most to these differences. Wing length is the trait that is most divergent among species, suggesting it has been under selection during species divergence. The more distantly related species, Pseudochorthippus parallelus, was the most different in the shape of G. Projection of contemporary genetic variation into the divergence space D illustrates that the major axis of genetic variation in Gomphocerippus rufus is aligned with divergence from Chorthippus biguttulus, while the major axis of genetic variation in neither of the species is aligned with the divergence between Pseudochorthippus parallelus and the other two species. Our results demonstrate significant differences in G matrices with a phylogenetic signal in the differentiation.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jablonski
- Department of Geophysical Sciences University of Chicago Chicago Illinois
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16
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Lau JA, terHorst CP. Evolutionary responses to global change in species‐rich communities. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1476:43-58. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Lau
- Department of Biology, Environmental Resilience Institute Indiana University Bloomington Indiana
| | - Casey P. terHorst
- Biology Department California State University Northridge California
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17
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Class B, Kluen E, Brommer JE. Tail colour signals performance in blue tit nestlings. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:913-920. [PMID: 31127961 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indirect sexual selection arises when reproductive individuals choose their mates based on heritable ornaments that are genetically correlated to fitness. Evidence for genetic associations between ornamental colouration and fitness remains scarce. In this study, we investigate the quantitative genetic relationship between different aspects of tail structural colouration (brightness, hue and UV chroma) and performance (cell-mediated immunity, body mass and wing length) in blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nestlings. In line with previous studies, we find low heritability for structural colouration and moderate heritability for performance measures. Multivariate animal models show positive genetic correlations between the three measures of performance, indicating quantitative genetic variation for overall performance, and tail brightness and UV chroma, two genetically independent colour measures, are genetically correlated with performance (positively and negatively, respectively). Our results suggest that mate choice based on independent aspects of tail colouration can have fitness payoffs in blue tits and provide support for the indirect benefits hypothesis. However, low heritability of tail structural colouration implies that indirect sexual selection on mate choice for this ornament will be a weak evolutionary force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Class
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Edward Kluen
- HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jon E Brommer
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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18
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Keith RA, Mitchell-Olds T. Antagonistic selection and pleiotropy constrain the evolution of plant chemical defenses. Evolution 2019; 73:947-960. [PMID: 30950034 PMCID: PMC6652176 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
When pleiotropy is present, genetic correlations may constrain the evolution of ecologically important traits. We used a quantitative genetics approach to investigate constraints on the evolution of secondary metabolites in a wild mustard, Boechera stricta. Much of the genetic variation in chemical composition of glucosinolates in B. stricta is controlled by a single locus, BCMA1/3. In a large-scale common garden experiment under natural conditions, we quantified fitness and glucosinolate profile in two leaf types and in fruits. We estimated genetic variances and covariances (the G-matrix) and selection on chemical profile in each tissue. Chemical composition of defenses was strongly genetically correlated between tissues. We found antagonistic selection between defense composition in leaves and fruits: compounds that were favored in leaves were disadvantageous in fruits. The positive genetic correlations and antagonistic selection led to strong constraints on the evolution of defenses in leaves and fruits. In a hypothetical population with no genetic variation at BCMA1/3, we found no evidence for genetic constraints, indicating that pleiotropy affecting chemical profile in multiple tissues drives constraints on the evolution of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A. Keith
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States
| | - Thomas Mitchell-Olds
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States
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19
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Araya‐Ajoy YG, Ranke PS, Kvalnes T, Rønning B, Holand H, Myhre AM, Pärn H, Jensen H, Ringsby TH, Sæther B, Wright J. Characterizing morphological (co)variation using structural equation models: Body size, allometric relationships and evolvability in a house sparrow metapopulation. Evolution 2019; 73:452-466. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimen G. Araya‐Ajoy
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Peter Sjolte Ranke
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Thomas Kvalnes
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Bernt Rønning
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Håkon Holand
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Ane Marlene Myhre
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Henrik Pärn
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Thor Harald Ringsby
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Jonathan Wright
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
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20
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Directional Selection Rather Than Functional Constraints Can Shape the G Matrix in Rapidly Adapting Asexuals. Genetics 2018; 211:715-729. [PMID: 30559325 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic covariances represent a combination of pleiotropy and linkage disequilibrium, shaped by the population's history. Observed genetic covariance is most often interpreted in pleiotropic terms. In particular, functional constraints restricting which phenotypes are physically possible can lead to a stable G matrix with high genetic variance in fitness-associated traits, and high pleiotropic negative covariance along the phenotypic curve of constraint. In contrast, population genetic models of relative fitness assume endless adaptation without constraint, through a series of selective sweeps that are well described by recent traveling wave models. We describe the implications of such population genetic models for the G matrix when pleiotropy is excluded by design, such that all covariance comes from linkage disequilibrium. The G matrix is far less stable than has previously been found, fluctuating over the timescale of selective sweeps. However, its orientation is relatively stable, corresponding to high genetic variance in fitness-associated traits and strong negative covariance-the same pattern often interpreted in terms of pleiotropic constraints but caused instead by linkage disequilibrium. We find that different mechanisms drive the instabilities along vs. perpendicular to the fitness gradient. The origin of linkage disequilibrium is not drift, but small amounts of linkage disequilibrium are instead introduced by mutation and then amplified during competing selective sweeps. This illustrates the need to integrate a broader range of population genetic phenomena into quantitative genetics.
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21
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Gilpin W, Feldman MW. Cryptic selection forces and dynamic heritability in generalized phenotypic evolution. Theor Popul Biol 2018; 125:20-29. [PMID: 30528351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with different phenotypes can have widely-varying responses to natural selection, yet many classical approaches to evolutionary dynamics emphasize only how a population's average phenotype increases in fitness over time. However, recent experimental results have produced examples of populations that have multiple fitness peaks, or that experience frequency-dependence that affects the direction and strength of selection on certain individuals. Here, we extend classical fitness gradient formulations of natural selection in order to describe the dynamics of a phenotype distribution in terms of its moments-such as the mean, variance, and skewness. The number of governing equations in our model can be adjusted in order to capture different degrees of detail about the population. We compare our simplified model to direct Wright-Fisher simulations of evolution in several canonical fitness landscapes, and we find that our model provides a low-dimensional description of complex dynamics not typically explained by classical theory, such as cryptic selection forces due to selection on trait ranges, time-variation of the heritability, and nonlinear responses to stabilizing or disruptive selection due to asymmetric trait distributions. In addition to providing a framework for extending general understanding of common qualitative concepts in phenotypic evolution - such as fitness gradients, selection pressures, and heritability - our approach has practical importance for studying evolution in contexts in which genetic analysis is infeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gilpin
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Marcus W Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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22
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Development of G: a test in an amphibious fish. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:696-708. [PMID: 30327484 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heritable variation in, and genetic correlations among, traits determine the response of multivariate phenotypes to natural selection. However, as traits develop over ontogeny, patterns of genetic (co)variation and integration captured by the G matrix may also change. Despite this, few studies have investigated how genetic parameters underpinning multivariate phenotypes change as animals pass through major life history stages. Here, using a self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish species, mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus), we test the hypothesis that G changes from hatching through reproductive maturation. We also test Cheverud's conjecture by asking whether phenotypic patterns provide an acceptable surrogate for patterns of genetic (co)variation within and across ontogenetic stages. For a set of morphological traits linked to locomotor (jumping) performance, we find that the overall level of genetic integration (as measured by the mean-squared correlation across all traits) does not change significantly over ontogeny. However, we also find evidence that some trait-specific genetic variances and pairwise genetic correlations do change. Ontogenetic changes in G indicate the presence of genetic variance for developmental processes themselves, while also suggesting that any genetic constraints on morphological evolution may be age-dependent. Phenotypic correlations closely resembled genetic correlations at each stage in ontogeny. Thus, our results are consistent with the premise that-at least under common environment conditions-phenotypic correlations can be a good substitute for genetic correlations in studies of multivariate developmental evolution.
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23
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McGlothlin JW, Kobiela ME, Wright HV, Mahler DL, Kolbe JJ, Losos JB, Brodie ED. Adaptive radiation along a deeply conserved genetic line of least resistance in Anolis lizards. Evol Lett 2018; 2:310-322. [PMID: 30283684 PMCID: PMC6121822 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
On microevolutionary timescales, adaptive evolution depends upon both natural selection and the underlying genetic architecture of traits under selection, which may constrain evolutionary outcomes. Whether such genetic constraints shape phenotypic diversity over macroevolutionary timescales is more controversial, however. One key prediction is that genetic constraints should bias the early stages of species divergence along “genetic lines of least resistance” defined by the genetic (co)variance matrix, G. This bias is expected to erode over time as species means and G matrices diverge, allowing phenotypes to evolve away from the major axis of variation. We tested for evidence of this signal in West Indian Anolis lizards, an iconic example of adaptive radiation. We found that the major axis of morphological evolution was well aligned with a major axis of genetic variance shared by all species despite separation times of 20–40 million years, suggesting that divergence occurred along a conserved genetic line of least resistance. Further, this signal persisted even as G itself evolved, apparently because the largest evolutionary changes in G were themselves aligned with the line of genetic least resistance. Our results demonstrate that the signature of genetic constraint may persist over much longer timescales than previously appreciated, even in the presence of evolving genetic architecture. This pattern may have arisen either because pervasive constraints have biased the course of adaptive evolution or because the G matrix itself has been shaped by selection to conform to the adaptive landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W McGlothlin
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Megan E Kobiela
- Department of Ecology Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Helen V Wright
- Computing Community Consortium Computing Research Association Washington District of Columbia 20036
| | - D Luke Mahler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Jason J Kolbe
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Biology Washington University Saint Louis Missouri 63130
| | - Edmund D Brodie
- Department of Biology and Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904
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24
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Lucas LK, Nice CC, Gompert Z. Genetic constraints on wing pattern variation in
Lycaeides
butterflies: A case study on mapping complex, multifaceted traits in structured populations. Mol Ecol Resour 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris C. Nice
- Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos TX USA
| | - Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology Utah State University Logan UT USA
- Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
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25
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Immonen E, Hämäläinen A, Schuett W, Tarka M. Evolution of sex-specific pace-of-life syndromes: genetic architecture and physiological mechanisms. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018; 72:60. [PMID: 29576676 PMCID: PMC5856903 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in life history, physiology, and behavior are nearly ubiquitous across taxa, owing to sex-specific selection that arises from different reproductive strategies of the sexes. The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis predicts that most variation in such traits among individuals, populations, and species falls along a slow-fast pace-of-life continuum. As a result of their different reproductive roles and environment, the sexes also commonly differ in pace-of-life, with important consequences for the evolution of POLS. Here, we outline mechanisms for how males and females can evolve differences in POLS traits and in how such traits can covary differently despite constraints resulting from a shared genome. We review the current knowledge of the genetic basis of POLS traits and suggest candidate genes and pathways for future studies. Pleiotropic effects may govern many of the genetic correlations, but little is still known about the mechanisms involved in trade-offs between current and future reproduction and their integration with behavioral variation. We highlight the importance of metabolic and hormonal pathways in mediating sex differences in POLS traits; however, there is still a shortage of studies that test for sex specificity in molecular effects and their evolutionary causes. Considering whether and how sexual dimorphism evolves in POLS traits provides a more holistic framework to understand how behavioral variation is integrated with life histories and physiology, and we call for studies that focus on examining the sex-specific genetic architecture of this integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Immonen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE-75 236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anni Hämäläinen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Wiebke Schuett
- Zoological Institute, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Tarka
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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26
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Hayward AD, Pemberton JM, Berenos C, Wilson AJ, Pilkington JG, Kruuk LEB. Evidence for Selection-by-Environment but Not Genotype-by-Environment Interactions for Fitness-Related Traits in a Wild Mammal Population. Genetics 2018; 208:349-364. [PMID: 29127262 PMCID: PMC5753868 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How do environmental conditions influence selection and genetic variation in wild populations? There is widespread evidence for selection-by-environment interactions (S*E), but we reviewed studies of natural populations estimating the extent of genotype-by-environment interactions (G*E) in response to natural variation in environmental conditions and found that evidence for G*E appears to be rare within single populations in the wild. Studies estimating the simultaneous impact of environmental variation on both selection and genetic variation are especially scarce. Here, we used 24 years of data collected from a wild Soay sheep population to quantify how an important environmental variable, population density, impacts upon (1) selection through annual contribution to fitness and (2) expression of genetic variation, in six morphological and life history traits: body weight, hind leg length, parasite burden, horn length, horn growth, and testicular circumference. Our results supported the existence of S*E: selection was stronger in years of higher population density for all traits apart from horn growth, with directional selection being stronger under more adverse conditions. Quantitative genetic models revealed significant additive genetic variance for body weight, leg length, parasite burden, horn length, and testes size, but not for horn growth or our measure of annual fitness. However, random regression models found variation between individuals in their responses to the environment in only three traits, and did not support the presence of G*E for any trait. Our analyses of St Kilda Soay sheep data thus concurs with our cross-study review that, while natural environmental variation within a population can profoundly alter the strength of selection on phenotypic traits, there is less evidence for its effect on the expression of genetic variance in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Hayward
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Josephine M Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Camillo Berenos
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jill G Pilkington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Loeske E B Kruuk
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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27
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Siren J, Ovaskainen O, Merilä J. Structure and stability of genetic variance-covariance matrices: A Bayesian sparse factor analysis of transcriptional variation in the three-spined stickleback. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5099-5113. [PMID: 28746754 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) is a quantity of central importance in evolutionary biology due to its influence on the rate and direction of multivariate evolution. However, the predictive power of empirically estimated G-matrices is limited for two reasons. First, phenotypes are high-dimensional, whereas traditional statistical methods are tuned to estimate and analyse low-dimensional matrices. Second, the stability of G to environmental effects and over time remains poorly understood. Using Bayesian sparse factor analysis (BSFG) designed to estimate high-dimensional G-matrices, we analysed levels variation and covariation in 10,527 expressed genes in a large (n = 563) half-sib breeding design of three-spined sticklebacks subject to two temperature treatments. We found significant differences in the structure of G between the treatments: heritabilities and evolvabilities were higher in the warm than in the low-temperature treatment, suggesting more and faster opportunity to evolve in warm (stressful) conditions. Furthermore, comparison of G and its phenotypic equivalent P revealed the latter is a poor substitute of the former. Most strikingly, the results suggest that the expected impact of G on evolvability-as well as the similarity among G-matrices-may depend strongly on the number of traits included into analyses. In our results, the inclusion of only few traits in the analyses leads to underestimation in the differences between the G-matrices and their predicted impacts on evolution. While the results highlight the challenges involved in estimating G, they also illustrate that by enabling the estimation of large G-matrices, the BSFG method can improve predicted evolutionary responses to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siren
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Ovaskainen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Björklund M, Gustafsson L. Subtle but ubiquitous selection on body size in a natural population of collared flycatchers over 33 years. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1386-1399. [PMID: 28504469 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the magnitude and long-term patterns of selection in natural populations is of importance, for example, when analysing the evolutionary impact of climate change. We estimated univariate and multivariate directional, quadratic and correlational selection on four morphological traits (adult wing, tarsus and tail length, body mass) over a time period of 33 years (≈ 19 000 observations) in a nest-box breeding population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). In general, selection was weak in both males and females over the years regardless of fitness measure (fledged young, recruits and survival) with only few cases with statistically significant selection. When data were analysed in a multivariate context and as time series, a number of patterns emerged; there was a consistent, but weak, selection for longer wings in both sexes, selection was stronger on females when the number of fledged young was used as a fitness measure, there were no indications of sexually antagonistic selection, and we found a negative correlation between selection on tarsus and wing length in both sexes but using different fitness measures. Uni- and multivariate selection gradients were correlated only for wing length and mass. Multivariate selection gradient vectors were longer than corresponding vector of univariate gradients and had more constrained direction. Correlational selection had little importance. Overall, the fitness surface was more or less flat with few cases of significant curvature, indicating that the adaptive peak with regard to body size in this species is broader than the phenotypic distribution, which has resulted in weak estimates of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Björklund
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Gustafsson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Rico C, Cuesta JA, Drake P, Macpherson E, Bernatchez L, Marie AD. Null alleles are ubiquitous at microsatellite loci in the Wedge Clam ( Donax trunculus). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3188. [PMID: 28439464 PMCID: PMC5398275 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported an unusually high frequency of nonamplifying alleles at microsatellite loci in bivalves. Null alleles have been associated with heterozygous deficits in many studies. While several studies have tested for its presence using different analytical tools, few have empirically tested for its consequences in estimating population structure and differentiation. We characterised 16 newly developed microsatellite loci and show that null alleles are ubiquitous in the wedge clam, Donax trunculus. We carried out several tests to demonstrate that the large heterozygous deficits observed in the newly characterised loci were most likely due to null alleles. We tested the robustness of microsatellite genotyping for population assignment by showing that well-recognised biogeographic regions of the south Atlantic and south Mediterranean coast of Spain harbour genetically different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Rico
- School of Marine Studies, Molecular Analytics Laboratory (MOANA), Faculty of Science Technology and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji.,Estación Biológica de Doñana, (EBD, CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Cuesta
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN, CSIC), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Pilar Drake
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN, CSIC), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | | | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Département de Biologie, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amandine D Marie
- School of Marine Studies, Molecular Analytics Laboratory (MOANA), Faculty of Science Technology and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
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30
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Delahaie B, Charmantier A, Chantepie S, Garant D, Porlier M, Teplitsky C. Conserved G-matrices of morphological and life-history traits among continental and island blue tit populations. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 119:76-87. [PMID: 28402327 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic variance-covariance matrix (G-matrix) summarizes the genetic architecture of multiple traits. It has a central role in the understanding of phenotypic divergence and the quantification of the evolutionary potential of populations. Laboratory experiments have shown that G-matrices can vary rapidly under divergent selective pressures. However, because of the demanding nature of G-matrix estimation and comparison in wild populations, the extent of its spatial variability remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigate spatial variation in G-matrices for morphological and life-history traits using long-term data sets from one continental and three island populations of blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) that have experienced contrasting population history and selective environment. We found no evidence for differences in G-matrices among populations. Interestingly, the phenotypic variance-covariance matrices (P) were divergent across populations, suggesting that using P as a substitute for G may be inadequate. These analyses also provide the first evidence in wild populations for additive genetic variation in the incubation period (that is, the period between last egg laid and hatching) in all four populations. Altogether, our results suggest that G-matrices may be stable across populations inhabiting contrasted environments, therefore challenging the results of previous simulation studies and laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Delahaie
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France
| | - A Charmantier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France
| | - S Chantepie
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5533 CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - D Garant
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Porlier
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Teplitsky
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France
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31
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Wood CW, Brodie ED. Environmental effects on the structure of the G-matrix. Evolution 2016; 69:2927-40. [PMID: 26462609 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic correlations between traits determine the multivariate response to selection in the short term, and thereby play a causal role in evolutionary change. Although individual studies have documented environmentally induced changes in genetic correlations, the nature and extent of environmental effects on multivariate genetic architecture across species and environments remain largely uncharacterized. We reviewed the literature for estimates of the genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix in multiple environments, and compared differences in G between environments to the divergence in G between conspecific populations (measured in a common garden). We found that the predicted evolutionary trajectory differed as strongly between environments as it did between populations. Between-environment differences in the underlying structure of G (total genetic variance and the relative magnitude and orientation of genetic correlations) were equal to or greater than between-population differences. Neither environmental novelty, nor the difference in mean phenotype predicted these differences in G. Our results suggest that environmental effects on multivariate genetic architecture may be comparable to the divergence that accumulates over dozens or hundreds of generations between populations. We outline avenues of future research to address the limitations of existing data and characterize the extent to which lability in genetic correlations shapes evolution in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corlett W Wood
- Mountain Lake Biological Station, and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904.
| | - Edmund D Brodie
- Mountain Lake Biological Station, and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
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32
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Melo D, Porto A, Cheverud JM, Marroig G. Modularity: genes, development and evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016; 47:463-486. [PMID: 28966564 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Modularity has emerged as a central concept for evolutionary biology, providing the field with a theory of organismal structure and variation. This theory has reframed long standing questions and serves as a unified conceptual framework for genetics, developmental biology and multivariate evolution. Research programs in systems biology and quantitative genetics are bridging the gap between these fields. While this synthesis is ongoing, some major themes have emerged and empirical evidence for modularity has become abundant. In this review, we look at modularity from an historical perspective, highlighting its meaning at different levels of biological organization and the different methods that can be used to detect it. We then explore the relationship between quantitative genetic approaches to modularity and developmental genetic studies. We conclude by investigating the dynamic relationship between modularity and the adaptive landscape and how this potentially shapes evolution and can help bridge the gap between micro- and macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Melo
- Laboratório de Evolução de Mamíferos, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Arthur Porto
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, US
| | - James M Cheverud
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, US
| | - Gabriel Marroig
- Laboratório de Evolução de Mamíferos, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
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33
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Puentes A, Granath G, Ågren J. Similarity in G matrix structure among natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Evolution 2016; 70:2370-2386. [PMID: 27501272 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the stability of the G matrix in natural populations is fundamental for predicting evolutionary trajectories; yet, the extent of its spatial variation and how this impacts responses to selection remain open questions. With a nested paternal half-sib crossing design and plants grown in a field experiment, we examined differences in the genetic architecture of flowering time, floral display, and plant size among four Scandinavian populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Using a multivariate Bayesian framework, we compared the size, shape, and orientation of G matrices and assessed their potential to facilitate or constrain trait evolution. Flowering time, floral display and rosette size varied among populations and significant additive genetic variation within populations indicated potential to evolve in response to selection. Yet, some characters, including flowering start and number of flowers, may not evolve independently because of genetic correlations. Using a multivariate framework, we found few differences in the genetic architecture of traits among populations. G matrices varied mostly in size rather than shape or orientation. Differences in multivariate responses to selection predicted from differences in G were small, suggesting overall matrix similarity and shared constraints to trait evolution among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf Granath
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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34
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Brookfield JFY. Why are estimates of the strength and direction of natural selection from wild populations not congruent with observed rates of phenotypic change? Bioessays 2016; 38:927-34. [PMID: 27401716 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Observing adaptive evolution is difficult. In the fossil record, phenotypic evolution happens much more slowly than in artificial selection experiments or in experimental evolution. Yet measures of selection on phenotypic traits, with high heritabilities, suggest that phenotypic evolution should also be rapid in the wild, and this discrepancy often remains even after accounting for correlations between different traits (i.e. making predictions using the multivariate version of the breeder's equation). Are fitness correlations with quantitative traits adequate measures of selection in the wild? We should instead view fitnesses as average properties of genotypes, while acknowledging that they can be environment-dependent. Populations will tend to remain at fitness equilibria, once these are attained, and phenotypes will then be stable. Thus, studying the causes of adaptive change at a genotypic rather than phenotypic level may reveal that, typically, it is occurring too slowly to be easily observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Y Brookfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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35
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Sæther BE, Grøtan V, Engen S, Coulson T, Grant PR, Visser ME, Brommer JE, Rosemary Grant B, Gustafsson L, Hatchwell BJ, Jerstad K, Karell P, Pietiäinen H, Roulin A, Røstad OW, Weimerskirch H. Demographic routes to variability and regulation in bird populations. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12001. [PMID: 27328710 PMCID: PMC4917965 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is large interspecific variation in the magnitude of population fluctuations, even among closely related species. The factors generating this variation are not well understood, primarily because of the challenges of separating the relative impact of variation in population size from fluctuations in the environment. Here, we show using demographic data from 13 bird populations that magnitudes of fluctuations in population size are mainly driven by stochastic fluctuations in the environment. Regulation towards an equilibrium population size occurs through density-dependent mortality. At small population sizes, population dynamics are primarily driven by environment-driven variation in recruitment, whereas close to the carrying capacity K, variation in population growth is more strongly influenced by density-dependent mortality of both juveniles and adults. Our results provide evidence for the hypothesis proposed by Lack that population fluctuations in birds arise from temporal variation in the difference between density-independent recruitment and density-dependent mortality during the non-breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernt-Erik Sæther
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vidar Grøtan
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Steinar Engen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3PS Oxford, UK
| | - Peter R. Grant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Marcel E. Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jon E. Brommer
- Department of Biology, University Hill, University of Turku, FI-02700 Turku, Finland
| | - B. Rosemary Grant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Lars Gustafsson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben J. Hatchwell
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Patrik Karell
- Department of Biosciences, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-02700 Turku, Finland
- Coastal Zone Research Team, Novia University of Applied Sciences, Raseborgsvägen 9, FI-10600 Ekenäs, Finland
| | - Hannu Pietiäinen
- Bird Ecology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausannne, 1024 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ole W. Røstad
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
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36
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Karlsson Green K, Eroukhmanoff F, Harris S, Pettersson LB, Svensson EI. Rapid changes in genetic architecture of behavioural syndromes following colonization of a novel environment. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:144-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. Harris
- Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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37
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Björklund M, Gustafsson L. The stability of the G-matrix: The role of spatial heterogeneity. Evolution 2015; 69:1953-8. [PMID: 26080613 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The temporal stability of the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) has been discussed for a long time in the evolutionary literature. A common assumption in all studies, including empirical ones, is that spatial heterogeneity is minor such that the population can be represented by a single mean and variance. We use the well-established allocation-acquisition model to analyze the effect of relaxing of this assumption, simulating a case where the population is divided into patches with a variance in quality between patches. This variance can in turn differ between years. We found that changes in spatial variance in patch quality over years can make the G-matrix vary substantially over years and that the estimated genetic correlations, evolvability, and response to selection are different dependent on whether spatial heterogeneity is taken into account or not. This will have profound implications for our ability to predict evolutionary change and understanding of the evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Björklund
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lars Gustafsson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Bolund E, Hayward A, Pettay JE, Lummaa V. Effects of the demographic transition on the genetic variances and covariances of human life-history traits. Evolution 2015; 69:747-55. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bolund
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
- Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala SE-752 36 Sweden
| | - Adam Hayward
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Jenni E. Pettay
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku FIN-20014 Finland
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
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39
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Pélabon C, Firmat C, Bolstad GH, Voje KL, Houle D, Cassara J, Rouzic AL, Hansen TF. Evolution of morphological allometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1320:58-75. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Cyril Firmat
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Geir H. Bolstad
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kjetil L. Voje
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - David Houle
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Jason Cassara
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Arnaud Le Rouzic
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Spéciation; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Thomas F. Hansen
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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40
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Bailey NW, Hoskins JL. Detecting cryptic indirect genetic effects. Evolution 2014; 68:1871-82. [PMID: 24627971 PMCID: PMC4257566 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) occur when genes expressed in one individual alter the phenotype of an interacting partner. IGEs can dramatically affect the expression and evolution of social traits. However, the interacting phenotype(s) through which they are transmitted are often unknown, or cryptic, and their detection would enhance our ability to accurately predict evolutionary change. To illustrate this challenge and possible solutions to it, we assayed male leg-tapping behavior using inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster paired with a common focal male strain. The expression of tapping in focal males was dependent on the genotype of their interacting partner, but this strong IGE was cryptic. Using a multiple-regression approach, we identified male startle response as a candidate interacting phenotype: the longer it took interacting males to settle after being startled, the less focal males tapped them. A genome-wide association analysis identified approximately a dozen candidate protein-coding genes potentially underlying the IGE, of which the most significant was slowpoke. Our methodological framework provides information about candidate phenotypes and candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms that underpin a strong yet cryptic IGE. We discuss how this approach can facilitate the detection of cryptic IGEs contributing to unusual evolutionary dynamics in other study systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Bailey
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, United Kingdom.
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41
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Teplitsky C, Tarka M, Møller AP, Nakagawa S, Balbontín J, Burke TA, Doutrelant C, Gregoire A, Hansson B, Hasselquist D, Gustafsson L, de Lope F, Marzal A, Mills JA, Wheelwright NT, Yarrall JW, Charmantier A. Assessing multivariate constraints to evolution across ten long-term avian studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90444. [PMID: 24608111 PMCID: PMC3946496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a rapidly changing world, it is of fundamental importance to understand processes constraining or facilitating adaptation through microevolution. As different traits of an organism covary, genetic correlations are expected to affect evolutionary trajectories. However, only limited empirical data are available. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigate the extent to which multivariate constraints affect the rate of adaptation, focusing on four morphological traits often shown to harbour large amounts of genetic variance and considered to be subject to limited evolutionary constraints. Our data set includes unique long-term data for seven bird species and a total of 10 populations. We estimate population-specific matrices of genetic correlations and multivariate selection coefficients to predict evolutionary responses to selection. Using Bayesian methods that facilitate the propagation of errors in estimates, we compare (1) the rate of adaptation based on predicted response to selection when including genetic correlations with predictions from models where these genetic correlations were set to zero and (2) the multivariate evolvability in the direction of current selection to the average evolvability in random directions of the phenotypic space. We show that genetic correlations on average decrease the predicted rate of adaptation by 28%. Multivariate evolvability in the direction of current selection was systematically lower than average evolvability in random directions of space. These significant reductions in the rate of adaptation and reduced evolvability were due to a general nonalignment of selection and genetic variance, notably orthogonality of directional selection with the size axis along which most (60%) of the genetic variance is found. Conclusions These results suggest that genetic correlations can impose significant constraints on the evolution of avian morphology in wild populations. This could have important impacts on evolutionary dynamics and hence population persistence in the face of rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Teplitsky
- Département Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité UMR 7204 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Maja Tarka
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders P. Møller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Javier Balbontín
- Department of Zoology, Biology Building, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Terry A. Burke
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Doutrelant
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Gregoire
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Gustafsson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Alfonso Marzal
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 CNRS, Montpellier, France
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42
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Hether TD, Hohenlohe PA. Genetic regulatory network motifs constrain adaptation through curvature in the landscape of mutational (co)variance. Evolution 2013; 68:950-64. [PMID: 24219635 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Systems biology is accumulating a wealth of understanding about the structure of genetic regulatory networks, leading to a more complete picture of the complex genotype-phenotype relationship. However, models of multivariate phenotypic evolution based on quantitative genetics have largely not incorporated a network-based view of genetic variation. Here we model a set of two-node, two-phenotype genetic network motifs, covering a full range of regulatory interactions. We find that network interactions result in different patterns of mutational (co)variance at the phenotypic level (the M-matrix), not only across network motifs but also across phenotypic space within single motifs. This effect is due almost entirely to mutational input of additive genetic (co)variance. Variation in M has the effect of stretching and bending phenotypic space with respect to evolvability, analogous to the curvature of space-time under general relativity, and similar mathematical tools may apply in each case. We explored the consequences of curvature in mutational variation by simulating adaptation under divergent selection with gene flow. Both standing genetic variation (the G-matrix) and rate of adaptation are constrained by M, so that G and adaptive trajectories are curved across phenotypic space. Under weak selection the phenotypic mean at migration-selection balance also depends on M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Hether
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-3051
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43
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Berger D, Postma E, Blanckenhorn WU, Walters RJ. Quantitative genetic divergence and standing genetic (co)variance in thermal reaction norms along latitude. Evolution 2013; 67:2385-99. [PMID: 23888859 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the potential to adapt to warmer climate is constrained by genetic trade-offs, our understanding of how selection and mutation shape genetic (co)variances in thermal reaction norms is poor. Using 71 isofemale lines of the fly Sepsis punctum, originating from northern, central, and southern European climates, we tested for divergence in juvenile development rate across latitude at five experimental temperatures. To investigate effects of evolutionary history in different climates on standing genetic variation in reaction norms, we further compared genetic (co)variances between regions. Flies were reared on either high or low food resources to explore the role of energy acquisition in determining genetic trade-offs between different temperatures. Although the latter had only weak effects on the strength and sign of genetic correlations, genetic architecture differed significantly between climatic regions, implying that evolution of reaction norms proceeds via different trajectories at high latitude versus low latitude in this system. Accordingly, regional genetic architecture was correlated to region-specific differentiation. Moreover, hot development temperatures were associated with low genetic variance and stronger genetic correlations compared to cooler temperatures. We discuss the evolutionary potential of thermal reaction norms in light of their underlying genetic architectures, evolutionary histories, and the materialization of trade-offs in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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