1
|
Lu Y, Zhao W, Ji N, Xu D, Li Y, Xiao T, Wang J, Zou J. Analysis of tissue tropism of GCRV-II infection in grass carp using a VP35 monoclonal antibody. Dev Comp Immunol 2024; 157:105189. [PMID: 38692524 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Grass carp, one of the major freshwater aquaculture species in China, is susceptible to grass carp reovirus (GCRV). GCRV is a non-enveloped RNA virus and has a double-layered capsid, causing hemorrhagic disease and high mortalities in infected fish. However, the tropism of GCRV infection has not been investigated. In this study, monoclonal antibodies against recombinant VP35 protein were generated in mice and characterized. The antibodies exhibited specific binding to the N terminal region (1-155 aa) of the recombinant VP35 protein expressed in the HEK293 cells, and native VP35 protein in the GCRV-II infected CIK cells. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that viruses aggregated in the cytoplasm of infected cells. In vivo challenge experiments showed that high levels of GCRV-II viruses were present in the gills, intestine, spleen and liver, indicating that they are the major sites for virus infection. Our study showed that the VP35 antibodies generated in this study exhibited high specificity, and are valuable for the development of diagnostic tools for GCRV-II infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ning Ji
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yaoguo Li
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Cao X, Chen R, Guang M, Xu M, Wu X, Yang R, Lei L, Zhang F. Rapid detection of grass carp reovirus type 1 using RPA-based test strips combined with CRISPR Cas13a system. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1296038. [PMID: 38029146 PMCID: PMC10654748 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1296038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Due to the existence of grass carp reovirus (GCRV), grass carp hemorrhagic disease occurs frequently, and its high pathogenicity and infectivity are great challenges to the aquaculture industry. As a highly pathogenic pathogen, the outbreak of hemorrhagic disease often causes tremendous economic losses. Therefore, it is important to rapidly and accurately detect GCRV on site to control timely. Methods In this study, recombinant enzyme amplification (RPA) combined with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas13a system was employed to establish a method to detect the vp7 gene of grass carp reovirus type 1. This method can be adopted for judging the results by collecting fluorescence signal, ultraviolet excitation visual fluorescence and test strip. Results Combined with the RPA amplification experiment, the detection limit of the RPA-CRISPR method can reach 7.2 × 101 copies/μL of vp7 gene per reaction, and the detection process can be completed within 1 h. In addition, this method had no cross-reaction with the other 11 common aquatic pathogens. Then, the performance of the RPA-CRISPR/Cas13a detection method was evaluated by comparing it with the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection method of clinical samples. The results of RPA-CRISPR/Cas13a detection were shown to be in consistence with the results obtained from the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection. The coincidence rate of this method with 26 GCRV clinical samples was 92.31%. Discussion In summary, this method has high sensitivity, specificity and on-site practicability for detecting GCRV type 1, and has great application potential in on-site GCRV monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ruige Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Min Guang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Mengran Xu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fuxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang T, Jin S, Lv R, Meng Y, Li G, Han Y, Zhang Q. Development of an indirect ELISA for detection of the adaptive immune response of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). J Immunol Methods 2023; 521:113550. [PMID: 37661050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) is an important fishery resource and the main breeding target in China. Due to the lack of an assay of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in black carp, there is no effective method to evaluate adaptive immune response, which limits immunological studies and vaccine development. The present study used mAbs (monoclonal antibodies) against serum IgM of grass carp as capture antibodies. The results of Western blot analysis indicated that these antibodies had strong affinity and specificity to IgM heavy chain in black carp serum and were used to detect the antibody titer, optimize the conditions, perform a sensitivity test, and develop an indirect ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to detect specific IgM antibodies in the serum. This detection method has good specificity and is effective only for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and black carp and not for crucian carp (Carassius aumtus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), black bream (Megalobrama skolkovii), or yellow catfish (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco). The lowest antigen detection level was 0.05 μg/ml. The error of experimental repetition in the same sample was 1.61-4.61%. The levels of specific IgM in black carp serum were steadily increased after immunization, peaked on day 28, and then slowly decreased. Indirect ELISA can be applied to detect the changes in specific antibodies in black carp serum. Moreover, indirect ELISA provides a convenient and reliable serological detection method for immunological research and evaluation of immune effects of a vaccine in black carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ruoxuan Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuting Meng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Guozhong Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuxing Han
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiusheng Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu T, Tao L, Yu H, Zhang H, Wu Y, Wu S, Zhou J. Development of a reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Mouse reovirus type 3 in laboratory mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3508. [PMID: 33568687 PMCID: PMC7875963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse reovirus type 3 (Reo-3) infection is a viral disease that is harmful for laboratory mice. No rapid and accurate detection methods are currently available for this infection. In this study, we describe a rapid, simple, closed-tube, one step, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for Reo-3 and compare our assay with indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three sets of RT-LAMP primers were designed by sequence analysis of a specific conserved sequence of the Reo-3 S1 gene. Using RS2 primer set, the RT-LAMP assay required 60 min at 65 °C to amplify the S1 gene in one step by using Reo-3 RNA template and had no cross-reactivity with the other related pathogens, such as Sendai virus (SV), pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Ectromelia virus (Ect), minute virus of mice (MVM), P. pneumotropica, B. bronchiseptica, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa. in our LAMP reaction system. The limit of detection (LOD) of our RT-LAMP assay is 4 fg/μL. The established RT-LAMP assay enabled visual detection when fluorescence detection reagents were added, and was demonstrated to be effective and efficient. We tested 30 clinical blood samples and five artificial positive samples from SPF mice, the concordance between the two methods for blood samples was 100% compared with indirect ELISA and RT-PCR. Considering its performance, specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability, the developed RT-LAMP could be a valuable tool to supply a more effective Reo-3 detection method in laboratory animal quality monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taofeng Lu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lingyun Tao
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yanjun Wu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shuguang Wu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao T, Gao C, Wu S, Wang Y, Yin J, Li Y, Zeng W, Bergmann SM, Wang Q. Recombinant Baculovirus-Produced Grass Carp Reovirus Virus-Like Particles as Vaccine Candidate That Provides Protective Immunity against GCRV Genotype II Infection in Grass Carp. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:53. [PMID: 33466933 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) leads to severe hemorrhagic disease in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and causes economic losses in grass carp aquaculture. Recent epidemiological investigations showed that GCRV genotype II is the dominant subtype in China. Therefore, it is very important to develop a novel vaccine for preventing diseases caused by GCRV genotype II. In this study, we employed a bac-to-bac expression system to generate GCRV-II-based virus-like particles (VLPs). Previous studies have shown that the structural proteins VP3, VP4, and VP38 encoded by the segments S3, S6, and S10 of type II GCRV are immunogenic. Hence, the GCRV-VLPs were produced by co-infection of sf9 cells with recombinant baculoviruses PFBH-VP3, PFBH-VP4, and PFBH-VP38. The expressions of VP3, VP4, and VP38 proteins in GCRV-VLPs were tested by IFA and Western blot analysis. By electron microscopic observations of ultrathin sections, purified VLPs showed that the expressed proteins are similar in shape to GCRV genotype II with a size range from 40 nm to 60 nm. The immunogenicity of GCRV-VLPs was evaluated by the injection immunization of grass carp. The analysis of serum-specific IgM antibody showed that grass carp immunized with GCRV-VLPs produced GCRV-specific antibodies. Furthermore, injection with GCRV-VLPs increased the expressions of immune-related genes (IgM, IFN, TLR3, TLR7) in the spleen and kidney. In addition, grass carp immunized with a GCRV-VLPs-based vaccine showed a relative percent survival rate (RPS) of 83.33% after challenge. The data in this study showed that GCRV-VLPs demonstrated an excellent immunogenicity and represent a promising approach for vaccine development against GCRV genotype II infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao C, Wang Y, Hu H, Zhou W, Yin J, Li Y, Bergmann SM, Wu S, Zeng W, Wang Q. Assessment of a natural grass carp reovirus genotype II avirulent strain GD1108 shows great potential as an avirulent live vaccine. Microb Pathog 2021; 152:104602. [PMID: 33157219 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine immunization is currently the only effective way to prevent and control the grass carp haemorrhagic disease, and the primary pathogen in these infections is grass carp reovirus genotype II (GCRV-II) for which there is no commercial vaccine. In this study, we evaluated the safety of the GCRV-II avirulent strain GD1108 which isolated in the early stage of the laboratory through continuously passed in grass carp. The immunogenicity and protective effects were evaluated after immunization by injection and immersion. The avirulent strain GD1108 could infect and replicate in the fish which did not revert to virulence after continuous passage. No adverse side effects were observed and the vaccine strain did not spread horizontally among fish. Two routes of immunization induced high serum antibody titers of OD450nm value were 0.79 and 0.76 and neutralization titers of 320 and 320 for the injection and immersion routes of inoculation, respectively. The expression of immune-related genes increased after immunization and the levels were statistically significant. Challenge of immunized fish with a virulent GCRV-II strain resulted in protection rates of 93.88% and 76.00% for the injection and immersion routes, respectively. The avirulent strain GD1108 revealed good safety and immunogenicity via two different inoculation routes. Although the injection route provided the best immune effect, two pathways provided protection against infection with virulent GCRV-II strains in various degrees. These results indicated that the avirulent strain GD1108 can be used for the development and application as live vaccine.
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsui K, Tanabe S, Sun S, Nguyen D, Kinoshita T, Yamamoto Y, Shiigi H. Development of Metal Nanoparticle-immobilized Microplate for High-throughput and Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Analysis. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1461-1465. [PMID: 32779577 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a widespread analytical biochemistry assay. In this work, a direct ELISA method using a metallic nanoparticle (NP)-immobilized 96-well plate was developed for high-throughput, highly sensitive fluorescence analysis. Immobilization of metallic NPs on a 96-well plate effectively amplified fluorescence signals of the assay. The silver (Ag) NP-immobilized plate showed the best fluorescence enhancement effect of all the metal-immobilized plates tested. We used the Ag NP-immobilized plate to detect biomolecules and bacteria and found that both the fluorescence intensity and the limit of detection (LOD) were strongly enhanced by more than 100 times compared with those of the unmodified 96-well plates. Quantitative and qualitative considerations for target bacteria regarding the impact of autofluorescence on detection were successfully obtained for several strains. Our results demonstrate the potential of applying Ag NPs for enhancing the efficiency of direct and indirect ELISA assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Matsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - So Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Shuyi Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University
| | | | - Yojiro Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University.,GreenChem. Inc
| | - Hiroshi Shiigi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang Y, Zeng W, Wang Y, Wang Q, Yin J, Li Y, Wang C, Bergmann SM, Gao C, Hu H. Comparison of the blood parameters and histopathology between grass carp infected with a virulent and avirulent isolates of genotype II grass carp reovirus. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103859. [PMID: 31707078 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Grass carp hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is the most important disease for grass carp aquaculture. Its typical clinical symptom is haemorrhaging, although the mechanism was remained unclear. In this study, we investigated the differences in blood parameters and histopathological features between grass carp infected with a virulent and avirulent isolates of genotype II GCRV. Infection with the virulent isolate resulted in increases in 8 routine blood and 2 serum biochemical parameters (P < 0.05); while 9 routine blood and 5 biochemical parameters were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with fish infected with the avirulent isolate. The majority of these alterations were related to hemorrhage, inflammatory reactions and organic damage. The histopathologic changes were primarily vasodilation and hyperaemia in multiple organs, lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration as well as severe vacuolar degeneration in spleen, kidney and liver. The histopathology changes in fish infected with the avirulent isolate were minimal. These results indicated that the pathogenicity of GCRV was primarily reflected in destruction of the blood circulatory system and parenchymatous organs. This study lays the foundation for further research on the pathogenesis of bleeding caused by GCRV infection and the use of blood parameters and histopathology as tools for disease diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-InselRiems, Germany
| | - Caixia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculural University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huzi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculural University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|