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Vázquez-Salgado L, Olveira JG, Dopazo CP, Bandín I. Detection of different Betanodavirus genotypes in wild fish from Spanish Atlantic coastal waters (Galicia, northwestern Spain). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2024; 36:57-69. [PMID: 37787030 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nervous necrosis virus (NNV; genus Betanodavirus) is an aquatic pathogen that is responsible for a neurological disease affecting marine fish. Despite its almost worldwide distribution, global warming could favor the spread of NNV to new areas, highlighting the importance of conducting epidemiological surveys on both wild and farmed marine fish species. In this study, we assessed NNV prevalence in wild fish caught along the Galician Atlantic coast. METHODS In total, 1277 fish were analyzed by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULT Twenty two (1.72%) of those fish tested positive for NNV, including two species in which the pathogen had not yet been reported. CONCLUSION The reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV (red-spotted grouper NNV/striped jack NNV) was detected in 55% of NNV-positive individuals, while the remaining 45% harbored the SJNNV-type genome. Moreover, from European Pilchard Sardina pilchardus and Atlantic Mackerel Scomber scombrus, we isolated four reassortant strains that carried amino acid mutations at key sites related to NNV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vázquez-Salgado
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José G Olveira
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos P Dopazo
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ruiz de Ybáñez MR, Del Río L, Flores-Flores C, Muñoz P, Berriatua E, Rubio S, Martínez-Carrasco C. Monitoring for Anguillicoloides crassus, Anguillid herpesvirus 1, aquabirnavirus EVE and rhabdovirus EVEX in the European eel population of southern Spain. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:417-431. [PMID: 36651585 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
European eel is critically endangered in Europe. Among other stressors, pathogens are well-known to harm eels' fitness. One hundred and eighty-two eels were captured in three Eel Management Units in Andalucía (SE Spain) and analysed for Anguillicoloides crassus, Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1), the rhabdovirus Eel Virus European X (EVEX) and the aquabirnavirus Eel Virus European (EVE). A. crassus adults and preadults were isolated and morphometrically identified, and the eel swimbladders were artificially digested to count A. crassus larvae. Also, eel tissues were examined by PCRs for the presence of viruses. EVEX and EVE were not detected in any of the eels. The estimated prevalence (95% confidence limits) was 71 (64-78)% for A. crassus and 35 (28-42)% for AngHV-1, varying these prevalences significantly between and within EMUs. Moreover, A. crassus prevalence was highest in smaller eels, in sites closest to the sea and eels sampled in the autumn. By contrast, AngHV-1 prevalence was highest in biggest eels, in sites far from the sea and sampled in the summer or winter. However, in mixed effects logistic models including site as a random variable, the risk of infection was associated with distance to the sea in both A. crassus and AngHV-1 infections and also to winter sampling in the case of AngHV-1 and not to other variables. These results are evidence that both pathogens are highly endemic in eels from Andalusian habitats. Further studies are needed to better understand the risk factors associated with these pathogens on eel populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rocío Ruiz de Ybáñez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Del Río
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - César Flores-Flores
- Sección de Biología Molecular, Área Científica y Técnica de Investigación, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Berriatua
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Rubio
- Planificación Cinegética y Piscícola, Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Wang H, Wan HT, Wu B, Jian J, Ng AHM, Chung CYL, Chow EYC, Zhang J, Wong AOL, Lai KP, Chan TF, Zhang EL, Wong CKC. A Chromosome-level assembly of the Japanese eel genome, insights into gene duplication and chromosomal reorganization. Gigascience 2022; 11:6883318. [PMID: 36480030 PMCID: PMC9730501 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) are commercially important species, harvested extensively for food. Currently, this and related species (American and European eels) are challenging to breed on a commercial basis. As a result, the wild stock is used for aquaculture. Moreover, climate change, habitat loss, water pollution, and altered ocean currents affect eel populations negatively. Accordingly, the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists Japanese eels as endangered and on its red list. Here we presented a high-quality genome assembly for Japanese eels and demonstrated that large chromosome reorganizations occurred in the events of third-round whole-genome duplications (3R-WRDs). Several chromosomal fusions and fissions have reduced the ancestral protochromosomal number of 25 to 19 in the Anguilla lineage. A phylogenetic analysis of the expanded gene families showed that the olfactory receptors (group δ and ζ genes) and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels expanded significantly. Both gene families are crucial for olfaction and neurophysiology. Additional tandem and proximal duplications occurred following 3R-WGD to acquire immune-related genes for an adaptive advantage against various pathogens. The Japanese eel assembly presented here can be used to study other Anguilla species relating to evolution and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China,Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hin Ting Wan
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Bin Wu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jianbo Jian
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Alice H M Ng
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Claire Yik-Lok Chung
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eugene Yui-Ching Chow
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jizhou Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Anderson O L Wong
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China,School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China,School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eric Lu Zhang
- Correspondence address. Eric Lu Zhang, Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR. E-mail:
| | - Chris Kong-Chu Wong
- Correspondence address. Chris K.C. Wong, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR. E-mail:
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Guo R, Zhang Z, He T, Li M, Zhuo Y, Yang X, Fan H, Chen X. Isolation and Identification of a New Isolate of Anguillid Herpesvirus 1 from Farmed American Eels ( Anguilla rostrata) in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122722. [PMID: 36560731 PMCID: PMC9784739 DOI: 10.3390/v14122722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) is a pathogen that causes hemorrhagic disease in various farmed and wild freshwater eel species, resulting in significant economic losses. Although AngHV-1 has been detected in the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), its pathogenicity has not been well characterized. In this study, an AngHV-1 isolate, tentatively named AngHV-1-FC, was isolated from diseased American eels with similar symptoms as those observed in AngHV-1-infected European eels and Japanese eels. AngHV-1-FC induced severe cytopathic effects in the European eel spleen cell line (EES), and numerous concentric circular virions were observed in the infected EES cells by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, AngHV-1-FC caused the same symptoms as the naturally diseased European eels and Japanese eels through experimental infection, resulting in a 100% morbidity rate and 13.3% mortality rate. The whole genome sequence analyses showed that the average nucleotide identity value between AngHV-1-FC and other AngHV-1 isolates ranged from 99.28% to 99.55%. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed that there was a genetic divergence between AngHV-1-FC and other AngHV-1 isolates, suggesting that AngHV-1-FC was a new isolate of AngHV-1. Thus, our results indicated that AngHV-1-FC can infect farmed American eels, with a high pathogenicity, providing new knowledge in regard to the prevalence and prevention of AngHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fuzhou Ocean and Fisheries Technology Center, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tianliang He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Fujian Provincial Fishery Technical Extension Center, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuchen Zhuo
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yang
- Fuzhou Ocean and Fisheries Technology Center, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Haiping Fan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.F.)
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Proteomic Profiling Skin Mucus of European Eel Anguilla anguilla Infected with Anguillid Herpesvirus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911283. [PMID: 36232585 PMCID: PMC9570476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV) is an important viral pathogen affecting eel. This study was designed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms and immune response elicited at the protein levels in the skin mucus of AngHV-infected Anguilla anguilla. Tandem mass tag (TMT)-labelling proteomics with the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for performing quantitative identification of the proteins. In addition, the quantitative protein amount was detected by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis. A total of 3486 proteins were identified, of which 2935 were quantified. When a protein fold change was greater than 1.3 or less than 0.76, it indicated a differentially expressed protein (DEP). Overall, 187 up-regulated proteins and 126 down-regulated proteins were detected, and most of the DEPs were enriched in the CAMs pathway, intestinal immune pathway, herpes simplex virus 1 infection pathway, phagosome pathway and p53 signaling pathway. The results of the DEPs detected by PRM were highly consistent with the results of the TMT-labelled quantitative proteomic analysis. The findings of this study provide an important research basis for further understanding the pathogenesis of AngHV.
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Nzau Matondo B, Delrez N, Bardonnet A, Vanderplasschen A, Joaquim-Justo C, Rives J, Benitez JP, Dierckx A, Séleck E, Rollin X, Ovidio M. A complete check-up of European eel after eight years of restocking in an upland river: Trends in growth, lipid content, sex ratio and health status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151020. [PMID: 34662625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
By combining field research and careful laboratory analysis of samples over the course of an eight-year study, we met the challenge of assessing the life history traits and health status of eels restocked in freshwater ecosystems. We found that restocked eels exhibited good growth performance; moreover, the stocks were female-dominated, showed a good Fulton's condition factor (K) and lipid stores and had high survival probability estimated using the best model of Jolly-Seber stock assessment method for open populations. A necropsy revealed the absence of internal lesions. A swim bladder examination revealed the absence of the parasite Anguillicola crassus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed an increase of Anguillid herpesvirus-1 (AngHV-1) prevalence throughout the study. Most positive subjects expressed viral loads compatible with a latent infection and correlated positively with K. All restocked eels were contaminated by at least one of the organic pollutant congeners studied, but the pollution loads corresponded to the lowest range of pollutant concentrations reported in the available literature for European eels and did not exceed the maximum residue and contaminant limits in food and feed of several national and international regulations. Pollutant loads were negatively correlated with K, lipid content and eel density for polychlorinated biphenyls PCB 138, 153 and 180 and K for pesticides p.p'-DDE, p.p'-DDD, p.p'-DDT and PBDE47. This study highlights the potential role played by upland aquatic ecosystems in enhancing riverine silver eel production from the perspective of species conservation. To be successful, restocking must be accompanied by improved ecosystem quality and migration routes for eels in inland freshwaters. We also provide some recommendations for future research to improve the management of restocking programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Nzau Matondo
- Laboratory of Fish Demography and Hydroecology, Management of Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture Unit, Freshwater and Oceanic science Unit of Research-FOCUS, University of Liège, 22 Quai E. Van Beneden, B-4020 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Natacha Delrez
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Agnès Bardonnet
- Behavioural Ecology and Fish Population Biology-ECOBIOP (French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment-INRAE, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France).
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Célia Joaquim-Justo
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Freshwater and Oceanic science Unit of Research-FOCUS, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jacques Rives
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Philippe Benitez
- Laboratory of Fish Demography and Hydroecology, Management of Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture Unit, Freshwater and Oceanic science Unit of Research-FOCUS, University of Liège, 22 Quai E. Van Beneden, B-4020 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Arnaud Dierckx
- Laboratory of Fish Demography and Hydroecology, Management of Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture Unit, Freshwater and Oceanic science Unit of Research-FOCUS, University of Liège, 22 Quai E. Van Beneden, B-4020 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Emilie Séleck
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Freshwater and Oceanic science Unit of Research-FOCUS, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Xavier Rollin
- SPWARNE-DNF-Public Service of Wallonia - Agriculture, Natural Ressources & Environnement, Wildlife & Forestry Department, 15 Avenue Prince de Liège, B-5100 Jambes, Belgium.
| | - Michaël Ovidio
- Laboratory of Fish Demography and Hydroecology, Management of Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture Unit, Freshwater and Oceanic science Unit of Research-FOCUS, University of Liège, 22 Quai E. Van Beneden, B-4020 Liège, Belgium.
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Danne L, Horn L, Feldhaus A, Fey D, Emde S, Schütze H, Adamek M, Hellmann J. Virus infections of the European Eel in North Rhine Westphalian rivers. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:69-76. [PMID: 34585388 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections have been suggested to play a role in the decline of the panmictic population of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). However, despite the importance of knowledge about pathogenic eel viruses, little is known about their spread in the wild European eel population and only a few eel pathogenic viruses have been described so far. In this study, we aimed to investigate the health status of the A. anguilla stock in North Rhine Westphalia (NRW) State of Germany. For this purpose, we examined tissue samples of 16 elvers, 100 yellow eels and 6 silver eels, sampled from the rivers Rhine, Lippe and Ems. Virus detection was performed via a combination of cell culture and PCR. Next to the detection of frequently encountered pathogenic eel viruses (anguillid herpesvirus 1 and eel virus European X (EVEX)), we isolated the eel picornavirus 1 (EPV-1) from tissue of yellow eels and elvers and demonstrate the distribution of EPV-1 in wild eel population in NRW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Danne
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Lisa Horn
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Anita Feldhaus
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Daniel Fey
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Emde
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Heike Schütze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Infectology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - John Hellmann
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
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Donohoe O, Zhang H, Delrez N, Gao Y, Suárez NM, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Genomes of Anguillid Herpesvirus 1 Strains Reveal Evolutionary Disparities and Low Genetic Diversity in the Genus Cyprinivirus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050998. [PMID: 34063135 PMCID: PMC8148134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) is a pathogen of eels and a member of the genus Cyprinivirus in the family Alloherpesviridae. We have compared the biological and genomic features of different AngHV-1 strains, focusing on their growth kinetics in vitro and genetic content, diversity, and recombination. Comparisons based on three core genes conserved among alloherpesviruses revealed that AngHV-1 exhibits a slower rate of change and less positive selection than other cypriniviruses. We propose that this may be linked to major differences in host species and corresponding epidemiological circumstances. Efforts to derive evolutionary rate estimates for cypriniviruses under various theoretical models were ultimately unrewarding. We highlight the potential value of future collaborative efforts towards generating short-term evolutionary rate estimates based on known sequence sampling dates. Finally, we revealed that there is significantly less genetic diversity in core gene sequences within cyprinivirus species clades compared to species in the family Herpesviridae. This suggests that cyprinivirus species may have undergone much more vigorous purifying selection post species clade divergence. We discuss whether this may be linked to biological and anthropogenic factors or to sampling bias, and we propose that the comparison of short-term evolutionary rates between species may provide further insights into these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Donohoe
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Co. N37 HD68 Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Natacha Delrez
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (N.M.S.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (N.M.S.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-42-64; Fax: +32-4-366-42-61
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9
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Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020106. [PMID: 32050492 PMCID: PMC7168202 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control.
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10
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Pao HY, Wu CY, Wen CM. Persistent development of adomavirus and aquareovirus in a novel cell line from marbled eel with petechial skin haemorrhage. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:345-355. [PMID: 30632177 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Taiwan, a petechial haemorrhage disease associated with mortality has affected marbled eels (Anguilla marmorata). The eels were revealed to be infected with adomavirus (MEAdoV, previously recognized as a polyoma-like virus). In this study, cell line DMEPF-5 was established from the pectoral fin of a diseased eel. DMEPF-5 was passaged >70 times and thoroughly proliferated in L-15 medium containing 2%-15% foetal bovine serum at 20-30°C. Transcripts of neural cell adhesion molecule 1 and nestin genes, and nucleic acids of MEAdoV and a novel reovirus (MERV) in the cells were demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AdoV LO8 proteins mostly relate to adenovirus adenain, whereas MERV is close to American grass carp reovirus in Aquareovirus G, based on a partial VP2 nucleotide sequence. DMEPF-5 cells are susceptible to additional viral infection. Taken together, the marbled eels with the haemorrhagic disease have coinfection with MEAdoV and MERV, and the pathogenic role of MEAdoV and MERV warrants research. DMEPF-5 has gene expression associated with mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells and is the first cell line persistently infected with adomavirus and aquareovirus. DMEPF-5 can facilitate studies of such viruses and haemorrhagic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Pao
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu Ming Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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11
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McConville J, Fringuelli E, Evans D, Savage P. First examination of the Lough Neagh European eel (Anguilla anguilla) population for eel virus European, eel virus European X and Anguillid Herpesvirus-1 infection by employing novel molecular techniques. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1783-1791. [PMID: 30144086 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lough Neagh is home to the largest wild-caught European eel (Anguilla anguilla) commercial fishery in the EU, producing 14% of the EU catch and worth £3.2 million to the local economy. Viral infections have been suggested to play a contributory role in the decline of the worldwide eel stock, but previous studies of the Lough Neagh European eel population had not observed either acute or chronic viral signs. Eel virus European (EVE), Eel virus European X (EVEX) and Anguillid herpesvirus-1 (HVA) have been detected throughout Europe and as the Lough Neagh eel fishery is supplemented by re-stocking of eels from France, Spain and the United Kingdom and these viral infections may be asymptomatic, it is vital that the viral pathogen prevalence in the Lough is accurately determined. This study aimed to ascertain the presence of these viruses in the Lough Neagh European eel population by employing novel molecular techniques testing specifically for the presence of EVE, EVEX and HVA. No evidence was found of HVA infection, whereas EVE and EVEX were found, albeit at a very low prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McConville
- Disease Surveillance and Investigation Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Elena Fringuelli
- Fish Disease Unit, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Derek Evans
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems, Sustainable Agri-food Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul Savage
- Fish Disease Unit, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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12
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Ulrich K, Wehner S, Bekaert M, Di Paola N, Dilcher M, Muir KF, Taggart JB, Matejusova I, Weidmann M. Molecular epidemiological study on Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus isolates from aquafarms in Scotland over three decades. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1567-1581. [PMID: 30358526 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain an insight into genomic changes and associated evolution and adaptation of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), the complete coding genomes of 57 IPNV isolates collected from Scottish aquafarms from 1982 to 2014 were sequenced and analysed. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced IPNV strains showed separate clustering of genogroups I, II, III and V. IPNV isolates with genetic reassortment of segment A/B of genogroup III/II were determined. About 59 % of the IPNV isolates belonged to the persistent type and 32 % to the low-virulent type, and only one highly pathogenic strain (1.79 %) was identified. Codon adaptation index calculations indicated that the IPNV major capsid protein VP2 has adapted to its salmonid host. Under-representation of CpG dinucleotides in the IPNV genome to minimize detection by the innate immunity receptors, and observed positive selection in the virulence determination sites of VP2 embedded in the variable region of the main antigenic region, suggest an immune escape mechanism driving virulence evolution. The prevalence of mostly persistent genotypes, together with the assumption of adaptation and immune escape, indicates that IPNV is evolving with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ulrich
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Michaël Bekaert
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- 3Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meik Dilcher
- 4Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New-Zealand
| | | | - John B Taggart
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Manfred Weidmann
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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13
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Pao HY, Wu CY, Huang CH, Wen CM. Development, characterization and virus susceptibility of a continuous cell line from the caudal fin of marbled eel (Anguilla marmorata). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1331-1338. [PMID: 30003544 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A continuous cell line consisting mostly of epithelioid cells was established from the caudal fin of marbled eels (Anguilla marmorata) and designated as marbled eel caudal fin (MECF)-1. The cells multiplied well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium containing 2% to 15% foetal bovine serum at temperatures of 20°C to 35°C and were subcultured for >90 passages during a 5-year period from 2012 to 2017. Transcripts of ictacalcin, keratin 13, cd146, nestin, ncam1 and myod1 were demonstrated in the cells using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that MECF-1 was composed of epidermal and mesenchyme stem and progenitor cells including myoblasts. MECF-1 was susceptible to Japanese eel herpesvirus HVA980811, marbled eel polyoma-like virus (MEPyV), aquabirnavirus MEIPNV1310 and aquareovirus CSV. By contrast, MECF-1 was noted refractory to megalocytiviruses RSIV-Ku and GSIV-K1 infection. Moreover, the cells were resistant to betanodavirus infection. In conclusion, MECF-1 derived from marbled eel is suitable for studies on anguillid viruses and interaction with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Pao
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C Y Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C H Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C M Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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14
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Nguyen TT, Jin Y, Kiełpińska J, Bergmann SM, Lenk M, Panicz R. Detection of Herpesvirus anguillae (AngHV-1) in European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) originating from northern Poland-assessment of suitability of selected diagnostic methods. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1717-1723. [PMID: 28836663 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Community Action Plan requests EU member states to implement measures that ensure the recovery of the severely depleted European eel stocks. One of the main threats is posed by Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) leading to increased mortality in both wild and farmed eels. Following recommendations of the OIE to minimize the risk of obtaining false-negative results, the main aim of the study was to optimize diagnostic methods for AngHV-1 detection using conventional PCR, nested PCR and in situ hybridization assay. While 53.3% of the individual organ samples were tested positive for AngHV-1 by PCR, the additional virus analysis via nested PCR revealed that the actual prevalence was 93.3%. In the cell cultivation passages, a cytopathic effect was hardly found in the first two rounds. In the third passage onto cell cultures, a lytic CPE was detected. The identification and confirmation of the viruses obtained from cell cultures as well as directly from the organ tissues were proceeded by PCR, nested PCR and sequencing of the PCR products. While no positive signal was detectable in the first round by PCR using samples from the third cell culture passages, the nested PCR provided weak but visible positive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Thuc Nguyen
- Department of Aquaculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Faculty of Agriculture-Forestry-Fisheries, Vinh University, Vinh City, Nghe An province, Vietnam
| | - Yeonhwa Jin
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jolanta Kiełpińska
- Department of Aquaculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Matthias Lenk
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Remigiusz Panicz
- Department of Meat Sciences, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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15
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Kullmann B, Adamek M, Steinhagen D, Thiel R. Anthropogenic spreading of anguillid herpesvirus 1 by stocking of infected farmed European eels, Anguilla anguilla (L.), in the Schlei fjord in northern Germany. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1695-1706. [PMID: 28452055 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Schlei fjord in northern Germany is the recipient water of a comprehensive eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), stocking programme. Since 2015, stocked eels become alizarin red S marked, but to date no control mechanism is implemented in this stock enhancement measure to prevent anthropogenic spreading of diseases. Consequentially, it was possible that farmed stocking cohorts of 2015 and 2016 (in total ca. 1040 kg) were subsequently tested positive for anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV 1). For this study, 100 eels [total length (TL) 24.3-72.9 cm, age ca. 1-6 years] were caught in 2016 and investigated with regard to AngHV 1 infection, parasite load (Anguillicoloides crassus) and body conditions. 68% of the eels were found to be virus positive while larger specimens were more often infected. In addition, a fitted generalized linear model (area under the curve = 0.741) demonstrated that an increase in individual TL is accompanied with an increased risk of clinically relevant virus loads. Anguillicoloides crassus turned out to be an important stressor for eels, because parasite and virus load revealed a significant positive correlation. The results of this study evidently show the urgent need of a disease containment strategy for eel stocking programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kullmann
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - D Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Thiel
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Schneebauer G, Dirks RP, Pelster B. Anguillicola crassus infection affects mRNA expression levels in gas gland tissue of European yellow and silver eel. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183128. [PMID: 28817599 PMCID: PMC5560681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Using Illumina sequencing, we investigated transcriptional changes caused by the nematode Anguillicola crassus within yellow and silver eels by comparing swimbladder samples of uninfected yellow with infected yellow eels, and uninfected silver with infected silver eels, respectively. In yellow eel gas gland, the infection caused a modification of steady state mRNA levels of 1675 genes, most of them being upregulated. Functional annotation analysis based on GO terms was used to categorize identified genes with regard to swimbladder metabolism or response to the infection. In yellow eels, the most prominent category was 'immune response', including various inflammatory components, complement proteins, and immunoglobulins. The elevated expression of several glucose and monocarboxylate transporters indicated an attempt to maintain the level of glucose metabolism, even in due to the infection thickened swimbladder tissue. In silver eel swimbladder tissue, on the contrary, the mRNA levels of only 291 genes were affected. Genes in the categories 'glucose metabolism' and 'ROS metabolism' barely responded to the infection and even the reaction of the immune system was much less pronounced compared to infected yellow eels. However, in the category 'extracellular matrix', the mRNA levels of several mucin genes were strongly elevated, suggesting increased mucus production as a defense reaction against the parasite. The present study revealed a strong reaction to an Anguillicola crassus infection on mRNA expression levels in swimbladder tissue of yellow eels, whereas in silver eels the changes ware almost negligible. A possible explanation for this difference is that the silvering process requires so much energy that there is not much scope to cope with the additional challenge of a nematode infection. Another possible explanation could be that gas-secreting activity of the silver eel swimbladder was largely reduced, which could coincide with a reduced responsiveness to other challenges, like a nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Schneebauer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Bernd Pelster
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Esteve C, Merchán R, Alcaide E. An outbreak of Shewanella putrefaciens group in wild eels Anguilla anguilla L. favoured by hypoxic aquatic environments. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:929-939. [PMID: 27982438 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological analyses were conducted on wild eels from the L'Albufera Lake (Spain). A total of 174 individuals were collected in two surveys (i.e. year 2008 and autumn-winter 2014) among those caught by local fishermen into the lagoon. The prevalence of Shewanella putrefaciens group was 1.7% in 2008 and rose above 32% in 2014. It was due to an outbreak of shewanellosis that presented a morbidity rate of 64%. S. putrefaciens group strains were isolated as pure cultures from the sick eels that showed white ulcers surrounded by a reddish inflammation, damage of the mouth, extensive skin discoloration, exophthalmia, ascites and bad odour. The S. putrefaciens group was recovered from freshwater samples taken at the L'Albufera system, along autumn-winter 2015. Its counts significantly increased in freshwater parallel to hypoxia and temperature rising. Shewanellae strains were identified as S. putrefaciens and S. xiamenensis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These isolates recovered from sick eels or freshwater were virulent for European eel by IP challenge (LD50 106 CFU g-1 body weight). They also caused 30-38% cumulative mortality, in European eels challenged by a 2-h bath (107 CFU mL-1 ). These results suggest that shewanellosis could be transmitted through water highlighting the fact that hypoxic conditions increase this bacterium levels in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Esteve
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Merchán
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Alcaide
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analyses of an aquabirnavirus isolated from a diseased marbled eel culture in Taiwan. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2467-2471. [PMID: 28439709 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An aquabirnavirus was isolated from diseased marbled eels (Anguilla marmorata; MEIPNV1310) with gill haemorrhages and associated mortality. Its genome segment sequences were obtained through next-generation sequencing and compared with published aquabirnavirus sequences. The results indicated that the genome sequence of MEIPNV1310 contains segment A (3099 nucleotides) and segment B (2789 nucleotides). Phylogenetic analysis showed that MEIPNV1310 is closely related to the infectious pancreatic necrosis Ab strain within genogroup II. This genome sequence is beneficial for studying the geographic distribution and evolution of aquabirnaviruses.
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19
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Complete Genome Sequence of Herpesvirus anguillae Strain HVA980811 Isolated in Chiayi, Taiwan. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/8/e01677-16. [PMID: 28232450 PMCID: PMC5323629 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01677-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus anguillae (HVA), also known as anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1), is one of the relevant viruses in wild and cultured anguillid eels. Here, the complete genome sequence of strain HVA980811, isolated in Chiayi, Taiwan, is reported. The genotype of the eel herpesviruses in Taiwan is supposed to be identical to the Japanese AngHV1.
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20
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Lago M, Bandín I, Olveira JG, Dopazo CP. In vitro reassortment between Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) strains: The mechanisms involved and its effect on virulence. Virology 2016; 501:1-11. [PMID: 27838422 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reassortment is one of the main mechanisms of evolution in dsRNA viruses with segmented genomes. It contributes to generate genetic diversity and plays an important role in the emergence and spread of new strains with altered virulence. Natural reassorment has been demonstrated among infectious pancreatic necrosis-like viruses (genus Aquabirnavirus, Birnaviridae). In the present study, coinfections between different viral strains, and genome sequencing by the Sanger and Illumina methods were applied to analyze the frequency of reassortment of this virus in vitro, the possible mechanisms involved, and its effect on virulence. Results have demonstrated that reassortment is a cell-dependent and non-random process, probably through differential expression of the different mRNA classes in the ribosomes of a specific cell, and by specific associations between the components to construct the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes and/or RNP cross-inhibition. However, the precise mechanisms involved, known in other viruses, still remain to be demonstrated in birnaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lago
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - José G Olveira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Carlos P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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21
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Schneebauer G, Hanel R, Pelster B. Anguillicola crassus impairs the silvering-related enhancements of the ROS defense capacity in swimbladder tissue of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:867-77. [PMID: 27146148 PMCID: PMC5009179 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In a process called silvering, European eels prepare for their long-distance migration from European freshwater systems to the Sargasso Sea for reproduction. During this journey, eels perform extended diel vertical migrations, and the concomitant changes in hydrostatic pressure significantly affect the swimbladder, functioning as a buoyancy organ. As the swimbladder is primarily filled with oxygen, the tissue has to cope with extreme hyperoxic conditions, which typically are accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. In addition, since the introduction of the parasitic nematode Anguillicola crassus in the early 1980s, swimbladder function of most of the European eels is impaired by the infection with this parasite. However, the exact pathways to detoxify ROS and how these pathways are affected by silvering or the infection are still unknown. In swimbladder and muscle tissue from uninfected and infected yellow, and from uninfected and infected silver eels, we measured the level of lipid peroxidation, which increases with ROS stress. To assess the capacity of the ROS defense systems, we analyzed the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), and determined the concentration of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH + GSSG). In swimbladder tissue, we found increased concentrations of GSH + GSSG as well as higher activities of SOD, GPx and GR, suggesting that SOD and the glutathione cycle are important for ROS detoxification. Comparing swimbladder tissue of uninfected yellow with uninfected silver eels, the concentration of GSH + GSSG and the activity of SOD were higher after silvering, corresponding with lower levels of lipid peroxidation. Whereas in yellow eels the infection with A. crassus had no effect, in silver eels the capacity to cope with ROS was significantly impaired. In muscle tissue, silvering or the infection only affected the activity of SOD but in exactly the same way as in swimbladder tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Schneebauer
- Institut für Zoologie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Bernd Pelster
- Institut für Zoologie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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22
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Pascoli F, Serra M, Toson M, Pretto T, Toffan A. Betanodavirus ability to infect juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, at different water salinity. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1061-1068. [PMID: 26763095 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) is one of the most devastating and economically relevant diseases for marine aquaculture. The presence of betanodavirus in freshwater fish is recorded, but very little is known about VER outbreaks in marine species reared in freshwater. Our study investigated the ability of betanodavirus to cause disease in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, reared at different salinity levels. Fish were challenged with RGNNV or mock infected by bath at different salinity levels (freshwater, 25‰ and 33‰). Fish were checked twice a day and the dead ones were examined by standard virological techniques, by rRT-PCR and by histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. All the infected groups showed a significant higher mortality rate than the one of the mock-infected group. VERv presence was confirmed by rRT-PCR. Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses highlighted the typical lesions associated with VER. Our results highlight that salinity does not affect the ability of betanodavirus to induce clinical signs and mortality in European sea bass infected under experimental conditions. These results underline the great adaptation potential of VERv, which in combination with its already known high environmental resistance and broad host range, may explain the diffusion of this disease and the threat posed to aquaculture worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pascoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Centro di Referenza Nazionale (NRL) per le patologie dei pesci, molluschi e crostacei, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - M Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Centro di Referenza Nazionale (NRL) per le patologie dei pesci, molluschi e crostacei, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - M Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Epidemiologia applicata agli animali acquatici, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - T Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Centro di Referenza Nazionale (NRL) per le patologie dei pesci, molluschi e crostacei, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - A Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Centro di Referenza Nazionale (NRL) per le patologie dei pesci, molluschi e crostacei, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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23
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van Beurden SJ, Voorbergen-Laarman MA, Roozenburg I, van Tellingen J, Haenen OLM, Engelsma MY. Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of anguillid herpesvirus 1. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:95-104. [PMID: 25588414 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1) causes a haemorrhagic disease with increased mortality in wild and farmed European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.) and Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, Temminck & Schlegel). Detection of AngHV1 is currently based on virus isolation in cell culture, antibody-based typing assays or conventional PCR. We developed, optimized and concisely validated a diagnostic TaqMan probe based real-time PCR assay for the detection of AngHV1. The primers and probe target AngHV1 open reading frame 57, encoding the capsid protease and scaffold protein. Compared to conventional PCR, the developed real-time PCR is faster, less labour-intensive and has a reduced risk of cross-contamination. The real-time PCR assay was shown to be analytically sensitive and specific and has a high repeatability, efficiency and r(2) -value. The diagnostic performance of the assay was determined by testing 10% w/v organ suspensions and virus cultures from wild and farmed European eels from the Netherlands by conventional and real-time PCR. The developed real-time PCR assay is a useful tool for the rapid and sensitive detection of AngHV1 in 10% w/v organ suspensions from wild and farmed European eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J van Beurden
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M A Voorbergen-Laarman
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - I Roozenburg
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J van Tellingen
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - O L M Haenen
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - M Y Engelsma
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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