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Marian L, Withoeft JA, Fornara MA, Pandolfo GW, D'ambroso Fernandes F, Vogel FSF, Zapala MP, Casagrande RA. Toxoplasmosis outbreak caused by north American genotypes in captive black-tufted marmosets in southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100960. [PMID: 38199681 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we describe an outbreak of toxoplasmosis in an enclosure of five Callithrix penicillata in Southern Brazil. The marmosets were found dead and submitted to necropsy and histopathology. Liver, spleen, and lungs were frozen and sent for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii. Necropsy revealed a liver with a lobular pattern, along with diffusely congested lungs, spleen, and kidneys, and hemorrhage in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Mild-to-moderate, multifocal, necrotic hepatitis and splenitis, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis, and moderate, diffuse necrohemorrhagic lymphadenitis were observed. T. gondii tachyzoites were in all the organs mentioned. The detected strains were closely related with the isolates TgWtdUs10, TgSoUs39, and TgShUs2, which were originally found in non-primate species all in the United States of America. This is an unprecedented report of North American strains causing mortality in captive individuals of the species Callithrix penicillata in the Southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Marian
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aline Withoeft
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Fornara
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Willian Pandolfo
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Fagner D'ambroso Fernandes
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Milene Pugliese Zapala
- Médica Veterinária, Prefeitura de Brusque, Praça das Bandeiras, 77, Centro 1, Brusque, Santa Catarina 88350-051, Brazil
| | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil.
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Schiffler FB, Pereira AHB, Moreira SB, Arruda IF, Moreira FRR, D’arc M, Claro IM, Pissinatti TDA, Cavalcante LTDF, Miranda TDS, Cosentino MAC, de Oliveira RC, Fernandes J, Assis MRDS, de Oliveira JG, da Silva TAC, Galliez RM, Faffe DS, de Jesus JG, Sobreira Bezerra da Silva M, Bezerra MF, Ferreira Junior ODC, Tanuri A, Castiñeiras TM, Aguiar RS, Faria NR, de Almeida AP, Pissinatti A, Sabino EC, Amendoeira MRR, de Lemos ERS, Ubiali DG, Santos AFA. Lessons from a Multilaboratorial Task Force for Diagnosis of a Fatal Toxoplasmosis Outbreak in Captive Primates in Brazil. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2888. [PMID: 38138032 PMCID: PMC10745312 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and is especially fatal for neotropical primates. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health is responsible for national epizootic surveillance, but some diseases are still neglected. Here, we present an integrated investigation of an outbreak that occurred during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic among eleven neotropical primates housed at a primatology center in Brazil. After presenting non-specific clinical signs, all animals died within four days. A wide range of pathogens were evaluated, and we successfully identified T. gondii as the causative agent within four days after necropsies. The liver was the most affected organ, presenting hemorrhage and hepatocellular necrosis. Tachyzoites and bradyzoite cysts were observed in histological examinations and immunohistochemistry in different organs; in addition, parasitic DNA was detected through PCR in blood samples from all specimens evaluated. A high prevalence of Escherichia coli was also observed, indicating sepsis. This case highlights some of the obstacles faced by the current Brazilian surveillance system. A diagnosis was obtained through the integrated action of researchers since investigation for toxoplasmosis is currently absent in national guidelines. An interdisciplinary investigation could be a possible model for future epizootic investigations in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Bittencourt Schiffler
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Asheley Henrique Barbosa Pereira
- Setor de Anatomia Patológica (SAP), Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil; (A.H.B.P.); (D.G.U.)
| | - Silvia Bahadian Moreira
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim 25940-000, RJ, Brazil; (S.B.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Igor Falco Arruda
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses (LabTOXO), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (I.F.A.); (M.R.R.A.)
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (F.R.R.M.); (I.M.C.); (N.R.F.)
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular (LVM), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (O.d.C.F.J.); (A.T.)
| | - Mirela D’arc
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Ingra Morales Claro
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (F.R.R.M.); (I.M.C.); (N.R.F.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (J.G.d.J.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Thalita de Abreu Pissinatti
- Serviço de Criação de Primatas Não Humanos (SCPrim), Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 26382-462, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Liliane Tavares de Faria Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Thamiris dos Santos Miranda
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Matheus Augusto Calvano Cosentino
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Renata Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Jorlan Fernandes
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Matheus Ribeiro da Silva Assis
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Jonathan Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Thayssa Alves Coelho da Silva
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Rafael Mello Galliez
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil; (R.M.G.); (D.S.F.); (T.M.C.)
| | - Debora Souza Faffe
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil; (R.M.G.); (D.S.F.); (T.M.C.)
| | - Jaqueline Goes de Jesus
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (J.G.d.J.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Marise Sobreira Bezerra da Silva
- Serviço de Referência Nacional em Peste, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (M.S.B.d.S.); (M.F.B.); (A.P.d.A.)
| | - Matheus Filgueira Bezerra
- Serviço de Referência Nacional em Peste, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (M.S.B.d.S.); (M.F.B.); (A.P.d.A.)
| | - Orlando da Costa Ferreira Junior
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular (LVM), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (O.d.C.F.J.); (A.T.)
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular (LVM), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (O.d.C.F.J.); (A.T.)
| | - Terezinha Marta Castiñeiras
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil; (R.M.G.); (D.S.F.); (T.M.C.)
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
- Instituto D’OR de Pesquisa e Ensino (ID’or), Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nuno Rodrigues Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (F.R.R.M.); (I.M.C.); (N.R.F.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (J.G.d.J.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Alzira Paiva de Almeida
- Serviço de Referência Nacional em Peste, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (M.S.B.d.S.); (M.F.B.); (A.P.d.A.)
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim 25940-000, RJ, Brazil; (S.B.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (J.G.d.J.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Maria Regina Reis Amendoeira
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses (LabTOXO), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (I.F.A.); (M.R.R.A.)
| | - Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Daniel Guimarães Ubiali
- Setor de Anatomia Patológica (SAP), Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil; (A.H.B.P.); (D.G.U.)
| | - André F. A. Santos
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
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Rodrigues Oliveira A, Ritter JM, Oliveira dos Santos D, Pizzolato de Lucena F, Aquino de Mattos S, Parente de Carvalho T, Bullock H, Giannini Alves Moreira L, Magalhães Arthuso Vasconcelos I, Barroso Costa F, Alves da Paixão T, Santos RL. Pathology and epidemiology of fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging marmosets (Callithrix spp.) from the Brazilian atlantic forest. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010782. [PMID: 36108088 PMCID: PMC9514648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease that affects a wide range of warm-blooded host species. Neotropical primates (New World Primates; NWP) are highly susceptible, developing a lethal acute systemic disease. Toxoplasmosis in free-ranging NWP is poorly described, with only a few studies based on serosurveys. Herein we performed a retrospective study focusing on the epidemiology and pathology of toxoplasmosis among 1,001 free-ranging marmoset (Callithrix spp.) deaths from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This study included marmosets necropsied at the Instituto Municipal de Medicina Veterinária Jorge Vaitsman (IJV) from January 2017 to July 2019, which were found dead from all regions in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to better characterize toxoplasmosis in this free-ranging population. All samples were also tested for Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) RT-qPCR by the official diagnostic service. A total of 1,001 free-ranging marmosets were included in this study, with 16 (1.6%) cases of lethal Toxoplasma gondii infections identified both as individual cases and in outbreaks. Presence of infection was not associated with sex, age, geographical distribution, or year of death, and no co-infection with YFV was observed. The main pathological feature in these cases was random necrotizing hepatitis with detection of intralesional T. gondii zoites in all infected cases. Interstitial pneumonia rich in alveolar foamy macrophages and fibrin deposition, necrotizing myocarditis and necrotizing splenitis were also pathological features in affected marmosets. Therefore, toxoplasmosis was considered the cause of death in 1.6% of free-ranging marmosets in this retrospective series, including some cases associated with outbreaks. Necrotizing random hepatitis was a consistent pathological finding in affected cases and sampling of liver should be ensured from Callitrichid post mortem cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayisa Rodrigues Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jana M. Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Oliveira dos Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Pizzolato de Lucena
- Setor de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Municipal de Medicina Veterinária Jorge Vaistman, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sara Aquino de Mattos
- Setor de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Municipal de Medicina Veterinária Jorge Vaistman, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Parente de Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hannah Bullock
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Synergy America Inc., Duluth, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Larissa Giannini Alves Moreira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Fabíola Barroso Costa
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves da Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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de Barros RAM, Torrecilhas AC, Marciano MAM, Mazuz ML, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Fux B. Toxoplasmosis in Human and Animals Around the World. Diagnosis and Perspectives in the One Health Approach. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106432. [PMID: 35390311 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a unique health disease that significantly affects the health of humans, domestic animals, wildlife and is present in ecosystems, including water, soil and food. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the best-adapted parasites in the word. This parasite is able to persist for long periods in its hosts, in different geographic regions of the word. This review summarizes the current literature of these themes, focusing on: (1) toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic infection; (2) One health approach and toxoplasmosis; (3) human toxoplasmosis; (4) animal toxoplasmosis; (5) toxoplasmosis diagnosis, as immunological, parasitological and molecular diagnosis; (6) T. gondii outbreaks caused by infected meat, milk and dairy products, as well as, vegetables and water consume; (7) studies in experimental models; (8) genetic characterization of T. gondii strains; (9) extracellular vesicles and miRNA; and (10) future perspectives on T. gondii and toxoplasmosis. The vast prevalence of toxoplasmosis in both humans and animals and the dispersion and resistence of T. gondii parasites in environment highlight the importance of the one health approach in diagnostic and control of the disease. Here the different aspects of the one health approach are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Aparecida Müller de Barros
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.; Programa em Doenças Infecciosas, Centro de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil..
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil..
| | | | - Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz
- Parasitology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israeli Veterinary Service and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Beit Dagan, 5025000, Israel..
| | | | - Blima Fux
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.; Programa em Doenças Infecciosas, Centro de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil..
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Carrillo-Bilbao G, Martin-Solano S, Saegerman C. Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:1009. [PMID: 34451473 PMCID: PMC8400055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrillo-Bilbao
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, 171103 Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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6
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Dubey JP, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Kwok OCH, Yang Y, Su C. Recent epidemiologic, clinical, and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii infections in non-human primates. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:631-641. [PMID: 33957546 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. The present review summarizes worldwide information on the prevalence of clinical and subclinical infections, epidemiology, diagnosis, and genetic diversity of T. gondii in non-human primates (NHP) for the past decade. Seroprevalence estimates of T. gondii worldwide were tabulated for each host. Risk factors associated with T. gondii infections are evaluated. New World NHP in captivity are highly susceptible to T. gondii infection with high mortality associated with disseminated toxoplasmosis. T. gondii can be transmitted to NHP in contact with symptomatic NHP. Therefore, precautions should be taken to prevent transmission of T. gondii to humans while handling symptomatic NHP. There were no reports of clinical toxoplasmosis in Old World NHP. Among the different genera of New World NHP, susceptibility to clinical toxoplasmosis varies a great deal; however, factors affecting this susceptibility are not fully understood. Genetic characteristics of T. gondii strains from monkeys is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - Fernando H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Camila K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Oliver C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Yurong Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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Duszynski DW. Biodiversity of the Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Conoidasida) in vertebrates: what we know, what we do not know, and what needs to be done. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 33527909 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades my colleagues and I have assembled the literature on a good percentage of most of the coccidians (Conoidasida) known, to date, to parasitise: Amphibia, four major lineages of Reptilia (Amphisbaenia, Chelonia, Crocodylia, Serpentes), and seven major orders in the Mammalia (Carnivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Insectivora, Marsupialia, Primates, Scandentia). These vertebrates, combined, comprise about 15,225 species; only about 899 (5.8%) of them have been surveyed for coccidia and 1,946 apicomplexan valid species names or other forms are recorded in the literature. Based on these compilations and other factors, I extrapolated that there yet may be an additional 31,381 new apicomplexans still to be discovered in just these 12 vertebrate groups. Extending the concept to all of the other extant vertebrates on Earth; i.e. lizards (6,300 spp.), rodents plus 12 minor orders of mammals (3,180 spp.), birds (10,000 spp.), and fishes (33,000 spp.) and, conservatively assuming only two unique apicomplexan species per each vertebrate host species, I extrapolate and extend my prediction that we may eventually find 135,000 new apicomplexans that still need discovery and to be described in and from those vertebrates that have not yet been examined for them! Even doubling that number is a significant underestimation in my opinion.
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8
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Santana CH, de Oliveira AR, Dos Santos DO, Pimentel SP, de Souza LDR, Moreira LGA, Braz HMB, de Carvalho TP, Lopes CEB, Oliveira JBS, de Paula NF, de Carvalho MPN, Alves BF, Pena HFJ, Santos RL. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in a lethal toxoplasmosis outbreak affecting captive howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.). J Med Primatol 2020; 50:99-107. [PMID: 33283281 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and warm-blooded animals. This study describes an outbreak of toxoplasmosis in howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) and survival of capuchins (Sapajus apella), under the same environmental conditions. METHODS Howler monkeys were submitted to post-mortem examination. Tissue samples were processed to histopathology and immunohistochemistry to detect lesions and tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. Tissue samples were also frozen and submitted to PCR and genotyping of T. gondii. RESULTS Typical lesions were observed in several organs including the liver, lymph node, and brain, with intralesional cysts and tachyzoites of T. gondii demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. T. gondii genomic sequences were amplified by PCR, and genotyping characterized the same T. gondii clone in all howler monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the notion that some species of neotropical primates are highly susceptible to toxoplasmosis and the hypothesis that capuchins (S. apella) may be resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Helena Santana
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ayisa Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel O Dos Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samantha Pinheiro Pimentel
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Dos Reis de Souza
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa Giannini Alves Moreira
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Heloísia Maria Bressan Braz
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Parente de Carvalho
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Bastos Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Bruno Soares Oliveira
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nayara Ferreira de Paula
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pires Nogueira de Carvalho
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruna Farias Alves
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hilda Fátima Jesus Pena
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Iatta R, Natale A, Ravagnan S, Mendoza-Roldan J, Zatelli A, Cavalera MA, Nachum-Biala Y, Baneth G, Otranto D. Zoonotic and vector-borne pathogens in tigers from a wildlife safari park, Italy. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 12:1-7. [PMID: 32280584 PMCID: PMC7139133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases by pathogens, including those of zoonotic concern, may act as a primary or contributory cause of threat to wildlife conservation and may represent a risk for human health, mainly for people working at, or visiting the zoological parks. Given the paucity of data on pathogens infecting wild tigers, we investigated the occurrence of infectious agents in this animal species, with a special focus on those of zoonotic concern. Blood and serum samples from tigers (n = 20) living in a wildlife safari park of southern Italy were screened by serological and molecular tests. All animals scored positive for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii (100%), whereas they displayed different prevalence of seropositivity for Rickettsia conorii (30%), Bartonella henselae (15%) and Leptospira interrogans sv Icterohaemorrhagiae and/or Leptospira kirschneri sv Grippotyphosa (15%). No antibodies against Coxiella burnetii were detected. In addition, 8 tigers (40%) tested molecularly positive to "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum", and 3 (15%) to Hepatozoon canis. No DNA of R. conorii, Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp. and piroplasmids was amplified. The occurrence of tiger infections by bacteria and parasites may represent a risk for morbidity and, in some circumstances, mortality in this endangered species and a source of infection for other animals, including humans. These findings indicate that the circulation of zoonotic pathogens such as T. gondii, R. conorii, L. interrogans sv Icterohaemorrhagiae, "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" and B. henselae in given environments may represent a relevant health issue considering the close association among animals and humans visiting, or working at, the wildlife safari park. Preventative measures are advocated in order to control ectoparasites and other sources of infection (e.g., small rodents), thus for minimizing the risk of infection for animals as well as for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Iatta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Zatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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10
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Paula NFD, Dutra KS, Oliveira ARD, Santos DOD, Rocha CEV, Vitor RWDA, Tinoco HP, Costa MELTD, Paixão TAD, Santos RL. Host range and susceptibility toToxoplasma gondiiinfection in captive neotropical and Old‐world primates. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:202-210. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Ferreira de Paula
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias Escola de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Kateanne Silva Dutra
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias Escola de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Ayisa Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias Escola de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira dos Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias Escola de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Cláudia Emanuela Viana Rocha
- Departamento de Patologia Geral Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | - Herlandes Penha Tinoco
- Fundação de Parques Municipais e Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte Hospital Veterinário Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane Alves da Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias Escola de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
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11
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Outbreak of toxoplasmosis in a flock of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Parasitol Res 2019; 118:991-997. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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