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Chang Z, Ye H, Huang B, Xu J. Physical fitness of Tibetan adolescents at different high altitudes in Tibet, China: A comparative study. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23975. [PMID: 37555244 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High altitude hypoxic environment has a certain negative impact on physical fitness of adolescents. We aimed to understand the physical fitness status of Tibetan adolescents in different high-altitude areas in Tibet, China. METHODS Physical fitness items, such as grip strength, standing long jump, sit and reach, 50 m dash, 1000 m run for boys, and 800 m run for girls were tested on 3806 Tibetan adolescents by using stratified whole group sampling method in class units. The mean age of the participants was (15.51 ± 1.69) years for Tibetan males and (15.54 ± 1.69) years for females. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and other methods were used to make cross-sectional comparisons of physical fitness performance of Chinese Tibetan adolescents in different high-altitude regions. RESULTS The standing long jump scores of boys (203.37 ± 28.36) were higher than that of girls (152.97 ± 19.46) and the lowest standing long jump scores of adolescents in Shigatse region (166.39 ± 35.04). The highest level of sit and reach was found among boys (10.69 ± 5.34) in Nyingchi and the lowest level of sit and reach was found among girls (8.42 ± 5.84) in Shigatse. Shigatse region adolescents had the lowest performance in 50 m dash (9.09 ± 1.72) while the best performance in 1000 m run (266.23 ± 35.82) and 800 m run (245.40 ± 27.92). CONCLUSION There is variability in the physical fitness of Tibetan adolescents in different high-altitude regions of Tibet, China. Targeted physical fitness interventions should be carried out for Tibetan adolescents in different high-altitude regions. The focus should be on improving the endurance quality of Tibetan adolescents in Lhasa and the lower limb muscle strength, flexibility, and speed quality of adolescents in Shigatse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimin Chang
- School of Physical Education & Health, Nanchang Institute of Science & Technology, Jiangxi Nanchang, China
| | - Huimin Ye
- School of Physical Education, Shangrao Normal University, Jiangxi Shangrao, China
| | - Bo Huang
- School of Physical Education, Shangrao Normal University, Jiangxi Shangrao, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Physical Education, Shangrao Normal University, Jiangxi Shangrao, China
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Pienaar AE, Gericke C, du Plessis W. Longitudinal pathways of associations between motor proficiency and physical fitness during earlier and later childhood: The NW-CHILD study. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241232515. [PMID: 38490224 PMCID: PMC10943737 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241232515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the relationships between motor proficiency (MP) and physical fitness (PF) is important for the future health of children, although longitudinal findings of this nature are limited. This study explored the association between MP and PF during earlier childhood (6 and 9 years old) and later childhood (12 years old) in boys and girls. A stratified and randomized research design including a baseline and two follow-up time-point measures (2010, 2013, and 2016) were used. Primary school children (N = 374, boys = 178; girls = 196) were tested with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor-Proficiency-2, Short Form, and the Test of Gross Motor Development- 2, at ages 6 and 9 years, and with the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run test at age 12. Spearman Rank Order Correlations and stepwise regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Although of a low magnitude, proof of a dynamic longitudinal, but a stable relationship between MP and PF were found and with different gender-specific relationships in this pathway of association. A small but significant percentage of variation in PF at 12 years could be explained by overall motor competence (MC) and object control skills (OCS) at the ages of 6 and 9 years. Among girls, the association with PF at 12 years was influenced by both OCS, and MC, although only MC contributed to the variation found in boys. Socio-economic status made an insignificant contribution at 6 years to later PF in boys, but not in girls. MC, including OCS during early and middle childhood can be considered as possible triggers of physical activity which again, can increase PF during later childhood. Obtaining early competence in these developmental areas is therefore important to promote positive and sustainable trajectories of health with long-term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Elizabeth Pienaar
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carli Gericke
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Wilmarié du Plessis
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Santana CCDA, Barros MVGD, Medeiros FRCD, Rangel Júnior JFLB, Cantieri FP, Alarcon D, Prado WLD. Does Physical Fitness Relate to Academic Achievement in High School Students? J Phys Act Health 2023; 20:1018-1026. [PMID: 37536682 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Academic achievement (AA) is an important issue not only during the school period since it is a strong predictor of long-term professional and social success. Physical fitness (PF) components are associated with AA, and previous studies were conducted with relatively small samples, lack of statistical power, and the conclusions are based on simple correlational analyses. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between PF (single and clustered) with AA in a large and representative sample of high school students. METHODS Cross-sectional design study conducted with 911 students, aged 13-15 years (38.52% boys) enrolled in the first year of high school. Cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run test), muscular strength (dynamometer), and body composition (skinfolds) were measured. PF components were clustered (Z-cardiorespiratory fitness + Z-muscular strength - Z-body fatness). AA was analyzed through standard math tests. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was applied to verify the independent contribution of each single component and PF's cluster on AA. Age, screen time, maternal education, race, and type of residence were used as covariates. RESULTS Among boys, cardiorespiratory fitness was negatively associated with AA (β = -0.137; P = .041), while strength was positively associated with AA (β = 0.188; P = .004). There was no association between clustered PF indicators and AA (β = 0.064; P = .297). There was a negative association between age and AA in girls (β = -0.151; P = .003) and in boys (β = -0.128; P = .045). CONCLUSIONS These results support current literature, indicating an association between PF's component, namely muscular strength and AA (mathematics) in adolescents, even when controlled for several covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniela Alarcon
- California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA,USA
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Brazo Sayavera J, Crochemore-Silva I, Bizzozero Peroni B, González-Gálvez N, de Camargo EM, López-Gil JF. Inequalities in the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical fitness in the young population during the COVID-19 lockdown. NUTR HOSP 2023. [PMID: 36748428 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE this study analyzed the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and proxy-reported physical fitness among Spanish and Brazilian youths during the COVID-19 lockdown according to several inequality indicators. METHODS we conducted a cross-sectional study with parents and guardians of children and adolescents from Spain and Brazil. The evaluation process was through the use of online questionnaires. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in Children and Adolescents. Proxy-reported physical fitness was determined using the International Fitness Scale. Inequality indicators (gender, nationality, socioeconomic status, and parents/guardians' education level) were evaluated with a survey completed by the participants' parents/guardians. Binary logistic regression models estimated the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and proxy-reported physical fitness, with stratification according to inequality variables. A total sample of 1,099 Spanish and Brazilian individuals (47.6% girls, aged 3 to 17 years) were included in the analysis. RESULTS compared to the "improvement needed to Mediterranean diet" category, the "optimal Mediterranean diet" group was significantly associated with "very good" physical fitness in boys (OR = 1.5; 95 % CI: 1.0-2.1) and in participants with parents/legal guardians' education level without university studies (OR = 1.5; 95 % CI: 1.0-2.4). CONCLUSIONS gender and parents/guardians' education level plays a significant role in the association between the "optimal Mediterranean Diet" and "very good" physical fitness level in Spanish and Brazilian children and adolescents. Future prospective studies are needed to investigate the role of inequality indicators in this relationship.
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Behringer HK, Saksvig ER, Boedeker PJ, Elish PN, Kay CM, Calvert HG, Meyer AM, Gazmararian JA. Physical activity and academic achievement: an analysis of potential student- and school-level moderators. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:110. [PMID: 36042515 PMCID: PMC9425813 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many children do not engage in sufficient physical activity, and schools provide a unique venue for children to reach their recommended 60 daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Prior research examining effects of MVPA on academic achievement is inconclusive, and few studies have investigated potential moderators of this relationship. This study examined whether student-level characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity, free/reduced-price lunch status) and school-level characteristics (proportion of students qualifying for free/reduced-price lunch, physical activity environment and opportunities) moderate the relationship between MVPA and academic achievement. METHODS In a large, diverse metropolitan public school district in Georgia, 4,936 students in Grade 4 were recruited from 40 elementary schools. Students wore accelerometers to measure school-day MVPA for a total of 15 days across three semesters (fall 2018, spring 2019, fall 2019). Academic achievement data, including course marks (grades) for math, reading, spelling, and standardized test scores in writing, math, reading, and Lexile (reading assessment), were collected at baseline (Grade 3, ages 8-9) and at follow-up in Grade 4 (ages 9-10). Standardized test scores were not measured in Grade 5 (ages 10-11) due to COVID-19-related disruptions. Multilevel modeling assessed whether student-level and/or school-level characteristics were moderators in the cross-sectional and longitudinal MVPA-academic achievement relationship. RESULTS Cross sectional analyses indicated that the MVPA and AA relationship was moderated only by student Hispanic ethnicity for Grade 4 fall spelling marks (β = -0.159 p < 0.001). The relationship for Grade 4 fall spelling marks was also moderated by school physical activity opportunities (β = -0.128 (p < 0.001). Longitudinally, there was no significant moderation of the MVPA-academic achievement. A relationship by student gender, free/reduced-price lunch status, race/ethnicity; nor for school-level factors including proportion of students qualifying for free/reduced-price lunch, physical activity environment, and physical activity opportunities. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results did not suggest that student- or school-level characteristics moderate the MVPA-academic achievement relationship. While statistically significant results were observed for certain outcomes, practical differences were negligible. In this population, school-based MVPA does not appear to differently affect academic performance based on student gender, race/ethnicity, free/reduced-price lunch, nor school characteristics. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ClinicalTrials.gov system, with ID NCT03765047 . Registered 05 December 2018-Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Behringer
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emilie R Saksvig
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Peter J Boedeker
- Department of Curriculum, Instruction, and Foundational Studies, College of Education, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Paul N Elish
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Hannah G Calvert
- Center for School and Community Partnerships, College of Education, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | | | - Julie A Gazmararian
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Anderson AS, Good DJ. Self-perceptions of critical thinking skills in university students are associated with BMI and exercise. J Am Coll Health 2022; 70:1444-1450. [PMID: 32877619 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1803879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To assess the role of body mass index (BMI) and exercise levels in self-perception of critical thinking skills. Participants: Three hundred forty-seven students from an upper-division nutrition class over two consecutive years. Methods: A pre/post survey with a 15-week intervention assessed perceived critical thinking skills in a blended classroom. Results: Students gained in perceived critical thinking skills in six areas over the semester. A higher BMI was associated with decreased perception of one's ability to think logically, along with increased perception that memorization was the key to success. Those that exercised reported that they had strong critical thinking skills compared to those that exercised less frequently. Conclusions: A blended classroom approach was effective in increasing multiple areas of perceptions of critical thinking. However, some perceptions of critical thinking are viewed differently for those of different BMIs and exercise frequency. Consequently, designing interventions specifically targeting those with higher BMIs, could work to erase these inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Anderson
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Deborah J Good
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Zhai X, Ye M, Gu Q, Huang T, Wang K, Chen Z, Fan X. The relationship between physical fitness and academic performance among Chinese college students. J Am Coll Health 2022; 70:395-403. [PMID: 32369716 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1751643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to examine the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance, after controlling for potential confounds. PARTICIPANTS The sample comprised 2,324 college students representing three Chinese universities. METHODS Physical fitness was measured using the Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standard; academic performance (ie, Grade Point Average) and lifestyle behaviors were assessed using questionnaires. Academic performance and overall physical fitness were used to divide participants into three categories: low, moderate, and high. RESULTS Several physical fitness indicators systematically differed across the three academic performance categories. Additionally, overall physical fitness was positively associated with academic performance, even after controlling for the effects of lifestyle behaviors; those who belonged to the high overall physical fitness group had lower odds ratios of low academic performance than those belonging to the low overall physical fitness group. CONCLUSIONS Poor academic performance was related to low overall physical fitness . The probability of having poor academic performance was significantly lower among students with high physical fitness than those with low physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhai
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Ye
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gu
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuosong Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Ðurić S, Bogataj Š, Zovko V, Sember V. Associations Between Physical Fitness, Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Academic Performance. Front Public Health 2021; 9:778837. [PMID: 34957029 PMCID: PMC8695801 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.778837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that physical activity (PA) can improve the academic performance. We recruited healthy adolescent girls, aged 11–12 years, and measured their PA with the accelerometer ActiGraph GT3X for the consecutive 5 days. Physical fitness (PF) was measured with eight motoric tests and three anthropometry measures. Academic performance (AP) was assessed for the six academic narrated school subjects. The results revealed that the girls were more physically active during the week days and less active at weekend (557 vs. 516 counts/min). Physical education grade shows the highest overall correlations with the results of the PF test battery (r = 0.53–0.95, p < 0.01). Nevertheless, correlations surprisingly decrease for the combined daily PA (r = 0.45), especially the weekend PA (r = 0.28). Grade point average and PF correlated moderately (r = 0.43-0.64), while they were moderate to high for PA (r = 0.59–0.87). Many questions arose after the completion of the present study and several new topics opened up, such as the question of how parental education affects the duration of PA and AP of the children and the influence of the place of residence AP of the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Ðurić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Bogataj
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vinko Zovko
- School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Africa E, Stryp OV, Musálek M. The Influence of Cultural Experiences on the Associations between Socio-Economic Status and Motor Performance as Well as Body Fat Percentage of Grade One Learners in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:121. [PMID: 35010376 PMCID: PMC8750979 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental movement skills (FMS), physical fitness (PF) and body fat percentage (BF%) are significantly related to socio-economic status (SES). However, it remains unclear why previous studies have had different findings regarding the direction of the association between SES and FMS, PF and BF%. A suggested explanation is that the direction of the link can be influenced by cultural experiences and traditions. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate links between SES and FMS, PF, BF% of Grade One learners from two different ethno-geographic areas in Cape Town, South Africa. Grade One children (n = 191) (n = 106 boys and n = 85 girls; age (6.7 ± 0.33)) from different socio-economic areas in Cape Town, South Africa, were selected to participate in the study. South African schools are classified into five different quintiles (1 = poorest and 5 = least poor public schools). For this study, two schools were selected, one from quintile 2 and the other from quintile 5. BF% was assessed according to Slaughter's equation. FMS were measured using the Gross Motor Development Test-2 (TGMD-2) and PF via five tests: 1. dynamic strength of lower limb (broad jump); 2. dynamic strength of upper limb and trunk (throwing a tennis ball); 3. speed agility (4 × 10 m shuttle running); 4. cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m shuttle run endurance test (Leger test)) and 5. flexibility (sit and reach test). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) found that BF% and WHtR were significantly greater in children with higher SES (Z = 6.04 p < 0.001; Hedg = 0.54), (Z = 3.89 p < 0.001; Hedg = 0.32). Children with lower SES achieved significantly better TGMD-2 standard scores in the locomotor subtest, compared to their peers with higher SES. In the object control subtest, no significant SES-related difference was found. However, ANCOVA showed that girls performed better in FMS than boys. In PF, the main effect of SES was observed in dynamic strength of trunk and upper limb (throwing) and flexibility, where children with lower SES performed significantly better. No significant difference was found in cardiorespiratory performance (CRP) (Beep test), even though children with lower SES achieved better results. Results from the current study suggest that links between SES, PF, FMS and body fat percentage in children seem to be dependent on cultural and traditional experiences. These experiences should therefore be included as an important factor for the development of programmes and interventions to enhance children's lifelong motor behaviour and health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Africa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (E.A.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Odelia Van Stryp
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (E.A.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Martin Musálek
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31 Praha 6, 162 52 Veleslavín, Czech Republic
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Jaakkola T, Hakkarainen A, Gråsten A, Sipinen E, Vanhala A, Huhtiniemi M, Laine A, Salin K, Aunio P. Identifying childhood movement profiles and comparing differences in mathematical skills between clusters: A latent profile analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2503-2508. [PMID: 34219620 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1949114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were; 1) to identify different movement profiles in sixth graders, and 2) to investigate if there are differences in their mathematical basic (BasicMath) and problem solving (ProbSol) skills between existing movement profiles. The sample included 461 (223 girls, 238 boys) students with a mean age of 11.27 ± .32 years from southern and middle Finland. A latent profile analysis (LPA) revealed four movement profiles: "poor movers", "average movers", "skilled movers" and "expert movers". These profiles differed substantially in their motor competence (MC) and health-related fitness (HRF). A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) also revealed that "poor movers" and "average movers" obtained lower results in BasicMath comparing with "skilled movers". The results of this study suggest that cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, MC and BasicMath are interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Airi Hakkarainen
- Open University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Gråsten
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Elina Sipinen
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anssi Vanhala
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Huhtiniemi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Anu Laine
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Pirjo Aunio
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Gerber M, Lang C, Beckmann J, du Randt R, Gall S, Seelig H, Long KZ, Ludyga S, Müller I, Nienaber M, Nqweniso S, Pühse U, Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Walter C. How are academic achievement and inhibitory control associated with physical fitness, soil-transmitted helminth infections, food insecurity and stunting among South African primary schoolchildren? BMC Public Health 2021; 21:852. [PMID: 33941121 PMCID: PMC8091717 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular fitness has been associated with both executive function and academic achievement in multiple cohort studies including children and adolescents. However, research is scarce among children from low- and middle-income countries. Hence, this paper focuses on South African primary schoolchildren living in marginalized areas and examines if academic achievement and inhibitory control can be explained by children's age, socioeconomic status, soil-transmitted helminth infections, food insecurity, stunting, grip strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 1277 children (48% girls, mean age: 8.3 years). Data were assessed via questionnaires, stool samples, anthropometric measurements, 20 m shuttle run test, grip strength test, Flanker task, and school grades. Data were analysed with mixed linear regression models with random intercepts for school classes, separately for boys and girls. RESULTS Higher socioeconomic status was most closely associated with academic achievement among boys (p < 0.05), whereas higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and not being stunted explained most variance in academic achievement in girls (p < 0.05). Higher age turned out to be associated with better performance in the Flanker task (p < 0.01). Additionally, in boys, higher grip strength was associated with better information processing and inhibitory control of attention (p < 0.01), whereas in girls, higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels were positively associated with these cognitive abilities (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Academic performance has been shown to be compromised in schoolchildren living in marginalised areas, compared to schoolchildren in less disadvantaged parts of South Africa. The present study suggests that cardiorespiratory fitness and grip strength are two potentially modifiable factors that are associated with children's academic achievement and cognitive performance, and that should be targeted in future school-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, St. Jakob-Turm, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christin Lang
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, St. Jakob-Turm, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Beckmann
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, St. Jakob-Turm, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosa du Randt
- Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Stefanie Gall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, St. Jakob-Turm, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harald Seelig
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, St. Jakob-Turm, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Z Long
- Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, St. Jakob-Turm, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Müller
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, St. Jakob-Turm, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, St. Jakob-Turm, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Steinmann
- Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cheryl Walter
- Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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12
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Centeio EE, Somers C, Moore EWG, Kulik N, Garn A, McCaughtry N. Effects of a Comprehensive School Health Program on Elementary Student Academic Achievement. J Sch Health 2021; 91:239-249. [PMID: 33404083 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving the academic achievement of youth in the United States is an area of interest and a critical indicator of the future success of the youth. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a comprehensive school physical activity and healthy eating program on 5th-grade students' academic achievement, specifically reading and math. METHODS Overall, 628 (intervention: 377, 54% girls; comparison: 251, 49% girls) 5th-grade children participated across the 6 schools in a year-long comprehensive health intervention, completing curriculum-based academic achievement measures at 2 time-points. RESULTS Results showed that even after controlling for class clustering, age, sex, race, and T1 reading and math variables, students' T2 reading and math achievement were significantly higher in the intervention group than the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive health programming can enhance the health and academic achievement of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Centeio
- Associate Professor, , University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, 1337 Lower Campus Road Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Cheryl Somers
- Professor, , Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, 656 W. Kirby Ave. Detroit, MI 48202
| | - E Whitney G Moore
- Associate Professor, , Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, 656 W. Kirby Ave. Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Noel Kulik
- Associate Professor, , Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, 656 W. Kirby Ave. Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Alex Garn
- Professor, , School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 2230 Pleasant Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Nate McCaughtry
- Professor, Assistant Dean of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, , Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, 656 W. Kirby Ave. Detroit, MI 48202
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Ryu JS, Chung HR, Meador BM, Seo Y, Kim KO. The Associations between Physical Fitness, Complex vs Simple Movement, and Academic Achievement in a Cohort of Fourth Graders. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18052293. [PMID: 33652565 PMCID: PMC7967682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the correlation between elementary school students’ body composition, physical activity, physical fitness, movement ability, and academic achievement. Movements ranged from simple actions to complex movements requiring executive functioning. In total, 110 fourth graders (60 boys, 50 girls) participated in this experiment. Body composition (BMI, % of body fat), physical activity (pedometer), physical fitness (muscular strength, endurance, power, flexibility, and VO2max), and complex movement abilities (Illinois Agility test, soda pop hand test, and soda pop foot test) were measured. Regression modeling of body composition and fitness/activity variables was able to account for 30.5% of the variation of total academic scores in females, but only 4.3% in males. No individual tests were reliably correlated with multiple academic outcomes in males. However, hand and foot soda pop times, as well as Illinois Agility scores, were repeatedly correlated with academic outcomes in females, each correlating with 4 of the 6 academic scores. Body composition and physical activity level did not correlate with academic achievement, and simple physical fitness showed a low correlation with academic achievement in both boys and girls. On the other hand, complex, cognitively demanding movements such as the Illinois Agility, soda pop hand, and soda pop foot tests had consistent correlations with academic achievement in girls, but not in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sik Ryu
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Hae Ryong Chung
- Health and Fitness Management, College of Health, Clayton State University, Morrow, GA 30260, USA;
| | - Benjamin M. Meador
- Exercise Science, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Georgia Southwestern State University, Americus, GA 31709, USA;
| | - Yongsuk Seo
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA;
| | - Kyung-O Kim
- Department of Gerokinesiology, Kyungil University, Kyungsan 38428, Korea
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +82-08-10-4644-1053
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Hermassi S, Chelly MS, Michalsik LB, Sanal NEM, D. Hayes L, Cadenas-Sanchez C. Relationship between fatness, physical fitness, and academic performance in normal weight and overweight schoolchild handball players in Qatar State. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246476. [PMID: 33606780 PMCID: PMC7895367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between physiological parameters (namely fatness and physical fitness) with academic performance (namely mathematics and science grade point average [GPA]) in normal weight and overweight schoolchild handball players. Thirty-six young male team handball players (age: 9±1 years; body mass: 45.5±14.2 kg; height: 1.38±9.1 m; body fat: 19.7±5.6%) at the highest national league for their age group participated. Anthropometry was examined by measuring body mass, body fat percentage (%BF), and body mass index (BMI). Fitness testing included the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (level 1), squat jumps (SJ) and counter-movement jumps (CMJ), and upper-limb throwing performance (2 kg medicine ball seated front throw), a 15 m sprint test, and a T-half test for change-of-direction (COD) ability. Academic performance was evaluated through school records of grade point average (GPA) of mathematics and science. BMI was negatively correlated with science GPA (r = -0.57, p<0.001) and mathematics GPA (r = -0.39, p<0.001). Significant correlations between Yo-Yo test performance and science GPA (r = 0.73, p<0.001) and mathematics GPA (r = 0.66, p<0.001) existed. T-half test score (less time taken meant a superior performance) was negatively correlated with science GPA (r = 0.48, p = 0.003) and mathematics GPA (r = 0.63, p<0.01). In conclusion, fatness and physical fitness (except for the upper-muscular strength) were significantly related to academic performance in in schoolchild handball players. Based on results of this study, it seems pragmatic and appropriate to engage young schoolchild in physical activity as it associates with superior academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) « Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Saîd, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lars Bojsen Michalsik
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Lawrence D. Hayes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Lima TRD, Martins PC, Alves Junior CAS, Moraes MS, Zanlorenci S, Borges LL, Castro JACD, Silva DAS. Report Card Brazil: systematic review of muscle strength assessment in children and adolescents in Brazil. Rev bras cineantropom desempenho hum 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2021v23e80292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to identify and summarize evidence regarding muscle strength (MS) levels in school children and adolescents (≤ 19 years) in Brazil in order to update previously published evidence from the Report Card Brazil project. The systematic search for information was conducted in seven databases, restricted to studies published during the period from January 2018 to December 2019. Thirteen studies were included, which gathered information from 10,135 children and adolescents from seven Brazilian states. Different tests/protocols for assessing MS were identified, however, handgrip strength was the test most adopted in studies (53.8%). The prevalence of children and adolescents with MS levels considered healthy was 29.8%, considering the totality of information, and 27.6% for males and 31.8% for females. Considering full data reviewed by the Report Card Brazil project (data analyzed in this study in addition to those previously published), information regarding the assessment of MS levels in children and adolescents in Brazil came from studies conducted during the period from 2010 to 2019, which included a sample of 15,208 children and adolescents (aged 7-19 years). According to this information, the prevalence of children and adolescents with MS levels considered healthy in this period was 57.8%, 61.1% for males and 58.8% for females.
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16
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Costa RM, Minatto G, Costa BGG, Silva KS. Clustering of 24-h movement behaviors associated with cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents: a latent class analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:109-117. [PMID: 32556508 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the clustering of 24-h movement behaviors (moderate to vigorous physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration) and their association with cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents. We evaluated 561 adolescents (52.1% girls; mean age, 13.0 ± 1.0 years) from Florianópolis, Brazil. A 20-m shuttle run was used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, while a questionnaire was used to measure 24-h movement behaviors. A latent class analysis was performed to identify the clustering of 24-h movement behaviors, while linear Bayesian mixed-effect regression models were applied to identify their association with cardiorespiratory fitness. Two classes were identified: unhealthy (10.4%), characterized as a high probability of practicing less than 300 min/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity, spending more than 4 h/day in front of screens, and sleeping less than 8 h/day; and healthy (89.6%), characterized by a high probability of practicing more than 420 min/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity, spending less than 2 h/day in front of screens, and sleeping 8-10 h/day. Adolescents in the healthy class had a higher cardiorespiratory fitness level than those in the unhealthy class. Most adolescents were grouped in the healthy class and had higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels than those in the unhealthy class. These results suggest that families and professionals should work toward creating healthier lifestyles for adolescents by increasing opportunities to practice moderate to vigorous physical activity, reduce screen time, and favor healthy sleep to increase their cardiorespiratory fitness levels. What is Known: • Moderate to vigorous physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration are positively, negatively, and inconsistently associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, respectively, when analyzed separately. • Little is known about the clustering of 24-h movement behaviors and how they are associated with cardiorespiratory fitness levels in adolescents. What is New: • The 24-h movement behaviors clustered into almost opposite classes among adolescents (healthy and unhealthy classes). • Adolescents in the healthy class had greater cardiorespiratory fitness levels than those in the unhealthy class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Costa
- Research Center for Physical Activity and Health (NuPAF), School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Giseli Minatto
- Research Center for Physical Activity and Health (NuPAF), School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno G G Costa
- Research Center for Physical Activity and Health (NuPAF), School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly S Silva
- Research Center for Physical Activity and Health (NuPAF), School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
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17
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Shigeta TT, Leahy AA, Smith JJ, Eather N, Lubans DR, Hillman CH. Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness associations with older adolescent cognitive control. J Sport Health Sci 2021; 10:82-90. [PMID: 32442694 PMCID: PMC7856563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in physical activity supports greater cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), a correlate of cognitive control. However, the relationship between muscular fitness (MF) and cognitive control is less clear. The present study investigated the differential relationship of CRF and MF with cognitive control in older adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved students (15-17 years old, n = 541, 43% female) from 20 secondary schools who completed tests of inhibition (modified flanker task), working memory (n-back task), CRF (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run), and MF (standing long jump and push-up test). Multilevel analyses tested the association between CRF or MF and cognitive outcomes while accounting for the influence of the other fitness variable and relevant demographic factors. RESULTS CRF predicted response accuracy during incongruent flanker trials, the condition requiring greater inhibition. For the working memory task, CRF predicted greater target accuracy and greater d' scores on the 1-back task, requiring lesser amounts of working memory. In the 2-back task, which requires greater amounts of working memory, CRF also predicted greater target and non-target accuracy and d' scores. Comparatively, MF did not predict any cognitive outcomes after adjustment for CRF. CONCLUSION CRF was selectively related to better performance during task conditions that require greater amounts of inhibition and working memory. This finding suggests that CRF, but not MF, may benefit cognitive control in older adolescents. This selective influence of CRF on older adolescents' cognition highlights the value of aerobic physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya T Shigeta
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Movement & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02131, USA
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18
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Ogrodnik M, Halladay J, Fenesi B, Heisz J, Georgiades K. Examining Associations Between Physical Activity and Academic Performance in a Large Sample of Ontario Students: The Role of Inattention and Hyperactivity. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:1231-9. [PMID: 33217724 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in physical activity (PA) is a modifiable factor that contributes to academic success, yet the optimal dose (ie, frequency) and mechanisms underlying the effect require further exploration. METHODS Using data from 19,886 elementary and 11,238 secondary school students across Ontario, Canada, this study examined associations between PA participation frequency, academic achievement, and inattention and hyperactivity. RESULTS Among elementary students, there was a positive association between PA frequency and academic achievement. Participating in 1 to 2 days per week of PA related to higher academic achievement compared with no days, whereas 7 days per week had the largest associations. For secondary students, a minimum of 3 to 4 days per week was associated with higher academic achievement with no significant benefit of additional days. Indirect effects of inattention and hyperactivity were found for both groups, suggesting that the benefits of PA on academic achievement may be partly explained by reductions in inattention and hyperactivity, especially for secondary school students. CONCLUSION Students may experience academic benefits from PA even if they are not meeting the guidelines of exercising daily. These benefits may occur, in part, through reductions in inattention and hyperactivity. Further work is needed to determine the temporality and mechanism of these associations.
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19
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Rodriguez CC, Camargo EMD, Rodriguez-Añez CR, Reis RS. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202026052019_0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To synthesize the evidence available in the literature on the relationship between the components of physical activity, physical fitness and academic achievement in adolescents. Methods: The review followed the methodological procedures described by PRISMA and was carried out in the Lilacs, Medline, SciELO, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct databases. Quantitative empirical studies published as of 2006 were included. The following descriptors and keywords were used: “Motor activity”, “Physical fitness”, “Physical activity”, “Educational status”, “Academic achievement”, “Academic performance”, and their equivalents in Portuguese and Spanish. Results: The most widely investigated variable was physical fitness (45.5%) followed by physical activity (40.9%), whereas only three studies (13.6%) investigated both. Conclusion: Physical activity and physical fitness are positively associated with the academic achievement of adolescents. In more than 80% of studies the association was considered strong. The physical fitness component most frequently associated with academic achievement was cardiorespiratory fitness. Level of evidence II; Systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Siqueira Reis
- Washington University in Saint Louis, USA; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil
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20
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Andersen MP, Valeri L, Starkopf L, Mortensen RN, Sessa M, Kragholm KH, Vardinghus-Nielsen H, Bøggild H, Lange T, Torp-Pedersen C. The Mediating Effect of Pupils' Physical Fitness on the Relationship Between Family Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement in a Danish School Cohort. Sports Med 2020; 49:1291-1301. [PMID: 31111445 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Family socioeconomic status influences pupils' academic achievements, and studies have established positive associations between physical fitness and academic achievements. However, whether physical fitness mediates the relationship remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated if pupils' physical fitness mediates the pathway between family socioeconomic status and academic achievement using causal inference-based mediation analysis. METHODS This study included 527 girls and 552 boys between 13 and 15 years of age from the Danish municipality of Aalborg. Physical fitness was measured through VO2max tests in 2010 and demographic data were obtained from nationwide registers. Family socioeconomic status was classified into four levels ranging from 1 to 4, where level 1 represents the lowest and level 4 the highest based on either family income or education. RESULTS Controlling for sex, ethnicity, age, and parents' cohabitation status, all total effects display higher academic achievement with increased family socioeconomic status. Splitting the effects, the direct effects reveal the existence of other pathways not involving physical fitness. The indirect effects established physical fitness as a mediator showing that pupils from family socioeconomic status levels one, three, and four changes grade by - 0.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) - 0.26, - 0.01], 0.07 (95% CI 0.00, 0.14), and 0.24 (95% CI 0.14, 0.34), respectively, compared to socioeconomic status level two. The corresponding proportions mediated are 18% (95% CI 1, 57), 6% (95 CI 0, 13), and 12% (95% CI 7, 18) when family socioeconomic status is based on education. Classifying family socioeconomic status on income, pupils from family socioeconomic status levels one, three, and four show grade changes of - 0.07 (95% CI - 0.16, 0.02), 0.22 (95% CI 0.13, 0.32), and 0.26 (95% CI 0.15, 0.37), respectively, compared to socioeconomic status level two. The corresponding proportions mediated are 12% (95% CI - 6, 41), 30% (95% CI 16, 54), and 20% (95% CI 12, 32). CONCLUSION In conclusion, pupils' physical fitness partially mediated the pathway between family socioeconomic status and academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Porsborg Andersen
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Linda Valeri
- McLean Hospital, Belmont Campus-North Belknap, Room 310A, Belmont, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liis Starkopf
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Nørmark Mortensen
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Maurizio Sessa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Kristian Hay Kragholm
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vardinghus-Nielsen
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bøggild
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.,Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Theis Lange
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.,Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
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García‐Hermoso A, Hormazábal‐Aguayo I, Fernández‐Vergara O, Izquierdo M, Alonso‐Martínez A, Bonilla‐Vargas KJ, González‐Ruíz K, Ramírez‐Vélez R. Physical fitness components in relation to attention capacity in Latin American youth with overweight and obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1188-1193. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García‐Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) IdiSNA Pamplona Spain
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Santiago Chile
| | - Ignacio Hormazábal‐Aguayo
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Santiago Chile
| | - Omar Fernández‐Vergara
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Santiago Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) IdiSNA Pamplona Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Pamplona Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso‐Martínez
- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) IdiSNA Pamplona Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Pamplona Spain
| | | | - Katherine González‐Ruíz
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes Facultad de Salud Programa de Fisioterapia Universidad Manuela Beltrán Bogotá Colombia
| | - Robinson Ramírez‐Vélez
- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) IdiSNA Pamplona Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Pamplona Spain
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Abstract
This study examined the associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and musculoskeletal (MSF) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in youth. The sample consisted of boys and girls between 3-15 years. SES was categorized utilizing family-income-to-poverty ratio (FIPR). All analyses were standardized for age and sex. For each test of physical fitness, SES was used to estimate mean fitness test percentile and 95% confidence intervals, controlling for race/ethnicity and physical activity. Odds ratios were calculated for the likelihood of having low fitness by SES category. In general, the high SES group had a better composite MSF, body composition, and CRF profiles than low and moderate SES groups. Statistically significant differences were identified for relative grip strength, plank, body mass index, and cardiovascular endurance time (all p < 0.05). Additionally, the odds of low/poor MSF fitness were 1.7 and 1.6 times higher in the low and moderate SES groups (respectively) compared to the children from high SES families. The moderate SES group had an odds of poor CRF 1.6 times higher than the high SES group as well. Children and adolescents from high SES families tend to have higher mean fitness and were less likely to have low/poor fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Wolfe
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Science, and Physical Education, Lincoln College, Lincoln, IL, USA
| | - Joey A Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Kelly R Laurson
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
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D'Agostino EM, Day SE, Konty KJ, Larkin M, Wyka K. The effects of student, school and neighborhood poverty on the association between fitness and absenteeism in New York City middle school youth. Prev Med 2019; 127:105820. [PMID: 31449827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent research demonstrates that youth fitness improvements are associated with lower absenteeism. This study assessed whether the effects of poverty on the longitudinal fitness-absenteeism relationship are consistent across poverty measures at the student, school, and neighborhood levels and across sex in New York City (NYC) public school youth individually followed over 4 years. Negative binomial longitudinal mixed models with random-intercepts were developed stratified by five dichotomized student, school and neighborhood poverty measures and sex to test the change in fitness-lagged absenteeism relationship in six cohorts of NYC middle school students (2006/7-2012/13). Models were adjusted for individual-level race/ethnicity, place of birth, change in obesity status, grade, time, and school size. The sample included 360,743 students (51% male, 39% Hispanic, 28% non-Hispanic black, 69% qualifying for free/reduced price school meals). Adjusted estimates showed an inverse dose-response fitness-absenteeism relationship in high poverty youth across all poverty measures, including the student, school and neighborhood levels. For example, in girls exposed to high poverty based on school neighborhood, absenteeism decreased by 11.3% (IRR = -0.12, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.04), 10.4% (IRR = -0.11, 95% CI: -0.21, -0.02), 6.8% (IRR = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.14, 0.00) and 4.9% (IRR = -0.05, 95% CI: -0.15, 0.04) for students who had a >20% increase, 10-20% increase, <10% change, and 10-20% decrease in fitness from the prior year, respectively, relative to the reference group (>20% decrease in fitness). Future research should explore the impact of tailored interventions for youth that aim to promote youth physical activity at each of the individual, school and neighborhood levels, and particularly among high poverty subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M D'Agostino
- Miami-Dade County Department of Parks, Recreation and Open Spaces, Miami, FL, USA; CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Durham, NC 27705.
| | - Sophia E Day
- NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of School Health, New York, NY, USA; CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Konty
- NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of School Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Larkin
- NYC Department of Education, Office of School Wellness, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katarzyna Wyka
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
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Tsai YJ, Huang CJ, Hung CL, Kao SC, Lin CF, Hsieh SS, Hung TM. Muscular fitness, motor competence, and processing speed in preschool children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2019.1661835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Tsai
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chiao-Ling Hung
- Department of Athletics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chi-Fang Lin
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shu-Shih Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Faught EL, Qian W, Carson VL, Storey KE, Faulkner G, Veugelers PJ, Leatherdale ST. The longitudinal impact of diet, physical activity, sleep, and screen time on Canadian adolescents' academic achievement: An analysis from the COMPASS study. Prev Med 2019; 125:24-31. [PMID: 31108133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adequate amounts of physical activity, sleep, and screen time along with a healthy diet have been demonstrated to have positive associations with academic achievement. No longitudinal study has investigated the simultaneous relationship between all of these behaviours and academic achievement. Data from 11,016 adolescent participants of the COMPASS study in Alberta and Ontario were analysed. Students self-reported their adherence to Canadian recommendations for health behaviours and academic achievement in Math and English on school-based surveys administered in the 2015/16 and 2016/17 waves of COMPASS. Multinomial generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the association between longitudinal changes in adherence to recommendations and academic achievement at follow-up. Models were adjusted for self-reported sociodemographic information, body weight status, and baseline academic achievement. Students who adhered to a greater number of recommendations performed better than students who adhered to fewer recommendations. Meeting recommendations for Meat and Alternatives (protein-rich foods) and screen time were consistently associated with higher academic achievement compared to students who did not meet these recommendations. A change from not meeting recommendations for Vegetables and Fruit to meeting the recommendation in the following year was associated with higher achievement in both subjects. There was no association between sleep behaviours or physical activity and academic achievement. Results indicate that adherence to recommendations for protein-rich foods, screen time, and vegetables and fruit show promise as behavioural targets for higher academic achievement among youth. Further study using objectives measurements of behaviours and further consideration of socioeconomic variables is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Faught
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303-112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada.
| | - W Qian
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - V L Carson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, 1-151 University Hall, Van Vliet Complex, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - K E Storey
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303-112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada.
| | - G Faulkner
- Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, Lower Mall Research Station Room 337, 2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - P J Veugelers
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303-112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada.
| | - S T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Cancela J, Burgo H, Sande E. Physical fitness and executive functions in adolescents: cross-sectional associations with academic achievement. J Phys Ther Sci 2019; 31:556-562. [PMID: 31417221 PMCID: PMC6642897 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.31.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study analyzed the relationship between fitness and executive functions in adolescents and its influence on academic achievement. [Participants and Methods] The design was cross-sectional. The sample included 713 adolescents (14.2 ± 1.5 years old). Physical fitness was evaluated using flexibility test, strength test, balance test and aerobic test. Executive function was evaluated with the tests (Stroop, Symbol digit, Trail making, Wechsler memory, and MESSY scale). Academic performance was evaluated through the school records. A partial correlational analysis of physical fitness and executive functions with respect to academic achievement was carried out. A multivariate linear regression was performed to identify the physical component model that best defined each of the executive functions. [Results] The analysis showed how academic achievement is significantly influenced, from a physical point of view, by resistance strength (r=0.21), aerobic endurance (r=0.188), and flexibility (r=0.17), whereas from a cognitive point of view it is significantly influenced by inhibition/interference (r=0.25), working memory (r=0.10) and processing speed (r=0.18). [Conclusion] The results indicate that the physical fitness and executive function are closely related and both have a significant influence on academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cancela
- Faculty of Education and Sport Science, University of Vigo: Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Helier Burgo
- Faculty of Education and Sport Science, University of Vigo: Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Estefania Sande
- Faculty of Education and Sport Science, University of Vigo: Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
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Ruiz-Hermosa A, Álvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Redondo-Tébar A, Sánchez-López M. Active Commuting to and from School, Cognitive Performance, and Academic Achievement in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16101839. [PMID: 31126148 PMCID: PMC6571885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has a beneficial effect on the brain's development process and cognitive function. However, no review to date has evaluated the effects of active commuting to and from school (ACS) on cognitive performance and academic achievement. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the link between ACS and cognitive performance and academic achievement in children and adolescents. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases for all observational studies published until May 2019 that examined the association between ACS and cognitive performance or academic achievement. Studies were classified into two groups according to their measured outcomes: cognitive performance (nonexecutive cognitive functions, core executive functions, and metacognition) and academic achievement (marks of different areas). A pooled effect size (ES) was estimated using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects method for cognitive performance and each area of academic achievement. RESULTS Twelve studies that evaluated the relationship between ACS and cognitive performance or academic achievement were included in the systematic review: four studies analyzed both cognitive performance and academic achievement, one study provided data regarding cognitive performance and seven provided data on academic achievement. Finally, nine of 12 studies provided enough data for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Our findings suggest that ACS was not significantly associated with cognitive performance (ES= -0.02; 95% CI: -0.06 to 0.03) or academic achievement (ES= -0.33; 95% CI: -0.83 to 0.17 for mathematics-related skills; ES= -0.37; 95% CI: -0.88 to 0.15 for language-related skills). CONCLUSIONS There was insufficient evidence regarding the relationship between ACS and cognitive performance and academic achievement. Future studies should include potential confounders in their analyses and consider the use of standardized self-reports or objective measures of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Ruiz-Hermosa
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, c/ Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, School of Education, Ronda de Calatrava, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, c/ Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
| | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, c/ Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, c/ Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425 (Sede Santiago), Providencia, Chile.
| | - Andrés Redondo-Tébar
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, c/ Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
| | - Mairena Sánchez-López
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, c/ Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, School of Education, Ronda de Calatrava, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Raney MA, Hendry CF, Yee SA. Physical Activity and Social Behaviors of Urban Children in Green Playgrounds. Am J Prev Med 2019; 56:522-9. [PMID: 30772148 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nature exposure is associated with many wellbeing benefits. However, the influence of green space on the physical activity and social behaviors of children is not completely understood. The purpose of the study was to complete a stepwise impact evaluation of a large-scale playground greening project at a Title 1 elementary school in Los Angeles, California. METHODS Physical activity and social interaction data were collected with direct observation and accelerometers pre-, immediately post-, and 4 months post-greening at control (students enrolled=393) and experimental (students enrolled=538) locations from 2016 to 2017. Effects of relevant variables on recess behavior were analyzed with linear mixed models in 2018. RESULTS Zone popularity and recess behaviors did not change for control students during the study (p>0.05). Areas replaced by green space became the most popular for experimental students who transitioned from traditional playground games/sports to tag/chasing, gymnastics, climbing/jumping, and creative play. The percentage of students observed as sedentary decreased by 10.0% (95% CI=4.9%, 15.0%) at 4 months, p=0.003. Vigorous activity participation increased pre to post at the individual (48.5%, 95% CI=29.1%, 67.9%, p<0.001) and population level (41.2%, 95% CI=27.3%, 55.1%, p=0.003) and remained higher than pre-greening at 4 months (p<0.05) for girls in the experimental group only. The moderate to vigorous physical activity differential between green space and hardscape was greater for fifth graders than all other grades, p=0.002. Student physical and verbal conflict rates decreased below pre-greening rates after 4 months for the experimental group, p<0.001. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that adding green space to asphalt-covered schoolyards helps expose children to nature, increases daily activity levels, and promotes social wellbeing in sex- and age-dependent ways.
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Sasayama K, Nonoue K, Tada T, Adachi M. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement in Japanese adolescents. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1240-1249. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1593509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Sasayama
- Faculty of Education, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiko Nonoue
- Kansai University of Social Welfare, Ako, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takayo Tada
- Faculty of Sciences of Human Life, Chugoku Gakuen University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Minoru Adachi
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Keating XD, Shangguan R, Xiao K, Gao X, Sheehan C, Wang L, Colburn J, Fan Y, Wu F. Tracking Changes of Chinese Pre-Service Teachers' Aerobic Fitness, Body Mass Index, and Grade Point Average Over 4-years of College. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E966. [PMID: 30889842 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although increasing attention has been given to student academic achievement, usually measured by grade point average (GPA), and fitness in children and adolescents, much fewer studies have been conducted in higher education settings, especially in China. This study investigated the longitudinal associations of aerobic fitness (AF), body mass index (BMI), and GPA in Chinese pre-service teachers at a university. A longitudinal research design was employed to track changes in AF, BMI, and GPA, for a total of 1980 students for four years. Multi-level growth models were used to examine the interactive changes of the above three variables. It was found that GPA and BMI increased each year, while AF declined dramatically at the fourth year. The three-way interaction among GPA, gender, and BMI was significant, suggesting females who were overweight/obese had lower GPA. The data from the current study suggested that AF did not impact students' GPA. Class standing (i.e., the fourth year) and gender (i.e., females) need to be taken into consideration when designing interventions to improve student overall fitness and academic performance in Chinese pre-service teacher populations.
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Hansen SL, Lorentzen J, Pedersen LT, Hendrich FL, Jorsal M, Pingel J, Nielsen JB, Kiens B. Suboptimal Nutrition and Low Physical Activity Are Observed Together with Reduced Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Concentration in Children with Severe Cerebral Palsy (CP). Nutrients 2019; 11:E620. [PMID: 30875771 PMCID: PMC6470501 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a mediator of exercise and nutrition-induced neural plasticity. In children with cerebral palsy (CP), neuromuscular deficits and mobility impairment have a negative impact on their physical activity level and nutritional status, but whether these children have reduced BDNF concentrations is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the plasma BDNF concentration, nutritional status, and physical activity level in children with mild to severe CP. Blood sampling, dietary registration, and questionnaires were completed for children with mild CP (gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) I⁻II, n = 31, age 10.6 ± 0.6 years), severe CP (GMFCS IV⁻V, n = 14, age 10.9 ± 1.1 years) and typically developed (TD) children (n = 22, age 10.9 ± 0.6 years). Children with severe CP had ~40% lower plasma BDNF concentration than TD children (p < 0.05). Furthermore, children with severe CP had lower daily physical activity level than TD children (p < 0.01), and a daily intake of energy, n-3 fatty acids, and dietary fibers that was only ~50% of TD (p > 0.001). Reduced plasma BDNF concentrations were observed in children with severe CP. This may be of significance for optimal neural growth and plasticity. This was observed together with low physical activity levels and a suboptimal intake of energy, n-3 fatty acids, and dietary fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvejg L Hansen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Lorentzen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Elsass Institute, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
| | - Lin T Pedersen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Frederikke L Hendrich
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Martin Jorsal
- Geelsgårdskolen, Region Hovedstaden, 2830 Virum, Denmark.
| | - Jessica Pingel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jens B Nielsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Elsass Institute, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
| | - Bente Kiens
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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He J, Chen X, Fan X, Cai Z, Huang F. Is there a relationship between body mass index and academic achievement? A meta-analysis. Public Health 2019; 167:111-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Adelantado-Renau M, Beltran-Valls MR, Migueles JH, Artero EG, Legaz-Arrese A, Capdevila-Seder A, Moliner-Urdiales D. Associations between objectively measured and self-reported sleep with academic and cognitive performance in adolescents: DADOS study. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12811. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jairo H. Migueles
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Enrique G. Artero
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences; University of Almería; Almería Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024); CERNEP Research Center; University of Almería; Almería Spain
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35
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Ramsay H, Barnett JH, Murray GK, Miettunen J, Mäki P, Järvelin MR, Smith GD, Ala-Korpela M, Veijola J. Cognition, psychosis risk and metabolic measures in two adolescent birth cohorts. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2609-2623. [PMID: 30039772 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychoses, especially schizophrenia, are often preceded by cognitive deficits and psychosis risk states. Altered metabolic profiles have been found in schizophrenia. However, the associations between metabolic profiles and poorer cognitive performance and psychosis risk in the population remain to be determined. METHODS Detailed molecular profiles were measured for up to 8976 individuals from two general population-based prospective birth cohorts: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). A high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy platform was used to quantify 70 metabolic measures at age 15-16 years in the NFBC 1986 and at ages 15 and 17 years in ALSPAC. Psychosis risk was assessed using the PROD-screen questionnaire at age 15-16 years in the NFBC 1986 or the psychotic-like symptoms assessment at age 17 years in ALSPAC. Cognitive measures included academic performance at age 16 years in both cohorts and general intelligence and executive function in ALSPAC. Logistic regression measured cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between metabolic measures and psychosis risk and cognitive performance, controlling for important covariates. RESULTS Seven metabolic measures, primarily fatty acid (FA) measures, showed cross-sectional associations with general cognitive performance, four across both cohorts (low density lipoprotein diameter, monounsaturated FA ratio, omega-3 ratio and docosahexaenoic acid ratio), even after controlling for important mental and physical health covariates. Psychosis risk showed minimal metabolic associations. CONCLUSIONS FA ratios may be important in marking risk for cognitive deficits in adolescence. Further research is needed to clarify whether these biomarkers could be causal and thereby possible targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Ramsay
- Department of Psychiatry,Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu,Oulu,Finland
| | | | - Graham K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry,Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu,Oulu,Finland
| | - Pirjo Mäki
- Department of Psychiatry,Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu,Oulu,Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London,London,W2 1PG,UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol,Bristol,UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute,Melbourne, Victoria,Australia
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry,Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu,Oulu,Finland
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Lang JJ, Chaput JP, Longmuir PE, Barnes JD, Belanger K, Tomkinson GR, Anderson KD, Bruner B, Copeland JL, Gregg MJ, Hall N, Kolen AM, Lane KN, Law B, MacDonald DJ, Martin LJ, Saunders TJ, Sheehan D, Stone MR, Woodruff SJ, Tremblay MS. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with physical literacy in a large sample of Canadian children aged 8 to 12 years. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1041. [PMID: 30285694 PMCID: PMC6167777 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical literacy in children are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between CRF, measured using the 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT), and components of physical literacy among Canadian children aged 8-12 years. METHODS A total of 9393 (49.9% girls) children, with a mean (SD) age of 10.1 (±1.2) years, from a cross-sectional surveillance study were included for this analysis. The SRT was evaluated using a standardized 15 m or 20 m protocol. All 15 m SRTs were converted to 20mSRT values using a standardized formula. The four domains of physical literacy (Physical Competence, Daily Behaviour, Motivation and Confidence, and Knowledge and Understanding) were measured using the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy. Tertiles were identified for 20mSRT laps, representing low, medium, and high CRF for each age and gender group. Cohen's d was used to calculate the effect size between the low and high CRF groups. RESULTS CRF was strongly and favourably associated with all components of physical literacy among school-aged Canadian children. The effect size between low and high CRF tertile groups was large for the Physical Competence domain (Cohen's d range: 1.11-1.94) across age and gender groups, followed by moderate to large effect sizes for Motivation and Confidence (Cohen's d range: 0.54-1.18), small to moderate effect sizes for Daily Behaviour (Cohen's d range: 0.25-0.81), and marginal to moderate effect sizes for Knowledge and Understanding (Cohen's d range: 0.08-0.70). CONCLUSIONS This study identified strong favourable associations between CRF and physical literacy and its constituent components in children aged 8-12 years. Future research should investigate the sensitivity and specificity of the 20mSRT in screening those with low physical literacy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Patricia E. Longmuir
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Joel D. Barnes
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Kevin Belanger
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Grant R. Tomkinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Kristal D. Anderson
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Education, Camosun College, Victoria, BC V9E 2C1 Canada
| | - Brenda Bruner
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON P1B 8L7 Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Copeland
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Melanie J. Gregg
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB B2G 0W5 Canada
| | - Nathan Hall
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB B2G 0W5 Canada
| | - Angela M. Kolen
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 0W5 Canada
| | - Kirstin N. Lane
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Education, Camosun College, Victoria, BC V9E 2C1 Canada
| | - Barbi Law
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON P1B 8L7 Canada
| | - Dany J. MacDonald
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Luc J. Martin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Travis J. Saunders
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Dwayne Sheehan
- Faculty of Health, Community and Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6 Canada
| | - Michelle R. Stone
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Sarah J. Woodruff
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
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Garber MD, Stanhope KK, Shah MP, Cheung P, Gazmararian JA. Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Academic Achievement is Stronger in High-SES Elementary Schools Compared to Low. J Sch Health 2018; 88:707-716. [PMID: 30203484 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Academic achievement is influenced by factors at the student, school, and community levels. We estimated the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness performance on academic performance at the school level in Georgia elementary schools and examined effect modification by sociodemographic factors. METHODS This study is a repeat cross-sectional analysis of Georgia elementary schools between 2011 and 2014 (approximately 1138 schools per year). Multivariable beta regression estimated the effect of the proportion of 4th and 5th graders meeting cardiorespiratory fitness standards on the proportion of 5th graders passing standardized tests for Reading, English and Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies and considered potential interaction by school-level socioeconomic status (SES), racial composition, and urbanity. RESULTS There was a 0.15 higher estimated odds (OR: 1.15 (1.09, 1.22)) of passing the mathematics standardized test for every 10-percentage-point increase in school-level cardiorespiratory fitness among high-SES schools and 0.04 higher odds (OR: 1.04 (1.02, 1.05)) for low-SES schools. This pattern was similar for other academic subjects. No effect modification by racial composition or urbanity was observed for any academic subject. CONCLUSIONS Promoting physical fitness may be effective in improving academic performance among high-SES schools, but additional strategies may be needed among lower-SES schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Garber
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kaitlyn K Stanhope
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Monica P Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Patricia Cheung
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Julie A Gazmararian
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Bartee RT, Heelan KA, Dority BL. Longitudinal Evaluation of Aerobic Fitness and Academic Achievement Among Schoolchildren. J Sch Health 2018; 88:644-650. [PMID: 30133778 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research is emerging suggesting that fitness not only improves health, but enhances academic achievement in children. Many studies have found the strongest correlation with academic achievement to be aerobic fitness. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of aerobic fitness and academic ranking on the association between improvements in students' aerobic fitness and their academic achievement. METHODS Data were collected from 1152 second- through fifth-grade students enrolled in 10 Midwestern schools. School-fixed effects models were used to estimate the impact of improved aerobic fitness from the fall to the spring semester on students' spring percentile rankings in math and reading. RESULTS Students whose progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run improved from the fall to spring semester moved up the national spring math percentile rankings by 2.71 percentiles (p < .001) for all students, 4.77 (p < .001) for less-fit students, and 3.53 (p < .05) for lower performing math students. No statistically significant relationship was found between improved aerobic fitness and reading achievement. CONCLUSIONS Improving fitness could potentially have the greatest academic benefit for those elementary students who need it the most-the less fit and the lower academic performers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick T Bartee
- University of Nebraska at Kearney, Cushing Coliseum W216,1410 West 26th Street, Kearney, NE 68849
| | - Kate A Heelan
- University of Nebraska at Kearney, Cushing Coliseum W218,1410 West 26th Street, Kearney, NE 68849
| | - Bree L Dority
- University of Nebraska at Kearney, West Center, 140 C, 2504 9th Avenue, Kearney, NE 68849
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Gil-Espinosa FJ, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Chillón P. Physical fitness predicts the academic achievement over one-school year follow-up period in adolescents. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:452-457. [PMID: 30084752 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1505184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to examine how fitness at the baseline could predict both academic achievement and academic achievement changes one school year in advance. A total of 194 adolescents (mean age: 14.15 ± 0.97 years old, 112 boys) who attended secondary school participated in our study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured with the 20 m endurance shuttle-run test. We also assessed the lower-limbs muscular strength with the standing long jump test and flexibility with the sit-and-reach test. The academic achievement was assessed by school grades. We performed linear regression analyses. Additionally, we examined the relationship between fitness and changes in the academic performance following the same statistical methodology. Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with mathematics one school year in advance (p = 0.025). Cardiorespiratory fitness was also positively associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.005), mathematics (p = 0.023), and the grade point average (p = 0.006). Muscular strength was also positively associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.040) and mathematics (p = 0.010), while flexibility was associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.039) and the grade point average (0.027). Our results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with academic achievement in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Gil-Espinosa
- a Researching in Sport Sciences (RSS) research group. Department of Body Expression, Faculty of Science Education , University of Malaga, Andalusia-tech, IBIMA , Malaga , Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- b PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Palma Chillón
- b PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
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Saevarsson E, Svansdottir E, Arngrimsson S, Sveinsson T, Johannsson E. Different cardiorespiratory fitness expressions based on the maximal cycle ergometer test show no effect on the relation of cardiorespiratory fitness to the academic achievement of nine-year-olds. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200643. [PMID: 30036375 PMCID: PMC6056058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic achievement has been inconclusive. The results may depend on how cardiorespiratory fitness is expressed. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of different cardiorespiratory fitness expression methods, measured by the maximal cycle ergometer test, on the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic achievement. A cross-sectional study consisting of 303 Icelandic 4th grade students (163 girls) was conducted. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a graded maximal cycle ergometer test and scores of standardized tests in Icelandic and math obtained from the Icelandic National Examination Institute. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured as absolute power output in watts in a maximal progressive cycle ergometer test. To adjust for different body sizes, the power output was scaled to body weight, body height, body surface area, and allometrically expressed body weight. In addition, linear regression scaling was also used to adjust for different body sizes. No significant relationship was found between any of the cardiorespiratory fitness expressions and academic achievement, using both univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. The use of different methods to express cardiorespiratory fitness does not significantly affect the association with the academic achievement of fourth grade students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thorarinn Sveinsson
- Research Centre for Movements Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Erlingur Johannsson
- School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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Beltran-Valls MR, Adelantado-Renau M, Castro-Piñero J, Sánchez-López M, Moliner-Urdiales D. Cardiorespiratory fitness and academic performance association is mediated by weight status in adolescents: DADOS study. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:1037-43. [PMID: 29704057 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of our study was to examine the mediation effect of weight status on the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and academic performance (AP). Two hundred sixty-nine adolescents (140 boys) aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years old from the DADOS study were included in this cross-sectional analysis. CRF was assessed by the 20-m shuttle run test and estimated maximum oxygen uptake was used in the analysis. AP was assessed through the final academic grades and the Science Research Associates Test of Educational Abilities for assessing reasoning, verbal, and numeric abilities. Weight status was assessed by body mass index (kg/m2). Boot-strapped mediation procedures were performed and indirect effects (IE) with confidence intervals (CI) not including zero were considered statistically significant. Mediation analysis revealed that weight status acted as a mediator of the relationship of CRF with reasoning ability (IE = 0.039; CI = 0.001; 0.091) and the final grades in Math (IE = 0.011; CI = 0.002; 0.025), Language (IE = 0.013; CI = 0.004; 0.027), and GPA (IE = 0.011; CI = 0.003; 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the influence of CRF on academic performance is mediated by weight status in adolescents. We suggest that our data could be considered by educators, families, and policy makers, so that active lifestyles might be promoted when designing programs aimed to improve AP among adolescents. What is Known: • Academic performance is associated with both, cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status. • The role of weight status in the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic performance is poorly understood. What is New: • We support the scarce research investigating the mediating role of weight status as mechanism in the association between fitness and academic performance in youth. • Previous knowledge is expanded by suggesting that cardiorespiratory fitness is related to weight status which in turn may positively influence academic performance in adolescents.
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Raine LB, Biggan JR, Baym CL, Saliba BJ, Cohen NJ, Hillman CH. Adolescent Changes in Aerobic Fitness Are Related to Changes in Academic Achievement. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:106-14. [PMID: 28338412 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2015-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is a growing trend of decreasing physical fitness among adolescents, which may result not only in poorer physical health, but also in poorer academic achievement. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in aerobic fitness and academic achievement in reading and mathematics during middle school. METHODS This study employed a prospective, longitudinal cross-sectional design. Fifty-two adolescents were followed from sixth grade through eighth grade. In the spring, sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students completed Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run tests measuring aerobic fitness. In addition, students also completed Illinois Standards Achievement Test academic achievement tests in reading and mathematics. RESULTS Changes in aerobic fitness between sixth and eighth grade were positively related to changes in academic achievement in both reading and mathematics between sixth and eighth grade. CONCLUSION These data suggest that changes in aerobic fitness may modulate changes in academic achievement. These findings highlight the importance of physical activity and have broad relevance for educational systems and policies.
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Cosgrove JM, Chen YT, Castelli DM. Physical Fitness, Grit, School Attendance, and Academic Performance among Adolescents. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:9801258. [PMID: 29568776 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9801258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of grit as a construct representing perseverance to overcoming barriers and the total number of school absences to academic performance (AP) while controlling for sociodemographics, fitness (i.e., PACER), and Body Mass Index (BMI). Methods Adolescents (N = 397, SD = 1.85; 80.9% females; 77.1% Hispanic) from an urban, minority-majority city in the Southern United States completed the FitnessGram® assessment of physical fitness (e.g., aerobic capacity and Body Mass Index (BMI)) and the valid and reliable short grit survey. The schools provided sociodemographics, attendance, and AP data for the adolescents. Results Adolescents with higher grit scores (rs = 0.21, P < 0.001) and less total absences (rs = −0.35, P < 0.001) performed better on AP. Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that grit and absences were associated with AP (β = 0.13, P < 0.01 and β = −0.35, P < 0.001, resp.). Conclusions Grit and a total number of absences are significant contributors to academic success, particularly among Hispanic adolescents. Further, grit and school attendance may serve as a better measure of protective factors over proximal health measures of cardiovascular health and BMI.
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D'Agostino EM, Day SE, Konty KJ, Larkin M, Saha S, Wyka K. The association of fitness and school absenteeism across gender and poverty: a prospective multilevel analysis in New York City middle schools. Ann Epidemiol 2018; 28:189-196. [PMID: 29482743 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One-fifth to one-third of students in high poverty, urban school districts do not attend school regularly (missing ≥6 days/year). Fitness is shown to be associated with absenteeism, although this relationship may differ across poverty and gender subgroups. METHODS Six cohorts of New York City public school students were followed up from grades 5 to 8 during 2006/2007-2012/2013 (n = 349,381). Stratified three-level longitudinal generalized linear mixed models were used to test the association between changes in fitness and 1-year lagged child-specific days absent across gender and poverty. RESULTS In girls attending schools in high/very high poverty areas, greater improvements in fitness the prior year were associated with greater reductions in absenteeism (P = .034). Relative to the reference group (>20% decrease in fitness composite percentile scores from the prior year), girls with a large increase in fitness (>20%) demonstrated 10.3% fewer days absent (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.834, 0.964), followed by those who had a 10%-20% increase in fitness (9.2%; IRR 95% CI: 0.835, 0.987), no change (5.4%; IRR 95% CI: 0.887, 1.007), and a 10%-20% decrease in fitness (3.8%; IRR 95% CI: 0.885, 1.045). In girls attending schools in low/mid poverty areas, fitness and absenteeism also had an inverse relationship, but no clear trend emerged. In boys, fitness and absenteeism had an inverse relationship but was not significant in either poverty group. CONCLUSIONS Fitness improvements may be more important to reducing absenteeism in high/very high poverty girls compared with low/mid poverty girls and both high/very high and low/mid poverty boys. Expanding school-based physical activity programs for youth particularly in high poverty neighborhoods may increase student attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia E Day
- NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of School Health, Queens, NY
| | - Kevin J Konty
- NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of School Health, Queens, NY
| | - Michael Larkin
- NYC Department of Education, Office of School Wellness, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Subir Saha
- NYC Department of Education, Office of School Wellness, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Katarzyna Wyka
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY
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Andersen MP, Starkopf L, Sessa M, Mortensen RN, Vardinghus-Nielsen H, Bøggild H, Lange T, Torp-Pedersen C. The indirect and direct pathways between physical fitness and academic achievement on commencement in post-compulsory education in a historical cohort of Danish school youth. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:699. [PMID: 28893221 PMCID: PMC5594547 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some studies have found positive associations between physical fitness and academic achievements. Pupils’ academic achievements should indicate scholastic abilities to commence a post-compulsory education. However, the effect magnitude of physical fitness and academic achievements on commencement in post-compulsory education is unknown. We examined the pathways between physical fitness and academic achievement on pupils’ commencement in post-compulsory education. Methods This historical cohort study followed 530 girls and 554 boys from the Danish municipality of Aalborg in the period 2008–2014, 13 to 15 years old in 2010. Physical fitness was assessed through a watt-max cycle ergometer test represented as VO2max (mL·kg−1·min−1). Academic achievement, commencement status and information on covariates were obtained from Danish nationwide registers. Causal inference based mediation analysis was used to investigate the indirect and direct pathways by separating the total effect of physical fitness on post-compulsory education commencement. Results Adjusting for sex, age, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, the overall mediation analysis showed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.87 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30; 2.73) for the total effect, corresponding to an increase in odds of post-compulsory education commencement when the physical fitness was increased by 10 units of VO2max. The separated total effect showed a natural direct OR of 1.36 (95% CI: 0.93; 1.98) and a natural indirect (i.e., through academic achievement) OR of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.20; 1.57). Thus, 51% (95% CI: 27%; 122%) of the effect of physical fitness on post-compulsory education commencement was mediated through academic achievement. Conclusion Physical fitness had a positive effect on post-compulsory education commencement. A substantial part of this effect was mediated through academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Porsborg Andersen
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12 Øst, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Liis Starkopf
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, København K, Denmark
| | - Maurizio Sessa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Rikke Nørmark Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vardinghus-Nielsen
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12 Øst, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bøggild
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12 Øst, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Theis Lange
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, København K, Denmark.,Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12 Øst, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
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Donnelly JE, Hillman CH, Castelli D, Etnier JL, Lee S, Tomporowski P, Lambourne K, Szabo-Reed AN. Physical Activity, Fitness, Cognitive Function, and Academic Achievement in Children: A Systematic Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1197-222. [PMID: 27182986 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship among physical activity (PA), fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children is receiving considerable attention. The utility of PA to improve cognition and academic achievement is promising but uncertain; thus, this position stand will provide clarity from the available science. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) among children age 5-13 yr, do PA and physical fitness influence cognition, learning, brain structure, and brain function? 2) Among children age 5-13 yr, do PA, physical education (PE), and sports programs influence standardized achievement test performance and concentration/attention? STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA This study used primary source articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals. Articles that presented data on, PA, fitness, or PE/sport participation and cognition, learning, brain function/structure, academic achievement, or concentration/attention were included. DATA SOURCES Two separate searches were performed to identify studies that focused on 1) cognition, learning, brain structure, and brain function and 2) standardized achievement test performance and concentration/attention. PubMed, ERIC, PsychInfo, SportDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, and Embase were searched (January 1990-September 2014) for studies that met inclusion criteria. Sixty-four studies met inclusion criteria for the first search (cognition/learning/brain), and 73 studies met inclusion criteria for the second search (academic achievement/concentration). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Articles were grouped by study design as cross-sectional, longitudinal, acute, or intervention trials. Considerable heterogeneity existed for several important study parameters; therefore, results were synthesized and presented by study design. RESULTS A majority of the research supports the view that physical fitness, single bouts of PA, and PA interventions benefit children's cognitive functioning. Limited evidence was available concerning the effects of PA on learning, with only one cross-sectional study meeting the inclusion criteria. Evidence indicates that PA has a relationship to areas of the brain that support complex cognitive processes during laboratory tasks. Although favorable results have been obtained from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies related to academic achievement, the results obtained from controlled experiments evaluating the benefits of PA on academic performance are mixed, and additional, well-designed studies are needed. LIMITATIONS Limitations in evidence meeting inclusion criteria for this review include lack of randomized controlled trials, limited studies that are adequately powered, lack of information on participant characteristics, failure to blind for outcome measures, proximity of PA to measurement outcomes, and lack of accountability for known confounders. Therefore, many studies were ranked as high risk for bias because of multiple design limitations. CONCLUSIONS The present systematic review found evidence to suggest that there are positive associations among PA, fitness, cognition, and academic achievement. However, the findings are inconsistent, and the effects of numerous elements of PA on cognition remain to be explored, such as type, amount, frequency, and timing. Many questions remain regarding how to best incorporate PA within schools, such as activity breaks versus active lessons in relation to improved academic achievement. Regardless, the literature suggests no indication that increases in PA negatively affect cognition or academic achievement and PA is important for growth and development and general health. On the basis of the evidence available, the authors concluded that PA has a positive influence on cognition as well as brain structure and function; however, more research is necessary to determine mechanisms and long-term effect as well as strategies to translate laboratory findings to the school environment. Therefore, the evidence category rating is B. The literature suggests that PA and PE have a neutral effect on academic achievement. Thus, because of the limitations in the literature and the current information available, the evidence category rating for academic achievement is C.
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Schmidt M, Egger F, Benzing V, Jäger K, Conzelmann A, Roebers CM, Pesce C. Disentangling the relationship between children's motor ability, executive function and academic achievement. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182845. [PMID: 28817625 PMCID: PMC5560562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though positive relations between children's motor ability and their academic achievement are frequently reported, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Executive function has indeed been proposed, but hardly tested as a potential mediator. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the mediating role of executive function in the relationship between motor ability and academic achievement, also investigating the individual contribution of specific motor abilities to the hypothesized mediated linkage to academic achievement. At intervals of ten weeks, 236 children aged between 10 and 12 years were tested in terms of their motor ability (t1: cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, motor coordination), core executive functions (t2: updating, inhibition, shifting), and academic achievement (t3: mathematics, reading, spelling). Structural equation modelling revealed executive function to be a mediator in the relation between motor ability and academic achievement, represented by a significant indirect effect. In separate analyses, each of the three motor abilities were positively related to children's academic achievement. However, only in the case of children's motor coordination, the mediation by executive function accounted for a significance percentage of variance of academic achievement data. The results provide evidence in support of models that conceive executive function as a mechanism explaining the relationship that links children's physical activity-related outcomes to academic achievement and strengthen the advocacy for quality physical activity not merely focused on health-related physical fitness outcomes, but also on motor skill development and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Schmidt
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Egger
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Benzing
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Jäger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim Conzelmann
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University "Foro Italico" of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Mora‐Gonzalez J, Rodríguez‐López C, Cadenas‐Sanchez C, Herrador‐Colmenero M, Esteban‐Cornejo I, Huertas‐Delgado FJ, Ardoy DN, Ortega FB, Chillón P. Active commuting to school was inversely associated with academic achievement in primary but not secondary school students. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:334-340. [PMID: 27880022 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Physical activity has numerous benefits for children when it comes to academic achievements. This study determined whether active commuting - walking or cycling - to school, as a way of increasing total physical activity levels, was associated with academic achievements in students aged seven to 18 years. METHODS A total of 2138 students participated in the study, which took place in the 2012/2013 academic year in three Spanish cities. We used a self-reported questionnaire to assess how the students travelled to and from school and their final school grades. RESULTS We enrolled 489 primary schoolchildren and 1649 secondary schoolchildren, with similar numbers of boys and girls. The primary schoolchildren who travelled to school by motorbike, car or bus had better grades for all the selected school subjects (p ≤ 0.009) than those who walked or cycled. No significant associations were found for secondary schoolchildren, except for mathematics and their grade point averages. All models were adjusted for sex, age and school. CONCLUSION Active commuting to school was inversely associated with academic achievement in primary school students but not those at secondary school. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to further understand our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Mora‐Gonzalez
- PROFITH ‘PROmotingFITness and Health through physical activity’ Research Group Department of Physical Education and Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez‐López
- PROFITH ‘PROmotingFITness and Health through physical activity’ Research Group Department of Physical Education and Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas‐Sanchez
- PROFITH ‘PROmotingFITness and Health through physical activity’ Research Group Department of Physical Education and Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Manuel Herrador‐Colmenero
- PROFITH ‘PROmotingFITness and Health through physical activity’ Research Group Department of Physical Education and Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Irene Esteban‐Cornejo
- PROFITH ‘PROmotingFITness and Health through physical activity’ Research Group Department of Physical Education and Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Daniel N. Ardoy
- PROFITH ‘PROmotingFITness and Health through physical activity’ Research Group Department of Physical Education and Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
- Department of Educational Quality, Innovation and Attention to Diversity. Counselling of Education Culture and Universities Region of Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco B. Ortega
- PROFITH ‘PROmotingFITness and Health through physical activity’ Research Group Department of Physical Education and Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Palma Chillón
- PROFITH ‘PROmotingFITness and Health through physical activity’ Research Group Department of Physical Education and Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
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Santana CCA, Azevedo LB, Cattuzzo MT, Hill JO, Andrade LP, Prado WL. Physical fitness and academic performance in youth: A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:579-603. [PMID: 27714852 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical fitness (PF) is a construct of health- and skill-related attributes which have been associated with academic performance (AP) in youth. This study aimed to review the scientific evidence on the association among components of PF and AP in children and adolescents. A systematic review of articles using databases PubMed/Medline, ERIC, LILACS, SciELO, and Web of Science was undertaken. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies examining the association between at least one component of PF and AP in children and adolescents, published between 1990 and June 2016, were included. Independent extraction of articles was carried out by the two authors using predefined data fields. From a total of 45 studies included, 25 report a positive association between components of PF with AP and 20 describe a single association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and AP. According to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines: 12 were classified as low, 32 as medium risk, and 1 as high risk of bias. Thirty-one studies reported a positive association between AP and CRF, six studies with muscular strength, three studies with flexibility, and seven studies reported a positive association between clustered of PF components and AP. The magnitude of the associations is weak to moderate (β = 0.10-0.42 and odds = 1.01-4.14). There is strong evidence for a positive association between CRF and cluster of PF with AP in cross-sectional studies; and evidence from longitudinal studies for a positive association between cluster of PF and AP; the relationship between muscular strength and flexibility with AP remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C A Santana
- Physical Education Post Graduate Program, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - L B Azevedo
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - M T Cattuzzo
- Physical Education Post Graduate Program, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - J O Hill
- University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - L P Andrade
- Physical Education Post Graduate Program, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - W L Prado
- Physical Education Post Graduate Program, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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Olivares PR, García-Rubio J. Associations between different components of fitness and fatness with academic performance in Chilean youths. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2560. [PMID: 27761345 PMCID: PMC5068445 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To analyze the associations between different components of fitness and fatness with academic performance, adjusting the analysis by sex, age, socio-economic status, region and school type in a Chilean sample. Methods Data of fitness, fatness and academic performance was obtained from the Chilean System for the Assessment of Educational Quality test for eighth grade in 2011 and includes a sample of 18,746 subjects (49% females). Partial correlations adjusted by confounders were done to explore association between fitness and fatness components, and between the academic scores. Three unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models were done in order to analyze the associations of variables. Results Fatness has a negative association with academic performance when Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist to Height Ratio (WHR) are assessed independently. When BMI and WHR are assessed jointly and adjusted by cofounders, WHR is more associated with academic performance than BMI, and only the association of WHR is positive. For fitness components, strength was the variable most associated with the academic performance. Cardiorespiratory capacity was not associated with academic performance if fatness and other fitness components are included in the model. Conclusions Fitness and fatness are associated with academic performance. WHR and strength are more related with academic performance than BMI and cardiorespiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R Olivares
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile.,Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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