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Kádár S, Kennedy A, Lee S, Ruiz R, Farkas A, Tőzsér P, Csicsák D, Tóth G, Sinkó B, Borbás E. Bioequivalence prediction with small-scale biphasic dissolution and simultaneous dissolution-permeation apparatus-An aripiprazole case study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 198:106782. [PMID: 38697313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Both biphasic dissolution and simultaneous dissolution-permeation (D-P) systems have great potential to improve the in vitro-in vivo correlation compared to simple dissolution assays, but the assay conditions, and the evaluation methods still need to be refined in order to effectively use these apparatuses in drug development. Therefore, this comprehensive study aimed to compare the predictive accuracy of small-volume (16-20 mL) D-P system and small-volume (40-80 mL) biphasic dissolution apparatus in bioequivalence prediction of five aripiprazole (ARP) containing marketed drug products. Assay conditions, specifically dose dependence were studied to overcome the limitations of both small-scale systems. In case of biphasic dissolution the in vivo maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) prediction greatly improved with the dose reduction of ARP, while in case of the D-P setup the use of whole tablet gave just as accurate prediction as the scaled dose. With the dose reduction strategy both equipment was able to reach 100 % accuracy in bioequivalence prediction for Cmax ratio. In case of the in vivo area under the curve (AUC) prediction the predictive accuracy for the AUC ratio was not dependent on the dose, and both apparatus had a 100 % accuracy predicting bioequivalence based on AUC results. This paper presents for the first time that not only selected parameters of flux assays (like permeability, initial flux, AUC value) were used as an input parameter of a mechanistic model (gastrointestinal unified theory) to predict absorption rate but the whole in vitro flux profile was used. All fraction absorbed values estimated by Predictor Software fell within the ±15 % acceptance range during the comparison with the in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabina Kádár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrew Kennedy
- Pion Inc UK Ltd., Forest Row Business Park, Forest Row RH18 5DW, UK
| | - Samuel Lee
- Pion Inc UK Ltd., Forest Row Business Park, Forest Row RH18 5DW, UK
| | - Rebeca Ruiz
- Pion Inc UK Ltd., Forest Row Business Park, Forest Row RH18 5DW, UK
| | - Attila Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Tőzsér
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Csicsák
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, 9 Hőgyes Endre Street, Budapest 1092, Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, 9 Hőgyes Endre Street, Budapest 1092, Hungary
| | - Bálint Sinkó
- Pion Inc., 10 Cook Street, Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
| | - Enikő Borbás
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary.
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Yamamoto H, Sugano K. Drug Crystal Precipitation in Biorelevant Bicarbonate Buffer: A Well-Controlled Comparative Study with Phosphate Buffer. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2854-2864. [PMID: 38718215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether the precipitation profile of a drug in bicarbonate buffer (BCB) may differ from that in phosphate buffer (PPB) by a well-controlled comparative study. The precipitation profiles of structurally diverse poorly soluble drugs in BCB and PPB were evaluated by a pH-shift precipitation test or a solvent-shift precipitation test (seven weak acid drugs (pKa: 4.2 to 7.5), six weak base drugs (pKa: 4.8 to 8.4), one unionizable drug, and one zwitterionic drug). To focus on crystal precipitation processes, each ionizable drug was first completely dissolved in an HCl (pH 3.0) or NaOH (pH 11.0) aqueous solution (450 mL, 50 rpm, 37 °C). A 10-fold concentrated buffer solution (50 mL) was then added to shift the pH value to 6.5 to initiate precipitation (final volume: 500 mL, buffer capacity (β): 4.4 mM/ΔpH (BCB: 10 mM or PPB: 8 mM), ionic strength (I): 0.14 M (adjusted by NaCl)). The pH, β, and I values were set to be relevant to the physiology of the small intestine. For an unionizable drug, a solvent-shift method was used (1/100 dilution). To maintain the pH value of BCB, a floating lid was used to avoid the loss of CO2. The floating lid was applied also to PPB to precisely align the experimental conditions between BCB and PPB. The solid form of the precipitants was identified by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning microscopy. The precipitation of weak acids (pKa ≤ 5.1) and weak bases (pKa ≥ 7.3) was found to be slower in BCB than in PPB. In contrast, the precipitation profiles in BCB and PPB were similar for less ionizable or nonionizable drugs at pH 6.5. The final pH values of the bulk phase were pH 6.5 ± 0.1 after the precipitation tests in all cases. All precipitates were in their respective free forms. The precipitation of ionizable weak acids and bases was slower in BCB than in PPB. The surface pH of precipitating particles may have differed between BCB and PPB due to the slow hydration process of CO2 specific to BCB. Since BCB is a physiological buffer in the small intestine, it should be considered as an option for precipitation studies of ionizable weak acids and bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibiki Yamamoto
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Wu D, Liu J, Paragas EM, Yadav J, Aliwarga T, Heimbach T, Escotet-Espinoza MS. Assessing and mitigating pH-mediated DDI risks in drug development - formulation approaches and clinical considerations. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38700278 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2345632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
pH-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDI) is a prevalent DDI in drug development, especially for weak base compounds with highly pH-dependent solubility. FDA has released a guidance on the evaluation of pH-mediated DDI assessments using in vitro testing and clinical studies. Currently, there is no common practice of ways of testing across the academia and industry. The development of biopredictive method and physiologically-based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) approaches to assess acid-reducing agent (ARA)-DDI have been proven with accurate prediction and could decrease drug development burden, inform clinical design and potentially waive clinical studies. Formulation strategies and careful clinical design could help mitigate the pH-mediated DDI to avoid more clinical studies and label restrictions, ultimately benefiting the patient. In this review paper, a detailed introduction on biorelevant dissolution testing, preclinical and clinical study requirement and PBPK modeling approaches to assess ARA-DDI are described. An improved decision tree for pH-mediated DDI is proposed. Potential mitigations including clinical or formulation strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Aliwarga
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
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4
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Cabañero-Resta GJ, Sánchez-Dengra B, Ruiz-Picazo A, Bermejo M, Merino V, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Gonzalez-Alvarez M. Pharmaceutical Compounding in Veterinary Medicine: Suspension of Itraconazole. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:576. [PMID: 38794238 PMCID: PMC11125331 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Itraconazole is a drug used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of different varieties of dermatophytosis at doses between 3-5 mg/kg/day in cats. Nevertheless, in Spain, it is only available in the market as a 52 mL suspension at 10 mg/mL. The lack of alternative formulations, which provide sufficient formulation to cover the treatment of large animals or allow the treatment of a group of them, can be overcome with compounding. For this purpose, it has to be considered that itraconazole is a weak base, class II compound, according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, that can precipitate when reaching the duodenum. The aim of this work is to develop alternative oral formulations of itraconazole for the treatment of dermatophytosis. Several oral compounds of itraconazole were prepared and compared, in terms of dissolution rate, permeability, and stability, in order to provide alternatives to the medicine commercialized. The most promising formulation contained hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and β-cyclodextrin. This combination of excipients was capable of dissolving the same concentration as the reference product and delaying the precipitation of itraconazole upon leaving the stomach. Moreover, the intestinal permeability of itraconazole was increased more than two-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema J. Cabañero-Resta
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Vicente Andrés Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (G.J.C.-R.); (V.M.)
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bárbara Sánchez-Dengra
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (B.S.-D.); (A.R.-P.); (M.B.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (B.S.-D.); (A.R.-P.); (M.B.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (B.S.-D.); (A.R.-P.); (M.B.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Virginia Merino
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Vicente Andrés Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (G.J.C.-R.); (V.M.)
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (B.S.-D.); (A.R.-P.); (M.B.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (B.S.-D.); (A.R.-P.); (M.B.); (M.G.-A.)
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Djuris J, Cvijic S, Djekic L. Model-Informed Drug Development: In Silico Assessment of Drug Bioperformance following Oral and Percutaneous Administration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:177. [PMID: 38399392 PMCID: PMC10892858 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has faced significant changes in recent years, primarily influenced by regulatory standards, market competition, and the need to accelerate drug development. Model-informed drug development (MIDD) leverages quantitative computational models to facilitate decision-making processes. This approach sheds light on the complex interplay between the influence of a drug's performance and the resulting clinical outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to explain the mechanisms that control the dissolution and/or release of drugs and their subsequent permeation through biological membranes. Furthermore, the importance of simulating these processes through a variety of in silico models is emphasized. Advanced compartmental absorption models provide an analytical framework to understand the kinetics of transit, dissolution, and absorption associated with orally administered drugs. In contrast, for topical and transdermal drug delivery systems, the prediction of drug permeation is predominantly based on quantitative structure-permeation relationships and molecular dynamics simulations. This review describes a variety of modeling strategies, ranging from mechanistic to empirical equations, and highlights the growing importance of state-of-the-art tools such as artificial intelligence, as well as advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djuris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.C.); (L.D.)
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Moens F, Larsson A, De Blaiser A, Vandevijver G, Spreafico F, Nicolas JM, Lacombe L, Segregur D, Flanagan T, Berben P. Contribution of the Dynamic Intestinal Absorption Model (Diamod) to the Development of a Patient-Centric Drug Formulation. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6197-6212. [PMID: 37955627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Compound X is a weak basic drug targeting the early stages of Parkinson's disease, for which a theoretical risk assessment has indicated that elevated gastric pH conditions could potentially result in reduced plasma concentrations. Different in vitro dissolution methodologies varying in level of complexity and a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) absorption model demonstrated that the dissolution, solubility, and intestinal absorption of compound X was indeed reduced under elevated gastric pH conditions. These observations were confirmed in a crossover pharmacokinetic study in Beagle dogs. As a result, the development of a formulation resulting in robust performance that is not sensitive to the exposed gastric pH levels is of crucial importance. The dynamic intestinal absorption MODel (Diamod), an advanced in vitro gastrointestinal transfer tool that allows to study the gastrointestinal dissolution and interconnected permeation of drugs, was selected as an in vitro tool for the formulation optimization activities given its promising predictive capacity and its capability to generate insights into the mechanisms driving formulation performance. Different pH-modifiers were screened for their potential to mitigate the pH-effect by decreasing the microenvironmental pH at the dissolution surface. Finally, an optimized formulation containing a clinically relevant dose of the drug and a functional amount of the selected pH-modifier was evaluated for its performance in the Diamod. This monolayer tablet formulation resulted in rapid gastric dissolution and supersaturation, inducing adequate intestinal supersaturation and permeation of compound X, irrespective of the gastric acidity level in the stomach. In conclusion, this study describes the holistic biopharmaceutics approach driving the development of a patient-centric formulation of compound X.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Larsson
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Marie Nicolas
- UCB Pharma SA, Early Solutions, Chemin du Foriest 1, 1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Lucie Lacombe
- UCB Pharma SA, Product Design & Performance, Chemin du Foriest 1, 1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Domagoj Segregur
- UCB Pharma SA, Product Design & Performance, Chemin du Foriest 1, 1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Talia Flanagan
- UCB Pharma SA, Product Design & Performance, Chemin du Foriest 1, 1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Philippe Berben
- UCB Pharma SA, Product Design & Performance, Chemin du Foriest 1, 1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
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7
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Krajcar D, Jereb R, Legen I, Opara J, Grabnar I. Predictive Potential of Acido-Basic Properties, Solubility and Food on Bioequivalence Study Outcome: Analysis of 128 Studies. Drugs R D 2023; 23:211-220. [PMID: 37300755 PMCID: PMC10439087 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-023-00426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Risk assessment related to bioequivalence study outcome is critical for effective planning from the early stage of drug product development. The objective of this research was to evaluate the associations between solubility and acido-basic parameters of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), study conditions and bioequivalence outcome. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 128 bioequivalence studies of immediate-release products with 26 different APIs. Bioequivalence study conditions and acido-basic/solubility characteristics of APIs were collected and their predictive potential on the study outcome was assessed using a set of univariate statistical analyses. RESULTS There was no difference in bioequivalence rate between fasting and fed conditions. The highest proportion of non-bioequivalent studies was for weak acids (10/19 cases, 53%) and neutral APIs (23/95 cases, 24%). Lower non-bioequivalence occurrence was observed for weak bases (1/15 cases, 7%) and amphoteric APIs (0/16 cases, 0%). The median dose numbers at pH 1.2 and pH 3 were higher and the most basic acid dissociation constant (pKa) was lower in the non-bioequivalent group of studies. Additionally, APIs with low calculated effective permeability (cPeff) or low calculated lipophilicity (clogP) had lower non-bioequivalence occurrence. Results of the subgroup analysis of studies under fasting conditions were similar as for the whole dataset. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that acido-basic properties of API should be considered in bioequivalence risk assessment and reveal which physico-chemical parameters are most relevant for the development of bioequivalence risk assessment tools for immediate-release products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Krajcar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Rebeka Jereb
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Legen
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Opara
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Grabnar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Reppas C, Kuentz M, Bauer-Brandl A, Carlert S, Dallmann A, Dietrich S, Dressman J, Ejskjaer L, Frechen S, Guidetti M, Holm R, Holzem FL, Karlsson Ε, Kostewicz E, Panbachi S, Paulus F, Senniksen MB, Stillhart C, Turner DB, Vertzoni M, Vrenken P, Zöller L, Griffin BT, O'Dwyer PJ. Leveraging the use of in vitro and computational methods to support the development of enabling oral drug products: An InPharma commentary. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106505. [PMID: 37343604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the strong tendency towards poorly soluble drugs in modern development pipelines, enabling drug formulations such as amorphous solid dispersions, cyclodextrins, co-crystals and lipid-based formulations are frequently applied to solubilize or generate supersaturation in gastrointestinal fluids, thus enhancing oral drug absorption. Although many innovative in vitro and in silico tools have been introduced in recent years to aid development of enabling formulations, significant knowledge gaps still exist with respect to how best to implement them. As a result, the development strategy for enabling formulations varies considerably within the industry and many elements of empiricism remain. The InPharma network aims to advance a mechanistic, animal-free approach to the assessment of drug developability. This commentary focuses current status and next steps that will be taken in InPharma to identify and fully utilize 'best practice' in vitro and in silico tools for use in physiologically based biopharmaceutic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | | | - André Dallmann
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Shirin Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lotte Ejskjaer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Frechen
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Solvias AG, Department for Solid-State Development, Römerpark 2, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Edmund Kostewicz
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shaida Panbachi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Felix Paulus
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Malte Bøgh Senniksen
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Vrenken
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Laurin Zöller
- AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden; Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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9
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Niederquell A, Stoyanov E, Kuentz M. Physiological Buffer Effects in Drug Supersaturation - A Mechanistic Study of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose as Precipitation Inhibitor. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1897-1907. [PMID: 36813134 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate buffer is predominantly used instead of the more physiological bicarbonate buffer, as the latter requires a technical solution of adequate gas mixing. Recent pioneering work on how bicarbonate buffer affected drug supersaturation revealed interesting effects that call for more mechanistic understanding. Therefore, this study used hydroxypropyl cellulose as a model precipitation inhibitor and real-time desupersaturation testing was conducted with the drugs bifonazole, ezetimibe, tolfenamic acid and triclabendazole. Specific buffer effects for the different compounds were noted and overall, statistical significance was found for the precipitation induction time (p = 0.0088). Interestingly, molecular dynamics simulation revealed a conformational effect of the polymer in the presence of the different buffer types. Subsequent molecular docking trials suggested a stronger interaction energy of drug and polymer in the presence of phosphate compared to bicarbonate buffer (p =0.0010). In conclusion, a better mechanistic understanding of how different buffers affect drug-polymer interactions regarding drug supersaturation was achieved. Further mechanisms may account for the overall buffer effects and additional research on drug supersaturation is certainly needed, but it can already be concluded that bicarbonate buffering should be used more often for in vitro testing in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Niederquell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Edmont Stoyanov
- Nisso Chemical Europe, Berliner Allee 42, 40212, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
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Niessen J, López Mármol Á, Ismail R, Schiele JT, Rau K, Wahl A, Sauer K, Heinzerling O, Breitkreutz J, Koziolek M. Application of biorelevant in vitro assays for the assessment and optimization of ASD-based formulations for pediatric patients. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 185:13-27. [PMID: 36813089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) have been a successful formulation strategy to overcome the poor aqueous solubility of many novel drugs, but the development of pediatric formulations presents a special challenge due to variable gastrointestinal conditions in children. It was the aim of this work to design and apply a staged biopharmaceutical test protocol for the in vitro assessment of ASD-based pediatric formulations. Ritonavir was used as a model drug with poor aqueous solubility. Based on the commercial ASD powder formulation, a mini-tablet and a conventional tablet formulation were prepared. Drug release from the three formulations was studied in different biorelevant in vitro assays (i.e. MicroDiss, two-stage, transfer model, tiny-TIM) to consider different aspects of human GI physiology. Data from the two-stage and transfer model tests indicated that by controlled disintegration and dissolution excessive primary precipitation can be prevented. However, this advantage of the mini-tablet and tablet formulation did not translate into better performance in tiny-TIM. Here, the in vitro bioaccessibility was comparable for all three formulations. In the future, the staged biopharmaceutical action plan established herein will support the development of ASD-based pediatric formulations by improving the mechanistic understanding so that formulations are developed for which drug release is robust against variable physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Niessen
- Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Álvaro López Mármol
- Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ruba Ismail
- Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Julia T Schiele
- Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karola Rau
- Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea Wahl
- Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Sauer
- Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Oliver Heinzerling
- Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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11
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Shah H, Shah K, Gajera B, Dave RH, Taft DR. Developing a Formulation Strategy Coupled with PBPK Modeling and Simulation for the Weakly Basic Drug Albendazole. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041040. [PMID: 37111526 PMCID: PMC10145446 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ) is a weakly basic drug that undergoes extensive presystemic metabolism after oral administration and converts to its active form albendazole sulfoxide (ABZ_SO). The absorption of albendazole is limited by poor aqueous solubility, and dissolution is the rate-limiting step in the overall exposure of ABZ_SO. In this study, PBPK modeling was used to identify formulation-specific parameters that impact the oral bioavailability of ABZ_SO. In vitro experiments were carried out to determine pH solubility, precipitation kinetics, particle size distribution, and biorelevant solubility. A transfer experiment was conducted to determine the precipitation kinetics. A PBPK model for ABZ and ABZ_SO was developed using the Simcyp™ Simulator based on parameter estimates from in vitro experiments. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the impact of physiological parameters and formulation-related parameters on the systemic exposure of ABZ_SO. Model simulations predicted that increased gastric pH significantly reduced ABZ absorption and, subsequently, ABZ_SO systemic exposure. Reducing the particle size below 50 µm did not improve the bioavailability of ABZ. Modeling results illustrated that systemic exposure of ABZ_SO was enhanced by increasing solubility or supersaturation and decreasing the drug precipitation of ABZ at the intestinal pH level. These results were used to identify potential formulation strategies to enhance the oral bioavailability of ABZ_SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Shah
- Invagen, A Cipla Subsidiary, Hauppauge, NY 11788, USA
| | - Kushal Shah
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Rutesh H Dave
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - David R Taft
- Samuel J. and Joan B. Williamson Institute for Pharmacometrics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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12
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Kostantini C, Spilioti E, Bevernage J, Ceulemans J, Hansmann S, Hellemans K, Jede C, Kourentas A, Reggane M, Shah L, Wagner C, Reppas C, Vertzoni M. Usefulness of the BioGIT system in screening for differences in early exposure in the fasted state on an a priori basis. Int J Pharm 2023; 634:122670. [PMID: 36736968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to confirm the usefulness of BioGIT data in the evaluation of the impact of dose and/or formulation on early exposure after oral administration of immediate release or enabling products of low solubility active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with a glass of water in the fasted state. BioGIT experiments were performed with four APIs: Compound Α (tablet, three dose levels), Compound E (capsule PiC1, capsule PiC2 and tablet), fenofibrate (Lipidil® capsule and Lipidil 145 ONE® tablet) and Compound F (HP-β-CD aqueous solution and tablet). Based on mean plasma AUC0-60min values which became available after completion of the BioGIT experiments, mean BioGIT AUC0-50min values were useful for the evaluation of the impact of dose and/or formulation on early exposure. The log-transformed ratios of mean BioGIT AUC0-50min values for two doses and/or two formulations estimated in this study and in a recent study for two diclofenac potassium products (Cataflam® tablet and Voltfast® sachet, same dose) vs. the corresponding log-transformed ratios of mean plasma AUC0-60min values (n = 7 pairs of ratios), were included in a previously established correlation between log-transformed ratios of mean BioGIT AUC0-50min values and log-transformed ratios of plasma AUC0-60min values (n = 9 pairs of ratios). The correlation between log-transformed plasma AUC0-60min ratios vs. log-transformed BioGIT AUC0-50min ratios was confirmed (n = 16 pairs of ratios, R = 0.90). Compared with the previously established correlation the statistical characteristics were improved. Based on this study, the BioGIT system could be useful as a screening tool for assessing the impact of dose and/or formulation differences on early exposure, after administration of immediate release or enabling drug products of low solubility APIs with a glass of water in the fasted state, on an a priori basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kostantini
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Evanthia Spilioti
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | | | | | - Simone Hansmann
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christian Jede
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexandros Kourentas
- Dissolution & Biopharmaceutics, Analytical Research and Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maude Reggane
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lipa Shah
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
| | - Christian Wagner
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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13
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Pepin XJH, Hammarberg M, Mattinson A, Moir A. Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Model for Selumetinib Food Effect Investigation and Capsule Dissolution Safe Space - Part I: Adults. Pharm Res 2023; 40:387-403. [PMID: 36002614 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM) was developed to mechanistically investigate the effect of formulation and food on selumetinib pharmacokinetics. METHODS Selumetinib is presented as a hydrogen sulfate salt, and in vitro and in vivo data were used to verify the precipitation rate to apply to simulations. Dissolution profiles observed for capsules and granules were used to derive product-particle size distributions for model input. The PBBM incorporated gut efflux and first-pass gut metabolism, based on intravenous and oral pharmacokinetic data, alongside in vitro data for the main enzyme isoform and P-glycoprotein efflux. The PBBM was validated across eight clinical scenarios. RESULTS The quality-control dissolution method for selumetinib capsules was found to be clinically relevant through PBBM validation. A safe space for capsule dissolution was established using a virtual batch. The effect of food (low fat vs high fat) on capsules and granules was elucidated by the PBBM. For capsules, a lower amount was dissolved in the fed state due to a pH increase in the stomach followed by higher precipitation in the small intestine. First-pass gut extraction is higher for capsules in the fed state due to drug dilution in the stomach chyme and reduced concentration in the lumen. The enteric-coated granules dissolve more slowly than capsules after stomach emptying, attenuating the difference in first-pass gut extraction between prandial states. CONCLUSIONS The PBBM was instrumental in understanding and explaining the different behaviors of the selumetinib formulations. The model can be used to predict the impact of food in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier J H Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Maria Hammarberg
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Alexandra Mattinson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Andrea Moir
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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14
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Kaul L, Grundmann CE, Köll-Weber M, Löffler H, Weiz A, Zannettino ACW, Richter K, Süss R. A Thermosensitive, Chitosan-Based Hydrogel as Delivery System for Antibacterial Liposomes to Surgical Site Infections. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122841. [PMID: 36559332 PMCID: PMC9784289 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylaxis and the treatment of surgical site infections (SSIs) with antibiotics frequently fail due to the antibiotic resistance of bacteria and the ability of bacteria to reside in biofilms (i.e., bacterial clusters in a protective matrix). Therefore, alternative antibacterial treatments are required to combat biofilm infections. The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC-) and copper ions (Cu2+) exhibited antibiofilm activity against the staphylococci species associated with SSIs; however, the formation of a water-insoluble Cu(DDC)2 complex limits its application to SSIs. Here, we describe the development and antibiofilm activity of an injectable gel containing a liposomal formulation of Cu(DDC)2 and Cu2+ (lipogel). Lyophilized liposomes were incorporated into a mixture of chitosan (CS) and beta-glycerophosphate (βGP), and the thermosensitive gelling properties of CS-βGP and the lipogel were determined. The liposomes remained stable after lyophilization over six months at 4-6 °C and -20 °C. The sol-gel transition of the gel and lipogel occurred between 33 and 39 °C, independently of sterilization or storage at -20 °C. CS-βGP is biocompatible and the liposomes were released over time. The lipogel prevented biofilm formation over 2 days and killed 98.7% of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 99.9% of the Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Therefore, the lipogel is a promising new prophylaxis and treatment strategy for local application to SSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Kaul
- Richter Lab, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, 37 Woodville Rd., Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Clara E. Grundmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monika Köll-Weber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Löffler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Artur Weiz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrew C. W. Zannettino
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, 1 Port Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Katharina Richter
- Richter Lab, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, 37 Woodville Rd., Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, North Terrace Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Regine Süss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Statelova M, Vertzoni M, Kourentas A. Simulation of Intraluminal Performance of Lipophilic Weak Bases in Fasted Healthy Adults Using DDDPlusTM. AAPS J 2022; 24:89. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Haznar-Garbacz D, Hoc D, Garbacz G, Lachman M, Słomińska D, Romański M. Dissolution of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II Free Acid from Immediate Release Tablets Containing a Microenvironmental pH Modulator: Comparison of a Biorelevant Bicarbonate Buffering System with Phosphate Buffers. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:203. [PMID: 35882674 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor water dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) limits the rate of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Increasing the pH of a solid form microenvironment can enhance the dissolution of weakly acidic drugs, but data on this phenomenon in a physiologically relevant bicarbonate media are lacking. In this paper, we examined the effect of a microenvironmental pH modulator (Na2HPO4) on the dissolution of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II free weak acid (ibuprofen) at biorelevant conditions, including an automatic bicarbonate buffering system, as well as in compendial (50 mM) and low-concentration (10 mM) phosphate buffers with no external pH control. The tablets of 200 mg ibuprofen with either Na2HPO4 (phosphate formulation, PF) or NaCl (reference formulation, RF) were manufactured using a compression method. In a pH 2 simulated gastric fluid, only PF produced a transient supersaturation of ibuprofen, dissolving a fourfold higher drug amount than RF. In a bicarbonate-buffered simulated intestinal fluid with a dynamically controlled pH (5.7, 7.2, and 5.8 to 7.7 gradient), PF dissolved more drug within 30 min than RF (p ≤ 0.019). Of note, the use of a 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2 provided opposite results-RF dissolved the API much faster than PF. Moreover, 10 mM phosphate buffers of pH 5.6 and 7.2 could neither maintain a constant pH nor mimic the bicarbonate buffer performance. In conclusion, the use of a bicarbonate-buffered intestinal fluid, instead of phosphate buffers, may be essential in dissolution tests of BCS class II drugs combined with pH modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Haznar-Garbacz
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska St., 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dagmara Hoc
- Physiolution Polska, 74 Piłsudskiego St., 50-020, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Garbacz
- Physiolution GmbH, 49a Walther-Rathenau-Straße, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Lachman
- Budenheim KG, 27 Rheinstraße, 55257, Budenheim, Germany
| | - Daria Słomińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Romański
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
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17
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Luo L, Thakral NK, Schwabe R, Li L, Chen S. Using Tiny-TIM Dissolution and In Silico Simulation to Accelerate Oral Product Development of a BCS Class II Compound. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:185. [PMID: 35778639 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Though oral drug delivery is the most preferred route of administration, there is high drug pharmacokinetic variability associated with the oral route. Change in drug substance particle size distribution, formulation composition, or manufacturing process may impact the dissolution and, hence, the systemic drug absorption in biopharmaceutics classification system class II compounds. In the present research, using a Boehringer Ingelheim investigational drug substance as the model compound, the tiny-TIM in vitro data and in silico pharmacokinetic model were used to establish in vitro-in vivo correlation and to predict the oral bioavailability. The level C in vitro-in vivo correlation between in vivo AUC and in vitro amount dissolved in both fasted and fed states could be established. Furthermore, level A in vitro-in vivo correlation was established between in vivo fraction absorbed and bioaccessibility from tiny-TIM dissolution in both fasted and fed states. Prediction of positive food effect from tiny-TIM dissolution was consistent with conclusion from clinical studies. Such predictive models developed using the minimum clinical data and the in vitro tiny-TIM data have the potential to reduce the animal and human experiments and to expedite the overall drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibin Luo
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut, 06877, USA.
| | - Naveen K Thakral
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut, 06877, USA.
| | - Robert Schwabe
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut, 06877, USA
| | - Li Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut, 06877, USA.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Shirlynn Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut, 06877, USA
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18
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Characterizing the Physicochemical Properties of Two Weakly Basic Drugs and the Precipitates Obtained from Biorelevant Media. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020330. [PMID: 35214062 PMCID: PMC8879660 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, some weakly basic insoluble drugs will undergo precipitate and redissolution after emptying from the stomach to the small intestinal, resulting in the limited ability to predict the absorption characteristics of compounds in advance. Absorption is determined by the solubility and permeability of compounds, which are related to physicochemical properties, while knowledge about the absorption of redissolved precipitate is poorly documented. Considering that biorelevant media have been widely used to simulate gastrointestinal fluids, sufficient precipitates can be obtained in biorelevant media in vitro. Herein, the purpose of this manuscript is to evaluate the physicochemical properties of precipitates obtained from biorelevant media and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), and then to explore the potential absorption difference between API and precipitates. Precipitates can be formed by the interaction between compounds and intestinal fluid contents, leading to changes in the crystal structure, melting point, and melting process. However, the newly formed crystals have some advantageous properties compared with the API, such as the improved dissolved rate and the increased intrinsic dissolution rate. Additionally, the permeability of some precipitates obtained from biorelevant media was different from API. Meanwhile, the permeability of rivaroxaban and Drug-A was decreased by 1.92-fold and 3.53-fold, respectively, when the experiments were performed in a biorelevant medium instead of a traditional medium. Therefore, the absorption of precipitate may differ from that of API, and the permeability assay in traditional medium may be overestimated. Based on the research results, it is crucial to understand the physicochemical properties of precipitates and API, which can be used as the departure point to improve the prediction performance of absorption.
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19
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Niederquell A, Stoyanov E, Kuentz M. Hydroxypropyl Cellulose for Drug Precipitation Inhibition: From the Potential of Molecular Interactions to Performance Considering Microrheology. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:690-703. [PMID: 35005970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been recent interest in using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) for supersaturating drug formulations. This study investigated the potential for molecular HPC interactions with the model drug celecoxib by integrating novel approaches in the field of drug supersaturation analysis. Following an initial polymer characterization study, quantum-chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were complemented with results of inverse gas chromatography and broadband diffusing wave spectroscopy. HPC performance was studied regarding drug solubilization and kinetics of desupersaturation using different grades (i.e., HPC-UL, SSL, SL, and L). The results suggested that the potential contribution of dispersive interactions and hydrogen bonding depended strongly on the absence or presence of the aqueous phase. It was proposed that aggregation of HPC polymer chains provided a complex heterogeneity of molecular environments with more or less excluded water for drug interaction. In precipitation experiments at a low aqueous polymer concentration (i.e., 0.01%, w/w), grades L and SL appeared to sustain drug supersaturation better than SSL and UL. However, UL was particularly effective in drug solubilization at pH 6.8. Thus, a better understanding of drug-polymer interactions is important for formulation development, and polymer blends may be used to harness the combined advantages of individual polymer grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Niederquell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Edmont Stoyanov
- Nisso Chemical, Europe, Berliner Allee 42, Düsseldorf 40212, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
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20
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Kádár S, Tőzsér P, Nagy B, Farkas A, Nagy ZK, Tsinman O, Tsinman K, Csicsák D, Völgyi G, Takács-Novák K, Borbás E, Sinkó B. Flux-Based Formulation Development-A Proof of Concept Study. AAPS J 2022; 24:22. [PMID: 34988721 PMCID: PMC8816521 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The work aimed to develop the Absorption Driven Drug Formulation (ADDF) concept, which is a new approach in formulation development to ensure that the drug product meets the expected absorption rate. The concept is built on the solubility-permeability interplay and the rate of supersaturation as the driving force of absorption. This paper presents the first case study using the ADDF concept where not only dissolution and solubility but also permeation of the drug is considered in every step of the formulation development. For that reason, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) was used for excipient selection, small volume dissolution-permeation apparatus was used for testing amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), and large volume dissolution-permeation tests were carried out to characterize the final dosage forms. The API-excipient interaction studies on PAMPA indicated differences when different fillers or surfactants were studied. These differences were then confirmed with small volume dissolution-permeation assays where the addition of Tween 80 to the ASDs decreased the flux dramatically. Also, the early indication of sorbitol’s advantage over mannitol by PAMPA has been confirmed in the investigation of the final dosage forms by large-scale dissolution-permeation tests. This difference between the fillers was observed in vivo as well. The presented case study demonstrated that the ADDF concept opens a new perspective in generic formulation development using fast and cost-effective flux-based screening methods in order to meet the bioequivalence criteria. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabina Kádár
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Petra Tőzsér
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Attila Farkas
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Zsombor K Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Oksana Tsinman
- Pion Inc., 10 Cook Street, Billerica, Massachusetts, 01821, USA
| | | | - Dóra Csicsák
- Semmelweis University, 9 Hőgyes Endre Street, Budapest, 1092, Hungary
| | - Gergely Völgyi
- Semmelweis University, 9 Hőgyes Endre Street, Budapest, 1092, Hungary
| | | | - Enikő Borbás
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem rkp, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Sinkó
- Pion Inc., 10 Cook Street, Billerica, Massachusetts, 01821, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Oral drug absorption modeling has developed at a rapid pace in the 40 years or so since the first ideas for mathematical approaches to oral absorption were introduced. The success of compartmental approaches accelerated the uptake of absorption modeling, and over the last 20 years, work on absorption modeling has shifted almost exclusively to the compartmental framework. This report describes a new noncompartmental absorption modeling framework, the Lilly Absorption Modeling Platform (LAMP). LAMP connects a well-mixed stomach to a continuous tube model of the small intestine with plug flow. Within the continuous tube framework, the model includes intestinal mixing and a novel highly tunable precipitation model that can describe a combination of rapid nucleation and slow growth. The framework is designed to balance speed, consistency, and ease of use with a minimum of model complexity to capture the essential features of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology and critical elements of the oral absorption process. The model was validated based on predictions of the fraction absorbed and the maximum absorbable dose for a set of Eli Lilly and Company clinical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Stamatis
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John P Rose
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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22
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Wilson CG, Aarons L, Augustijns P, Brouwers J, Darwich AS, De Waal T, Garbacz G, Hansmann S, Hoc D, Ivanova A, Koziolek M, Reppas C, Schick P, Vertzoni M, García-Horsman JA. Integration of advanced methods and models to study drug absorption and related processes: An UNGAP perspective. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 172:106100. [PMID: 34936937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This collection of contributions from the European Network on Understanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes (UNGAP) community assembly aims to provide information on some of the current and newer methods employed to study the behaviour of medicines. It is the product of interactions in the immediate pre-Covid period when UNGAP members were able to meet and set up workshops and to discuss progress across the disciplines. UNGAP activities are divided into work packages that cover special treatment populations, absorption processes in different regions of the gut, the development of advanced formulations and the integration of food and pharmaceutical scientists in the food-drug interface. This involves both new and established technical approaches in which we have attempted to define best practice and highlight areas where further research is needed. Over the last months we have been able to reflect on some of the key innovative approaches which we were tasked with mapping, including theoretical, in silico, in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo, preclinical and clinical approaches. This is the product of some of us in a snapshot of where UNGAP has travelled and what aspects of innovative technologies are important. It is not a comprehensive review of all methods used in research to study drug dissolution and absorption, but provides an ample panorama of current and advanced methods generally and potentially useful in this area. This collection starts from a consideration of advances in a priori approaches: an understanding of the molecular properties of the compound to predict biological characteristics relevant to absorption. The next four sections discuss a major activity in the UNGAP initiative, the pursuit of more representative conditions to study lumenal dissolution of drug formulations developed independently by academic teams. They are important because they illustrate examples of in vitro simulation systems that have begun to provide a useful understanding of formulation behaviour in the upper GI tract for industry. The Leuven team highlights the importance of the physiology of the digestive tract, as they describe the relevance of gastric and intestinal fluids on the behaviour of drugs along the tract. This provides the introduction to microdosing as an early tool to study drug disposition. Microdosing in oncology is starting to use gamma-emitting tracers, which provides a link through SPECT to the next section on nuclear medicine. The last two papers link the modelling approaches used by the pharmaceutical industry, in silico to Pop-PK linking to Darwich and Aarons, who provide discussion on pharmacometric modelling, completing the loop of molecule to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, U.K.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Formulation Sciences, Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Schick
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany
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Vertzoni M, Alsenz J, Augustijns P, Bauer-Brandl A, Bergström C, Brouwers J, Müllerz A, Perlovich G, Saal C, Sugano K, Reppas C. UNGAP best practice for improving solubility data quality of orally administered drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106043. [PMID: 34662708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action UNGAP (UNderstanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes, www.ungap.eu) is to improve standardization of methods relating to the study of oral drug absorption. Solubility is a general term that refers to the maximum achievable concentration of a compound dissolved in a liquid medium. For orally administered drugs, relevant information on drug properties is crucial during drug (product) development and at the regulatory level. Collection of reliable and reproducible solubility data requires careful application and understanding of the limitations of the selected experimental method. In addition, the purity of a compound and its solid state form, as well as experimental parameters such as temperature of experimentation, media related factors, and sample handling procedures can affect data quality. In this paper, an international consensus developed by the COST UNGAP network on recommendations for collecting high quality solubility data for the development of orally administered drugs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vertzoni
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece
| | - J Alsenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Augustijns
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Bauer-Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cas Bergström
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Brouwers
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Müllerz
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Perlovich
- The Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Solution Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - C Saal
- Merck KGaA, Analytics Healthcare, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Sugano
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - C Reppas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece.
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O'Dwyer PJ, Box KJ, Imanidis G, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. On the usefulness of four in vitro methods in assessing the intraluminal performance of poorly soluble, ionisable compounds in the fasted state. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106034. [PMID: 34628003 PMCID: PMC8665220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A small-scale two-stage biphasic system, a small-scale two-stage dissolution-permeation system, the Erweka mini-paddle apparatus, and the BioGIT system were evaluated for their usefulness in assessing the intraluminal performance of two low solubility drugs in the fasted state, one with weakly acidic properties (tested in a salt form, diclofenac potassium) and one with weakly alkaline properties [ritonavir, tested as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation]. In all in vitro methods, an immediate-release tablet and a powder formulation of diclofenac potassium were both rapidly dissolved in Level II biorelevant media simulating the conditions in the upper small intestine. Physiologically based biopharmaceutics (PBB) modelling for the tablet formulation resulted in a successful simulation of the average plasma profile in adults, whereas for the powder formulation modelling indicated that gastric emptying and transport through the intestinal epithelium limit the absorption rates. Detailed information on the behaviour of the ritonavir ASD formulation under both simulated gastric and upper small intestinal conditions were crucial for understanding the luminal performance. PBB modelling showed that the dissolution and precipitation parameters, estimated from the Erweka mini-paddle apparatus data and the small-scale two-stage biphasic system data, respectively, were necessary to adequately simulate the average plasma profile after administration of the ritonavir ASD formulation. Simulation of the gastrointestinal transfer process from the stomach to the small intestine was necessary to evaluate the effects of hypochlorhydric conditions on the luminal performance of the ritonavir ASD formulation. Based on this study, the selection of the appropriate in vitro method for evaluating the intraluminal performance of ionisable lipophilic drugs depends on the characteristics of the drug substance. The results suggest that for (salts of) acidic drugs (e.g., diclofenac potassium) it is only an issue of availability and ease of operation of the apparatus. For weakly alkaline substances (e.g., ritonavir), the results indicate that the dynamic dissolution process needs to be simulated, with the type of requested information (e.g., dissolution parameters, precipitation parameters, luminal concentrations) being key for selecting the most appropriate method. Regardless of the ionisation characteristics, early in the drug development process the use of small-scale systems may be inevitable, due to the limited quantities of drug substance available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Imanidis
- University of Applied Sciences Northwest. Switzerland. School of Life Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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Masada T, Takagi T, Minami K, Kataoka M, Izutsu KI, Matsui K, Yamashita S. Bioequivalence of Oral Drug Products in the Healthy and Special Populations: Assessment and Prediction Using a Newly Developed In Vitro System "BE Checker". Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081136. [PMID: 34452100 PMCID: PMC8398564 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess and predict the bioequivalence (BE) of oral drug products, a new in vitro system "BE checker" was developed, which reproduced the environmental changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by changing the pH, composition, and volume of the medium in a single chamber. The dissolution and membrane permeation profiles of drugs from marketed products were observed in the BE checker under various conditions reflecting the inter-patient variations of the GI physiology. As variable factors, initial gastric pH, gastric emptying time, and GI agitation strength were varied in vitro. Dipyridamole, a basic drug, showed rapid and supersaturated dissolution when the paddle speed in the donor chamber was 200 rpm, which corresponds to the high agitation strength in the stomach. In contrast, supersaturated dissolution disappeared, and the permeated amount decreased under the conditions with a slow paddle speed (100 and 50 rpm) and short gastric emptying time (10 min). In those conditions, disintegration of the formulation was delayed, and the subsequent dissolution of dipyridamole was not completed before the fluid pH was changed to neutral. Similar results were obtained when the initial gastric pH was increased to 3.0, 5.0, and 6.5. To investigate that those factors also affect the BE of oral drug products, dissolution and permeation of naftopidil from its ordinary and orally disintegrating (OD) tablets were observed in the BE checker. Both products showed the similar dissolution profiles when the paddle speed and gastric emptying time were set to 100 rpm and 10 or 20 min, respectively. However, at a low paddle speed (50 rpm), the dissolution of naftopidil from ordinary tablets was slower than that from the OD tablets, and the permeation profiles became dissimilar. These results indicated the possibility of the bioinequivalence of some oral formulations in special patients whose GI physiologies are different from those in the healthy subjects. The BE checker can be a highly capable in vitro tool to assess the BE of oral drug products in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Masada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Toshihide Takagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Keiko Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Ken-ichi Izutsu
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan;
| | - Kazuki Matsui
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Osaka 532-0003, Japan;
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-866-3125
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Wagner C, Kesisoglou F, Pepin XJH, Parrott N, Emami Riedmaier A. Use of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Predicting Drug-Food Interactions: Recommendations for Improving Predictive Performance of Low Confidence Food Effect Models. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:85. [PMID: 34142242 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Food can alter drug absorption and impact safety and efficacy. Besides conducting clinical studies, in vitro approaches such as biorelevant solubility and dissolution testing and in vivo dog studies are typical approaches to estimate a drug's food effect. The use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models has gained importance and is nowadays a standard tool for food effect predictions at preclinical and clinical stages in the pharmaceutical industry. This manuscript is part of a broader publication from the IQ Consortium's food effect physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) modeling working group and complements previous publications by focusing on cases where the food effect was predicted with low confidence. Pazopanib-HCl, trospium-Cl, and ziprasidone-HCl served as model compounds to provide insights into why several food effect predictions failed in the first instance. Furthermore, the manuscript depicts approaches whereby PBPK-based food effect predictions may be improved. These improvements should focus on the PBPK model functionality, especially better reflecting fasted- and fed-state gastric solubility, gastric re-acidification, and complex mechanisms related to gastric emptying of drugs. For improvement of in vitro methodologies, the focus should be on the development of more predictive solubility, supersaturation, and precipitation assays. With regards to the general PBPK modeling methodology, modelers should account for the full solubility profile when modeling ionizable compounds, including common ion effects, and apply a straightforward strategy to account for drug precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Xavier J H Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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Vinarov Z, Abrahamsson B, Artursson P, Batchelor H, Berben P, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Butler J, Ceulemans J, Davies N, Dupont D, Flaten GE, Fotaki N, Griffin BT, Jannin V, Keemink J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Kuentz M, Mackie A, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, McAllister M, Müllertz A, O'Driscoll CM, Parrott N, Paszkowska J, Pavek P, Porter CJH, Reppas C, Stillhart C, Sugano K, Toader E, Valentová K, Vertzoni M, De Wildt SN, Wilson CG, Augustijns P. Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:289-331. [PMID: 33610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine- l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Petr Pavek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Elena Toader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Saskia N De Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Thakral NK, Meister E, Jankovsky C, Li L, Schwabe R, Luo L, Chen S. Prediction of in vivo supersaturation and precipitation of poorly water-soluble drugs: Achievements and aspirations. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120505. [PMID: 33753162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on options available to a pharmaceutical scientist to predict in vivo supersaturation and precipitation of poorly water-soluble drugs. As no single device or system can simulate the complex gastrointestinal environment, a combination of appropriate in vitro tools may be utilized to get optimal predictive information. To address the empirical issues encountered during small-scale and full-scale in vitro predictive testing, theoretical background and relevant case studies are discussed. The practical considerations for selection of appropriate tools at various stages of drug development are recommended. Upcoming technologies that have potential to further reduce in vivo studies and expedite the drug development process are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Thakral
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States.
| | - Eva Meister
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Corinne Jankovsky
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Li Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States; Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Robert Schwabe
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Laibin Luo
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Shirlynn Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
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Takagi T, Masada T, Minami K, Kataoka M, Izutsu KI, Matsui K, Yamashita S. In Vitro Sensitivity Analysis of the Gastrointestinal Dissolution Profile of Weakly Basic Drugs in the Stomach-to-Intestine Fluid Changing System: Explanation for Variable Plasma Exposure after Oral Administration. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1711-1719. [PMID: 33629861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro methodology for simulating the change in the pH and composition of gastrointestinal fluid associated with the transition of orally administered drugs from the stomach to the small intestine was developed (the stomach-to-intestine fluid changing system (the SIFC system)). This system was applied to in vitro sensitivity analysis on the dissolution of weakly basic drugs, and the obtained results were discussed in relation to the intrasubject variability in the plasma exposure in human bioequivalence (BE) study. Three types of protocols were employed (steep pH change: pH 1.6 FaSSGF → pH 6.5 FaSSIF, gradual pH change: pH 1.6 FaSSGF → pH 6.5 FaSSIF, and high gastric pH: pH 4.0 FaSSGF → pH 6.5 FaSSIF). Regardless of the protocols and the forms of drug applied in active pharmaceutical ingredient powder or formulation, dissolution profiles of pioglitazone after fluid shift were similar and the final concentrations in FaSSIF were approximately equal to the saturation solubility in FaSSIF, supporting its small intrasubject variance in human BE study. In contrast, dissolved concentration of terbinafine in the SIFC system became less than half in the high gastric pH protocol than that in other protocols, suggesting the fluctuation of gastric pH as one of the factors of high intrasubject variance of terbinafine in human. Plasma exposure of telmisartan was highly variable especially at the high dose. Although the dissolution of telmisartan in the SIFC system was greatly improved by formulation, it considerably fluctuated during fluid shift especially at the high dose, which corresponds well to in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Takagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Takato Masada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Keiko Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Izutsu
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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O'Dwyer PJ, Box KJ, Dressman J, Griffin BT, Henze LJ, Litou C, Pentafragka C, Statelova M, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. Oral biopharmaceutics tools: recent progress from partnership through the Pharmaceutical Education and Research with Regulatory Links collaboration. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:437-446. [PMID: 33793836 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarise key contributions of the Pharmaceutical Education and Research with Regulatory Links (PEARRL) project (2016-2020) to the optimisation of existing and the development of new biopharmaceutics tools for evaluating the in vivo performance of oral drug products during the development of new drugs and at the regulatory level. KEY FINDINGS Optimised biopharmaceutics tools: Based on new clinical data, the composition of biorelevant media for simulating the fed state conditions in the stomach was simplified. Strategies on how to incorporate biorelevant in vitro data of bio-enabling drug products into physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling were proposed. Novel in vitro biopharmaceutics tools: Small-scale two-stage biphasic dissolution and dissolution-permeation setups were developed to facilitate understanding of the supersaturation effects and precipitation risks of orally administered drugs. A porcine fasted state simulated intestinal fluid was developed to improve predictions and interpretation of preclinical results using in vitro dissolution studies. Based on new clinical data, recommendations on the design of in vitro methodologies for evaluating the GI drug transfer process in the fed state were suggested. The optimized design of in vivo studies for investigating food effects: A food effect study protocol in the pig model was established which successfully predicted the food-dependent bioavailability of two model compounds. The effect of simulated infant fed state conditions in healthy adults on the oral absorption of model drugs was evaluated versus the fasted state and the fed state conditions, as defined by regulatory agencies for adults. Using PBPK modelling, the extrapolated fasted and infant fed conditions data appeared to be more useful to describe early drug exposure in infants, while extrapolation of data collected under fed state conditions, as defined by regulators for adults, failed to capture in vivo infant drug absorption. SUMMARY Substantial progress has been made in developing an advanced suite of biopharmaceutics tools for streamlining drug formulation screening and supporting regulatory applications. These advances in biopharmaceutics were achieved through networking opportunities and research collaborations provided under the H2020 funded PEARRL project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Laura J Henze
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chara Litou
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Pentafragka
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Marina Statelova
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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31
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Loisios-Konstantinidis I, Dressman J. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling to Support Waivers of In Vivo Clinical Studies: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:1-17. [PMID: 33320002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling has been extensively applied to quantitatively translate in vitro data, predict the in vivo performance, and ultimately support waivers of in vivo clinical studies. In the area of biopharmaceutics and within the context of model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3), there is a rapidly growing interest in applying verified and validated mechanistic PBPK models to waive in vivo clinical studies. However, the regulatory acceptance of PBPK analyses for biopharmaceutics and oral drug absorption applications, which is also referred to variously as "PBPK absorption modeling" [Zhang et al. CPT: Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. 2017, 6, 492], "physiologically based absorption modeling", or "physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling" (PBBM), remains rather low [Kesisoglou et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 105, 2723] [Heimbach et al. AAPS J. 2019, 21, 29]. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology, in vitro biopharmaceutic and in silico tools, PBPK models for oral absorption often suffer from an incomplete understanding of the physiology, overparameterization, and insufficient model validation and/or platform verification, all of which can represent limitations to their translatability and predictive performance. The complex interactions of drug substances and (bioenabling) formulations with the highly dynamic and heterogeneous environment of the GI tract in different age, ethnic, and genetic groups as well as disease states have not been yet fully elucidated, and they deserve further research. Along with advancements in the understanding of GI physiology and refinement of current or development of fully mechanistic in silico tools, we strongly believe that harmonization, interdisciplinary interaction, and enhancement of the translational link between in vitro, in silico, and in vivo will determine the future of PBBM. This Perspective provides an overview of the current status of PBBM, reflects on challenges and knowledge gaps, and discusses future opportunities around PBPK/PD models for oral absorption of small and large molecules to waive in vivo clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Medicine (ITMP), Carl-von-Noorden Platz 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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Mudie DM, Stewart AM, Biswas N, Brodeur TJ, Shepard KB, Smith A, Morgen MM, Baumann JM, Vodak DT. Novel High-Drug-Loaded Amorphous Dispersion Tablets of Posaconazole; In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4463-4472. [PMID: 32835489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) can increase the bioavailability of drugs with poor aqueous solubility. However, concentration-sustaining dispersion polymers (CSPs) incorporated in ASDs can result in low drug loading and, therefore, a large dosage-form size or multiple units to meet dose requirements, potentially decreasing patient compliance. To address this challenge, a high-loaded dosage-form (HLDF) architecture for ASDs was developed, in which a drug is first spray-dried with a high glass-transition temperature (Tg) dispersion polymer to facilitate high drug loading while maintaining physical stability. The ASD is then granulated with a CSP designed to extend supersaturation in solution. The HLDF differs from traditional ASD architectures in which the dispersion polymer inside the ASD acts as the CSP. By strategically combining two different polymers, one "inside" and one "outside" the ASD, solubilization performance, physical stability, and overall drug loading are maximized. This study demonstrates in vivo performance of the HLDF architecture using posaconazole as a model drug. Two sizes of HLDF tablets were tested in beagle dogs, along with traditional ASD architecture (benchmark) tablets, ASD tablets without a CSP, and a commercial crystalline oral suspension (Noxafil OS). HLDF tablets performed equivalently to the benchmark tablets, the smaller HLDF tablet being 40% smaller (by mass) than the benchmark tablet. The HLDF tablets doubled the blood plasma AUC relative to Noxafil OS. In line with the in vivo outcome, in vitro results in a multicompartment dissolution apparatus demonstrated similar area under the curve (AUC) values in the intestinal compartment for ASD tablets. However, the in vitro data underpredicted the relative in vivo AUC of Noxafil OS compared to the ASD tablets. This study demonstrated that the HLDF approach can increase drug loadings while achieving good performance for ASD drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Mudie
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | | | - Nishant Biswas
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | | | | | - Adam Smith
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | | | - John M Baumann
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - David T Vodak
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
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Pepin XJH, Parrott N, Dressman J, Delvadia P, Mitra A, Zhang X, Babiskin A, Kolhatkar V, Suarez-Sharp S. Current State and Future Expectations of Translational Modeling Strategies to Support Drug Product Development, Manufacturing Changes and Controls: A Workshop Summary Report. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:555-566. [PMID: 32380182 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of clinically relevant drug product specifications (CRDPS) depends on establishing a link between in vitro performance and in vivo exposure. The scientific community, including regulatory agencies, relies on biopharmaceutics tools on the in vitro performance side, while to enable the link to in vivo exposure, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling offers much promise. However, when it comes to PBPK applications in support of CRDPS, otherwise called physiologically based biopharmaceutics models (PBBM), the tools are not yet at the desired level. Currently, it is not possible to integrate detailed variations in chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) attributes and parameters into these models in a way that can consistently predict their effect on local and systemic drug exposure. Specifically, to achieve the desired level, there is a need to advance the science and policy of PBBM. This manuscript summarizes the proceedings of a three-day workshop where the following themes were discussed: 1) Challenges in the development and implementation of in vitro biopredictive tools needed for successful mechanistic modeling; 2) Best practices in model development, verification and validation; and 3) Appropriate terminology (e.g., PBBM vs. PBPK models for biopharmaceutics applications) and applications of PBBM in support of drug product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier J H Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Poonam Delvadia
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Development, Sandoz Inc (A Novartis Division), Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Division of Pharmacometrics, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vidula Kolhatkar
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Suarez-Sharp
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Moseson DE, Parker AS, Beaudoin SP, Taylor LS. Amorphous solid dispersions containing residual crystallinity: Influence of seed properties and polymer adsorption on dissolution performance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 146:105276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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O’Dwyer PJ, Imanidis G, Box KJ, Reppas C. On the Usefulness of Two Small-Scale In Vitro Setups in the Evaluation of Luminal Precipitation of Lipophilic Weak Bases in Early Formulation Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030272. [PMID: 32188116 PMCID: PMC7151110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A small-scale biphasic dissolution setup and a small-scale dissolution-permeation (D-P) setup were evaluated for their usefulness in simulating the luminal precipitation of three lipophilic weak bases—dipyridamole, ketoconazole and itraconazole. The transition from the gastric to intestinal environment was incorporated into both experimental procedures. Emulsification during the biphasic dissolution experiments had a minimal impact on the data, when appropriate risk mitigation steps were incorporated. Precipitation parameters estimated from the in vitro data were inputted into the Simcyp® physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling software and simulated human plasma profiles were compared with previously published pharmacokinetic data. Average Cmax and AUC values estimated using experimentally derived precipitation parameters from the biphasic experiments deviated from corresponding published actual values less than values estimated using the default simulator parameters for precipitation. The slow rate of transport through the biomimetic membrane in the D-P setup limited its usefulness in forecasting the rates of in vivo precipitation used in the modelling of average plasma profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. O’Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK; (P.J.O.); (K.J.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR 157 84 Zografou, Greece
| | - Georgios Imanidis
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl J. Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK; (P.J.O.); (K.J.B.)
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR 157 84 Zografou, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-727-4678; Fax: +30-210-727-4027
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Li J, Bukhtiyarov Y, Spivey N, Force C, Hidalgo C, Huang Y, Owen AJ, Hidalgo IJ. In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of the Potential of Supersaturation to Enhance the Absorption of Poorly Soluble Basic Drugs. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jede C, Wagner C, Kubas H, Weigandt M, Weber C, Lecomte M, Badolo L, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. Improved Prediction of in Vivo Supersaturation and Precipitation of Poorly Soluble Weakly Basic Drugs Using a Biorelevant Bicarbonate Buffer in a Gastrointestinal Transfer Model. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3938-3947. [PMID: 31335153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of intestinal dissolution of poorly soluble drugs represents a key task during the development of both new drug candidates and drug products. The bicarbonate buffer is considered as the most biorelevant buffer for simulating intestinal conditions. However, because of its complex nature, being the volatility of CO2, it has only been rarely used in the past. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a biorelevant bicarbonate buffer on intestinal supersaturation and precipitation of poorly soluble drugs using a gastrointestinal (GI) transfer model. Therefore, the results of ketoconazole, pazopanib, and lapatinib transfer model experiments using FaSSIFbicarbonate were compared with the results obtained using standard FaSSIFphosphate. Additionally, the effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) as a precipitation inhibitor was investigated in both buffer systems and compared to rat pharmacokinetic (PK) studies with and without coadministration of HPMCAS as a precipitation inhibitor. While HPMCAS was found to be an effective precipitation inhibitor for all drugs in FaSSIFphosphate, the effect in FaSSIFbicarbonate was much less pronounced. The PK studies revealed that HPMCAS did not increase the exposure of any of the model compounds significantly, indicating that the transfer model employing bicarbonate-buffered FaSSIF has a better predictive power compared to the model using phosphate-buffered FaSSIF. Hence, the application of a bicarbonate buffer in a transfer model set-up represents a promising approach to increase the predictive power of this in vitrotool and to contribute to the development of drug substances and drug products in a more biorelevant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jede
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mirko Koziolek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
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Impact of regional differences along the gastrointestinal tract of healthy adults on oral drug absorption: An UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:153-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jede C, Wagner C, Kubas H, Weber C, Weigandt M, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. Automated small-scale in vitro transfer model as screening tool for the prediction of in vivo-dissolution and precipitation of poorly solubles. Int J Pharm 2019; 556:150-158. [PMID: 30553006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Precipitation testing, especially for weakly basic APIs, represents a key parameter in drug substance characterization during early development stages, where the amount of API available is limited. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to develop an automated small-scale in vitro transfer model to characterize the supersaturation and precipitation behavior of two poorly water-soluble drugs. Following automation and scale-down of the standard transfer model, the developed small-scale model was used to assess the impact of gastrointestinal variability, i.e. gastric pH, gastric emptying, and gastrointestinal fluid volumes, on supersaturation and precipitation of two weakly basic model compounds, ketoconazole and a new chemical entity from the research laboratories of Merck KGaA, MSC-A. The experiments revealed that variations in gastrointestinal parameters affected the in vitro behavior of ketoconazole, but not of MSC-A. Elevated gastric pH, as it can result from co-medication with acid-reducing drugs, resulted in lower degrees of supersaturation for both substances. This result is in agreement with the observation that the oral bioavailability of ketoconazole is lowered when proton pump inhibitors are co-administered. The small-scale transfer model presented herein represents a valuable in vitro tool to assess the risk of drug precipitation, additionally covering a broad range of gastrointestinal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jede
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Holger Kubas
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Project and Dossier Leadership, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Weigandt
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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