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Zhi T, Ma A, Liu X, Chen Z, Li S, Jia Y. Dietary Supplementation of Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9 Improves Broiler Growth and Immunity by Regulating Cecal Microbiota and Metabolites. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:949-963. [PMID: 37211578 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Brevibacillus laterosporus has been added as a direct-fed microbiota to chicken. Yet, few studies have reported the effects of B. laterosporus on broiler growth and gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of B. laterosporus S62-9 on growth performance, immunity, cecal microbiota, and metabolites in broilers. A total of 160 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into S62-9 and control groups, with or without 106 CFU/g B. laterosporus S62-9 supplementation, respectively. During the 42 days feeding, body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. Serum was collected for immunoglobulin determination, and cecal contents were taken for 16S rDNA analysis and metabolome at Day 42. Results indicated that the broilers in S62-9 group showed an increase in body weight of 7.2% and 5.19% improvement in feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. The B. laterosporus S62-9 supplementation promoted the maturation of immune organs and increased the concentration of serum immunoglobulins. Furthermore, the α-diversity of cecal microbiota was improved in the S62-9 group. B. laterosporus S62-9 supplementation increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria including Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus, while decreased the relative abundance of pathogens including Klebsiella and Pseudomonas. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that 53 differential metabolites between the two groups. The differential metabolites were enriched in 4 amino acid metabolic pathways, including arginine biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism. In summary, B. laterosporus S62-9 supplementation could improve the growth performance and immunity through the regulation of gut microbiota and metabolome in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxin Zhi
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijin Ma
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfei Liu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Chen
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Siting Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingmin Jia
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
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Li W, Zeng Z, Zhou D, Wang G, Wang Z, Li Y, Han Y, Qin M, Luo C, Feng S, Cao W. Effect of oral administration of microcin Y on growth performance, intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota of chicks challenged with Salmonella Pullorum. Vet Res 2024; 55:66. [PMID: 38778424 PMCID: PMC11112776 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The lasso peptide microcin Y (MccY) effectively inhibits various serotypes of Salmonella in vitro, but the antibacterial effect against S. Pullorum in poultry is still unclear. This study was the first to evaluate the safety and anti-S. Pullorum infection of MccY in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. The safety test showed that the body weight, IgA and IgM levels of serum, and cecal microbiota structure of 3 groups of chicks orally administrated with different doses of MccY (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg) for 14 days were not significantly different from those of the control group. Then, the chicks were randomized into 3 groups for the experiment of anti-S. Pullorum infection: (I) negative control group (NC), (II) S. Pullorum-challenged group (SP, 5 × 108 CFU/bird), (III) MccY-treated group (MccY, 20 mg/kg). The results indicated that compared to the SP group, treatment of MccY increased body weight and average daily gain (P < 0.05), reduced S. Pullorum burden in feces, liver, and cecum (P < 0.05), enhanced the thymus, and decreased the spleen and liver index (P < 0.05). Additionally, MccY increased the jejunal villus height, lowered the jejunal and ileal crypt depth (P < 0.05), and upregulated the expression of IL-4, IL-10, ZO-1 in the jejunum and ileum, as well as CLDN-1 in the jejunum (P < 0.05) compared to the SP group. Furthermore, MccY increased probiotic flora (Barnesiella, etc.), while decreasing (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of pathogenic flora (Escherichia and Salmonella, etc.) compared to the SP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guyao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zepeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changqi Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saixiang Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Weisheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Liu X, Cao G, Qiu K, Dong Y, Hu C. Lactobacillus plantarum Decreased Ammonia Emissions through Modulating Cecal Microbiotain Broilers Challenged with Ammonia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2739. [PMID: 37685002 PMCID: PMC10487022 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic supplementation has become a prominent method of decreasing ammonia emissions in poultry production. The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of Lactobacillus plantarum on ammonia emission, immune responses, antioxidant capacity, cecal microflora and short chain fatty acids, and serum metabolites in broilers challenged with ammonia. A total of 360 1-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into three treatment groups: birds fed with a basal diet (CON), a basal diet supplemented with ammonia (AN), and a basal diet supplemented with 2.5 × 108 CFU L. plantarum kg-1 and challenged with ammonia (LP). Data showed that L. plantarum supplementation decreased ammonia more than 30% from day 48, and significantly reduced the levels of serum urea nitrogen and ammonia, fecal urease, and ammonium nitrogen compared with those on CON. Compared with AN and CON treatments, LP administration increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of serum immunoglobulin Y (IgY), IgM, and IL-10, as well as the serum total-antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and GSH-Px, and decreased (p < 0.05) IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, birds supplemented with LP had higher (p < 0.05) cecal contents of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) than AN birds and had more butyrate than CON birds. Data from 16s high throughput sequencing showed that LP supplementation significantly increased (p < 0.05) the Shannon and Simpson indices of bird cecal microflora, and Alloprevotella dominated the LP birds. The function prediction of cecal microflora indicated that LP treatment significantly increased alanine aspartate and glutamate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, exosome, mismatch repair, homologous recombination, DNA repair and recombination proteins, and amino acid-related enzymes. The serum metabolome showed that LP supplementation significantly changed the aminoacyl-tRNA, pantothenate and acetyl-coenzyme A, arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; purine, beta-alanine, galactose, histidine, alanine, aspartate and glutamate, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate, pyruvate and thiamine metabolism, melanogenesis, and citrate cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Liu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Guangtian Cao
- College of Standardisation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (G.C.); (K.Q.); (Y.D.)
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaifan Qiu
- College of Standardisation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (G.C.); (K.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yingkun Dong
- College of Standardisation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (G.C.); (K.Q.); (Y.D.)
| | - Caihong Hu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kang X, Li XD, Luo CY, Xin WG, Zhou HY, Wang F, Lin LB. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lacticaseibacillus Chiayiensis AACE3 on Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Factors and Gut Microbiology in Nandan Yao Chicks. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1356. [PMID: 37760653 PMCID: PMC10525887 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing issue of antibiotic resistance has restrained the utilization of antibiotics as growth enhancers in the poultry industry. Probiotics are candidates for replacing antibiotics in the poultry industry. However, probiotics are strain-specific and their efficacy needs to be investigated before applying them. The aim of this study was to assess the positive effects of Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3 on the health and gut microbiota of Nandan Yao chicks. The results showed that compared with the blank control (NC) and aureomycin (PC) groups, L. chiayiensis AACE3 increased final body weight (BW), villus height and improved the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in chicken jejunal tissues. L. chiayiensis AACE3 also increased the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and T-AOC) and reduced hepatic oxidative damage (MDA). Furthermore, compared to NC, L. chiayiensis AACE3, the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes (i.e., α-amylase, lipase and trypsin) was increased. L. chiayiensis AACE3 upregulated the production of IgA and IgG and downregulated the production of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in chicken serum. Moreover, supplementation of L. chiayiensis AACE3 enhances the diversity of gut microbes. At the phylum level, the abundance of Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria decreased with L. chiayiensis AACE3 supplementation, while the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota and Bacteroidetes increased. At the genus level, there was an increase in the abundance of potential probiotics Akkermansia, Romboutsia, Subdoligranulum, and Lactobacillus. This study confirms that L. chiayiensis AACE3 is an excellent feed additive as an alternative to aureomycin and offers various advantages for the healthy growth of chickens during the brooding period by positively affecting their gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Kang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xin-Dong Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wei-Gang Xin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huan-Yu Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, China
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Payen C, Kerouanton A, Novoa J, Pazos F, Benito C, Denis M, Guyard M, Moreno FJ, Chemaly M. Effects of Major Families of Modulators on Performances and Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Poultry, Pigs and Ruminants: A Systematic Approach. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1464. [PMID: 37374967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth stimulators in the livestock industry, the use of microbiota modulators appears to be an alternative solution to improve animal performance. This review aims to describe the effect of different families of modulators on the gastrointestinal microbiota of poultry, pigs and ruminants and their consequences on host physiology. To this end, 65, 32 and 4 controlled trials or systematic reviews were selected from PubMed for poultry, pigs and ruminants, respectively. Microorganisms and their derivatives were the most studied modulator family in poultry, while in pigs, the micronutrient family was the most investigated. With only four controlled trials selected for ruminants, it was difficult to conclude on the modulators of interest for this species. For some modulators, most studies showed a beneficial effect on both the phenotype and the microbiota. This was the case for probiotics and plants in poultry and minerals and probiotics in pigs. These modulators seem to be a good way for improving animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Payen
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry, Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Annaëlle Kerouanton
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry, Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Jorge Novoa
- Computational Systems Biology Group, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Florencio Pazos
- Computational Systems Biology Group, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Benito
- Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento, INGENIO (CSIC and U. Politécnica de Valencia), Edificio 8E, Cam. de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Martine Denis
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry, Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Muriel Guyard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry, Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI (UAM + CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry, Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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A Multiomic Analysis of Chicken Serum Revealed the Modulation of Host Factors Due to Campylobacter jejuni Colonization and In-Water Supplementation of Eugenol Nanoemulsion. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040559. [PMID: 36830346 PMCID: PMC9951679 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen that causes campylobacteriosis globally, affecting ~95 million people worldwide. Most C. jejuni infections involve consuming and/or handling improperly cooked poultry meat. To better understand chicken host factors modulated by Campylobacter colonization, we explored a novel LCMS-based multiomic technology using three experimental groups: (1) negative control, (2) positive control, and (3) eugenol nanoemulsion (EGNE) treatment (supplemented with 0.125% EGNE in the water) of broiler chickens (n = 10 birds/group). Birds in groups two and three were challenged with C. jejuni on day 7, and serum samples were collected from all groups on day 14. Using this multiomic analysis, we identified 1216 analytes (275 compounds, seven inorganics, 407 lipids, and 527 proteins). The colonization of C. jejuni significantly upregulated CREG1, creatinine, and 3-[2-(3-Hydroxyphenyl) ethyl]-5-methoxyphenol and downregulated sphingosine, SP d18:1, high mobility group protein B3, phosphatidylcholines (PC) P-20:0_16:0, PC 11:0_26:1, and PC 13:0_26:2. We found that 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid significantly increased with the EGNE treatment when compared to the positive and negative controls. Additionally, the treatment increased several metabolites when compared to the negative controls. In conclusion, this study revealed several potential targets to control Campylobacter in broiler chickens.
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Cirilo E, Junior NR, Andrade T, Souza C, Kaufmann C, Kohler T, Datsch L, Vieira B, Junior J, Carvalho P, Eyng C, Nunes R. Effects of probiotics on blood metabolites, enterocytes, growth, and carcass characteristics of broilers challenged with Salmonella Serovar Heidelberg. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Probiotics-loaded nanoparticles attenuated colon inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in colitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5116. [PMID: 35332200 PMCID: PMC8948303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising therapy is needed for treating inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) to overcome current treatment that inefficient and associated with unnecessary health risks. Recently, the concept of incorporating natural products into nanocarriers has been intended as a promising therapy for treating IBD via modulating their stability and bioavailability. Thus, we aimed to explore the potential alleviating effects of dietary nano-supplement combined with bacillus strains (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; BANPs) in colitis model. Rats were orally gavaged by 5% DSS and the efficacy and mechanistic actions of BANPs were evaluated by assessing the severity of clinical signs and inflammatory and apoptosis response, histopathological and immunohistochemistry examination in colonic tissues. The severity of clinical signs was successfully alleviated and fecal Lcn-2 levels, an important colitic marker, were decreased in BANPs then free BA treated groups. In contrast, inflammatory markers overexpression IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, COX-2, and iNOS in the colitic group were reduced more prominently in BANPs treated group, unlike free BA. The amelioration of BANPs to colon injury was also correlated with oxidative stress suppression along with restoring total antioxidant capacity. Interestingly, BANPs treatment modulated apoptotic markers as proved by downregulation of cytochrome c, and caspase-3 and upregulation of Bcl-2 and Bax than free BA. The severity of the histopathological alterations in the colon was greatly reduced in BANPs than free BA groups. Remarkably, over-expression of ki67 and IL-6 in colonic tissues were suppressed in BANPs group. These findings together highlighted the beneficial efficacy of BANPs in IBD treatment which are evidenced by colonic inflammation alleviation. Taken together, these results recommend that BANPs is a promising agent that encourages its possible therapeutic role in colitis treatment.
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Zhang L, Ben Said L, Hervé N, Zirah S, Diarra MS, Fliss I. Effects of drinking water supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri, and a mixture of reuterin and microcin J25 on the growth performance, caecal microbiota and selected metabolites of broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:34. [PMID: 35246239 PMCID: PMC8897850 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the overuse of antibiotics in animal production has led to a selection of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that affect humans and animals as well. Scientists are therefore searching for novel natural alternatives to antibiotics. In this study Lactobacillus reuteri and a combination of reuterin and microcin J25 (RJ) were evaluated as promoters of growth and modulators of the cecal microbiota and metabolite profiles in broiler chickens. One-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed to 8 treatments: negative control (without antibiotic), positive control (bacitracin), three concentrations of RJ and three doses of L. reuteri plus glycerol. The birds (2176, 34 per pen, 8 pens per treatment) were reared for 35 d. Results The body weight of the bacitracin and 5 mmol/L reuterin combined with 0.08 μmol/L microcin J25 (10RJ) treatment group was significantly higher than that of the negative control group (P < 0.05). L. reuteri had no significant effect on broiler growth. MiSeq high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA showed clustering of cecal microbial operational taxonomic unit diversity according to treatment. The influence of bacitracin and 10RJ on bacterial community overall structure was similar. They promoted Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae, increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and decreased the abundance of Bacteroides and Alistipes, while the negative control condition favored Bacteroidaceae and Rikenellaceae. Furthermore, 10RJ increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acid in the cecum and changed the metabolome overall. Conclusions These overall suggest that 10RJ can promote a host-friendly gut environment by changing the cecal microbiome and metabolome. This combination of natural antimicrobial agents in the drinking water had a positive effect on broiler growth and may be suitable as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00683-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Zhang
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - Laila Ben Said
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Séverine Zirah
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Moussa Sory Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.
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Cao G, Yu Y, Wang H, Liu J, Zhang X, Yu Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, Yang C. Effects of Oral Administration of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus membranaceus) Leaf Flavonoids on the Antioxidant Capacity, Caecal Microbiota, and Serum Metabolome of Gallus gallus domesticus. Front Nutr 2022; 9:848532. [PMID: 35308272 PMCID: PMC8930276 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.848532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLFs) as novel dietary antioxidants has increased owing to their beneficial biological and pharmacological functions. This study assessed the in vivo effects of BLFs on antioxidant capacity, as well as caecal microbiota, serum metabolome, and health status. The Gallus gallus domesticus model and the oral administration approach were used with four treatment groups (basal diet, basal diet with 20 mg bacitracin/kg, basal diet with 50 mg BLF/kg, and basal diet with 250 mg BLF/kg). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis indicated that vitexin, fumaric acid, orientin, isoorientin, and p-coumaric acid were the predominant BLF components. From days 1 to 21, BLF increased the average daily gain and decreased the feed:gain of broilers. Moreover, BLF enhanced the serum antioxidant capacity and immune responses. Further, 16S rRNA sequencing showed that BLF modulated the caecal microbial community structure, which was dominated by Betaproteobacteriales, Erysipelatoclostridium, Parasutterella, Lewinella, Lactobacillus, and Candidatus Stoquefichus in BLF broilers. Among the 22 identified serum metabolites in BLF broilers, sphinganine, indole-3-acetaldehyde retinol, choline, 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid, and L-phenylalanine were recognised as biomarkers. In summary, BLFs appeared to modulate the caecal microbiome, alter the serum metabolome, and indirectly improve antioxidant capacity and health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtian Cao
- College of Standardisation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huixian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Anji, China
| | - Xiping Zhang
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Anji, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhanming Li
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Anji, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Caimei Yang,
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Du H, Yao W, Kulyar MFEA, Ding Y, Zhu H, Pan H, Li K, Bhutta ZA, Liu S, Li J. Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 Isolated from Tibetan Pigs on Probiotic Potential and Intestinal Microbes in Weaned Piglets. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0120521. [PMID: 35080439 PMCID: PMC8791190 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01205-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a nonpathogenic microorganism whose highly active amylase is widely isolated from soil and plants. TL106 is an isolate of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from cold- and disease-resistant Tibetan pigs in Linzhi, Tibet. Here, we report that TL106 not only could survive in acidic environments, high bile salt concentrations, and high-temperature conditions but also was resistant to antibiotics. It significantly improved the growth performance of weaned piglets, especially in the prevention of diarrhea. The crude fiber and crude ash digestibility in weaned piglets after TL106 administration was considerably higher than that in other groups. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing conveyed that TL106 stabilized gut microbiota that was disturbed by the weaning process with an increased level of Lachnospiraceae, Peptococcaceae.rc4_4, Erysipelotrichaceae.L7A_E11, and Mollicutes.RF39. Hence, this study proved that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 might be a candidate for antibiotics in Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire weaned piglets. IMPORTANCE Antibiotics are often used to promote animal growth and prevent diarrhea in weanling piglets. Nevertheless, intestinal pathogenic bacterial resistance and drug residues caused by antibiotic overuse are worthy of concern and demand an urgent solution. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 has been isolated from cold- and disease-resistant Tibetan pigs in Linzhi, Tibet. It significantly improved the growth performance, decreased diarrhea, increased the absorption of crude substances, and regulated the gut flora homeostasis in Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire weaned piglets. As an antibiotic candidate, TL106 perfectly displayed its probiotic potential and pollution-free properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Yangxiang co., LTD, Guigang City, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangyuan Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Yanmei Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaisen Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huachun Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kewei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Suozhu Liu
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet, People’s Republic China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet, People’s Republic China
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12
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Lee TT, Chou CH, Wang C, Lu HY, Yang WY. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed supplements improve growth performance and gut mucosal architecture with modulations on cecal microbiota in red-feathered native chickens. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:869-883. [PMID: 34991225 PMCID: PMC9066041 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of study was to investigate the effects of in-feed supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) on growth performance, gut integrity, and microbiota modulations in red-feathered native chickens (RFCs). Methods A total of 18,000 RFCs in a commercial farm were evenly assigned into two dietary treatments (control diet; 0.05% BA and 0.05% SC) by randomization and raised for 11 weeks in two separate houses. Fifty RFCs in each group were randomly selected and raised in the original house with the partition for performance evaluations at the age of 9 and 11 weeks. Six non-partitioned RFCs per group were randomly selected for analyses of intestinal architecture and 16S rRNA metagenomics. Results Feeding BA and SC increased the body weight and body weight gain, significantly at the age of 11 weeks (p<0.05). The villus height/crypt ratio in the small intestines and Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio were also notably increased (p<0.05). The supplementation did not disturb the microbial community structure but promote the featured microbial shifts characterized by the significant increments of Bernesiella, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Butyrucimonas, following remarkable decrements of Bacteroides, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Succinatimonas in RFCs with growth benefits. Besides, functional pathways of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, nucleotide excision repair, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) biosynthesis were significantly promoted (p<0.05). Conclusion In-feed supplementation of BA and SC enhanced the growth performance, improved mucosal architectures in small intestines, and modulated the cecal microbiota and metabolic pathways in RFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Tai Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.,Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chinling Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Hsuan-Ying Lu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
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13
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Oh JK, Vasquez R, Kim SH, Hwang IC, Song JH, Park JH, Kim IH, Kang DK. Multispecies probiotics alter fecal short-chain fatty acids and lactate levels in weaned pigs by modulating gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1142-1158. [PMID: 34796353 PMCID: PMC8564300 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolic products produced during the
microbial fermentation of non-digestible fibers and play an important role in
metabolic homeostasis and overall gut health. In this study, we investigated the
effects of supplementation with multispecies probiotics (MSPs) containing
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Limosilactobacillus
reuteri, and Levilactobacillus brevis on the gut
microbiota, and fecal SCFAs and lactate levels of weaned pigs. A total of 38
pigs weaned at 4 weeks of age were fed either a basal diet or a diet
supplemented with MSPs for 6 weeks. MSP administration significantly increased
the fecal concentrations of lactate (2.3-fold; p <
0.01), acetate (1.8-fold; p < 0.05), and formate
(1.4-fold; p < 0.05). Moreover, MSP supplementation
altered the gut microbiota of the pigs by significantly increasing the
population of potentially beneficial bacteria such as
Olsenella, Catonella,
Catenibacterium, Acidaminococcus, and
Ruminococcaceae. MSP supplementation also decreased the
abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia and
Chlamydia. The modulation of the gut microbiota was
observed to be strongly correlated with the changes in fecal SCFAs and lactate
levels. Furthermore, we found changes in the functional pathways present within
the gut, which supports our findings that MSP modulates the gut microbiota and
SCFAs levels in pigs. The results support the potential use of MSPs to improve
the gut health of animals by modulating SCFAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Kyoung Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Centre for Translational Microbiome Research (CTMR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Robie Vasquez
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In-Chan Hwang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Andersson DI, Bampidis V, Bengtsson‐Palme J, Bouchard D, Ferran A, Kouba M, López Puente S, López‐Alonso M, Nielsen SS, Pechová A, Petkova M, Girault S, Broglia A, Guerra B, Innocenti ML, Liébana E, López‐Gálvez G, Manini P, Stella P, Peixe L. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed.
Part 9: Polymyxins: colistin. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06861. [PMID: 34729089 PMCID: PMC8546797 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific concentrations of colistin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels of colistin in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials.
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15
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Darwish N, Shao J, Schreier LL, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Choice of 16S ribosomal RNA primers affects the microbiome analysis in chicken ceca. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11848. [PMID: 34088939 PMCID: PMC8178357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of applying different sets of 16S rRNA primers on bacterial composition, diversity, and predicted function in chicken ceca. Cecal contents from Ross 708 birds at 1, 3, and 5 weeks of age were collected for DNA isolation. Eight different primer pairs targeting different variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were employed. DNA sequences were analyzed using open-source platform QIIME2 and the Greengenes database. PICRUSt2 was used to determine the predicted function of bacterial communities. Changes in bacterial relative abundance due to 16S primers were determined by GLMs. The average PCR amplicon size ranged from 315 bp (V3) to 769 bp (V4–V6). Alpha- and beta-diversity, taxonomic composition, and predicted functions were significantly affected by the primer choice. Beta diversity analysis based on Unweighted UniFrac distance matrix showed separation of microbiota with four different clusters of bacterial communities. Based on the alpha- and beta-diversity and taxonomic composition, variable regions V1–V3(1) and (2), and V3–V4 and V3–V5 were in most consensus. Our data strongly suggest that selection of particular sets of the 16S rRNA primers can impact microbiota analysis and interpretation of results in chicken as was shown previously for humans and other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Darwish
- Agricultural Research Service, NEA, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-200, Rm. 100B, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.,Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Statistic Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jonathan Shao
- Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Statistic Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Lori L Schreier
- Agricultural Research Service, NEA, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-200, Rm. 100B, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- Agricultural Research Service, NEA, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-200, Rm. 100B, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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16
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Gharib-Naseri K, Dorigam JCP, Doranalli K, Morgan N, Swick RA, Choct M, Wu SB. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 improves performance and gut function in broilers fed different levels of protein and/or under necrotic enteritis challenge. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:185-197. [PMID: 33997347 PMCID: PMC8110864 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to investigate the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 (BA) as a probiotic on growth performance, amino acid digestibility and bacteria population in broiler chickens under a subclinical necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge and/or fed diets with different levels of crude protein (CP). Both studies consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 480 Ross 308 mix-sexed broiler chickens. In study 1, treatments included 1) NE challenge (+/-), and 2) BA (1.0 × 106 CFU/g of feed) supplementation (+/-). In study 2, all birds were under NE challenge, and treatments were 1) CP level (Standard/Reduced [2% less than standard]) and 2) BA (1.0 × 106 CFU/g of feed) supplementation (+/-). After inducing NE infection, blood samples were taken on d 16 for uric acid evaluation, and cecal samples were collected for bacterial enumeration. In both studies, ileal digesta was collected on d 35 for nutrient digestibility evaluation. In study 1, the NE challenge reduced body weight gain (BWG), supressed feed conversion ratio (FCR) and serum uric acid levels (P < 0.001). Supplementation of BA increased BWG (P < 0.001) and reduced FCR (P = 0.043) across dietary treatments, regardless of challenge. Bacillus (P = 0.030) and Ruminococcus (P = 0.029) genomic DNA copy numbers and concentration of butyrate (P = 0.017) were higher in birds fed the diets supplemented with BA. In study 2, reduced protein (RCP) diets decreased BWG (P = 0.010) and uric acid levels in serum (P < 0.001). Supplementation of BA improved BWG (P = 0.001) and FCR (P = 0.005) and increased Ruminococcus numbers (P = 0.018) and butyrate concentration (P = 0.033) in the ceca, regardless of dietary CP level. Further, addition of BA reduced Clostridium perfringens numbers only in birds fed with RCP diets (P = 0.039). At d 35, BA supplemented diets showed higher apparent ileal digestibility of cystine (P = 0.013), valine (P = 0.020), and lysine (P = 0.014). In conclusion, this study suggests positive effects of BA supplementation in broiler diets via modulating gut microflora and improving nutrient uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Gharib-Naseri
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Juliano C P Dorigam
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Kiran Doranalli
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Natalie Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Mingan Choct
- University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Zhang W, Xin H, Jiang N, Lv Z, Shu J, Shi H. Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens-9 as an Alternative Approach to Cure Diarrhea in Saanen Kids. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030592. [PMID: 33668259 PMCID: PMC7996169 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-9 (GBacillus-9), derived from the intestinal tract of the white-spotted bamboo shark, secretes a variety of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the role of GBacillus-9 in the prevention and treatment of Saanen kids with diarrhea was assessed. Six healthy kids (HL) and six kids with diarrhea (DL) were selected. All kids were fed with 0.3% (w/v) GBacillus-9 (spray power) in raw milk for two weeks. The proportion of kids with diarrhea decreased gradually as the trial progressed, and 100% DL kids were cured at day 15. GBacillus-9 increased the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-6 concentration (p < 0.05). The amplicon sequencing analysis of the fecal bacterial community revealed that the fecal microbiota was remarkably different between the HL and the DL groups at day 0. After two weeks of feeding with GBacillus-9, no significant difference in fecal microbiota was observed between HL and DL groups at the phylum level. GBacillus-9 restored the intestinal microbial disorder associated with serum immunoglobulin and interleukin concentration. Correlation analysis showed that GBacillus-9 altered globulin and interleukin concentration and that immunoglobulin was associated with Firmicutes. Collectively, our results revealed that GBacillus-9 improved the gut health of kids by improving microbial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.Z.); (H.X.); (N.J.); (Z.L.); (J.S.)
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Xin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.Z.); (H.X.); (N.J.); (Z.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Nannan Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.Z.); (H.X.); (N.J.); (Z.L.); (J.S.)
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.Z.); (H.X.); (N.J.); (Z.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.Z.); (H.X.); (N.J.); (Z.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Hengbo Shi
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88981341
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Park I, Zimmerman NP, Smith AH, Rehberger TG, Lillehoj EP, Lillehoj HS. Dietary Supplementation With Bacillus subtilis Direct-Fed Microbials Alters Chicken Intestinal Metabolite Levels. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:123. [PMID: 32195276 PMCID: PMC7064633 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) are dietary supplements containing live microorganisms which confer a performance and health benefit to the host, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, a metabolomics approach was used to identify changes in intestinal metabolite levels in chickens fed an unsupplemented diet or a diet supplemented with B. subtilis strain 1781 or strain 747. Body weight gains of chickens fed the B. subtilis-supplemented diets were increased up to 5.6% in the B. subtilis 1781 group and 7.6% in the B. subtilis 747 group compared with chickens fed the unsupplemented diet. Compared with unsupplemented controls, the levels of 83 metabolites were altered (p < 0.05) (25 increased, 58 decreased) in chickens given the B. subtilis 1781-supplemented diet, while 50 were altered (p < 0.05) (12 increased, 38 decreased) with the B. subtilis 747-supplemented diet. Twenty-two metabolites were altered (p < 0.05) (18 increased, 4 decreased) in the B. subtilis 1781 vs. B. subtilis 747 groups. A random forest analysis of the B. subtilis 1781 vs. control groups gave a predictive accuracy of 87.5%, while that of the B. subtilis 747 vs. control groups was 62.5%. A random forest analysis of the B. subtilis 1781 vs. B. subtilis 747 groups gave a predictive accuracy of 75.0%. Changes in the levels of these intestinal biochemicals provided a distinctive biochemical signature unique to each B. subtilis-supplemented group, and were characterized by alterations in the levels of dipeptides (alanylleucine, glutaminylleucine, phenylalanylalanine, valylglutamine), nucleosides (N1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, guanine, 2-deoxyguanosine), fatty acids (sebacate, valerylglycine, linoleoylcholine), and carbohydrates (fructose). These results provide the foundation for future studies to identify biochemicals that might be used to improve poultry growth performance in the absence of antibiotic growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Noah P. Zimmerman
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI, United States
| | | | | | - Erik. P. Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hyun S. Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Hyun S. Lillehoj
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Saksrithai K, Willits NH, King AJ. Production performance of laying hens at peak lay, sulfur compounds in manure, and selected serum profiles: efficacy of Lactobacillus species as probiotics. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ContextProbiotics have potential to improve health of laying hens, thus improving the overall quality of eggs. AimsA study was conducted to evaluate the use of probiotics containing Lactobacillus species to improve egg quality and serum biochemistry, and to lower the concentration of sulfur-containing gas compounds from poultry manure. MethodsNinety-six White Leghorn W-36 laying hens (32 weeks old) were randomly assigned to two feeding treatments: Control and Control + Probiotics. A combination of probiotics (Lactobacillus paracasei, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus totalling 1 × 1012 CFU/kg feed) was provided for 8 weeks. At Weeks 0, 4 and 8, eggs were analysed for weight, shell thickness, albumen height and Haugh unit. Faecal matter was analysed for total sulfur, sulfate-sulfur and 20 reduced sulfur compounds. Blood serum was analysed for amylase, calcium, phosphate, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Key resultsNo significant differences were observed between the two treatments for any of the parameters. Five sulfide gases were detected in manure: hydrogen sulfide (H2S), dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S, methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2). Ratios of various detectable gases were computed. Trends for ratios H2S:(CH3)2S, H2S:CS2, and H2S:COS from manure for both treatments were >1, whereas the ratios H2S:CH3SH and (CH3)2S:CH3SH were <1. ConclusionOverall, probiotics did not enhance production, egg quality or the serum profile. ImplicationsPossibly, the concentration of probiotics was too high, limiting bacterial colonisation and beneficial effects.
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Ekim B, Calik A, Ceylan A, Saçaklı P. Effects of Paenibacillus xylanexedens on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, intestinal microflora, and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Poult Sci 2020; 99:214-223. [PMID: 32416805 PMCID: PMC7587685 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary Paenibacillus xylanexedens ysm1 supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. A total of 320 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments (8 floor pens, 10 birds/pen) including 1) negative control (NC) birds fed a basal diet and not challenged with E. coli K88; 2) positive control (PC) birds fed a basal diet and challenged with of E. coli K88; 3) P. xylanexedens ysm1 treatment (PRO) birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1 × 109P. xylanexedens ysm1 cfu/kg feed and challenged with E. coli K88; and 4) antibiotic treatment (ANT) birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 20 mg of colistin sulphate/kg of feed and challenged with E. coli K88. The E. coli challenge decreased (P < 0.05) BWG in PC birds compared with the ANT birds on days 21 and 28. The FCR was higher (P < 0.01) in PC birds compared with the NC, PRO, and ANT birds on days 14, 21, and 28. Compared with the NC, PRO, and ANT birds on day 28, PC birds had shorter villi and higher number of goblet cells in both jejunum and ileum (P < 0.001). Irrespective of the dietary treatments, the E. coli challenge reduced the number of PCNA-positive cells in both the jejunum and ileum on day 28. Paenibacillus xylanexedens ysm1 treatment resulted in higher concentration of mucosal sIgA in the jejunum as compared to the other treatment groups on days 14 and 28. The numbers of cecal E. coli were reduced (P = 0.017) in broilers treated with P. xylanexedens ysm1 or antibiotic in comparison with the PC group on day 28. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of this new probiotic bacteria P. xylanexedens ysm1 improved broiler performance by modulating intestinal morphology, enhancing immune response, and reducing the number of E. coli in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Ekim
- Life Sciences Research and Application Centre, Gazi University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Calik
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ceylan
- Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Saçaklı
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
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Calik A, Omara II, White MB, Li W, Dalloul RA. Effects of Dietary Direct Fed Microbial Supplementation on Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens Challenged With Coccidiosis. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:463. [PMID: 31921920 PMCID: PMC6920127 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry coccidiosis is a costly intestinal disease that leads to considerable tissue damage, inefficient nutrient absorption, increased mortality, and predisposition to secondary infections. This study evaluated the effects of a direct feed microbial (DFM) dietary additive on performance, intestinal morphology, and immune response of broilers during a mixed coccidiosis challenge. In total, 840 Cobb500 male broilers were randomly allocated to 3 treatments (7 replicates, 40 birds/pen) including negative control (NC) fed basal diet; positive control (PC) fed basal diet with coccidiosis challenge; and DFM supplemented diet, with coccidiosis challenge. At 15 days of age, all birds except for the NC treatment were orally gavaged with live oocysts of a commercial vaccine. On d 21 (6 days post challenge), 4 birds/pen were randomly selected and euthanized for scoring of coccidia-caused lesions in the duodenum, jejunum, and ceca. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on d 7, 14, 28, and 42. Jejunal and ileal tissue samples were taken for histomorphological assessment from 2 birds/pen on d 21. Ileal samples were also taken for mRNA expression analysis on d 14 and d 21. The DFM birds had significantly greater BWG than PC birds during d 0–21 (P < 0.05). No differences were observed among the treatment groups in terms of FI and FCR. Dietary DFM supplementation significantly reduced lesion scores in the duodenum and jejunum when compared with PC group (P < 0.05). The coccidia challenge significantly reduced (P < 0.05) ileal villus height when compared to the non-challenged group on d 21. Conversely, dietary DFM supplementation alleviated the negative effects of coccidiosis by increasing ileal villus area on d 21 (P < 0.05). The challenged birds had significantly greater expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β in the ileum on d 21. Based on these findings, dietary DFM supplementation may help restore broiler performance during the starter and early grower periods during coccidiosis, likely by maintaining gut integrity via improving intestinal morphology and also by reducing disease severity as manifested by lower lesion scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Calik
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Islam I Omara
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mallory B White
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Wenting Li
- Animal Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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22
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Cao G, Tao F, Hu Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, Deng B, Zhan X. Positive effects of a Clostridium butyricum-based compound probiotic on growth performance, immune responses, intestinal morphology, hypothalamic neurotransmitters, and colonic microbiota in weaned piglets. Food Funct 2019; 10:2926-2934. [PMID: 31070611 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02370k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Weaning stress in piglets can lead to poor health outcomes and reduced production. We investigated the effects of probiotics, one potential antibiotic alternative, on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, mucosal immunity, hypothalamic neurotransmitters, and colonic microflora in weaned piglets. Thirty-six weaned piglets were fed a basal diet, a diet supplemented with colistin sulphate antibiotic, or a diet supplemented with probiotics including Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus subtilis, and B. licheniformis. Probiotics significantly increased the feed : gain ratio, improved the average day gain from day 1 to day 28, and decreased the diarrhoea index. Probiotics also lowered the serum concentrations of AST, ALT, and ALP on day 14 and lowered the serum concentration of ALT on day 28 compared with the control. Probiotic supplementation caused fewer ileal apoptotic cells. The serum and ileal concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β on day 28 were significantly lowered, and the serum concentrations of IL-6 were significantly lowered on days 14 and 28. Probiotic-fed piglets exhibited higher contents of hypothalamic serotonin and dopamine as well as serum γ-aminobutyric acid along with higher colonic concentrations of butyrate and valerate on day 28. High-throughput sequencing showed 972 core operational taxonomic units among all groups, of which 48 were unique to the probiotic-treated group. The relative abundance of genus Bacillus and species Bacillus velezensis was enriched in probiotic piglets; the phylogenetic investigation of communities by the reconstruction of unobserved states indicated that amino acid metabolism, DNA repair, replication and recombination proteins, and secretion systems were enriched with probiotics. In conclusion, the Clostridium butyricum-based probiotics improved growth performance, enhanced intestinal morphology, changed hypothalamic neurotransmitters and modulated colonic microflora in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtian Cao
- College of Standardisation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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23
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Cameron A, McAllister TA. Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets? Benef Microbes 2019; 10:773-799. [PMID: 31965849 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are most frequently derived from the natural microbiota of healthy animals. These bacteria and their metabolic products are viewed as nutritional tools for promoting animal health and productivity, disease prevention and therapy, and food safety in an era defined by increasingly widespread antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens. In contemporary livestock production, antimicrobial usage is indispensable for animal welfare, and employed to enhance growth and feed efficiency. Given the importance of antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine, their effective replacement with direct-fed microbials or probiotics could help reduce antimicrobial use, perhaps restoring or extending the usefulness of these precious drugs against serious infections. Thus, probiotic research in livestock is rapidly evolving, aspiring to produce local and systemic health benefits on par with antimicrobials. Although many studies have clearly demonstrated the potential of probiotics to positively affect animal health and inhibit pathogens, experimental evidence suggests that probiotics' successes are modest, conditional, strain-dependent, and transient. Here, we explore current understanding, trends, and emerging applications of probiotic research and usage in major livestock species, and highlight successes in animal health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cameron
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - T A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
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24
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Kimura 木村 啓太郎 K, Yokoyama 横山 智 S. Trends in the application of Bacillus in fermented foods. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 56:36-42. [PMID: 30227296 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus species such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens are widely used to produce fermented foods from soybeans and locust beans in Asian and West African countries, respectively. Genomic information for B. subtilis strains isolated from Asian Bacillus-fermented foods (BFFs) has been gathered, and the chemical components of fermented products were defined with metabolomic approaches, facilitating the development of new starter strains and the evaluation of health claims. On the other hand, although advanced studies have been performed for some commercially produced BFFs, home-manufactured products still remain to be characterized in rural areas. In West Africa, the microbial flora of BFFs was examined in detail, leading to the isolation of candidates of the starter that produced bacteriocin against Bacillus cereus contaminating the products. These studies may provide a choice of Bacillus strains in food application and increase opportunities for further usage of Bacillus in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitarou Kimura 木村 啓太郎
- Applied Microbiology Unit, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Institute (NFRI/NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yokoyama 横山 智
- Department of Geography, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
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25
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Cao G, Wang K, Li Z, Tao F, Xu Y, Lan J, Chen G, Yang C. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Improving Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in Mice Model. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3260. [PMID: 30671050 PMCID: PMC6331537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Bacillus strains exert beneficial effects on the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and host health. However, whether Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) can improve gut microbial dysbiosis and ameliorate colitis is unknown. Therefore, we conducted the present study to investigate the effects of BA administration on intestinal morphology, inflammatory response, and colonic microbial composition in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Results showed that BA administration significantly ameliorated body weight loss, decreased disease activity index, and improved colonic tissue morphology in DSS-treated mice. In addition, levels of immunoglobulins, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, were decreased after BA administration. Importantly, colonic microbiota profiling indicated a significant (p < 0.05) difference in beta-diversity between BA-administrated and DSS-treated mice, according to weighted principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) results. The relative abundance of the Firmicutes genus was increased, whereas that of Bacteroidetes was decreased by BA administration. Furthermore, phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis showed that the most significantly changed pathways between the four groups of mice were carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, our results showed that BA administration has beneficial effects on DSS-induced colitis, suggesting that this strategy might be useful for the treatment of dysbiosis during ulcerative colitis. Further, the changes in metabolism, especially amino acid metabolism, might contribute to the beneficial effects of BA on the amelioration of DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtian Cao
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhanming Li
- Department of Food Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Tao
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinglei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China
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