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İpçak HH, Denli M, Yokuş B, Bademkıran S. The Impact of Dietary Encapsulated Fennel Seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Essential Oil Inclusion Levels on Performance, Serum Hormone Profiles, and Expression of Reproductive Axis-Related Genes in the Early and Late Laying Phases of Hens. Vet Med Sci 2025; 11:e70150. [PMID: 39655356 PMCID: PMC11629027 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oil (FEO), which is rich in the phytoestrogenic compound trans-anethole, interacts with oestrogen receptors and influences molecular targets within cells and hormonal responses. This study examined the effect of dietary encapsulated FEO inclusion levels on performance, reproductive hormone profiles, and gene expression in laying hens during the early and late phases. The study was conducted in two independent trials, each involving 210 Atak-S laying hens that were randomly distributed into 3 experimental groups, each having 10 replicates with 7 hens. The dietary treatments included a basal diet without FEO (Control) and a basal diet supplemented with 175 (FEO175) or 350 mg (FEO350) of encapsulated FEO/kg for 12 weeks. The results showed that FEO350 treatment improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio during both early and late phases (p < 0.05). Moreover, increasing FEO inclusion levels enhanced oestradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and progesterone concentrations in both early and late laying hens, reaching peak levels at FEO350 (p < 0.05). FEO supplementation upregulated the expression of oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, FEO350 increased prolactin receptor (PRLR) expression during the early phase but decreased it during the late laying phase (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between egg production and FSHR, ESR2 and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) expression, with a negative correlation for PRLR (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 350 mg FEO/kg was found to be the most effective level for enhancing layer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Hüseyin İpçak
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureDicle UniversityDiyarbakırTurkey
| | - Muzaffer Denli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureDicle UniversityDiyarbakırTurkey
| | - Beran Yokuş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDicle UniversityDiyarbakırTurkey
| | - Servet Bademkıran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDicle UniversityDiyarbakirTurkey
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Fu Y, Song Y, Jiang D, Pan J, Li W, Zhang X, Chen W, Tian Y, Shen X, Huang Y. Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Revealed the Functional Differences in Pigeon Lactation between Male and Female during the Reproductive Cycle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:75. [PMID: 38200806 PMCID: PMC10778231 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a unique reproductive behavior in pigeons, with the crop serving as the organ responsible for secreting pigeon milk. Both male and female pigeons can produce crop milk and rear their offspring through a division of labor. Since the time of the secretion of pigeon crop milk is different in the process of feeding the young, whether the metabolism and formation of pigeon milk use the same mechanism is a very interesting scientific question. However, the metabolic dynamics and underlying genetic mechanisms involved in the formation of pigeon crop milk remain unclear, particularly during the incubation-feeding reproductive cycle. In this study, we integrated lactation-associated metabolism and transcriptome data from the crop tissues of both male and female pigeons during the brooding and feeding stages. We mapped the changes in metabolites related to milk formation in the crop tissues during these stages. Through metabolome profiling, we identified 1413 metabolites among 18 crop tissues. During the breeding cycles, the concentrations of estrone, L-ergothioneine, and L-histidine exhibited the most dynamic changes in females. In contrast, estrone, L-anserine, 1-methylhistidine, homovanillate, oxidized glutathione, and reducing glutathione showed the most dynamic changes in males. Gender-specific differences were observed in the metabolome, with several metabolites significantly differing between males and females, many of which were correlated with cytokine binding, immunity, and cytochrome P450 activity. Using this dataset, we constructed complex regulatory networks, enabling us to identify important metabolites and key genes involved in regulating the formation of pigeon milk in male and female pigeons, respectively. Additionally, we investigated gender-associated differences in the crop metabolites of pigeons. Our study revealed differences in the modulation of pigeon crop milk metabolism between males and females and shed light on the potential functions of male and female pigeon milk in the growth, development, and immunity of young pigeons, an area that has not been previously explored. In conclusion, our results provide new insights into the metabolic regulation of pigeon crop milk formation during the brooding and breeding stages. Furthermore, our findings lay the foundation for the accurate development of artificial pigeon milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yan Song
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jianqiu Pan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wanyan Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xumeng Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China; (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (D.J.); (J.P.); (W.L.); (X.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510225, China
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Zhang Y, Yang M, Zheng S, Zhang W, Huang W, Li Z, Gou Z, Wang Z, Gao H, Wang W, Liang Y, Huang Y, Peng J. Effects of granular feed on reproductive metabolism of breeding pigeons, intestinal development and microbiota of squab pigeons-A double-edged sword. Res Vet Sci 2023; 165:105051. [PMID: 37856946 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Pigeons like to eat raw grains, but meat pigeon enterprises often use compound feeds instead of raw grains to feed breeding pigeons to increase economic efficiency, which may change the pigeon's dietary behavior, and consequently lead to health and welfare problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of granular feeds on the health of high-yielding breeding pigeons and squabs in lactation. The results showed that, compared with raw grain group, the provision of granular feed resulted in lower total feed intake without affecting the weight of lactating breeding pigeons. Meanwhile, reproductive metabolism was improved and no oxidative stress was observed, which indicated that granular feeds had a positive effect on breeding pigeon's health. However, granular feed adversely affected jejunum development in squabs, compare wtih raw grain group, the growth rate of squab was reduced. Sequencing of the 16 s rRNA gene revealed that granular feed induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in the squabs. The use of granular feed reduced the relative abundance of gut microorganisms in functional categories related to lipid and energy metabolism, resulting in a decrease in the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Ligilactobacillus, Atopobium, and an increase in that of inflammation-related Limosilactobacillus, which likely inhibited squab intestinal development and growth. Although the use of granular feed can improve breeder metabolism, it affect the composition of the microbial community and gut development of squabs. Therefore, the use of granular feed in production should be more careful to avoid causing growth obstruction of squab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Menglin Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Shiqi Zheng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Weiying Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Ziying Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhongyong Gou
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Meizhou Jinlv Modern Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., Meizhou 514500, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yayan Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Yanhua Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Jie Peng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
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