A review of the frequency and impact of periodontal disease in dogs

Prevalence and classification of tooth resorption in small-breed dogs: A retrospective study using full-mouth intraoral radiographs

Tooth resorption (TR) is a clinically significant dental condition in dogs; however, its classification and prevalence, particularly in small breeds, remain understudied despite its impact on quality of life. This retrospective study aimed to assess and classify the types of TR in small-breed dogs and investigate associations between TR and factors such as sex, skull type, body weight, number of missing teeth, TR type, breed, and age. Dental radiographs of 248 dogs weighing less than 15 kg, examined over a three-year period, were included in this study. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the associations between the examined variables and TR. The most common type of resorption was external replacement resorption (ERR), followed by external inflammatory resorption (EIR). Significant associations were found among age, number of missing teeth, and total TR (p < 0.01). In addition, the prevalence of ERR and EIR increased with age (p < 0.01). The rate of TR was significantly higher in premolars than in incisors, canines, and molars (p < 0.001). Maltese dogs showed a significantly higher prevalence of TR (p < 0.05), particularly ERR (p < 0.05), than other breeds. The TR rate increased significantly in dogs aged 9-11 years, 12-15 years, and over 15 years. Given the high prevalence of TR in older small-breed dogs, particularly in premolars and breeds such as Maltese, clinicians should exercise caution during tooth extraction. Thorough radiographic evaluation is recommended to accurately assess the extent of resorption, especially in older dogs and predisposed breeds.

Unveiling the Future: Opportunities in Long-Acting Injectable Drug Development for Veterinary Care

Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations have revolutionized veterinary pharmaceuticals by improving patient compliance, minimizing dosage frequency, and improving therapeutic efficacy. These formulations utilize advanced drug delivery technologies, including microspheres, liposomes, oil solutions/suspensions, in situ-forming gels, and implants to achieve extended drug release. Biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and polycaprolactone (PCL) have been approved by the USFDA and are widely employed in the development of various LAIs, offering controlled drug release and minimizing the side effects. Various classes of veterinary medicines, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and reproductive hormones, have been successfully formulated as LAIs. Some remarkable LAI products, such as ProHeart® (moxidectin), Excede® (ceftiofur), and POSILACTM (recombinant bovine somatotropin), show clinical relevance and commercial success. This review provides comprehensive information on the formulation strategies currently being used and the emerging technologies in LAIs for veterinary purposes. Additionally, challenges in characterization, in vitro testing, in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC), and safety concerns regarding biocompatibility are discussed, along with the prospects for next-generation LAIs. Continued advancement in the field of LAI in veterinary medicine is essential for improving animal health.

Assessment of periodontitis vaccine using three different bacterial outer membrane vesicles in canine model

Canines frequently develop periodontitis, which is similar and relevant to immunopathology and microbiology of human periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-based periodontal vaccines induced humoral immune response in canines from a human vaccine development perspective. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Treponema denticola (Td), two major periodontal pathobionts, were chosen as vaccine targets. Intranasal (IN) immunization with Pg OMVs and Td OMVs strongly elicited humoral immune responses against the two respective species in preparative mouse experiments, particularly when adjuvanted with a probiotic Escherichia coli derivative (EcNΔflhD)-derived OMVs. However, in beagles, intranasal immunization with the same Pg/Td/EcNΔflhD OMV vaccine insufficiently elicits humoral immune responses. Nevertheless, the subcutaneous booster with the same OMVs dramatically improved antibody responses in both systemic blood circulation and mucosal sites such as eyes, oral cavity, and upper and lower respiratory tracts. Metagenomic analysis of salivary microbiota revealed that the OMV vaccine might change the microbial composition, while not reducing the number of any periodontal pathobionts at least during the timeframe of the present beagle study. In in vitro Pg growth inhibition assay, serum samples from OMV-immunized beagles significantly inhibited growth of the gingipain-deficient strain but not the gingipain-expressing wild-type strain. Taken together, our data offer the trivalent OMV vaccine strategy by IN-prime/SC-boost regimen, which could elicit robust mucosal immune responses, while suggesting the requirement of revised periodontal vaccine regimen toward achievement of sterilizing immunity in the oral cavity.

IMPORTANCE

Bacterial outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) are attractive for use as novel nanoparticle adjuvants, as well as delivery platforms. Periodontal diseases are the most prevalent oral diseases in humans and have serious health and economic burdens, greatly reducing quality of life. The aim of this study is to investigate the humoral immune responses to an OMV-based periodontal disease vaccine in beagles. The vaccine elicited strong mucosal immune responses when administered to beagles by a four-dose heterologous immunization (IN-IN-IN prime and subcutaneous [SC] boost). The OMV vaccine significantly altered the composition of the microbial community in the oral cavity. These findings suggest the utility of the intranasal (IN) prime followed by the SC boost regimen as a rational option to elicit robust humoral immune responses in canines, and most probably in humans as well. We here discuss the outcomes of beagle experiments, the mechanism behind immunological escape of Pg from host immunity, and a rational perspective toward sterilizing immunity in the oral cavity.

Influence of wet and dry commercial diets on the oral microbiota of Yorkshire terriers

BACKGROUND

Periodontal disease is common in dogs and is initiated by the build-up of plaque on the tooth surface. There is evidence that the feeding of dry diets may help prevent the build-up of plaque and calculus compared to softer wet diets. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether diet format influences the microbial composition of dental plaque.

RESULTS

Subgingival (SG) and gingival margin (GM) plaque samples were collected from 28 Yorkshire terriers, housed within a research facility, between 37 and 53 weeks of age. Dogs were fed either wet commercial diets, dry commercial diets, or a simultaneous offering of the two. Illumina sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene (variable regions 3 and 4) of 43 SG and 43 GM plaque samples resulted in the generation of 6,725,682 paired end reads. Exploratory factor analysis, a statistical method for dimensionality reduction of multivariate data, was used to identify groups of covarying bacterial species. Subsequent mixed effects modelling revealed significant differences in the scores of two of these groupings indicating systematic differences in prevalences of their component taxa. One grouping revealed that for GM plaque samples, the profile of bacterial species most descriptive of the wet diet was biased towards those associated with periodontal disease whereas for the dry diet it was biased towards those associated with healthy gingiva. The dogs fed a mixture of wet and dry diets had bacterial profiles in between the wet and dry diets, i.e. a mix of both health and disease associated taxa. The other bacterial grouping indicated that, in dogs fed a wet diet only, GM plaque was significantly associated with bacteria that preferred aerobic conditions whereas SG plaque was associated with taxa that favoured anaerobic conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Although dry diets shifted the bacterial community towards a healthier profile compared to wet diets there was no evidence of improved periodontal health. Additional methods to maintain dental hygiene should therefore be promoted to ensure effective management of periodontal disease in dogs.

Utilization of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Analyzing the Relationship Between the Mandibular Fourth Premolar Tooth Roots, the Mandibular Canal, and Ventral Mandibular Cortex in 81 Small Breed Dogs

The mandibular fourth premolar teeth (308, 408) and surrounding mandibular bone are subject to pathologies such as periodontal disease, periapical pathology, and mandibular fracture. As such, the locations of these teeth roots in relation to the mandibular canal and the ventral mandibular cortex are important considerations when developing a surgical treatment plan. This study analyzed the 308 and 408 teeth with cone beam computed tomography scans in 81 small breed dogs. There was no statistically significant variance found in distance to the mandibular canal or the mandibular ventral cortex between the individual mesial and distal roots of 308 and 408. The mesial roots of 308 and 408 tended to be lingual and within the mandibular canal, while the distal roots tended to be dorsal and buccal to the mandibular canal. There was a statistically significant variance regarding the mesial roots and distal roots in relation to the mandibular canal.

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Quantification of Periodontal Pathogenic Bacteria (Porphyromonas gulae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) in Dogs

The present study investigated the molecular presence of 4 species of pathogenic periodontal bacteria (Porphyromonas gulae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 230 household dogs with or without gingivitis, dental plaque and/or calculus. Overall, T. forsythia was most frequently present (77.8%), followed by P. gulae (50.9%), T. denticola (38.7%), and P. gingivalis (34.8%). A higher percentage of these bacteria was associated with factors such as age, grade of gingivitis, and an increase in dental plaque and/or calculus that indicated poor oral cleanliness. Even without a direct relation to gingivitis and plaque and/or calculus, these 4 species were consistently found not only in older dogs but also in younger ones. The results suggest that these bacteria are commonly present in household dogs, which puts them at risk of developing periodontal disease. Considering that 3 species of bacteria, excluding P. gulae, have zoonotic potential, it emphasizes the need for caution to prevent transmission between dogs and humans. Regarding overall bacterial DNA copy numbers, there was a wide range, with P. gulae having the most, followed by T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, and finally, T. denticola. The copy numbers did not always correlate with prevalence. The DNA copy numbers of T. forsythia were significantly lower in cases of higher-grade gingivitis and when there was poor oral cleanliness. These findings highlight the complexity of the interplay between bacterial type, prevalence, DNA copy numbers, and the oral health of household dogs.

Effectiveness of a Daily Honeycomb-Shaped Dental Chew in Reducing Calculus, Plaque, Gingivitis and Malodor in Dogs

Periodontal disease in dogs is common. Client compliance with oral hygiene and oral care for pets is low. The gold standard is annual dental prophylaxis under general anesthesia with imaging followed by home care including daily brushing. Clients should be offered methods to reduce calculus, plaque, gingivitis, and resulting halitosis that are time efficient, cost-effective, and easy to administer between annual preventative dental prophylaxis with the goal to move into maintenance phase of managing periodontal disease. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a honeycomb-shaped dental chew in reducing hardened calculus, plaque, gingivitis, and malodor in client-owned dogs in their normal home environment including various breeds, skull types, ages, and weights. Calculus, plaque, and gingival scores with volatile sulfur compounds readings were performed under sedation and evaluated under general anesthesia after 60 consecutive days of receiving a daily honeycomb-shaped dental chew treat. There was an overall statistically significant percentage reduction of calculus (26.6%), plaque (14.2%), and malodor (46.71%). Gingival scores did not demonstrate statistically significant reduction (0.99%). Use of this honeycomb-shaped daily dental chew significantly reduced calculus, plaque, and associated malodor in dogs when fed consecutively for 60 days.

Periodontal Disease in Dogs From Mexico: Description of Most Commonly Affected Teeth and Associated Factors

With the objective to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease (PD) and monitor the most affected teeth in dogs under the subtropical conditions in Mexico, 184 randomly selected dogs underwent a periodontal examination. Of the evaluated dogs, 78.8% showed some degree of gingivitis most of them (76.6%) with a moderate index, and 30.4% presented some degree of PD being most of them of a mild degree. Old age and small size dogs were more prone to develop PD as reported elsewhere. Higher mobility index and furcation were seen in maxillary teeth 108 and 208 and mandibular teeth 308 and 408, but some other teeth were involved in less proportion. On probing, bleeding was observed in maxillary teeth 202, 11, 102, and 202 and mandibular teeth 309 and 409. Dental plaque and calculus were more frequent in maxillary teeth 202 and 102 and mandibular teeth 309, 310, and 409. Finally, dental loss was observed with more frequency in all maxillary incisors (102, 201, and 202) and molars 109 and 209; mandibular molars 411 and 311 were more prompt to be losed. This study demonstrates the high prevalence of gingivitis and development of PD in dogs in subtropics in Mexico and reveals the predisposition of some maxillary and mandibular teeth to develop PD and consequently their loss. The clinical implications of the study indicate that special attention should be paid to these teeth to be checked when the dogs come for consultation, during brushing and in dental prophylaxis.

Newly identified species from the dog dental plaque microbiome highlight little overlap with humans

Understudied pet-associated microbiomes represent a rich source for the discovery of microbial taxa important for pet and human health. From a cohort of 23 dogs, we sampled and metagenomically sequenced 64 dental plaque microbiomes, generating 1945 metagenome-assembled genomes spanning 347 microbial species, including 277 undercharacterized species without cultivated representatives. Integration with human microbiome data revealed the dog plaque microbiome is more diverse than - and shows little overlap (5.9% species in common) with - the human plaque microbiome, even though some shared periodontal pathobionts arise as a potential concern.

Prevalent and Severe Conditions That Compromise the Welfare of Shelter Dogs: Opinions from the Taiwanese Experts

The welfare of shelter dogs is a growing concern, particularly in regions like Taiwan, where public animal shelters (PASs) often face overcrowding. This study aimed to identify and prioritise welfare conditions (WCs) affecting shelter dogs in Taiwan's PASs, offering insights into their impacts on population and individual welfare. A modified Delphi approach engaged 14 experts to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and duration of 59 potential WCs using the Five Domains model. The welfare impact of each WC on individual dogs was assessed as the product of severity and duration, with WCs scoring a median of 3 or higher considered critical. Of the 59 identified WCs, 49 were deemed critical. The most prevalent WCs were "limited access to toys" (median = 4.00), "insufficient foraging opportunities" (median = 4.00), and "intermittent, excessive barking noise" (median = 4.00). The most impactful WCs for individual dogs were "depressive disorders" (median of the product of duration and severity scores = 16.00), "fear-related or anxiety disorders" (median = 15.00), and "limited space" (median = 15.00). The Physical Environment Domain and the Behavioural Interactions Domain were highlighted as having the most significant and prolonged negative effects on welfare. This study provides a comprehensive WC list for shelter dogs, guiding future welfare improvements and resource allocation strategies.

Assessment of Dental Pathology Using Visual Oral Examination in 1082 Dogs in Türkiye

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and prevalence of dental diseases in dogs from Türkiye and compare their relationships with various factors. The study focused on the impact of age, gender, feeding method, and breed groups on the presence of dental diseases. Results revealed that dental diseases were prevalent among dogs, with variations observed across different factors. Age group analysis indicated that age had a significant influence on the presence of dental diseases, with lower rates observed in the 0 to 9 months and 10 to 18 months age groups. Analysis of feeding methods showed that home-cooked and mixed feeding was associated with a higher prevalence of dental diseases, while dry food feeding demonstrated lower rates. Gender analysis revealed an association between gender and dental diseases, particularly in the incisor and premolar teeth. However, no statistical significance was found in the molar teeth. Analysis of breeds demonstrated variations in the prevalence of dental diseases, with small breeds showing higher rates. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the distribution and factors associated with dental diseases in dogs from Türkiye. The findings highlight the importance of age, feeding method, gender, and breed group as potential risk factors for dental diseases. The results can guide veterinarians and dog owners in implementing effective preventive measures and treatment strategies to maintain optimal dental health in dogs. Further research is warranted to explore additional factors and interventions for improving dental care in canine populations.

Using veterinary health records at scale to investigate ageing dogs and their common issues in primary care

OBJECTIVES

The UK dog population is living longer, raising concerns about their welfare as a result of ageing-related diseases. Our primary objective was to determine when dogs enter the "old age" life stage based on free-text clinical narratives in veterinary electronic health records. In addition, to identify common conditions documented during consultations with old dogs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Regular expressions were developed for: ageing, elderly, geriatric, senior and old. These were used to search the veterinary clinical narratives within a large database of veterinary electronic health records. A sample of 1000 consultations were then read, and those confirmed as being old age classified according to a modified scheme based on the World Health Organization International Classification of Disease 10th Revision.

RESULTS

A total of 832 old age dogs were identified. The age at which veterinary professionals considered dogs to be in old age was over 7.25 years in 95% of patients (median age 12.5 years). This age varied among the most common breeds, with cocker spaniels being younger (median 11.7 years) compared with Jack Russell terriers (14.1 years). Weight-related (289/832 consultations, 35%), musculoskeletal (278, 33%), dental (254, 31%), integumentary (235, 28%) and digestive (187, 22%) conditions were most common. The odds of a dental condition were greater (odds ratio: 2.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.38 to 5.31) and musculoskeletal condition less (odds ratio: 0.36, 95% confidence interval: 0.17 to 0.81) in cocker spaniels than in a mixed breeds reference.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

This metric applied at scale to identify old patients may provide a novel foundation for timely health interventions targeted to dogs at increased risk of developing various age-related conditions.

Oral treatment with catechin isolated from Japanese green tea significantly inhibits the growth of periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gulae and ameliorates the gingivitis and halitosis caused by periodontal disease in cats and dogs

It has been postulated that 90 % of cats and dogs develop periodontal disease by 1 year of age. Periodontal disease develops because of infection by multiple bacteria, including Porphyromonas gulae (P. gulae) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), resulting in severe gingivitis, halitosis, and bone lysis. Because periodontal disease is an irreversible disorder, preventive dentistry in veterinary medicine has become pertinent. This study examined the efficacy of catechin isolated from green tea by focusing on its bactericidal effects against P. gulae and P. gingivalis, inhibition of inflammation, and reduction in halitosis in dogs and cats with periodontal disease. The viability of P. gulae and P. gingivalis was significantly inhibited by catechin in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. P. gulae- and P. gingivalis-associated biofilm formation was also significantly suppressed by catechin, but the effect was not as drastic as the bactericidal effect. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan generated by P. gulae and P. gingivalis were significantly decreased by catechin, even after a short exposure. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production and phosphorylation of P-38 and JNK induced by P. gulae were inhibited by catechin treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with 0.01892 % catechin-contained wet food for 1 month (30-35 days) significantly ameliorated halitosis and P. gulae activity, but had no impact on dental plaque and gingivitis. Our findings indicate that oral treatment with catechin can prevent periodontal diseases in both dogs and cats.

Prevalence of Reasons for Tooth Extraction in Small- and Medium-Breed Dogs

As the life span of companion animals increases and their owners' concern for their quality of life increases, interest in dental diseases has also gained attention. While many studies have explored oral diseases in general, research on small-breed dogs remains limited. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed various diseases that led to tooth extraction in small- and medium-breed dogs. A study involving 2201 client-owned small- and medium-breed dogs was conducted. All dogs were categorized by sex, age, breed, and tooth position. Teeth were classified into untreated, missing, or extracted categories. For extracted teeth, 14 causes were identified. The results revealed that periodontal disease was the primary cause of tooth extractions, particularly in older dogs and small breeds. In addition to periodontal disease, various other diseases that led to tooth extraction were identified. For these other diseases, the number of extracted teeth increased with age, and brachycephalic breeds exhibited higher extraction rates. The study emphasizes the need for personalized oral care and further research into other contributing factors such as diet and genetics to better understand and manage oral health in dogs. It also offers valuable insights into the broader patterns of tooth extraction associated with various dental diseases.

Prevalence, current status, and prevention of dental extractions in dogs: A retrospective study

Dental health has historically received little attention in veterinary medicine, but is becoming more common. This study aimed to report the prevalence of dental extractions in dogs in Seoul, Republic of Korea, describe the current status of dental health and determine any preventive methods. In total, 166 dogs participated in the study, presented to the veterinary hospital with an oral disorder or for a routine check-up were included in the study. Teeth were extracted from 130 dogs (78.32%). A single tooth was extracted from 18 dogs (13.85%), whereas multiple teeth (2-29 teeth) were extracted from 112 dogs (86.15%). Ten teeth were extracted in 31 dogs (27.67%). In descending order, the most extracted teeth were PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM1. The age at the first dental check-up, the average interval between dental check-ups, and the average interval between the previous two dental check-ups in the extraction group were significantly greater than those in the non-extraction group. In contrast, the number of dental check-ups was significantly lower. In conclusion, this study suggests regular dental check-ups to prevent dental extractions. The data provide useful information for veterinary dental health management and the prevention of tooth extractions.

Evaluation of Haematological Ratios at: Different Stages of Canine Periodontal Disease

This is a retrospective study about haematological ratios in different stages of canine periodontal disease in one single breed, more specifically the Portuguese Podengo. The aim of the study was to assess the clinical significance of five haematological ratios, namely neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume-to-platelet count ratio (MPV/PLT), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet-to-neutrophil ratio (PNR), easily obtained through the parameters provided by the complete blood count, in the stages of gingivitis and periodontitis, compared to clinical healthy individuals. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to identify ideal sensitivity and specificity cut-offs for cases of gingivitis or periodontitis. Our study included 80 dogs, which comprised 24 healthy dogs, 26 diagnosed with gingivitis, and 30 with periodontitis. The median NLR was significantly lower in periodontitis than in clinical healthy dogs (p = 0.040) and in dogs with gingivitis (p = 0.037). The median PLR was significantly lower in cases of gingivitis (p = 0.020) and periodontitis (p = 0.024) than in healthy dogs. MPV/PLT and MLR did not demonstrate significant differences between any of the three groups. The median PNR was significantly lower in gingivitis than in control dogs (p = 0.019). PNR had the highest accurate results, in distinguishing between healthy individuals and those with gingivitis, with an area under the curve of 0.692 (95% CI [0.539-0.845], p = 0.020). However, even this index had weak discriminatory power between the groups in the analysis. The impact of systemic inflammation generated by canine periodontal disease can thus be seen through some of these indices. However, the results obtained here demonstrate the need for complementarity with other methods to diagnose canine periodontal disease and reinforce the need for additional studies with more markers of systemic inflammatory response.

Biomimetic In Vitro Model of Canine Periodontal Ligament

Periodontal disease affects about 80% of dogs, highlighting the importance of addressing periodontitis in veterinary dental care. The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a key structure holding the potential to regenerate the entire periodontal complex. This work presents an in vitro model of canine PDL-derived cell cultures that mimic the PDL's regenerative capacity for both mineralised and soft tissues. Explant outgrowth-derived PDL cells were cultured under standard conditions in osteoinductive medium and with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Hap NPs). Cell behaviour was assessed for viability/proliferation, morphology, growth patterns, and the expression of osteogenic and periodontal markers. Osteogenic conditions, either achieved with osteoinducers or an osteoconductive biomaterial, strongly promoted PDL-derived cells' commitment towards the osteogenic phenotype and significantly increased the expression of periodontal markers. These findings suggest that cultured PDL cells replicate the biological function of the PDL, supporting the regeneration of both soft and hard periodontal tissues under normal and demanding healing conditions. This in vitro model will offer a platform for testing new regenerative treatments and materials, ultimately contributing to canine dental care and better outcomes.

Effect of Simple Oral Dental Extraction on Systemic Serum Amyloid A Concentrations in Horses

BACKGROUND

The translocation of gingival commensals resulting in measurable systemic inflammation has been described in humans and non-equine veterinary species with dental disorders, particularly periodontal disease. Routine odontoplasty does not result in increased serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration in horses, but a measurable increase in SAA concentration in horses undergoing dental extractions could suggest that local inflammation resulting from more severe dental disease has potential for wider, systemic consequences that warrants further study.

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether SAA increases in horses undergoing simple, oral extraction of non-fractured cheek teeth with and without periodontal disease.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

METHODS

SAA was measured using a stall-side test in horses undergoing simple oral extraction of cheek teeth with intact clinical crowns at baseline (T = 0), 24 h (T = 24) and 48 h (T = 48) post-extraction.

RESULTS

Eight horses and 4 ponies aged between 4 and 23 years underwent cheek tooth extraction. A statistically significant difference in SAA concentration was noted between groups with and without periodontal disease at both 24 h (p = 0.004) and 48 h (p = 0.043). At 24 h, the median SAA concentration was 135 mg/L (range: 0-260 mg/L; IQR: 77.5-174 mg/L) in horses with periodontal disease and 27.5 mg/L (range: 0-47 mg/L; IQR: 4.8-43.5 mg/L) in horses without periodontal disease. At 48 h, median SAA concentration was 264 mg/L (range: 236-440 mg/L; IQR: 245.5-300.5 mg/L) in horses with periodontal disease and 0 mg/L (range = 0-41 mg/L; IQR: 0-21.8 mg/L) in horses without periodontal disease.

MAIN LIMITATIONS

Small sample group. Horses undergoing extraction of fractured cheek teeth were not included.

CONCLUSIONS

Extraction of non-fractured cheek teeth does not result in a remarkable increase in SAA, except in horses with periodontal disease. These results suggest that periodontal disease in horses is associated with a local inflammatory response, which in turn drives the development of systemic inflammation, resulting in detectable increases in inflammatory markers when diseased periodontal tissues are disturbed.

The Effects of Electrolytic Technology Toothbrush Application on the Clinical Parameters and Bacteria Associated with Periodontal Disease in Dogs

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of electrolytic and nonelectrolytic toothbrushing on dogs' oral health and the presence of common bacteria associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal disease in dogs is a common problem worldwide. A toothbrushing procedure is recommended to prevent periodontal disease, with additional benefits if electrolytic toothbrushes are used in dog oral hygiene practices. A total of 26 dogs were enrolled in this eight-week study and were divided into two groups-treatment and control. Daily toothbrushing was performed on all dogs using the same dog toothbrush, with the power source disengaged in the control group. Oral examination was conducted on anesthetized dogs before and at 4 and 8 weeks after commencing the study, with sampling for bacterial analysis. This study was designed to be blind for owners, veterinarians, and laboratory staff. Improvements in the average gingival index (from 0.55 to 0.31) and calculus index (from 0.55 to 0.38) in the treatment group were recorded. In the control group, after an initial improvement in the plaque index (from 0.97 to 0.53), at week 8, it significantly rose to 1.21 (p < 0.05). Relative bacterial abundance revealed a reduction in all four tested bacteria in the treatment group, while in the control group, Campylobacter rectus levels rose by 3.67 log2 compared to before the study and at week 8. No adverse effects were recorded in either group.

Periodontal ligament stem cell tissue engineering scaffolds can guide and promote canine periodontal tissue regeneration

Introduction

Periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis, is caused by dental plaque invading the periodontal tissues and is the most common oral disease. The basic treatment methods applied in the clinic can destroy dental plaque, smooth the root surface, and reduce local inflammation, but it is difficult to completely regenerate and rebuild the complex three-dimensional periodontal tissues. The rapid development of periodontal tissue engineering has led to the development of new methods for the treatment of periodontal disease. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are key seed cells in periodontal tissue engineering, which can provide strong support for tissue regeneration. Meanwhile, an engineering scaffold constructed from biomaterials provides a three-dimensional space for the growth and function of seed cells and can form a tissue engineering complex with the seed cells to repair periodontal tissue, which can guide consequently enable true three-dimensional periodontal structure regeneration and functional restoration.

Methods

This study established an effective way to isolate, culture, and identify canine PDLSCs. Using chitosan, β-glycerol phosphate, and biphasic calcium phosphate bone substitute as raw materials, a tissue engineering scaffold with good physical properties was prepared by freeze-drying method. Canine PDLSCs were co-cultured with the scaffolds to prepare canine PDLSC tissue engineering scaffolds with good biocompatibility in vivo and in vitro.

Results and discussion

The canine PDLSC tissue engineering scaffold was transplanted into the single wall bone defect of the first mandibular molar tooth of the dog without causing inflammatory reactions, and the tissue compatibility was satisfactory. The cell-scaffold complex can increase the content of related growth factors and immunomodulatory factors in the tissues, reduce the content of proinflammatory factors, and prevent the growth of binding epithelium in the defect area, thus forming new bone and new periodontal ligaments in the defect area, promoting the repair of periodontal defects, and improving the therapeutic effect of guided regeneration.

The anti-inflammatory effect of a magnoliae cortex and Zea mays L. extract mixture in a canine model of ligature-induced periodontitis

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis is common in dogs. It is characterized by destruction of the supporting tissues of the teeth due to the host-immune response triggered by plaque. Magnoliae cortex and Zea mays L. extract showed anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate improvement in periodontitis following the administration of Magnoliae cortex and Zea mays L. extract in dogs. Periodontitis was experimentally induced in 10 beagle dogs. Five dogs were administered 40 mg of Magnoliae cortex extract and 20 mg of Zea mays L. extract orally once per day for 2 months (MZ group), whereas the other group received empty gelatin capsules (control group). Periodontal clinical parameters, complete blood count, serum chemistry parameters, and tissue inflammatory cytokines and chemokine expression were assessed before and after combined oral extracts administration.

RESULTS

The complete blood count and serum chemistry results of all dogs were within normal ranges. Gingival inflammation in MZ group was significantly better than that in the control group at 4 and 8 weeks post-medication (PM; p < 0.05). The periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss at 8 weeks PM in the MZ group were significantly lower than the baseline values (p < 0.05). The incidence of bleeding on probing in the MZ group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 4 weeks PM (p < 0.05). Throughout the medication period, the percentages of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were higher and lower, respectively, in the MZ group. However, these differences were only significant at 8 weeks PM. The expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α and the chemokine IL-8 in the inflamed tissues was lower in the MZ group, and the two groups showed a significant difference in TNF-α expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Combined administration of Magnoliae cortex and Zea mays L. extract improved the clinical symptoms of periodontal disease in dogs. This beneficial effect may be partly due to the inhibitory effects of these extracts on the inflammatory response.

Multiple cranial pathologies in spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta

Spotted hyaenas are generally considered to have resilience against injuries and pathogens, and the incidence of pathologies is scarcely reported. However, it is important for ecological studies and conservation efforts to have a clear overview of the physical threats that can occur in the life of a species. The present paper describes and interprets several osteopathologies in the crania of the spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta, in the collections of the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) in Tervuren, Belgium. Of the fifty-two specimens from central Africa examined, twenty-three (i.e., 44 %) of them showed evidence of pathologies, including injuries, congenital pathologies, and disease. Selected specimens were scanned using Computed Tomography and their internal cranial structures were studied. Here we describe and discuss the different types of pathologies evident in the crania of these hyaenas: craniosynostosis, microtia, osteomyelitis and periodontitis, as well as a trauma indicated by cranial fractures, dental fractures, and bite puncture marks. Some pathologies reported herein are novel for hyaenas, and there are some instances of multiple pathologies in the same individual. Implications of these pathologies, including the social interactions of hyenas, conservational threats, as well as biased data sampling, are highlighted. This study improves our knowledge of disease and trauma experienced by hyaenids, and provides a better understanding of their biology, and the potential threats faced by these iconic animals. This case study offers a comparative base for similar studies in other carnivorans, to clarify the pathological background of apex predators.

Microbial Composition of Extracted Dental Alveoli in Dogs with Advanced Periodontitis

Periodontitis is a serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting the teeth. The aim of the study was to investigate the microbiota using traditional microbiology plating and metagenomic sequencing of extracted tooth alveoli in dogs with severe periodontitis. Isolation of culturable microorganisms was performed as part of bacteriological testing to provide bacteriological diagnosis to veterinary surgeons. Metagenomic sequencing was performed using shotgun sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq system platform. The most prevalent species at sites of periodontal infection detected by metagenomic sequencing were Porphyromonas gulae, Prevotella spp., Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas crevioricanis, Porphyromonas cangingivalis, and Bacteroides heparinolyticus. Pasteurella, Streptococcus, and Neisseria were the most frequently isolated culturable bacteria from infected sites detected by traditional microbiologic methods. Metagenomic data revealed that these three genera accounted for only 1.6% of all microbiota at the sites of infection. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolated bacteria included resistance to ampicillin, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, colistin, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol. Antimicrobial-resistant genes detected using shotgun sequencing also showed resistance to aminoglycosides and macrolides. Dogs with periodontal infections carry bacteria that can cause bite infections in humans as well as multi-resistant isolates. Therefore, treatment and prophylaxis or periodontal disease of dogs is important from a One Health perspective.

Age-correlated changes in the canine oral microbiome

Introduction

Canine oral disease has been associated with significant changes in the oral microbiome rather than the presence or absence of individual species. In addition, most studies focus on a single age group of canines and as of yet, the relationship between canine microbiomes and age is poorly understood.

Methods

This study used a shotgun whole gene sequencing approach in tandem with the Aladdin Bioinformatics platform to profile the microbiomes of 96 companion dogs, with the sourmash-zymo reference database being used to perform taxonomic profiling.

Results

Findings showed significant age correlations among 19 species, including positive correlations among several Porphyromonas species and a negative correlation with C. steedae. Although a significant correlation was found between predicted and actual ages, ElasticNet Regression was unable to successfully predict the ages of younger canines based on their microbiome composition. Both microbiome samples and microbial species were successfully clustered by age group or age correlation, showing that the age-microbiome relationship survives dimensionality reduction. Three distinct clusters of microbial species were found, which were characterized by Porphyromonas, Conchiformibius, and Prevotella genera, respectively.

Discussion

Findings showed that the microbiomes of older dogs resembled those that previous literature attributed to dogs with periodontal disease. This suggests that the process of aging may introduce greater risks for canine oral disease.

Effect of dental chew on reducing dental plaque, dental calculus and halitosis in beagle dogs

Periodontosis is the most common clinical disease in adult dogs, which is mainly caused by plaque accumulation and seriously endangers the oral health of dogs and even cause kidney, myocardial, and liver problems in severe cases. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of dental chew (Cature Brushing Treats product) with mechanical and chemical properties in beagles. The dogs in the experimental group were fed with a dental chew twice a day after meals; The control group had no treatment. Dental plaque was evaluated on the 14th day and 29th day, respectively. The concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the breath and dental calculus were also evaluated on the 29th day. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the indexes of dental plaque on the 14th day. While they had significantly reduced accumulation of plaque (37.63%), calculus (37.61%), and VSC concentration (81.08%) compared to when receiving no chew on the 29th day.

Intraoral Radiographic Interpretation Agreement Between Veterinary Students, Veterinary Dental Residents and Veterinary Dental Specialists

This study evaluated observer variations in the interpretation of radiographic evidence for periodontal disease, tooth resorption, and endodontic disease in dogs. Forty dental radiographs were evaluated for 12 different parameters (periapical destruction of bone, wider than expected root canal, narrower than expected root canal, apical root resorption, loss of alveolar bone, external surface resorption, external replacement resorption, external inflammatory resorption, external cervical root resorption, internal surface resorption, internal replacement resorption, internal inflammatory resorption). Interpretations by 20 veterinary dentists, 10 veterinary dental residents, and 10 veterinary students were analyzed for consistency within groups and between groups by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs [95% CI]). Additionally, the agreement rate between groups compared to histopathological diagnosis, when available, and to a consensus group were evaluated. The results showed fair to good interobserver agreement for all participants when looking at all questions simultaneously (0.578 [0.515-0.635]) and with the consensus group (0.483 [0.451-0.517]). However, questions pertaining to various types of tooth resorption scored the lowest ICCs ranging from 0.005 (-0.311 to 0.321) to 0.189 (-0.105 to 0.402) across individual groups. Students had the lowest agreement compared to the consensus group for all questions (0.383 [0.347-0.421]) with fair to good agreement involving groups of residents (0.501 [0.465-0.538]), recently boarded diplomates (0.541 [0.506-0.578]), and more experienced diplomates (0.545 [0.510-0.582]). While dental radiographs are essential for clinical decision making, this study shows that interpretation of radiographs is highly subjective.

Species-level characterization of saliva and dental plaque microbiota reveals putative bacterial and functional biomarkers of periodontal diseases in dogs

Periodontal diseases are among the most common bacterial-related pathologies affecting the oral cavity of dogs. Nevertheless, the canine oral ecosystem and its correlations with oral disease development are still far from being fully characterized. In this study, the species-level taxonomic composition of saliva and dental plaque microbiota of 30 healthy dogs was investigated through a shallow shotgun metagenomics approach. The obtained data allowed not only to define the most abundant and prevalent bacterial species of the oral microbiota in healthy dogs, including members of the genera Corynebacterium and Porphyromonas, but also to identify the presence of distinct compositional motifs in the two oral microniches as well as taxonomical differences between dental plaques collected from anterior and posterior teeth. Subsequently, the salivary and dental plaque microbiota of 18 dogs affected by chronic gingival inflammation and 18 dogs with periodontitis were compared to those obtained from the healthy dogs. This analysis allowed the identification of bacterial and metabolic biomarkers correlated with a specific clinical status, including members of the genera Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium as microbial biomarkers of a healthy and diseased oral status, respectively, and genes predicted to encode for metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties as metabolic biomarkers of a healthy status.

Morphological and morphometric measurement of the temporomandibular joint of small and medium-weight dogs with different skull shapes

Background

The recognition and diagnosis of canine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease can be a challenge, often leaving them undiagnosed. Although computed tomography (CT) has proved to be highly efficacious in detecting joint disease in the TMJ, morphometric and morphological studies of the normal TMJ have been scarce. Especially, skull type specific anatomical differences of the TMJ in dogs of different weights and skull morphologies have received limited attention.

Objective

This study aimed to compare the TMJ morphologies of dogs across different weight classes and skull types.

Study design

Retrospective study.

Methods

CT scans were used to measure the depth and width of the Fossa mandibularis and two angles between the Fossa mandibularis and the Caput mandibulae in a total of 92 dogs and 182 mandibular joints, respectively.

Results

The TMJ varied in terms of weight groups and skull indices. Shallow mandibular pits, underdeveloped retroarticular processes, and reduced joint congruency were observed particularly in light-weight and brachycephalic dogs. Conversely, dolichocephalic animals displayed deep joint pits, pronounced joint congruency, and a well-developed Processus retroarticularis.

Main limitations

Observer learning curve; not every skull shape was represented in each weight group.

Use of Ozone in Veterinary Dentistry as an Alternative to Conventional Antibiotics and Antiseptics

This paper aims to assess the disinfecting capacity of a double-distilled ozonated water solution as an alternative to common antibiotic and antiseptic devices. Seventy-five dogs were subjected to the surgical procedures of scaling and dental extraction and included in three study groups: Group 1 subjected to antibiotic pre-treatment (association amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and ampicillin + metronidazole) and disinfection with chlorhexidine, and Group 2 and 3 devoid of preventive anti-microbial treatment in which disinfection was performed, respectively, with ozonated water and chlorhexidine. Sampling by bacteriological buffer was carried out to evaluate the bacterial count in the oral cavity. The analysis of the samples determined the total mesophilic bacterial count by seeding on the culture medium via the inclusion of PCA (Plate Count Agar). The results highlighted the anti-bacterial efficacy of intra-operative ozone as an alternative to pre-surgical antibiotic treatment.

Long-term effects of motivational interviewing vs. traditional counseling on dog owners' adherence to veterinary dental home care: a three-year follow-up study

Introduction

Periodontal disease is one of the most common health issues in dogs. However, disease is largely preventable by eliminating dental plaque, best achieved by daily tooth brushing. Unfortunately, owner adherence is low to the recommendation of daily tooth brushing in dogs.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of various communication strategies, traditional advice (TA) versus motivational interviewing (MI), and compare them to a control group receiving no additional communication (CG), on dog owners' performance of dental home care and the oral health of their dogs.

Methods

The study was conducted as a longitudinal clinical intervention study spanning 3 years, and involved 75 dog owners with young dogs who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: TA, MI, or CG. Intervention groups received annual telephone consultations based on their assigned methodology. A questionnaire was administered twice to all groups, and the dental health of the dogs was assessed at the study's conclusion.

Result

Tooth brushing frequency demonstrated a significant increase in the MI group compared to the CG group (p < 0.01), albeit with a relatively low occurrence of daily brushing among owners. Dental health assessment revealed a significantly lower plaque index in the MI group compared to the CG group (p < 0.05), and a lower calculus index in the TA group compared to the CG group (p < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed between the MI and TA groups in terms of dental health.

Conclusion

Regular veterinary communication appears to have a positive influence on dog owner adherence to veterinary recommendations concerning dental care in dogs. Communication with veterinarians (MI and traditional advice) improved owner knowledge, attitude, and decreased frequency of not brushing. Although dental health parameters improved, the effect size was small, suggesting the complexity of adherence. Personalized calls to dog owners offer potential for dental health improvement, warranting further comparison of MI with traditional advice.

Demography, common disorders and mortality of Shih Tzu dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK

BACKGROUND

Shih Tzus are a popular dog breed in the UK although there is relatively little reported information on their health. This study aimed to characterise the demography, common disorders and mortality of Shih Tzus under primary veterinary care during 2016 in the UK using de-identified clinical records from the VetCompass™ Programme.

RESULTS

The study population of 336,865 dogs under veterinary care during 2016 included 11,082 Shih Tzus (3.3%). The median age was 4.1 years (IQR: 2.1-7.1, range: 0.3-20.4) and mean adult bodyweight was 7.9 kg (SD: 1.9 kg). Annual proportional births increased from 2.2% of all dog births in 2005 to 3.8% in 2013, dropping to 3.3% by 2016. From a random subset of 2,423 Shih Tzus that had information extracted on disorders diagnosed during 2016, the most prevalent fine-level precision disorders were periodontal disease (n = 229, prevalence 9.5%, 95% CI: 8.4-10.7), anal sac impaction (180, 7.4%, 95% CI: 6.5-8.5) and ear disorders (134, 5.5%, 95% CI: 4.7-6.5). The most prevalent grouped-level precision disorders were cutaneous (n = 402, prevalence: 16.6%, 95% CI: 15.2-18.1), dental (322, 13.3%, 95% CI: 12.0-14.7), and ophthalmological (289, 11.9%, 95% CI: 10.7-13.3). Males were more likely than females to be diagnosed with skin disorders (P = 0.007) and musculoskeletal disorders (P = 0.010) while females were more likely than males to be diagnosed with hernias (P = 0.005). The median age of death was 12.7 years (IQR 8.7-14.3, range 2.0-19.9) and did not differ statistically between males and females. The most common grouped causes of death were enteropathy (7.9%, 95% CI: 3.9-15.4), heart disease (7.9%, 95% CI: 3.9-15.4) and poor quality of life (7.9%, 95% CI: 3.9-15.4).

CONCLUSIONS

Periodontal disease, anal sac impaction and ear disorders were identified as common health issues. Shih Tzus had higher prevalence of anal sac impaction, umbilical hernias and eye problems than reported previously in dogs overall, suggesting potential predispositions. Shih Tzus appear to be relatively long-lived compared to previous reports of lifespan in dogs overall. The results can inform veterinarians and owners on priority disorders for monitoring to protect welfare. Oral hygiene was highlighted as a healthcare priority.

English Cocker Spaniels under primary veterinary care in the UK: disorder predispositions and protections

BACKGROUND

The English Cocker Spaniel (ECS) is one of the most popular dog breeds in the UK but information on disorder predisposition and protection is limited. Using anonymised veterinary clinical data from the VetCompass™ Programme, this study aimed to compare disorder predisposition and protection between the ECS and the remaining dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK during 2016. Electronic patient records for random samples of ECS and non-ECS were reviewed. The most common disorders diagnosed during 2016 were extracted and compared using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for confounders.

RESULTS

The analysis included random samples of 2510/10,313 (24.3%) ECS and 7813/326,552 (2.39%) non-ECS. After accounting for confounding by age, sex, bodyweight within breed-sex, insurance status and veterinary practice group, the ECS had increased odds of 21/43 (48.85%) disorders at fine-level precision, with highest odds for aural discharge (odds ratio (OR) 14.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.73-30.90, P <  0.001) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (OR 7.64, 95% CI: 4.33-14.14, P <  0.001) and lowest odds for atopic dermatitis (OR 0.14, 95% CI: 0.05-0.31, P <  0.001) and allergy (OR 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06-0.28, P <  0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides evidence for strong predisposition to aural and ocular disorders and protection from hypersensitivity disorders in the ECS. These results can aid dog owners, breeders, and veterinarians to better monitor health in ECS, and promote earlier diagnosis with improved prognosis. Further, the results can help breeding organisations establish key priorities the health-based reforms of the ECS.

Comparative study of tissue structure and composition of human and dog supragingival tartar

OBJECTIVE

Only a few anatomical studies have compared tartar between humans and animals. This study aimed to compare the structure and chemical composition of human and dog supragingival tartars using histological and analytical methods.

DESIGN

Supragingival tartar samples were obtained from humans and indoor dogs with advanced periodontal disease. Tartar samples were analysed using X-ray micro-computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron probe X-ray microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction.

RESULTS

Layered structures and cavities were found inside the tartar; however, cavities were more common in dogs than in humans. Ca and P were distributed throughout the human tartar; however, P was not detected in some internal regions in dog tartar. The Ca/P ratio of dog supragingival tartar was 1.98 ± 0.10, which was higher than that of hydroxyapatite (1.67) and human supragingival tartar (1.73 ± 0.16). Needle-like crystals were observed in human tartar, such as carbonate apatite (CO3Ap). Numerous plate-like crystals were observed in the dog tartar, and it contained both calcite (calcium carbonate; CaCO3) and CO3AP.

CONCLUSIONS

Dog supragingival tartar contains more organic matter than human supragingival tartar. The crystal structure of dog tartar differs from that of humans and contains mixed calcite and CO3AP.

Adherence to dental home care in dogs with periodontitis: a post-treatment survey

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis is a common disease in dogs, and daily dental home care in the form of tooth brushing is essential for prevention and treatment. Despite this, many studies reveal low adherence to tooth brushing advice. This study aimed to assess compliance with dental home care among dogs with periodontitis and understand the factors influencing brushing routines. A questionnaire survey was emailed to 63 dog owners whose dogs had been diagnosed with periodontitis, received dental cleaning at the University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and were given tooth brushing instructions. The survey was supplemented by telephone interviews, resulting in a 57% response rate.

RESULTS

The study presents dog owners' routines, experiences, attitudes, and motivation regarding tooth brushing. Approximately 42% brushed their dogs' teeth daily while others did so less frequently or not at all. Reported challenges, such as uncooperative dogs and difficulty establishing a routine, may explain infrequent brushing.

CONCLUSIONS

While the study suggests that owners of dogs with periodontitis tend to follow dental care recommendations better than the general dog owner population, it also reveals that preventive care is inadequate for more than half of the dogs. Given the high prevalence of periodontitis, there's a need for resources to address infrequent tooth brushing. Understanding dog owners' needs can help establish daily brushing as a routine, improving canine oral health and overall well-being.

Longitudinal Analysis of Canine Oral Microbiome Using Whole Genome Sequencing in Aging Companion Dogs

Aged companion dogs have a high prevalence of periodontal disease and canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS) and the two disorders are correlated. Similarly, periodontal disease and Alzheimer's Disease are correlated in people. However, little is known about the oral microbiota of aging dogs. The goal of this project was to characterize the longitudinal changes in oral microbiota in aged dogs. Oral swabs were taken from ten senior client-owned dogs on 2-3 occasions spanning 24 months and they underwent whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing. Cognitive status was established at each sampling time. A statistically significant increase in alpha diversity for bacterial and fungal species was observed between the first and last study visits. Bacteroidetes and proteobacteria were the most abundant bacterial phyla. Porphyromonas gulae was the most abundant bacterial species (11.6% of total reads). The species Lactobacillus gasseri had a statistically significant increase in relative abundance with age whereas Leptotrichia sp. oral taxon 212 had a statistically significant positive longitudinal association with cognition score. There is an increased fungal and bacterial alpha diversity in aging dogs over time and nearly universal oral dysbiosis. The role of the oral microbiota, particularly Leptotrichia and P. gulae and P. gingivalis, in aging and CCDS warrants further investigation.

Antimicrobial use practices in canine and feline dental procedures performed in primary care veterinary practices in the United States

This study examined the utilization of antimicrobials in canines and felines receiving dental treatments in veterinary clinics in the United States, retrospectively. A total of 818,150 animals (713,901 procedures in dogs and 104,249 procedures in cats) underwent dental procedures under general anesthesia in 2020. These included dental prophylaxis and extractions. Patient demographic data, antimicrobial treatment, treatment duration, dose, periodontal disease score, whether tooth extractions were performed and how many extractions were performed was recorded. Our results showed that local or systemic antimicrobials were used in 116,723/713,901 (16.4%) procedures in dogs and 14,264/104,249 (14%) procedures in cats. Age, weight, extraction of one or more teeth and diagnosis of periodontal disease (any stage) were associated with increased likelihood of antimicrobial administration using univariable analysis (all P<0.001) and in the multivariable model. Clindamycin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and amoxicillin were the most common oral antimicrobials used in dogs and cats. Drugs classified as highest priority clinically important antibiotics (HPCIA) were administered to 30,960/116,723 (26.5%) of dogs and 7,469/14,264 (52%) of treated cats. The results obtained can inform interventions to optimize patient care and promote prudent use of antimicrobials during dental procedures in canine and feline patients.

Dental health in Roman dogs: A pilot study using standardized examination methods

OBJECTIVE

To utilize standardized clinical veterinary methods to analyze dental health in a series of Roman dog maxillae and mandibles and to compare results to modern clinical data.

MATERIALS

28 skulls of juvenile and adult dogs from three archaeological sites in Switzerland and Germany dating to the Roman period.

METHODS

Standardized examination was carried out, which included metric radiographic assessment to diagnose oral pathology and estimate age at death. In one case, CT analysis was undertaken.

RESULTS

The estimated average age at death was between three and four years old. Tooth fracture, periodontal disease, the presence of non-vital teeth, and brachycephalic skull form were found in the sample. Tooth resorption was unexpectedly noted.

CONCLUSION

The study provides valuable insights into the dental health of dogs in the Roman era. Compared to modern dogs, Roman dogs examined in this study appear to have a shorter lifespan but display a high rate of pathological dental disease, while disease patterns were very similar to those of modern dogs. Dogs with pronounced brachycephalic features were found.

SIGNIFICANCE

This pilot study is the first to use standardized clinical examination and recording techniques to assess dental health in dogs from archaeological contexts. It provides insight into the dental health of Roman era dogs and offers data upon which cross-populational studies can be initiated.

LIMITATIONS

The sample size and geographic location of the archaeological sites were limited.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

Subsequent standardized studies, preferably in as many different Roman Empire regions as possible, are recommended.

The Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System in Different Skull Types in Dogs

The anatomy of the stomatognathic system is important for both clinical evaluations and surgical approaches in all animal species. The aim of this study was to describe the innervation and vascularization of the stomatognathic system of the dog. Twelve dogs without a history of disease or cranial malformation were used: 4 brachycephalic, 4 mesocephalic, and 4 dolichocephalic. The dogs were dissected, and arteries, veins, and nerves related to the masticatory and swallowing components were identified. The distribution pattern of these structures in the 3 different skull types were observed. The entire blood supply of the stomatognathic system is derived from the external carotid artery, which originates from the common carotid artery, and terminates as it branches into the superficial temporal and maxillary arteries. The other main branches of the common carotid artery are the occipital, cranial laryngeal, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, caudal auricular, and parotid arteries. Blood drainage was achieved via the external jugular vein, which originates from the union of the linguofacial and maxillary veins. Brachycephalic dogs had blood vessels with greater sinuosity (more deviations) when compared to dolichocephalic and mesocephalic dogs. The stomatognathic system innervation of brachycephalic skull dogs showed differences in the distribution of the facial nerve in the labial commissure and maxillary and mandibular regions. The cranial conformation of dogs demonstrated anatomical variations of the vascular and neural structures of the stomatognathic system. This data may be useful to improve clinical practice, surgical planning, and interpretation of clinical dysfunctions.

Therapeutic effect of aged garlic extract on gingivitis in dogs

Periodontal disease is one of the most common dental health problems in dogs. Clinical studies in humans have shown that aged garlic extract (AGE), which contains stable and water-soluble sulfur-containing bioactive compounds, improves the symptoms of periodontal diseases. Our previous study demonstrated that oral administration of AGE in healthy Beagle dogs at 90 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks had no adverse effects such as hemolytic anemia, which is well known to occur as a result of ingestion of Allium species, including onions and garlic, in dogs. However, the therapeutic potential of AGE in canine periodontal disease remains unclear. Accordingly, we investigated the therapeutic effects of AGE in Beagle dogs with mild gingivitis. Feeding 18 mg/kg/day of AGE for 8 weeks resulted in the improvement of gingival index score, level of volatile sulfur compounds in exhaled air, and enzyme activity of periodontal pathogens without any adverse effects on clinical signs and hematological and serum biochemical parameters. Moreover, AGE increased the concentration of salivary cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to the oral innate immune response. These results suggest that AGE could be a potential therapeutic agent for canine gingivitis.

Bestatin as a treatment modality in experimental periodontitis

BACKGROUND

Chronic periodontitis (CP), the most prevalent dysbiotic bacteria-driven chronic inflammatory disease, is an underestimated global health problem in itself, and due to a causative relationship with other disorders such as cardiovascular diseases or Alzheimer disease. The CP pathogenesis is primarily driven by Porphyromonas gingivalis in humans, and Porphyromonas gulae in dogs. These microorganisms initiate a pathogenic shift in the composition of the tooth-surface microflora. Our objective was to evaluate antimicrobial effects of bestatin, a potential CP drug candidate.

METHODS

We evaluated bestatin bacteriostatic efficiency against periodontopathogens in planktonic cultures via microplate assay, and mono- and multispecies oral biofilm models. Neutrophil bactericidal activities, such as phagocytosis, were investigated in vitro using granulocytes isolated from the peripheral blood. The therapeutic efficacy and the immunomodulatory function of bestatin was assessed in a murine model of CP.

RESULTS

Bestatin exhibited bacteriostatic activity against both P. gingivalis and P. gulae, and controlled the formation and species composition of the biofilm. We demonstrated that bestatin promotes the phagocytosis of periodontopathogens by neutrophils. Finally, we found that providing bestatin in the animal feed prevented alveolar bone resorption.

CONCLUSIONS

We show that in a murine model of CP bestatin not only shifted the biofilm species composition from pathogenic to a commensal one, but also promoted bacteria clearance by immune cells and alleviated inflammation. Taken together, these results suggest that bestatin is a promising drug choice for the treatment and/or prevention of periodontitis and clinical trials are required to fully evaluate its potency.

Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride 38% on reduction of gingivitis in dogs: a randomized clinical trial

Introduction

Periodontal disease is a ubiquitous disease in small animal veterinary medicine. Currently regular professional dental cleaning and daily tooth brushing are considered gold standards in the prevention of periodontal disease. Efforts to find a noninvasive, cost effective and easy to use preventative for periodontal disease are ongoing. The primary objective of this double-blind randomized clinical trial was to determine if a single application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) 38% on the buccal surface of all teeth would reduce gingivitis within 3 months in dogs with stage two periodontal disease.

Methods

Twenty-nine client-owned dogs 3-12 years old, 6-35 pounds were randomized 1:1 into active and placebo-control groups. Both groups underwent a baseline treatment and a three-month follow-up under general anesthesia. Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), and Calculus Index (CI) were assessed and recorded at each event.

Results

A single application of SDF 38% did not significantly lower GI relative to the control group. However, the GI score dropped significantly in both groups relative to baseline, with a 53% reduction in the average GI score for dogs that received SDF 38% treatment and a 44% reduction for dogs that received placebo treatment. There were no differences in PI or CI scores compared to control groups.

Conclusion

Further research is needed to determine if a more frequent application or a longer study duration would yield a different outcome.

Developing diagnostic tools for canine periodontitis: combining molecular techniques and machine learning models

BACKGROUND

Dental plaque microbes play a key role in the development of periodontal disease. Numerous high-throughput sequencing studies have generated understanding of the bacterial species associated with both canine periodontal health and disease. Opportunities therefore exist to utilise these bacterial biomarkers to improve disease diagnosis in conscious-based veterinary oral health checks. Here, we demonstrate that molecular techniques, specifically quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can be utilised for the detection of microbial biomarkers associated with canine periodontal health and disease.

RESULTS

Over 40 qPCR assays targeting single microbial species associated with canine periodontal health, gingivitis and early periodontitis were developed and validated. These were used to quantify levels of the respective taxa in canine subgingival plaque samples collected across periodontal health (PD0), gingivitis (PD1) and early periodontitis (PD2). When qPCR outputs were compared to the corresponding high-throughput sequencing data there were strong correlations, including a periodontal health associated taxa, Capnocytophaga sp. COT-339 (rs =0.805), and two periodontal disease associated taxa, Peptostreptococcaceae XI [G-4] sp. COT-019 (rs=0.902) and Clostridiales sp. COT-028 (rs=0.802). The best performing models, from five machine learning approaches applied to the qPCR data for these taxa, estimated 85.7% sensitivity and 27.5% specificity for Capnocytophaga sp. COT-339, 74.3% sensitivity and 67.5% specificity for Peptostreptococcaceae XI [G-4] sp. COT-019, and 60.0% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity for Clostridiales sp. COT-028.

CONCLUSIONS

A qPCR-based approach is an accurate, sensitive, and cost-effective method for detection of microbial biomarkers associated with periodontal health and disease. Taken together, the correlation between qPCR and high-throughput sequencing outputs, and early accuracy insights, indicate the strategy offers a prospective route to the development of diagnostic tools for canine periodontal disease.

Volatile Sulfur Compounds Produced by the Anaerobic Bacteria Porphyromonas spp. Isolated from the Oral Cavities of Dogs

Porphyromonas spp. are oral anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria that form black-pigmented colonies on blood agar and produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulfide ((CH3)2S), which cause halitosis and the destruction of periodontal tissues. P. gulae is considered the main pathogen involved in periodontal disease in dogs. However, the characteristics of the VSCs produced by P. gulae are unknown. In the present study, VSCs were measured in 26 isolates of P. gulae and some isolates of the other Porphyromonas spp. obtained from the oral cavities of dogs with periodontal disease using an in vitro assay with an Oral ChromaTM gas chromatograph. The results demonstrated that P. gulae was able to produce large amounts of H2S and CH3SH, and the dominant product was CH3SH (CH3SH/H2S was approximately 2.2). Other Porphyromonas spp. that were also obtained from the oral cavities of dogs with periodontal disease indicated similar levels of production of H2S and CH3SH to those of P. gulae. It is strongly suggested that the high levels of H2S and CH3SH produced by P. gulae and other Porphyromonas spp. contribute to halitosis and the destruction of periodontal tissues during the progression of periodontal disease in dogs.

The Complement-Targeted Inhibitor Mini-FH Protects against Experimental Periodontitis via Both C3-Dependent and C3-Independent Mechanisms

A minimized version of complement factor H (FH), designated mini-FH, was previously engineered combining the N-terminal regulatory domains (short consensus repeat [SCR]1-4) and C-terminal host-surface recognition domains (SCR19-20) of the parent molecule. Mini-FH conferred enhanced protection, as compared with FH, in an ex vivo model of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria driven by alternative pathway dysregulation. In the current study, we tested whether and how mini-FH could block another complement-mediated disease, namely periodontitis. In a mouse model of ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP), mini-FH inhibited periodontal inflammation and bone loss in wild-type mice. Although LIP-subjected C3-deficient mice are protected relative to wild-type littermates and exhibit only modest bone loss, mini-FH strikingly inhibited bone loss even in C3-deficient mice. However, mini-FH failed to inhibit ligature-induced bone loss in mice doubly deficient in C3 and CD11b. These findings indicate that mini-FH can inhibit experimental periodontitis even in a manner that is independent of its complement regulatory activity and is mediated by complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18). Consistent with this notion, a complement receptor 3-interacting recombinant FH segment that lacks complement regulatory activity (specifically encompassing SCRs 19 and 20; FH19-20) was also able to suppress bone loss in LIP-subjected C3-deficient mice. In conclusion, mini-FH appears to be a promising candidate therapeutic for periodontitis by virtue of its ability to suppress bone loss via mechanisms that both include and go beyond its complement regulatory activity.

Evaluating instruments for assessing healthspan: a multi-center cross-sectional study on health-related quality of life (HRQL) and frailty in the companion dog

Developing valid tools that assess key determinants of canine healthspan such as frailty and health-related quality of life (HRQL) is essential to characterizing and understanding aging in dogs. Additionally, because the companion dog is an excellent translational model for humans, such tools can be applied to evaluate gerotherapeutics and investigate mechanisms underlying longevity in both dogs and humans. In this multi-center, cross-sectional study, we investigated the use of a clinical questionnaire (Canine Frailty Index; CFI; Banzato et al., 2019) to assess frailty and an owner assessment tool (VetMetrica HRQL) to evaluate HRQL in 451 adult companion dogs. Results demonstrated validity of the tools by confirming expectations that frailty score increases and HRQL scores deteriorate with age. CFI scores were significantly higher (higher frailty) and HRQL scores significantly lower (worse HRQL) in old dogs (≥ 7 years of age) compared to young dogs (≥ 2 and < 6 years of age). Body size (small < 11.3 kg (25 lbs) or large > 22.7 kg (50 lbs)) was not associated with CFI or total HRQL score. However, older, larger dogs showed faster age-related decline in HRQL scores specific to owner-reported activity and comfort. Findings suggest that the clinician-assessed CFI and owner-reported VetMetrica HRQL are useful tools to evaluate two determinants of healthspan in dogs: the accumulation of frailty and the progressive decline in quality of life. Establishing tools that operationalize the assessment of canine healthspan is critical for the advancement of geroscience and the development of gerotherapeutics that benefit both human and veterinary medicine. Graphical summary of the design, results, and conclusions of the study.

Genomic Medicine in Canine Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review

Genomic medicine has become a growing reality; however, it is still taking its first steps in veterinary medicine. Through this approach, it will be possible to trace the genetic profile of a given individual and thus know their susceptibility to certain diseases, namely periodontal disease. This condition is one of the most frequently diagnosed in companion animal clinics, especially in dogs. Due to the limited existing information and the lack of comprehensive studies, the objective of the present study was to systematically review the existing scientific literature regarding genomic medicine in canine periodontal disease and determine which genes have already been studied and their probable potential. This study followed the recommendations of the PRISMA 2020 methodology. Canine periodontal disease allied to genomic medicine were the subjects of this systematic review. Only six articles met all of the inclusion criteria, and these were analyzed in detail. These studies described genetic variations in the following genes: interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-1, lactotransferrin, toll-like receptor 9, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B. Only in two of them, namely interleukin-1 and toll-like receptor 9 genes, may the identified genetic variations explain the susceptibility that certain individuals have to the development of periodontal disease. It is necessary to expand the studies on the existing polymorphic variations in genes and their relationship with the development of periodontal disease. Only then will it be possible to fully understand the biological mechanisms that are involved in this disease and that determine the susceptibility to its development.

Influence of Gallic Acid-Containing Mouth Spray on Dental Health and Oral Microbiota of Healthy Dogs: A Pilot Study

The pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of GAMS on oral microbiota in healthy dog subjects. Thirty-eight dogs were recruited and randomly allocated to the placebo (n = 19) and treatment groups (n = 19). The dogs were treated with mouth spray once daily for 42 days. The changes in the gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and calculus index (CI) were measured at baseline (day 0) and end of the study (42nd day). The changes in the oral microbial composition of representative dogs (placebo, n = 7; and treatment, n = 7) were also evaluated at baseline and end of the study. Oral microbial composition was assessed by sequencing. The sequences were annotated using the QIIME 2.0^TM. The GI, PI, and CI indexes were reduced after the GAMS usage. The abundance of the commensal bacterial phylum Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi, genera Frederiksenia, and Bergeyella was improved after six weeks of GAMS usage. GAMS reduced the pathogenic bacterial species, including Neisseria sp., Desulfobulbus sp., Capnocytophaga canis, and Corynebacterium mustelae. Moreover, some pathogenic bacterial abundances were increased at the end of the study. All the microbial variations were observed within the group. The inter-group analysis revealed that the changes were unrelated to GAMS usage. Further studies need to be carried out using more experimental subjects to confirm the effectiveness of GAMS. More metagenomic data are required to evidence the GMAS impact on the oral microbiome of healthy dogs.

Demography and disorders of English Cocker Spaniels under primary veterinary care in the UK

BACKGROUND

The English Cocker Spaniel (ECS) is a common family dog in the UK. This study aimed to describe demography, morbidity, and mortality in ECS under primary veterinary care in the UK during 2016 using data from the VetCompass™ Programme. This study hypothesised that the prevalence of aggression is higher in male than female ECS, and higher in solid-coloured than bi-coloured ECS.

RESULTS

English Cocker Spaniels comprised 10,313/336,865 (3.06%) of dogs under primary veterinary care during 2016. The median age was 4.57 years (inter-quartile range (IQR) 2.25-8.01) and the median adult bodyweight was 15.05 kg (IQR 13.12-17.35). The annual proportional birth rate was relatively stable between 2.97-3.51% from 2005-2016. The most common specific diagnoses were periodontal disease (n = 486, prevalence 20.97%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 19.31-22.62), otitis externa (n = 234, 10.09%, 95% CI: 8.87-11.32), obesity (n = 229, 9.88%, 95% CI: 8.66-11.09), anal sac impaction (n = 187, 8.07%, 95% CI: 6.96-9.18), diarrhoea (n = 113, 4.87%, 95% CI: 4.00-5.75), and aggression (n = 93, 4.01%, 95% CI: 3.21-4.81). The prevalence of aggression was higher in males (4.95%) than in females (2.87%) (P = 0.015) and in solid-coloured (7.00%) than in bi-coloured dogs (3.66%) (P = 0.010). The median age at death was 11.44 years (IQR 9.46-13.47) and the most common grouped causes of death were neoplasia (n = 10, 9.26%, 95% CI: 3.79-14.73), mass-associated disorders (n = 9, 8.33%, 95% CI: 4.45-15.08), and collapse (n = 8, 7.41%, 95% CI: 3.80-13.94).

CONCLUSIONS

Periodontal disease, otitis externa, and obesity are identified as the most common health issues for ECS, and neoplasia and mass-associated disorders as the most common reasons for death. The prevalence of aggression was higher in males and solid-coloured dogs. The results can aid veterinarians in giving evidence-based health and breed choice information to dog owners and highlights the importance of thorough oral examination and body condition score evaluation during routine veterinary examination of ECS.

Periodontal disease in cats under primary veterinary care in the UK: frequency and risk factors

OBJECTIVES

Periodontal disease is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that can have major welfare implications in cats. This study aimed to report the frequency and demographic risk factors of periodontal disease and to explore associations with common comorbid disorders in cats in the UK.

METHODS

The study included a random sample of 18,249 cats obtained from 1,255,130 cats under primary care during 2019 from clinics participating in the VetCompass programme. All disorders recorded during 2019 were extracted and reported. Risk factor and comorbid disorder analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling.

RESULTS

Periodontal disease had a 1-year period prevalence of 15.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.72-15.76). Breeds with the highest prevalence included Siamese (18.7%, 95% CI 12.24-26.72) and Maine Coon (16.7%, 95% CI 11.37-23.18). The median age of cats with periodontal disease (9.47 years, interquartile range [IQR] 5.96-12.97) was higher than for cats without periodontal disease (4.94 years, IQR 1.95-9.51; P <0.001). Increasing adult body weight, increasing age and sex-neuter status were significantly associated with rising odds of periodontal disease. Cats with periodontal disease had a higher median count of comorbid disorders per individual cat (3, IQR 2-4, range 1-14) than cats without periodontal disease (1, IQR 0-2, range 0-15; P <0.001). Cats with periodontal disease had 1.79 times the odds (95% CI 1.62-1.99, P <0.001) of diagnosis with at least one comorbid disorder disease than cats without periodontal disease.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Periodontal disease is the most common specific diagnosis in cats and is confirmed as a leading health issue in cats. Ageing is identified as the strongest predictor of periodontal disease risk in cats, suggesting the potential for increasing health gains from emphasis on dental care and health in cats as they age. The study offers evidence on a close link between periodontal disease and reduced overall health in cats.

Molecular microbiological characteristics of gingival pockets in the periodontal diseases of dogs

Introduction

Canine periodontitis results among other factors from a disturbed balance of dental plaque microflora and an inadequate host inflammatory response to a stimulus. This investigation sought to identify microorganisms associated with canine periodontitis.

Material and Methods

Microbiological analysis was undertaken of gingival pockets in an experimental group of 36 dogs with periodontal diseases. Swabs were collected with the use of Pet Test (MIP Pharma, Berlin, Germany) from patients with gingival pockets deeper than 5 mm. Samples were aggregated and placed in separate shipping containers with the Pet Test kit.

Results

Identification was made of the most common microorganisms, e.g. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Prevotella intermedia. The red complex constituted the largest proportion of all analysed organisms (84.26%). Capnocytophaga gingivalis was isolated from 33 dogs, Peptostreptococcus micros from 32 dogs, Fusobacterium nucleatum from 29 animals and P. intermedia from 20.

Conclusion

The highest percentage of pathogens was supplied by P. gingivalis (61%). It is thought that dogs acquire them by means of cross-species transmission. The inter-study variability of results may depend not only on the method of periopathogen detection, but also on environmental factors, host immune status or genetic background. Depending on the state of periodontal disease, patients show varied microbiological profiles of the gingival pockets.