1
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Kumari P, Panigrahi AR, Yadav P, Beura SK, Singh SK. Platelets and inter-cellular communication in immune responses: Dialogue with both professional and non-professional immune cells. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:347-379. [PMID: 38762274 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Platelets, derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes, are essential for vascular integrity and play multifaceted roles in both physiological and pathological processes within the vasculature. Despite their small size and absence of a nucleus, platelets are increasingly recognized for their diverse immune functions. Recent research highlights their pivotal role in interactions with various immune cells, including professional cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells, influencing host immune responses. Platelets also engage with non-professional immune cells, contributing to immune responses and structural maintenance, particularly in conditions like inflammation and atherosclerosis. This review underscores the emerging significance of platelets as potent immune cells, elucidating their interactions with the immune system. We explore the mechanisms of platelet activation, leading to diverse functions, such as aggregation, immunity, activation of other immune cells, and pathogen clearance. Platelets have become the predominant immune cells in circulation, involved in chronic inflammation, responses to infections, and autoimmune disorders. Their immunological attributes, including bioactive granule molecules and immune receptors, contribute to their role in immune responses. Unlike professional antigen-presenting cells, platelets process and present antigens through an MHC-I-dependent pathway, initiating T-cell immune responses. This review illuminates the unique features of platelets and their central role in modulating host immune responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Samir Kumar Beura
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India; Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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2
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Cox D. Sepsis - it is all about the platelets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1210219. [PMID: 37350961 PMCID: PMC10282552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is accompanied by thrombocytopenia and the severity of the thrombocytopenia is associated with mortality. This thrombocytopenia is characteristic of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the sepsis-associated coagulopathy. Many of the pathogens, both bacterial and viral, that cause sepsis also directly activate platelets, which suggests that pathogen-induced platelet activation leads to systemic thrombosis and drives the multi-organ failure of DIC. In this paper we review the mechanisms of platelet activation by pathogens and the evidence for a role for anti-platelet agents in the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Maneta E, Aivalioti E, Tual-Chalot S, Emini Veseli B, Gatsiou A, Stamatelopoulos K, Stellos K. Endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis in sepsis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1144229. [PMID: 37081895 PMCID: PMC10110956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1144229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening clinical syndrome characterized by multiorgan dysfunction caused by a dysregulated or over-reactive host response to infection. During sepsis, the coagulation cascade is triggered by activated cells of the innate immune system, such as neutrophils and monocytes, resulting in clot formation mainly in the microcirculation, a process known as immunothrombosis. Although this process aims to protect the host through inhibition of the pathogen’s dissemination and survival, endothelial dysfunction and microthrombotic complications can rapidly lead to multiple organ dysfunction. The development of treatments targeting endothelial innate immune responses and immunothrombosis could be of great significance for reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with sepsis. Medications modifying cell-specific immune responses or inhibiting platelet–endothelial interaction or platelet activation have been proposed. Herein, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of organ-specific endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis in sepsis and its complications, while highlighting the recent advances in the development of new therapeutic approaches aiming at improving the short- or long-term prognosis in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Maneta
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Eleni Maneta, ; Konstantinos Stellos, ;
| | - Evmorfia Aivalioti
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Besa Emini Veseli
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Gatsiou
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eleni Maneta, ; Konstantinos Stellos, ;
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4
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Fitzpatrick G, Nader D, Watkin R, McCoy CE, Curley GF, Kerrigan SW. Human endothelial cell-derived exosomal microRNA-99a/b drives a sustained inflammatory response during sepsis by inhibiting mTOR expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:854126. [PMID: 36061862 PMCID: PMC9434345 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.854126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of sepsis and its accompanying hyper-inflammatory response are key events that lead to multi-organ failure and death. A growing body of literature now suggests that the vascular endothelium plays a critical role in driving early events of sepsis progression. In this study, we demonstrate how endothelial-derived exosomes contribute to a successive pro-inflammatory phenotype of monocytes. Exosomes isolated from S. aureus infected endothelial cells drive both CD11b and MHCII expression in monocytes and contribute dysregulated cytokine production. Conversely, healthy endothelial exosomes had no major effect. microRNA (miRNA) profiling of exosomes identified miR-99 upregulation which we hypothesised as driving this phenotypic change through mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Knockdown of mTOR with miR-99a and miR-99b mimetics in S. aureus infected monocytes increased IL-6 and decreased IL-10 production. Interestingly, inhibition of miRNAs with antagomirs has the opposing effect. Collectively, endothelial exosomes are driving a pro-inflammatory phenotype in monocytes through dysregulated expression of miR-99a and miR-99b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Fitzpatrick
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danielle Nader
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Watkin
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire E. McCoy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard F. Curley
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven W. Kerrigan
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Steven W. Kerrigan,
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5
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Lerche CJ, Schwartz F, Theut M, Fosbøl EL, Iversen K, Bundgaard H, Høiby N, Moser C. Anti-biofilm Approach in Infective Endocarditis Exposes New Treatment Strategies for Improved Outcome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:643335. [PMID: 34222225 PMCID: PMC8249808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.643335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infective disease with increasing incidence worldwide. From early on, in the antibiotic era, it was recognized that high-dose and long-term antibiotic therapy was correlated to improved outcome. In addition, for several of the common microbial IE etiologies, the use of combination antibiotic therapy further improves outcome. IE vegetations on affected heart valves from patients and experimental animal models resemble biofilm infections. Besides the recalcitrant nature of IE, the microorganisms often present in an aggregated form, and gradients of bacterial activity in the vegetations can be observed. Even after appropriate antibiotic therapy, such microbial formations can often be identified in surgically removed, infected heart valves. Therefore, persistent or recurrent cases of IE, after apparent initial infection control, can be related to biofilm formation in the heart valve vegetations. On this background, the present review will describe potentially novel non-antibiotic, antimicrobial approaches in IE, with special focus on anti-thrombotic strategies and hyperbaric oxygen therapy targeting the biofilm formation of the infected heart valves caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The format is translational from preclinical models to actual clinical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Johann Lerche
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Franziska Schwartz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Theut
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Loldrup Fosbøl
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Portier I, Campbell RA. Role of Platelets in Detection and Regulation of Infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:70-78. [PMID: 33115274 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are classically known as essential mediators of hemostasis and thrombosis. However, in recent years, platelets have gained recognition for their inflammatory functions, which modulate the immune response during infectious diseases. Platelets contain various immunoreceptors that enable them to act as sentinels to recognize intravascular pathogens. Upon activation, platelets directly limit pathogen growth through the release of AMPs (antimicrobial proteins) and ensure pathogen clearance through activation of immune cells. However, aberrant platelet activation can lead to inflammation and thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Portier
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City (I.P., R.A.C.)
| | - Robert A Campbell
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City (I.P., R.A.C.).,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R.A.C.)
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7
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Gautam I, Storad Z, Filipiak L, Huss C, Meikle CK, Worth RG, Wuescher LM. From Classical to Unconventional: The Immune Receptors Facilitating Platelet Responses to Infection and Inflammation. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E343. [PMID: 33092021 PMCID: PMC7589078 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platelets have long been recognized for their role in maintaining the balance between hemostasis and thrombosis. While their contributions to blood clotting have been well established, it has been increasingly evident that their roles extend to both innate and adaptive immune functions during infection and inflammation. In this comprehensive review, we describe the various ways in which platelets interact with different microbes and elicit immune responses either directly, or through modulation of leukocyte behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leah M. Wuescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (I.G.); (Z.S.); (L.F.); (C.H.); (C.K.M.); (R.G.W.)
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8
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Marcoux G, Laroche A, Espinoza Romero J, Boilard E. Role of platelets and megakaryocytes in adaptive immunity. Platelets 2020; 32:340-351. [PMID: 32597341 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1786043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is comprised of two principal interconnected components called innate and adaptive immunity. While the innate immune system mounts a nonspecific response that provides protection against the spread of foreign pathogens, the adaptive immune system has developed to specifically recognize a given pathogen and lead to immunological memory. Platelets are small fragments produced from megakaryocytes in bone marrow and lungs. They circulate throughout the blood to monitor the integrity of the vasculature and to prevent bleeding. Given their large repertoire of immune receptors and inflammatory molecules, platelets and megakaryocytes can contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, platelets and megakaryocytes can process and present antigens to lymphocytes. Moreover, platelets, via FcγRIIA, rapidly respond to pathogens in an immune host when antibodies are present. This manuscript reviews the reported contributions of platelets and megakaryocytes with emphasis on antigen presentation and antibody response in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Marcoux
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Audrée Laroche
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jenifer Espinoza Romero
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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9
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Page MJ, Pretorius E. A Champion of Host Defense: A Generic Large-Scale Cause for Platelet Dysfunction and Depletion in Infection. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46:302-319. [PMID: 32279287 PMCID: PMC7339151 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is commonly associated with sepsis and infections, which in turn are characterized by a profound immune reaction to the invading pathogen. Platelets are one of the cellular entities that exert considerable immune, antibacterial, and antiviral actions, and are therefore active participants in the host response. Platelets are sensitive to surrounding inflammatory stimuli and contribute to the immune response by multiple mechanisms, including endowing the endothelium with a proinflammatory phenotype, enhancing and amplifying leukocyte recruitment and inflammation, promoting the effector functions of immune cells, and ensuring an optimal adaptive immune response. During infection, pathogens and their products influence the platelet response and can even be toxic. However, platelets are able to sense and engage bacteria and viruses to assist in their removal and destruction. Platelets greatly contribute to host defense by multiple mechanisms, including forming immune complexes and aggregates, shedding their granular content, and internalizing pathogens and subsequently being marked for removal. These processes, and the nature of platelet function in general, cause the platelet to be irreversibly consumed in the execution of its duty. An exaggerated systemic inflammatory response to infection can drive platelet dysfunction, where platelets are inappropriately activated and face immunological destruction. While thrombocytopenia may arise by condition-specific mechanisms that cause an imbalance between platelet production and removal, this review evaluates a generic large-scale mechanism for platelet depletion as a repercussion of its involvement at the nexus of responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Page
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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10
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Yadav VK, Singh PK, Agarwal V, Singh SK. Crosstalk between Platelet and Bacteria: A Therapeutic Prospect. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:4041-4052. [PMID: 31553286 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190925163347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are typically recognized for their roles in the maintenance of hemostasis and vascular wall repair to reduce blood loss. Beyond hemostasis, platelets also play a critical role in pathophysiological conditions like atherosclerosis, stroke, thrombosis, and infections. During infection, platelets interact directly and indirectly with bacteria through a wide range of cellular and molecular mechanisms. Platelet surface receptors such as GPIbα, FcγRIIA, GPIIbIIIa, and TLRs, etc. facilitate direct interaction with bacterial cells. Besides, the indirect interaction between platelet and bacteria involves host plasma proteins such as von Willebrand Factor (vWF), fibronectin, IgG, and fibrinogen. Bacterial cells induce platelet activation, aggregation, and thrombus formation in the microvasculature. The activated platelets induce the Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) formation, which further contribute to thrombosis. Thus, platelets are extensively anticipated as vital immune modulator cells during infection, which may further lead to cardiovascular complications. In this review, we cover the interaction mechanisms between platelets and bacteria that may lead to the development of thrombotic disorders. Platelet receptors and other host molecules involved in such interactions can be used to develop new therapeutic strategies to combat against infection-induced cardiovascular complications. In addition, we highlight other receptor and enzyme targets that may further reduce infection-induced platelet activation and various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Vishnu Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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11
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Wen YH, Chen DP. Human platelet antigens in disease. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 484:87-90. [PMID: 29802830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelets have various functions and participate in primary hemostasis, inflammation, and immune responses. Human platelet antigens (HPAs) are alloantigens expressed on the platelet membrane. Each HPA represent one of six platelet glycoproteins GPIIb, GPIIIa, GPIa, GPIbα, GPIbβ, and CD109, and six biallelic systems are grouped. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene sequence causes a single amino acid substitution of relevant platelet glycoprotein with the exception of HPA-14bw. High-throughput next-generation sequencing-based method has been developed, which enable accurately identification of HPA polymorphisms. The roles of HPA in disease were reviewed. HPAs mediate platelet-microorganism and platelet-malignant cell interactions, and they also participate in pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and infective endocarditis. The exploration of HPA polymorphisms in association with disease susceptibility of individuals will benefit prevention or management of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hao Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Ping Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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12
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Ilkan Z, Watson S, Watson SP, Mahaut-Smith MP. P2X1 Receptors Amplify FcγRIIa-Induced Ca2+ Increases and Functional Responses in Human Platelets. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118:369-380. [PMID: 29443373 PMCID: PMC6260114 DOI: 10.1160/th17-07-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Platelets express key receptors of the innate immune system such as FcγRIIa and Toll-like receptors (TLR). P2X1 cation channels amplify the platelet responses to several major platelet stimuli, particularly glycoprotein (GP)VI and TLR2/1, whereas their contribution to Src tyrosine kinase-dependent FcγRIIa receptors remains unknown. We investigated the role of P2X1 receptors during activation of FcγRIIa in human platelets, following stimulation by cross-linking of an anti-FcγRIIa monoclonal antibody (mAb) IV.3, or bacterial stimulation with
Streptococcus sanguinis
. Activation was assessed in washed platelet suspensions via measurement of intracellular Ca
2+
([Ca
2+
]
i
) increases, ATP release and aggregation. P2X1 activity was abolished by pre-addition of α,β-meATP, exclusion of apyrase or the antagonist NF449. FcγRIIa activation evoked a robust increase in [Ca
2+
]
i
(441 ± 33 nM at 30 μg/mL mAb), which was reduced to a similar extent (to 66–70% of control) by NF449, pre-exposure to α,β-meATP or apyrase omission, demonstrating a significant P2X1 receptor contribution. FcγRIIa activation-dependent P2X1 responses were partially resistant to nitric oxide (NO), but abrogated by 500 nM prostacyclin (PGI
2
). Aggregation responses to bacteria and FcγRIIa activation were also inhibited by P2X1 receptor desensitization (to 66 and 42% of control, respectively). However, FcγRIIa-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation and ATP release were not significantly altered by the loss of P2X1 activity. In conclusion, we show that P2X1 receptors enhance platelet FcγRIIa receptor-evoked aggregation through an increase in [Ca
2+
]
i
downstream of the initial tyrosine phosphorylation events and early dense granule release. This represents a further route whereby ATP-gated cation channels can contribute to platelet-dependent immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Ilkan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Martyn P Mahaut-Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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13
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Streptococcus oralis Neuraminidase Modulates Adherence to Multiple Carbohydrates on Platelets. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00774-16. [PMID: 27993975 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00774-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence to host surfaces is often mediated by bacterial binding to surface carbohydrates. Although it is widely appreciated that some bacterial species express glycosidases, previous studies have not considered whether bacteria bind to multiple carbohydrates within host glycans as they are modified by bacterial glycosidases. Streptococcus oralis is a leading cause of subacute infective endocarditis. Binding to platelets is a critical step in disease; however, the mechanisms utilized by S. oralis remain largely undefined. Studies revealed that S. oralis, like Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis, binds platelets via terminal sialic acid. However, unlike those organisms, S. oralis produces a neuraminidase, NanA, which cleaves terminal sialic acid. Further studies revealed that following NanA-dependent removal of terminal sialic acid, S. oralis bound exposed β-1,4-linked galactose. Adherence to both these carbohydrates required Fap1, the S. oralis member of the serine-rich repeat protein (SRRP) family of adhesins. Mutation of a conserved residue required for sialic acid binding by other SRRPs significantly reduced platelet binding, supporting the hypothesis that Fap1 binds this carbohydrate. The mechanism by which Fap1 contributes to β-1,4-linked galactose binding remains to be defined; however, binding may occur via additional domains of unknown function within the nonrepeat region, one of which shares some similarity with a carbohydrate binding module. This study is the first demonstration that an SRRP is required to bind β-1,4-linked galactose and the first time that one of these adhesins has been shown to be required for binding of multiple glycan receptors.
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14
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Haworth JA, Jenkinson HF, Petersen HJ, Back CR, Brittan JL, Kerrigan SW, Nobbs AH. Concerted functions of Streptococcus gordonii surface proteins PadA and Hsa mediate activation of human platelets and interactions with extracellular matrix. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12667. [PMID: 27616700 PMCID: PMC5574023 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A range of Streptococcus bacteria are able to interact with blood platelets to form a thrombus (clot). Streptococcus gordonii is ubiquitous within the human oral cavity and amongst the common pathogens isolated from subjects with infective endocarditis. Two cell surface proteins, Hsa and Platelet adherence protein A (PadA), in S. gordonii mediate adherence and activation of platelets. In this study, we demonstrate that PadA binds activated platelets and that an NGR (Asparagine-Glycine-Arginine) motif within a 657 amino acid residue N-terminal fragment of PadA is responsible for this, together with two other integrin-like recognition motifs RGT and AGD. PadA also acts in concert with Hsa to mediate binding of S. gordonii to cellular fibronectin and vitronectin, and to promote formation of biofilms. Evidence is presented that PadA and Hsa are each reliant on the other's active presentation on the bacterial cell surface, suggesting cooperativity in functions impacting both colonization and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jane L. Brittan
- School of Oral and Dental SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Steve W. Kerrigan
- Cardiovascular Infection GroupRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublin 2Ireland
| | - Angela H. Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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15
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McDonnell CJ, Garciarena CD, Watkin RL, McHale TM, McLoughlin A, Claes J, Verhamme P, Cummins PM, Kerrigan SW. Inhibition of major integrin α V β 3 reduces Staphylococcus aureus attachment to sheared human endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:2536-2547. [PMID: 27606892 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) binds and impairs function of vascular endothelial cells (EC). We investigated the molecular signals triggered by S. aureus adhesion to EC. Inhibition of the EC integrin αVβ3 reduces S. aureus binding and rescues EC function. αVβ3 blockade represents an attractive target to treat S. aureus bloodborne infections. SUMMARY Background Vascular endothelial dysfunction with associated edema and organ failure is one of the hallmarks of sepsis. Although a large number of microorganisms can cause sepsis, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the primary etiologic agents. Currently, there are no approved specific treatments for sepsis, and the initial management bundle is therefore focused on cardiorespiratory resuscitation and mitigation of the immediate threat of uncontrolled infection. The continuous emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria necessitates the development of new therapeutic approaches for this disease. Objective To identify the molecular mechanisms leading to endothelial dysfunction as a result of S. aureus binding. METHODS Binding of wild type and Clumping factor A (ClfA) deficient S. aureus Newman to the endothelium was measured in vitro and in the mesenteric circulation of C57Bl/6 mice. The effects of the αV β3 blocker-cilengitide-on bacterial binding, endothelial VE-cadherin expression, apoptosis, proliferation and permeability were assessed. Results The major S. aureus cell wall protein ClfA bound to endothelial cell αV β3 in the presence of fibrinogen. This interaction resulted in disturbances in barrier function mediated by VE-cadherin in endothelial cell monolayers, and ultimately cell death by apoptosis. With a low concentration of cilengitide, ClfA binding to αV β3 was significantly inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, preventing S. aureus from attaching to αV β3 resulted in a significant reduction in endothelial dysfunction following infection. Conclusion Inhibition of S. aureus ClfA binding to endothelial cell αV β3 by cilengitide prevents endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McDonnell
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Infection Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C D Garciarena
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Infection Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R L Watkin
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Infection Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T M McHale
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Infection Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A McLoughlin
- Endothelial Cell Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Claes
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Verhamme
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P M Cummins
- Endothelial Cell Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S W Kerrigan
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Infection Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Xu XR, Zhang D, Oswald BE, Carrim N, Wang X, Hou Y, Zhang Q, Lavalle C, McKeown T, Marshall AH, Ni H. Platelets are versatile cells: New discoveries in hemostasis, thrombosis, immune responses, tumor metastasis and beyond. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:409-30. [PMID: 27282765 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2016.1200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate blood cells generated from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and cleared in the reticuloendothelial system. At the site of vascular injury, platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation constitute the first wave of hemostasis. Blood coagulation, which is initiated by the intrinsic or extrinsic coagulation cascades, is the second wave of hemostasis. Activated platelets can also provide negatively-charged surfaces that harbor coagulation factors and markedly potentiate cell-based thrombin generation. Recently, deposition of plasma fibronectin, and likely other plasma proteins, onto the injured vessel wall has been identified as a new "protein wave of hemostasis" that may occur even earlier than the first wave of hemostasis, platelet accumulation. Although no experimental evidence currently exists, it is conceivable that platelets may also contribute to this protein wave of hemostasis by releasing their granule fibronectin and other proteins that may facilitate fibronectin self- and non-self-assembly on the vessel wall. Thus, platelets may contribute to all three waves of hemostasis and are central players in this critical physiological process to prevent bleeding. Low platelet counts in blood caused by enhanced platelet clearance and/or impaired platelet production are usually associated with hemorrhage. Auto- and allo-immune thrombocytopenias such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia may cause life-threatening bleeding such as intracranial hemorrhage. When triggered under pathological conditions such as rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, excessive platelet activation and aggregation may result in thrombosis and vessel occlusion. This may lead to myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke, the major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Platelets are also involved in deep vein thrombosis and thromboembolism, another leading cause of mortality. Although fibrinogen has been documented for more than half a century as essential for platelet aggregation, recent studies demonstrated that fibrinogen-independent platelet aggregation occurs in both gene deficient animals and human patients under physiological and pathological conditions (non-anti-coagulated blood). This indicates that other unidentified platelet ligands may play important roles in thrombosis and might be novel antithrombotic targets. In addition to their critical roles in hemostasis and thrombosis, emerging evidence indicates that platelets are versatile cells involved in many other pathophysiological processes such as innate and adaptive immune responses, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, lymphatic vessel development, liver regeneration and tumor metastasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of platelet biology, highlights recent advances in the understanding of platelet production and clearance, molecular and cellular events of thrombosis and hemostasis, and introduces the emerging roles of platelets in the immune system, vascular biology and tumorigenesis. The clinical implications of these basic science and translational research findings will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ruby Xu
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada .,b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,c Department of Medicine , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,c Department of Medicine , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P.R. China
| | - Brigitta Elaine Oswald
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,d Canadian Blood Services , Toronto , ON , Canada .,e Department of Physiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Naadiya Carrim
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada .,b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,d Canadian Blood Services , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,f The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi , P.R. China
| | - Yan Hou
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,g Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Changchun , Jilin , P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,h State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P.R. China , and
| | - Christopher Lavalle
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,e Department of Physiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Thomas McKeown
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Alexandra H Marshall
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada .,b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,d Canadian Blood Services , Toronto , ON , Canada .,e Department of Physiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada .,i Department of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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17
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Watson CN, Kerrigan SW, Cox D, Henderson IR, Watson SP, Arman M. Human platelet activation by Escherichia coli: roles for FcγRIIA and integrin αIIbβ3. Platelets 2016; 27:535-40. [PMID: 27025455 PMCID: PMC5000871 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2016.1148129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative Escherichia coli cause diseases such as sepsis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in which thrombotic disorders can be found. Direct platelet–bacterium interactions might contribute to some of these conditions; however, mechanisms of human platelet activation by E. coli leading to thrombus formation are poorly understood. While the IgG receptor FcγRIIA has a key role in platelet response to various Gram-positive species, its role in activation to Gram-negative bacteria is poorly defined. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of human platelet activation by E. coli, including the potential role of FcγRIIA. Using light-transmission aggregometry, measurements of ATP release and tyrosine-phosphorylation, we investigated the ability of two E. coli clinical isolates to activate platelets in plasma, in the presence or absence of specific receptors and signaling inhibitors. Aggregation assays with washed platelets supplemented with IgGs were performed to evaluate the requirement of this plasma component in activation. We found a critical role for the immune receptor FcγRIIA, αIIbβ3, and Src and Syk tyrosine kinases in platelet activation in response to E. coli. IgG and αIIbβ3 engagement was required for FcγRIIA activation. Moreover, feedback mediators adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) were essential for platelet aggregation. These findings suggest that human platelet responses to E. coli isolates are similar to those induced by Gram-positive organisms. Our observations support the existence of a central FcγRIIA-mediated pathway by which human platelets respond to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum N Watson
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Steven W Kerrigan
- b Cardiovascular Infection Group, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Dermot Cox
- b Cardiovascular Infection Group, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Ian R Henderson
- c Institute of Microbiology and Infection , College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Mònica Arman
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,d Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Hull-York Medical School , University of Hull , Hull , UK
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18
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Karachaliou N, Pilotto S, Bria E, Rosell R. Platelets and their role in cancer evolution and immune system. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 4:713-20. [PMID: 26798580 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.10.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate fragments formed from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes and represent the smallest circulating hematopoietic cells. Thought for almost a century to possess solely hemostatic potentials, platelets actually play a much wider role in tissue regeneration and repair and interact intimately with tumor cells. On the one hand, tumor cells induce platelet aggregation, known to act as the trigger of cancer-associated thrombosis and on the other hand, platelets recruited to the tumor microenvironment interact directly with tumor cells favoring proliferation, and indirectly through the release of angiogenic and mitogenic proteins. Furthermore, platelets are immunosuppressive cells that protect metastatic cancer cells from surveillance by killer cells, nullifying the effects of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Karachaliou
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sara Pilotto
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Emilio Bria
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
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19
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Hitchcock JR, Cook CN, Bobat S, Ross EA, Flores-Langarica A, Lowe KL, Khan M, Dominguez-Medina CC, Lax S, Carvalho-Gaspar M, Hubscher S, Rainger GE, Cobbold M, Buckley CD, Mitchell TJ, Mitchell A, Jones ND, Van Rooijen N, Kirchhofer D, Henderson IR, Adams DH, Watson SP, Cunningham AF. Inflammation drives thrombosis after Salmonella infection via CLEC-2 on platelets. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4429-46. [PMID: 26571395 DOI: 10.1172/jci79070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a common, life-threatening consequence of systemic infection; however, the underlying mechanisms that drive the formation of infection-associated thrombi are poorly understood. Here, using a mouse model of systemic Salmonella Typhimurium infection, we determined that inflammation in tissues triggers thrombosis within vessels via ligation of C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) on platelets by podoplanin exposed to the vasculature following breaching of the vessel wall. During infection, mice developed thrombi that persisted for weeks within the liver. Bacteria triggered but did not maintain this process, as thrombosis peaked at times when bacteremia was absent and bacteria in tissues were reduced by more than 90% from their peak levels. Thrombus development was triggered by an innate, TLR4-dependent inflammatory cascade that was independent of classical glycoprotein VI-mediated (GPVI-mediated) platelet activation. After infection, IFN-γ release enhanced the number of podoplanin-expressing monocytes and Kupffer cells in the hepatic parenchyma and perivascular sites and absence of TLR4, IFN-γ, or depletion of monocytic-lineage cells or CLEC-2 on platelets markedly inhibited the process. Together, our data indicate that infection-driven thrombosis follows local inflammation and upregulation of podoplanin and platelet activation. The identification of this pathway offers potential therapeutic opportunities to control the devastating consequences of infection-driven thrombosis without increasing the risk of bleeding.
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20
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Platelets at the interface of thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer. Blood 2015; 126:582-8. [PMID: 26109205 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-531582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although once primarily recognized for its roles in hemostasis and thrombosis, the platelet has been increasingly recognized as a multipurpose cell. Indeed, circulating platelets have the ability to influence a wide range of seemingly unrelated pathophysiologic events. Here, we highlight some of the notable observations that link platelets to inflammation, reinforcing the platelet's origin from a lower vertebrate cell type with both hemostatic and immunologic roles. In addition, we consider the relevance of platelets in cancer biology by focusing on the hallmarks of cancer and the ways platelets can influence multistep development of tumors. Beyond its traditional role in hemostasis and thrombosis, the platelet's involvement in the interplay between hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer is likely complex, yet extremely important in each disease process. The existence of animal models of platelet dysfunction and currently used antiplatelet therapies provide a framework for understanding mechanistic insights into a wide range of pathophysiologic events. Thus, the basic scientist studying platelet function can think beyond the traditional hemostasis and thrombosis paradigms, while the practicing hematologist must appreciate platelet relevance in a wide range of disease processes.
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21
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Arman M, Krauel K. Human platelet IgG Fc receptor FcγRIIA in immunity and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:893-908. [PMID: 25900780 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Beyond their prominent role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are increasingly recognized as having immunologic functions. Supporting this, human platelets express FcγRIIA (CD32a), a low-affinity Fc receptor (FcR) for the constant region of IgG that recognizes immune complexes (ICs) and IgG-opsonized cells with high avidity. In leukocytes, FcγRIIA engagement initiates strong effector functions that are key for immune and inflammatory responses, including cytokine release, antibody-dependent cell-mediated killing of pathogens, and internalization of ICs. However, the physiologic relevance of platelet-expressed FcγRIIA has received little attention in previous reviews on FcRs. This article summarizes and discusses the available information on human platelet FcγRIIA. The importance of this receptor in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, a prothrombotic adverse drug effect, is well documented. However, studies demonstrating platelet activation by IgG-opsonized bacteria point to the physiologic relevance of platelet FcγRIIA in immunity. In this context, platelet activation and secretion may facilitate both a direct antimicrobial function of platelets and crosstalk with other immune cells. Additionally, a role for platelet FcγRIIA in IgG-independent hemostasis and physiologic thrombosis, by means of amplifying integrin αII b β3 outside-in signaling, has also been proposed. Nonetheless, the thrombotic complications found in some infective and autoimmune diseases may result from unbalanced FcγRIIA-mediated platelet aggregation. Moreover, FcγRIIA is not expressed in mice, and thrombocytopenia and/or thrombotic events found after drug administration can only be recapitulated by the use of human FcγRIIA-transgenic mice. Altogether, the available data support a functional role for platelet FcγRIIA in health and disease, and emphasize the need for further investigation of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Krauel
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Multiple studies have now shown that various species of bacteria can stimulate platelets; many in a strain and donor-dependent manner. The signalling pathways underlying this platelet activation has been the subject of scrutiny for the last decade. The best-delineated pathway is that in response to Streptococcal species, such as Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii) and Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis), where a pathway is initiated by the engagement of the low affinity IgG receptor, FcγRIIA. This leads to and involves the tyrosine kinase Syk, the adaptor protein Linker of Activated T Cells (LAT) and subsequently both phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-K). Finally, this leads to the expression of the αIIbβ3 integrin, the synthesis and release of thromboxane A2 (T × A2) and the exocytosis of PF4, each of which plays a crucial role in secondary signalling and full platelet activation. Roles for other signalling pathways in Streptococcal-induced platelet activation are less clear, although an ADP-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, a glycoprotein Ib/IX/V-mediated pathway and perhaps a complement-induced pathway have each been proposed. Platelet activation by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) at least partially shares the FcγRIIA/Syk/PLCγ2/PI-3-K mechanism utilised by Streptococcal species. However, it has also been suggested that P. gingivalis activates platelets by two additional methods; stimulation of the protease-activated receptors leading to activation of phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ), and the engagement of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 by released lipopolysaccharide leading to an ill-defined pathway which may involve PI-3-K. Consequently, it appears that bacteria can stimulate platelets by eliciting multiple signalling pathways some of which are common, and some unique, to individual species.
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Abstract
Given their small size, platelets are emerging as being one of the most important entities in the bloodstream. Not only do they play a key role in maintaining thrombosis and haemostasis, platelets also play a critical role in orchestrating the immune response. Being the first cell at the site of injury, they are perfectly placed to assess the extent of the damage and recruit immune cells as is necessary. As a first line of defence, platelets can act as primitive immune cells themselves by interacting with invading pathogens. A number of platelet receptors have been shown to interact with bacteria either directly or indirectly, involving a plasma protein bridge. This review will discuss the molecular mechanisms that exist between platelets and bacteria and the functional response to the interaction. We will also discuss the importance of considering animal models of disease and the use of physiological shear when studying platelet-bacterial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Kerrigan
- School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
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24
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Abstract
The C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-2 mediates platelet activation through a hem-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (hemITAM). CLEC-2 initiates a Src- and Syk-dependent signaling cascade that is closely related to that of the 2 platelet ITAM receptors: glycoprotein (GP)VI and FcγRIIa. Activation of either of the ITAM receptors induces shedding of GPVI and proteolysis of the ITAM domain in FcγRIIa. In the present study, we generated monoclonal antibodies against human CLEC-2 and used these to measure CLEC-2 expression on resting and stimulated platelets and on other hematopoietic cells. We show that CLEC-2 is restricted to platelets with an average copy number of ∼2000 per cell and that activation of CLEC-2 induces proteolytic cleavage of GPVI and FcγRIIa but not of itself. We further show that CLEC-2 and GPVI are expressed on CD41+ microparticles in megakaryocyte cultures and in platelet-rich plasma, which are predominantly derived from megakaryocytes in healthy donors, whereas microparticles derived from activated platelets only express CLEC-2. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory disease associated with increased microparticle production, had raised plasma levels of microparticles that expressed CLEC-2 but not GPVI. Thus, CLEC-2, unlike platelet ITAM receptors, is not regulated by proteolysis and can be used to monitor platelet-derived microparticles.
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25
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Andrews RK, Arthur JF, Gardiner EE. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the role of platelets in infection. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:659-65. [PMID: 25265341 DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role in normal haemostasis, platelets make important contributions to host inflammatory and immune responses to injury or infection. Under pathophysiological conditions where platelet function is not tightly controlled, platelets also play critical roles in pathogenic processes underlying cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled inflammation, coagulopathy and in tumour metastasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of histone-modified nuclear material extruded from activated neutrophils during inflammatory responses and these degranulation events can be directly triggered by platelet/neutrophil engagement. Emerging research describes how NETs influence platelet function, particularly in the setting of infection and inflammation. Especially intriguing is the potential for platelet-driven coagulation to be modulated by NETs in plasma and interstitial spaces. These findings also reveal new perspectives related to improved therapy for venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- Dr. Elizabeth E. Gardiner, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road,, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia, Tel.: +613 9903 0756, E-mail:
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26
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Andrews RK, Arthur JF, Gardiner E. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the role of platelets in infection. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:659-665. [PMID: 25144936 DOI: 10.1160/th-14-05-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role in normal haemostasis, platelets make important contributions to host inflammatory and immune responses to injury or infection. Under pathophysiological conditions where platelet function is not tightly controlled, platelets also play critical roles in pathogenic processes underlying cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled inflammation, coagulopathy and in tumour metastasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of histone-modified nuclear material extruded from activated neutrophils during inflammatory responses and these degranulation events can be directly triggered by platelet/neutrophil engagement. Emerging research describes how NETs influence platelet function, particularly in the setting of infection and inflammation. Especially intriguing is the potential for platelet-driven coagulation to be modulated by NETs in plasma and interstitial spaces. These findings also reveal new perspectives related to improved therapy for venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Andrews
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane F Arthur
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Gardiner
- Dr. Elizabeth E. Gardiner, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road,, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia, Tel.: +613 9903 0756, E-mail:
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28
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Amplification of bacteria-induced platelet activation is triggered by FcγRIIA, integrin αIIbβ3, and platelet factor 4. Blood 2014; 123:3166-74. [PMID: 24642751 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-540526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to platelets is mediated via a range of strain-specific bacterial surface proteins that bind to a variety of platelet receptors. It is unclear how these interactions lead to platelet activation. We demonstrate a critical role for the immune receptor FcγRIIA, αIIbβ3, and Src and Syk tyrosine kinases in platelet activation by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. FcγRIIA activation is dependent on immunoglobulin G (IgG) and αIIbβ3 engagement. Moreover, feedback agonists adenosine 5'-diphosphate and thromboxane A2 are mandatory for platelet aggregation. Additionally, platelet factor 4 (PF4) binds to bacteria and reduces the lag time for aggregation, and gray platelet syndrome α-granule-deficient platelets do not aggregate to 4 of 5 bacterial strains. We propose that FcγRIIA-mediated activation is a common response mechanism used against a wide range of bacteria, and that release of secondary mediators and PF4 serve as a positive feedback mechanism for activation through an IgG-dependent pathway.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The platelet paradigm that is well established in hemostasis and thrombosis can be extended to other disease states. A consideration for some major health issues, such as inflammation, cancer, infection, and neuroscience, and how platelet function impacts the pathophysiology of each clinical situation is provided. RECENT FINDINGS Decades of research and knowledge of platelet function exist and the same is true for inflammation and cancer. The literature is full of platelet biology overlapping into other, nonthrombotic disease states. However, major gaps exist that prevent a complete mechanistic understanding of platelet function in these other diseases. Although much of the overlap provides antidotal relationships, future studies will likely uncover novel pathophysiological pathways that are highly relevant to human diseases. SUMMARY Recent findings in four major disease areas, inflammation, cancer, infection, and neuroscience, are described, with current literature linking the disease to platelet function. The availability of antiplatelet therapies, such as aspirin, exists and future consideration can be given as to whether antiplatelet therapy is potentially beneficial or harmful as the mechanisms of platelet involvement are better defined.
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Speth C, Löffler J, Krappmann S, Lass-Flörl C, Rambach G. Platelets as immune cells in infectious diseases. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:1431-51. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets have been shown to cover a broad range of functions. Besides their role in hemostasis, they have immunological functions and thus participate in the interaction between pathogens and host defense. Platelets have a broad repertoire of receptor molecules that enable them to sense invading pathogens and infection-induced inflammation. Consequently, platelets exert antimicrobial effector mechanisms, but also initiate an intense crosstalk with other arms of the innate and adaptive immunity, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and T cells. There is a fragile balance between beneficial antimicrobial effects and detrimental reactions that contribute to the pathogenesis, and many pathogens have developed mechanisms to influence these two outcomes. This review aims to highlight aspects of the interaction strategies between platelets and pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, in addition to the subsequent networking between platelets and other immune cells, and the relevance of these processes for the pathogenesis of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Speth
- Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Infection, Inflammation, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- Microbiology Institute – Clinical Microbiology, Immunology & Hygiene, University Hospital of Erlangen & Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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