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van Galen G, Divers TJ, Savage V, Schott HC, Siwinska N. ECEIM consensus statement on equine kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 38801172 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this consensus statement is to summarize and appraise scientific evidence and combine this with the clinical experience of a panel of experts to optimize recommendations on how to recognize and manage kidney disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby van Galen
- Goulburn Valley Equine Hospital, Congupna, Victoria, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas J Divers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Victoria Savage
- Three Counties Equine Hospital, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Harold C Schott
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Natalia Siwinska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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2
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Taylor SD, Hart KA, Vaughn S, Giancola SC, Serpa PBS, Santos AP. Effects of intravenous administration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on oxidative status in healthy adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:460-468. [PMID: 37948618 PMCID: PMC10800205 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascorbic acid (AA) is an antioxidant that might be beneficial for adjunctive treatment of sepsis in horses. The optimal dose and effects on oxidative status are unknown. HYPOTHESIS Ascorbic acid administration will increase plasma AA concentrations and decrease determinants of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROM), basal and stimulant-induced intraerythrocytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, and stimulant-induced neutrophil ROS production, and increase plasma antioxidant capacity (PAC) in a dose-dependent manner. ANIMALS Eight healthy horses. METHODS Randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Each horse received 4 single-dose IV treatments including AA at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg and saline (placebo) with each treatment separated by ≥1 week. Blood was collected at baseline, 2 and 6 hours for assessment of plasma dROM and PAC via photometer, intraerythrocytic ROS by flow cytometry, and stimulant-induced neutrophil ROS by a fluorometric assay. Plasma AA concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection. RESULTS Ascorbic acid at 100 mg/kg resulted in decreased dROM 2 hours after treatment (P = .03, 95% CI 5.51-121.2, point estimate 63.3). There was no effect of AA on basal or stimulant-induced intraerythrocytic ROS (P = .88, 95% CI -0.156 to 0.081, point estimate -0.037; P = .93, 95% CI -0.123 to 0.112, point estimate -0.006, respectively), basal or stimulant-induced neutrophil ROS (P ≥ .12, 95% CI -644.9 to 56.2, point estimate -294.4), or PAC (P ≥ .64, 95% CI -1567 to 463.4, point estimate -552.0) at any dose or timepoint. Plasma AA concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE High-dose administration of AA might provide antioxidant benefits in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Kelsey A. Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sarah Vaughn
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Shyla C. Giancola
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Priscila B. S. Serpa
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical Sciences and PathobiologyVirginia‐Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond DriveBlacksburg, Virginia 24061USA
| | - Andrea P. Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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Ryan CA, McNeal CD, Credille BC. Ceftiofur use and antimicrobial stewardship in the horse. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:944-961. [PMID: 36733237 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Equine practitioners require recommendations that support antimicrobial stewardship and avoid generating resistance to medically important antibiotics. This review examines current inadequacies in antimicrobial stewardship standards within the veterinary community, related to antimicrobial categorisation and prescribing practices. Resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics in horses is also described. Properties of cephalosporin antibiotics are outlined and equine-specific studies of ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with medical importance, are detailed. Readers are provided with recommendations that encourage appropriate use of ceftiofur, citing the evidence available in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare A Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina D McNeal
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brenton C Credille
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Battistin L, Cerri FM, Watanabe MJ, Takahira RK, Ribeiro MG, Rocha NS, de Oliveira-Filho JP, Borges AS, Amorim RM. Pleural Empyema in Six Horses: A Retrospective Case Series. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 130:104912. [PMID: 37643695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The clinical findings of pleural empyema in six horses were retrospectively studied using epidemiological, clinical pathology, microbiological, ultrasound, and post-mortem data. The clinical findings included tachycardia (n = 3/6), tachypnea (n = 6/6), cyanotic mucosa (n = 2/6), hyperthermia (n = 4/6), inspiratory or mixed dyspnea (n = 6/6), presence of fluid and/or pleural rubbing (n = 2/6) and coarse crackling on auscultation (n = 4/6). Horses demonstrated leukocytosis (16.22 × 103/µL) with neutrophilia (12.32 × 103/µL) and hyperfibrinogenemia (633.33 mg/dL) and an increase in urea (69.80 mg/kg) and globulins (5.22 g/dL). The pleural fluid exhibited exudate (n = 5/6). The pathogens isolated from transtracheal wash (TTW) and/or pleural effusion included Aspergillus fumigatus, Enterobacter cloacae, alpha and beta hemolytic Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, and beta hemolytic Staphylococcus. The in vitro tests of microbial sensitivity of the isolates revealed that ceftiofur (5/6) and penicillin (3/6) were the most effective drugs. The fatality rate was 83% (5/6). The main post-mortem finding was the presence of fibrin in the pleural cavity with adhesion between the parietal and visceral pleura. These results show that pleural empyema is a complex disease pathophysiology that is refractory to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Jun Watanabe
- Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction Department, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Hepworth‐Warren KL, Estell K, Cowles B, Amodie D, Crisman M. Utility of serum amyloid A in monitoring clinical response to antimicrobial treatment in horses with bacterial pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1917-1922. [PMID: 37522636 PMCID: PMC10473010 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein in horses which could be a useful tool for assessing clinical response to treatment of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. OBJECTIVES To monitor SAA concentration in response to treatment and identify associations among SAA concentration, WBC and neutrophil counts, and fibrinogen in bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. ANIMALS Eighteen adult horses with bacterial pneumonia. METHODS Prospective clinical study. Horses hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia were enrolled and SAA concentration and vital signs were assessed daily. SAA concentration was measured by a handheld meter. CBC and plasma fibrinogen were assessed on days 0, 1, and 2, then every 3 days until discharge. Data were not normally distributed and therefore were log transformed. Log-transformed data were analyzed and comparisons were performed on LSMeans by the 2-sided Student's t-test at the 5% level of significance. RESULTS Geometric mean SAA concentration on day 0 was 537 μg/mL (SE 383 μg/mL). Geometric mean SAA concentration decreased significantly over time (P = .0001), peaking at day 2 (geomean 1038 μg/mL, SE 261.7 μg/mL) and decreasing until discharge. Plasma concentration of fibrinogen (P = .06), neutrophil count (P = .48), and WBC count (P = .07) did not change significantly over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE SAA concentration decreased significantly over the course of treatment and correlated with clinical improvement of pneumonia whereas fibrinogen, neutrophil, and WBC counts did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Hepworth‐Warren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Krista Estell
- Virginia Tech's Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical CenterLeesburgVirginiaUSA
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Cota LO, Júnior OS, Oliveira APL, Paz CFR, Maróstica TP, Duarte PC, Leme FOP, Faleiros RR. Oral supplementation with Lithothamnion extract in horses subjected to oligofructose overload intake: effects on systemic inflammation and multiple organ function. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 117:104082. [PMID: 35850436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a common condition in horses with gastrointestinal disorders. If not prevented or controlled, SIRS promotes multiple organ dysfunctions that may culminate in serious disabilities or even death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lithothamnion supplementation on systemic inflammatory response and organ function variables in horses undergoing oligofructose overload (OFO) intake. Twelve healthy horses were randomly divided into control and treated groups. The treated group received Lithothamnion (100 mg/kg bw PO BID) for 7 days before oligofructose intake (10 g/kg PO). Horses underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation immediately before and 6, 12, 18, and 24 h following administration of oligofructose. Parametric data were subjected to ANOVA in randomized blocks, followed by Tukey, and Student's t-tests for mean comparsions. Non-parametric data were analyzed by the Friedman, Dunn's, and Mann-Whitney tests (P < .05). Systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction was evident in both groups; however, these changes were milder and delayed in the treated group. Supplementation attenuated and delayed the tachycardia, tachypnea, leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperalbuminemia and hyperglycemia in treated horses undergoing OFO. Furthermore, increases in packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, indirect and direct bilirubin and creatinine were observed only in the control group, remaining unchanged in the treated group. These findings demonstrate the potential of oral supplementation with Lithothamnion to ameliorate systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction in horses at risk of acquiring gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia O Cota
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Odael S Júnior
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alvaro P L Oliveira
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cahuê F R Paz
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thairê P Maróstica
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Duarte
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiola O P Leme
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; MULTILAB, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Faleiros
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; MULTILAB, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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7
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Migliorisi A, Barger A, Austin S, Foreman JH, Wilkins P. Hyponatremia in horses with septic pneumopathy. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1820-1826. [PMID: 36054644 PMCID: PMC9511076 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyponatremia is common in horses with bacterial pleuropneumonia, but no further characterization of this abnormality has been reported. Objectives Describe admission plasma sodium concentration ([Na]) in horses with septic pneumopathy and evaluate any association of plasma [Na] with markers of systemic inflammation. Animals Medical records of horses >1 month of age that between 2008 and 2021 had a transtracheal aspirate (TTA) performed, abnormal TTA cytology, positive TTA culture, pulmonary disease on ultrasonography, radiography or both, and plasma [Na] assessed by direct ion‐selective‐electrode (dISE). Horses with concurrent diarrhea or azotemia were excluded. Methods Clinical and clinicopathological variables of interest between hypo‐ and normonatremic horses were compared. Spearman correlation and Fisher exact tests were used to identify significant associations (P < .05). Results Twenty of 35 horses had hyponatremia (median, 132 mmol/L; 25‐75th interquartile range [IQR], 129.7‐133.1 mmol/L; reference range, 134.2‐138.4 mmol/L). A higher proportion of horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) had hyponatremia (P = .01). Hyponatremic patients had higher mean plasma fibrinogen concentration (461 ± 160.5 mg/dL; P = .01) and higher rectal temperature (38.8 ± 0.7°C; P = .02) than normonatremic horses. Negative correlations were found between plasma [Na] and fibrinogen (P = .001; ρ = −0.57) concentrations and between plasma [Na] and rectal temperature (P = .001; ρ = −0.51). Presence or absence of pleural effusion did not influence severity of hyponatremia. Mean duration of hospitalization was longer (P = .04) in hyponatremic horses (9.8 ± 6.6 days). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Hyponatremia at admission is associated with the presence of inflammation, SIRS, and with longer duration of hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Migliorisi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Anne Barger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Scott Austin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Jonathan H. Foreman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Pamela Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
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Taylor SD, Serpa PBS, Santos AP, Hart KA, Vaughn SA, Moore GE, Mukhopadhyay A, Page AE. Effects of intravenous administration of peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells after infusion of lipopolysaccharide in horses. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1491-1501. [PMID: 35698909 PMCID: PMC9308407 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systemic and dysregulated immune response to infection contributes to morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis. Peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (PB-MSC) mitigate inflammation in animal models of sepsis. Allogeneic PB-MSC administered IV to horses is well-tolerated but therapeutic benefits are unknown. HYPOTHESIS After IV lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion, horses treated with PB-MSC would have less severe clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress compared to controls administered a placebo. ANIMALS Sixteen horses were included in this study. METHODS A randomized placebo-controlled experimental trial was performed. Sixteen healthy horses were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (1 × 109 PB-MSC or saline placebo). Treatments were administered 30 minutes after completion of LPS infusion of approximately 30 ng/kg. Clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress markers were assessed at various time points over a 24-hour period. RESULTS A predictable response to IV LPS infusion was observed in all horses. At the dose administered, there was no significant effect of PB-MSC on clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, or inflammatory cytokine gene expression at any time point. Antioxidant potential was not different between treatment groups, but intracellular ROS increased over time in the placebo group. Other variables that changed over time were likely due to effects of IV LPS infusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administration of allogeneic PB-MSC did not cause clinically detectable adverse effects in healthy horses. The dose of PB-MSC used here is unlikely to exert a beneficial effect in endotoxemic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Priscila B S Serpa
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea P Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah A Vaughn
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Abhijit Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Allen E Page
- Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Arafa AA, Hedia RH, Dorgham SM, Ibrahim ES, Bakry MA, Abdalhamed AM, Abuelnaga ASM. Determination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from horses with respiratory manifestation. Vet World 2022; 15:827-833. [PMID: 35698500 PMCID: PMC9178564 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.827-833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The World Health Organization considers multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae a major global threat. Horses harbor commensal isolates of this bacterial species and potentially serve as reservoirs for human MDR bacteria. This study investigated antimicrobial resistance in horses caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: One hundred fifty-nine nasal swab samples were collected from horses with respiratory distress not treated with cefotaxime and erythromycin. Biochemical and serological identification was performed on all samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect 16S-23S ITS, mucoviscosity-associated gene (magA), uridine diphosphate galacturonate 4-epimerase gene (uge), and iron uptake system gene (kfu), blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX genes. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic relatedness of randomly selected K. pneumoniae isolates carrying the blaTEM gene were performed. Results: Ten isolates of Klebsiella spp. were obtained from 159 samples, with an incidence of 6.28% (10 of 159). Based on biochemical and serological identification, K. pneumoniae was detected in 4.4% (7 of 159) of the samples. Using PCR, all tested K. pneumoniae isolates (n=7) carried the 16S-23S ITS gene. By contrast, no isolates carried magA, uge, and kfu genes. The blaTEM gene was detected in all test isolates. Moreover, all isolates did not harbor the blaSHV or blaCTX gene. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic relatedness reported that the maximum likelihood unrooted tree generated indicated the clustering of the test isolate with the other Gram-negative isolate blaTEM. Finally, the sequence distance of the blaTEM gene of the test isolate (generated by Lasergene) showed an identity range of 98.4-100% with the blaTEM gene of the different test isolates. Conclusion: The misuse of antimicrobials and insufficient veterinary services might help generate a population of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in equines and humans, representing a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A. Arafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Riham H. Hedia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Sohad M. Dorgham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Eman S. Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Magdy A. Bakry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Abeer M. Abdalhamed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Azza S. M. Abuelnaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
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Floriano D, Watkins AR, Hopster K. Intratracheal oxygen administration increases FIO2 and PaO2 compared with intranasal administration in healthy, standing horses. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:450-454. [PMID: 35263280 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.09.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of 2 different oxygen delivery strategies-intranasal and tracheal insufflation-on the inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2) in standing horses and to determine the time needed for arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) equilibration. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES In this blinded, randomized crossover design study, horses were randomly assigned to receive oxygen via nasal cannula (group N) or transcutaneous tracheal catheter (group T). After placement of venous and arterial catheters, FIO2 was measured through a catheter placed into the distal portion of the trachea. After baseline measurements were obtained, horses received oxygen at up to 25 mL/kg/min for 1 hour via either intranasal or intratracheal catheter. The FIO2 and PaO2 were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 minutes during and 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes after oxygen insufflation. Data were analyzed by use of a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer post hoc testing for pairwise comparisons (P < 0.05). RESULTS During oxygen administration, FIO2 and PaO2 increased significantly when compared with baseline, resulting in significantly higher values for group T (37.7 ± 2.4%; 214.6 ± 18 mm Hg) than for group N (34.3 ± 3.9%; 184.1 ± 11 mm Hg). The equilibration time was less than 10 minutes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intratracheal oxygen administration resulted in better oxygenation than nasal insufflation and should therefore be considered in standing horses that are experiencing severe respiratory compromise. The equilibration between FIO2 and PaO2 is rapid in adult horses.
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Theuerkauf K, Obach-Schröck C, Staszyk C, Moritz A, Roscher KA. Activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in the equine systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:448-457. [PMID: 35168432 PMCID: PMC9066687 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221077969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, activated platelets contribute to sepsis complications and to multiple organ failure. In our prospective analytical study of cases of the equine systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), we adapted a standard human protocol for the measurement of activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs) in equine platelet-leukocyte-rich plasma (PLRP) by flow cytometry, and we investigated the hypothesis that activated platelets and PLAs are increased in clinical cases of SIRS. We included 17 adult horses and ponies fulfilling at least 2 SIRS criteria, and 10 healthy equids as controls. Activation of platelets was determined by increased expression of CD62P on platelets. Activated platelets and PLAs were measured before and after in vitro activation of platelets with collagen. Median expression of CD62P on platelets was significantly increased after activation in the control group: 1.45% (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.08-1.99%) initially versus 8.78% (IQR: 6.79-14.78%, p = 0.002) after activation. The equids with SIRS had significantly more activated platelets and PLAs in native PLRP than controls: CD62P 4.92% (median, IQR: 2.21-12.41%) versus 1.45% in controls (median, IQR: 1.08-1.99%, p = 0.0007), and PLAs 4.16% (median, IQR: 2.50-8.58%) versus 2.95% in controls (median, IQR: 1.57-3.22%, p = 0.048). To our knowledge, increased platelet activation and PLAs have not been demonstrated previously with flow cytometry in clinical cases of equine SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Obach-Schröck
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja A Roscher
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Madsen K, de Bont MP, Palmers K. Endoscopic sealing of a chronic bronchopleural fistula using acrylate co‐monomer glue. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Madsen
- Equine Clinic De Morette Asse Belgium
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Hess EK, Reinhart JM, Anderson MJ, Jannasch AS, Taylor SD. Pharmacokinetics of thiamine (vitamin B1) in adult horses after administration of three single intravenous doses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:937-944. [PMID: 34407222 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine is a vital co-factor for several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes that are critical for mitigation of sepsis-associated inflammation, but pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis has not been reported in horses. We hypothesized that IV thiamine hydrochloride (TH) at increasing dosages would result in corresponding increases in plasma thiamine concentrations without causing adverse effects. A randomized cross-over study was performed in 9 healthy horses that each received TH at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg IV. Blood was collected immediately prior to drug administration and at several time points thereafter. High-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to quantify thiamine concentrations at each time point. Non-compartmental PK methods showed that IV TH resulted in supraphysiologic plasma concentrations with a short half-life (0.77-1.12 h) and no adverse clinical signs were observed. The terminal rate constant decreased as the dosage increased (p < .0001) and clearance significantly decreased at the 20 mg/kg dosage (p = .0011). The area under the curve (AUC) increased in a non-linear fashion. These findings suggest that thiamine follows non-linear elimination kinetics in horses, which is likely due to saturation of renal elimination. Future studies are needed to identify therapeutic plasma concentrations and develop thiamine dosing recommendations for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Hess
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Melinda J Anderson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Amber S Jannasch
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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14
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Sim JJ, Lau SF, Omar S, Watanabe M, Aslam MW. A Retrospective Study on Bacteriology, Clinicopathologic and Radiographic Features in 28 Cats Diagnosed with Pyothorax. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2286. [PMID: 34438744 PMCID: PMC8406089 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study aimed to determine the etiological, clinicopathological, and radiographic features and outcome of feline pyothorax cases. Medical records from twenty-eight cats with pyothorax aged from 4 months to 10 years (median 10 months) diagnosed between 2013 and 2020 were reviewed. Dyspnoea (75.0%), abnormal lung sounds (75.0%) and open-mouth breathing (64.3%) were the predominant respiratory signs. Leucocytosis (61.5%), particularly monocytosis (68.0%), and hyperglobulinaemia (65.4%) were among the most prominent findings in blood analysis. Bilateral pleural effusion was found in 67.9% of the thoracic radiographs. A total of 47.4% of the cytological samples revealed the presence of bacteria, while all had positive bacterial growth. Pasteurella multocida, E. coli, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were the predominant aerobic bacteria isolated from pleural effusion samples. A chest tube was placed in 64.3% of the cats and 66.7% of cats with chest tubes survived. In total, 46.4% of cats with pyothorax recovered. Amoxicillin-clavulanate was the antimicrobial of choice against aerobic bacteria found in this study and should be given in combination with antimicrobials that cover anaerobic bacteria. Chest tube placement is crucial for treatment success. Cytological results and bacterial culture may not be consistent; thus, bacterial culture should be performed for every case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juin Jia Sim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.W.); (M.W.A.)
| | - Seng Fong Lau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.W.); (M.W.A.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Research UPM-MAKNA (CANRES), Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Sharina Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Malaika Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.W.); (M.W.A.)
| | - Muhammad Waseem Aslam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.W.); (M.W.A.)
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Aleman MR, True A, Scalco R, Crowe CM, Costa LRR, Chigerwe M. Gentamicin-induced sensorineural auditory loss in healthy adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2486-2494. [PMID: 34322916 PMCID: PMC8478042 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irreversible sensorineural auditory loss has been reported in humans treated with aminoglycosides but not in horses. Objective Investigate if auditory loss occurs in horses treated using the recommended IV daily dosage of gentamicin for 7 consecutive days. Animals Ten healthy adult horses (7‐15 years; females and males, 5 each). Methods Prospective study. Physical and neurological examinations and renal function tests were performed. Gentamicin sulfate was administered at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg via the jugular vein on alternating sides for 7 days. Gentamicin peak and trough concentrations were measured. Horses were sedated using detomidine hydrochloride IV to perform brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) before the first dose, immediately after the last dose, and 30 days after the last dose. Peaks latencies, amplitudes, and amplitude ratios were recorded. Data from the second and last BAER were compared to results at baseline. Bone conduction was performed to rule out conduction disorders. Results Seven horses had auditory loss: complete bilateral (N = 1), complete unilateral (N = 2), and partial unilateral (N = 4). Based on physical examination and BAER results, sensorineural auditory loss was suspected. Absent bone conduction ruled out a conduction disorder and further supported sensorineural auditory loss in horses with completely absent BAER. Auditory dysfunction was reversible in 4 of 7 horses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Gentamicin at recommended doses may cause sensorineural auditory loss in horses that might be irreversible. Follow‐up studies are needed to investigate if other dosing protocols present a similar risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexander True
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rebeca Scalco
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chelsea M Crowe
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lais R R Costa
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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16
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Antimicrobial Selection for the Equine Practitioner. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:461-494. [PMID: 34243881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drugs play an important, often central, role in the therapeutic management of mature horses and foals with a variety of illnesses, including those requiring critical care. Antimicrobial use must be based on rational principles involving thorough patient evaluation and sound clinical judgment that indicate a high likelihood that the patient has a bacterial infection and that antimicrobials are indicated to promote recovery. The aim of antimicrobial treatment is to inflict an insult on infecting bacteria sufficient to kill the organism or render it susceptible to inactivation by natural host defenses or the local microenvironment without adversely affecting the patient.
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17
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Boyle AG. Respiratory Distress in the Adult and Foal. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:311-325. [PMID: 34119402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory distress in the horse and foal is an emergency. Managing equine respiratory distress in the field starts with appropriate assessment of the patient to determine whether the breathing obstruction stems from the upper or lower respiratory tract or is nonrespiratory in origin. From a thorough, but efficient, physical examination to point-of-care ultrasound and endoscopy, the veterinarian has many tools in the field to help diagnose the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Boyle
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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18
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Mondo E, Rinnovati R, Spadari A, Giacometti F, Serraino A, Savini F, Piva S. First isolation of Klebsiella variicola from a horse pleural effusion. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:75. [PMID: 33579291 PMCID: PMC7881548 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory diseases are the second most common cause of illnesses in horses, their etiology can be viral, bacterial, immune-mediated, or mechanical (Racklyeft and Love DN, Aust Vet J 78:549–59, 2000; Austin et al., J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:325–328, 1995; Arroyo et al., J Vet Intern Med 31:894–900, 2017). Klebsiella variicola is a Gram-negative bacterium that was initially identified as an endophyte in soil and plants such as bananas, rice, sugar cane and maize but recent studies have identified this microorganism as an emerging pathogen in humans (Rodríguez-Medina et al., Emerg Microbes Infect 8:973–988, 2019; Fontana et al., J Clin Microbiol 57:e00825–18, 2019; Rosenblueth et al., Syst Appl Microbiol 27:27–35, 2004). This paper describes, for the first time to our knowledge, the isolation of K. variicola from pleural effusion in a male adult horse. Case presentation 17-years Italian Saddle Horse with respiratory distress and fever was admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna. At home, the patient had undergone antibiotic therapy without clinical improvement. Vital signs on admission revealed an increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, pyrexia and weight loss. The animal was submitted for collateral examination including thoracic radiology and ultrasound and thoracoscopy that showed bilateral pleural effusion associated with multifocal pulmonary atelectasis. During the thoracoscopic examination, that confirmed the presence of a seropurulent pleural effusion, a sample of pleural fluid was collected and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) that allowed the identification of K. variicola. The isolate was sensitive to amikacin, cefazolin, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;the horse was treated with Oxytetracycline and amikacin. Despite a general health improvement of the subject, the pleural effusion did not resolve after treatment. Conclusions This paper describes, for the first time, the isolation of K. variicola in a horse with respiratory disease. The misidentification between K. variicola and K. pneumoniae has caused unawareness about significant aspects of this bacterial species. In fact, even though in animals the role of this bacterium is not clear, in humans it has been recognized as an emerging pathogen. The use of new methods for bacterial identification will probably lead to the isolation of a greater number of strains which will have to be studied to acquire knowledge that will be useful to clarify the clinical importance and relevance of K. variicola also in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mondo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy.
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
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Oertly M, Gerber V, Anhold H, Chan DS, Pusterla N. The Accuracy of Serum Amyloid A in Determining Early Inflammation in Horses After Long-Distance Transportation by Air. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 97:103337. [PMID: 33478761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transportation of sporthorses increases their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Before, caretakers relied on rectal temperature together with their clinical impression to detect travel-associated infections. This study's aim was to assess and compare serum amyloid A (SAA) to rectal temperature as an indicator of early inflammation in sporthorses after air transportation. One hundred and twenty-two Warmblood horses were followed during the Longines Global Champions Tour 2016 to three destinations where the horses flew to compete. Clinical health checks and SAA measurements were performed before flying, upon arrival (0 hours), and 24 hours postarrival. Serum amyloid A was tested using a stall-side lateral flow immunoassay. Rectal temperature was measured twice a day using a commercially available digital thermometer. An SAA cutoff value of 23 μg/mL measured 24 hours postarrival was able to correctly distinguish between a healthy and sick horse with a sensitivity and specificity of 93.3% and 91.3%, respectively. Conversely, elevated rectal temperature had a sensitivity of only 3% to distinguish between the two horse groups. Monitoring SAA in traveling sporthorses is a more sensitive indicator of clinical health than monitoring body temperature and may aid in early identification of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Oertly
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Berne, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Berne, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Anhold
- Epona Biotech Limited, Business Innovation Centre, Institute of Technology Campus, Co. Sligo, Ireland
| | - Di-Sien Chan
- Epona Biotech Limited, Business Innovation Centre, Institute of Technology Campus, Co. Sligo, Ireland
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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20
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Anderson MJ, Ibrahim AS, Cooper BR, Woolcock AD, Moore GE, Taylor SD. Effects of administration of ascorbic acid and low-dose hydrocortisone after infusion of sublethal doses of lipopolysaccharide to horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2710-2718. [PMID: 33026127 PMCID: PMC7694830 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is associated with ascorbic acid (AA) depletion and critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in humans. Hypotheses Intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would (a) decrease endogneous AA concentrations, (b) induce CIRCI and (c) administration of a combination of AA and hydrocortisone (HC) would have decreased indices of inflammation compared to either drug alone. Animals Thirty‐two healthy horses. Methods Randomized placebo‐controlled experimental trial. Horses were assigned to 1 of 4 groups (saline, AA and HC, AA only, or HC only). Treatments were administered 1 hour after completion of LPS infusion. Clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression and production, and plasma AA concentrations were assessed at various time points. Serum cortisol concentrations and ACTH stimulation tests were used to detect CIRCI. Results There was no effect of drug on clinical signs or pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression or production compared to controls at any time point. Administration of AA was associated with higher blood neutrophil counts 6 hours after LPS infusion (11.01 ± 1.02 K/μl) compared to other groups (8.99 ± 0.94 K/μL; P < .009). Adminstration of HC was associated with higher blood neutrophil counts 12 hours after LPS infusion (10.40 ± 0.75 K/μl) compared to other groups (6.88 ± 0.68 K/μl; P < .001). Serum cortisol increased from 5.11 ± 1.48 μg/dL before LPS administration to 9.59 ± 1.83 μg/dL 1 h after completion of LPS infusion (T1) without an effect of treatment (P = 0.59). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Ascorbic acid and HC appeared to protect against LPS‐induced neutrophil depletion and could be considered as adjunctive therapy in horses with endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Anderson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Alina S Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Bruce R Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew D Woolcock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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21
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Bianchi MV, Mello LS, Ribeiro PR, Wentz MF, Stolf AS, Lopes BC, de Andrade CP, Snel GGM, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Causes and Pathology of Equine Pneumonia and Pleuritis in Southern Brazil. J Comp Pathol 2020; 179:65-73. [PMID: 32958150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We document the causes and pathological findings in 50 cases of equine pneumonia and pleuritis in Southern Brazil. Suppurative (17/50), pyogranulomatous (14/50), aspiration (5/50), mycotic (4/50), bronchointerstitial (3/50), embolic (3/50) and eosinophilic granulomatous pneumonia (1/50) and pleuritis (3/50) were the main conditions identified. Streptococcus spp. were identified in 11 cases of suppurative pneumonia. Suppurative pneumonia was further divided into acute (8/17), subacute (6/17) and chronic (3/17) based on the morphological pattern of lesions. Rhodococcus equi was identified in all cases of pyogranulomatous pneumonia and exclusively affected young foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Bianchi
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - L S Mello
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - P R Ribeiro
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M F Wentz
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A S Stolf
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - B C Lopes
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C P de Andrade
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G G M Snel
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L Sonne
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S P Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- RVC EquineClinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary College North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
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23
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Savage VL, Marr CM, Bailey M, Smith S. Prevalence of acute kidney injury in a population of hospitalized horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2294-2301. [PMID: 31436910 PMCID: PMC6766563 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans and dogs increases morbidity and nonsurvival. Azotemia at presentation has been associated with a poor outcome in horses; however, prevalence and consequences of hospital-acquired AKI are unreported. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of AKI in hospitalized horses, risk factors associated with AKI, and the effect of AKI on short-term survival. We hypothesized that the prevalence of AKI in horses is similar to that reported in other domestic mammalian species and would be associated with nonsurvival. ANIMALS Adult horses hospitalized for >2 days from which a minimum of 2 measurements of serum creatinine concentration were available. METHODS Retrospective cohort study. Clinical records were reviewed and horses grouped according to their baseline serum creatinine concentration and change in serum creatinine concentration from baseline. The associations between signalment, diagnosis, and treatment variables, and the presence of azotemia or AKI were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. The relationship between these conditions and survival to discharge was evaluated. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-five horses were included; 4.3% (14/325) had azotemia at baseline and 14.8% (48/325) developed AKI. There were no significant associations between investigated risk factors and development of AKI. The presence of azotemia and AKI did not significantly affect survival to discharge (P = .08 and .81, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The prevalence of AKI in this population of hospitalized horses is similar to that reported in dogs and humans; however, in this study population, there was less impact on morbidity and short-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Savage
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolLangfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Bailey
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolLangfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Smith
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolLangfordUnited Kingdom
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24
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Gergeleit H, Bienert-Zeit A, Seemann-Jensen A, Delarocque J, Ohnesorge B. Cytological Examination of Secretions From the Paranasal Sinuses in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:60-68. [PMID: 31203986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether the assessment of cytological features of secretions from the paranasal sinuses represents a useful diagnostic tool in equine sinusitis to distinguish between different etiologies. Secretion samples from 50 horses with sinusitis and 10 healthy horses were taken transendoscopically from the drainage angle of the nasomaxillary aperture using a Swing Tip catheter. An additional direct sample from the caudal maxillary sinus was taken from all healthy horses after trephination. A direct sample was obtained from the affected sinus in 19 diseased horses after osteotomy. Samples were smeared on microscope slides and dyed using "Pappenheim stain" for cytological evaluation. Smears from horses with sinusitis (primary n = 14, dental n = 28, cyst n = 2, progressive ethmoidal hematoma [PEH] n = 2, traumatic n = 2, malignant neoplasia n = 2) were dominated by moderate to high numbers of neutrophilic granulocytes and moderate numbers of different epithelial cells, whereas samples from healthy sinuses revealed almost exclusively epithelial cells. Smears in dental-related sinusitis tended to contain more lytic cellular material than in other conditions. Horses with dental sinusitis also showed a higher intracellular and extracellular bacterial burden than horses with other underlying etiologies and healthy horses. The absence of bacteria in light microscopy did not exclude the evidence of pathogenic bacteria from bacterial culture in every case. Case numbers were too small to evaluate the diagnostic value for neoplastic conditions or PEH. In conclusion, cytological examination of secretions from the paranasal sinuses can provide an additional but limited ancillary diagnostic value in equine sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Gergeleit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Seemann-Jensen
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Sheats MK. A Comparative Review of Equine SIRS, Sepsis, and Neutrophils. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 30931316 PMCID: PMC6424004 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent definition of sepsis in human medicine can be summarized as organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. In equine medicine, although no consensus definition is available, sepsis is commonly described as a dysregulated host systemic inflammatory response to infection. Defense against host infection is the primary role of innate immune cells known as neutrophils. Neutrophils also contribute to host injury during sepsis, making them important potential targets for sepsis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This review will present both historical and updated perspectives on the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and sepsis; it will also discuss the impact of sepsis on neutrophils, and the impact of neutrophils during sepsis. Future identification of clinically relevant sepsis diagnosis and therapy depends on a more thorough understanding of disease pathogenesis across species. To gain this understanding, there is a critical need for research that utilizes a clearly defined, and consistently applied, classification system for patients diagnosed with, and at risk of developing, sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Gergeleit H, Verspohl J, Rohde J, Rohn K, Ohnesorge B, Bienert-Zeit A. A prospective study on the microbiological examination of secretions from the paranasal sinuses in horses in health and disease. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:43. [PMID: 29976217 PMCID: PMC6034245 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostics in equine sinusitis can be challenging and often require a combination of different imaging tools to ascertain its underlying aetiology. The bacterial flora of healthy and diseased paranasal sinuses, respectively, has only sporadically been assessed in horses. The objectives of this study were to determine whether assessment of microbiological features of secretions from the paranasal sinuses displays a useful diagnostic tool in equine sinusitis to distinguish between different aetiologies. Secretion samples from 50 horses with sinusitis and from 10 healthy horses were taken transendoscopically from the drainage angle of the nasomaxillary aperture using a guidable Swing Tip catheter. Bacteria found in healthy and diseased equine sinuses were compared. Endoscopic samples in all healthy and 19 diseased horses were compared with samples taken directly from the affected sinus after trephination. RESULTS Eleven of the 14 horses with primary sinusitis revealed growth of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus, with three samples yielding pure cultures. Anaerobes were found in 15 out of 26 samples from horses with dental sinusitis. Healthy sinuses revealed mainly α-haemolytic streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci or showed no growth. Enterobacteriaceae were found more frequently in secondary sinusitis. There were significant differences in the bacterial composition and diversity (P < 0.05) between primary sinusitis, dental sinusitis and healthy controls. The correlation between endoscopic and trephination samples was satisfying. CONCLUSIONS Microbiological examination of secretions from horses with sinusitis collected transendoscopically can help to distinguish between primary and dental sinusitis. Therefore, it may display a feasible ancillary diagnostic tool, but does not replace a meticulous examination procedure including diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Gergeleit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Verspohl
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Bertin FR, Ruffin-Taylor D, Stewart AJ. Insulin dysregulation in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1420-1427. [PMID: 29749643 PMCID: PMC6060318 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation is a cause of insulin dysregulation in many species, but the insulin and glucose dynamics in adult horses diagnosed with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are poorly documented. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES In SIRS in horses, insulin and glucose dynamics will be altered and associated with survival. ANIMALS Adult horses diagnosed with SIRS admitted to a referral hospital. METHODS Prospective study enrolling horses diagnosed with SIRS in which serum insulin and glucose concentrations were measured. Horses were grouped by outcome (survival, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia) and compared with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS Fifty-eight horses were included in the study and 36 (62%) survived. At admission, 21 horses (36%) were hyperinsulinemic and 44 horses (88%) were hyperglycemic, with survivors having significantly higher serum insulin and a significantly lower serum glucose concentration. Horses diagnosed with hyperinsulinemia at any time during hospitalization were 4 times more likely to survive whereas horses that were hyperglycemic at any time during hospitalization were 5 times less likely to survive. Serum glucose concentration and presence of hyperglycemia both were associated with severity of disease. Insulin/glucose ratio, reflecting insulin secretion, was significantly higher in survivors whereas glucose/insulin ratio, reflecting peripheral tissue insulin resistance, was significantly lower in nonsurvivors. Only in survivors was there a significant correlation between serum insulin and glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia are common features of SIRS in horses, but those presenting with relative hypoinsulinemia and corresponding hyperglycemia suggestive of endocrine pancreatic dysfunction have a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-René Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Debra Ruffin-Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Allison Jean Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Tallon
- Bourton Vale Equine Clinic, Wyck Road, Lower Slaughter, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL54 2EX
| | - Kate McGovern
- American, European and RCVS Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine; Donnington Grove Veterinary Group, Oxford Road, Newbury, Berks, RG14 2JB
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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