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Mattei DN, Harman RM, Van de Walle GR, Smith R, Grivel JC, Abdelalim EM, Vinardell T. Effect of pregnancy on isolation efficiency and in vitro proliferation of equine peripheral-blood derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Theriogenology 2024; 224:107-118. [PMID: 38761667 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have regenerative and immunomodulatory potential and may be used to treat injured tissues. Pregnancy has been associated with increased MSCs in the peripheral circulation in multiple species, but to date, there are no reports on this matter in horses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on isolation efficiency and proliferation capacity of equine MSCs derived from the peripheral blood (PB) of mares. Venous blood samples were collected at the 11th month of gestation and 1 month after delivery from clinically healthy Arabian mares that presented normal pregnancies. Blood samples were processed for in vitro cellular culture and hormonal and metabolic profiles. MSCs were isolated and characterized by trilineage differentiation potential, immunophenotyping, analyzed by gene sequencing and proliferation assays. The isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pregnant mares were associated with higher isolation efficiency and proliferative capacity of MSCs derived from peripheral blood (PB-MSCs) recovered pre-partum than those isolated post-partum. Although fetal gender, parity, 5α-reduced pregnanes, insulin, and cortisol were shown to affect cellular proliferation, individual factors and the small population studied must be considered. This study suggests that PB-MSCs from pregnant mares could be a valuable alternative source of MSCs for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora N Mattei
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Member of Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Roger Smith
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Charles Grivel
- Deep Phenotyping Core, Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Al Garrafa St, Ar-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | - Essam M Abdelalim
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Member of Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Laboratory of Pluripotent Stem Cell Disease Modeling, Translational Medicine Division, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar; Diabetes Research Center (DRC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Member of Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tatiana Vinardell
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Member of Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar.
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Nielsen MK, Finnerty CA, Ripley NE, Page AE, McClendon ME, Adams AA. Ivermectin performance in horses diagnosed with equine endocrine disorders. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110182. [PMID: 38603925 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Anthelmintic performance against equine cyathostomins can be evaluated by two different non-terminal measures; the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and the Egg Reappearance Period (ERP). Most available FECRT and ERP data have been determined in populations of young horses, and very little information is available from mature and senior horses. Furthermore, it is unknown how commonly occurring equine endocrine disorders such as Insulin dysregulation (ID) and Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) may interfere with these measurements, but it has been suggested that horses with these conditions could be more susceptible to parasitic infections. A research population of senior horses and horses with or without PPID, ID, or both were enrolled in this study. All strongylid egg count positive horses were included in an ivermectin (200 μg/kg) efficacy study. These were distributed among the following groups: ID: six, PPID: three, PPID and ID: seven, and healthy controls: three. Strongylid fecal egg counts were determined on the day of ivermectin administration, at two weeks post deworming, and on weekly intervals until eight weeks post treatment. Determination of FECRT and ERP were carried out following World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology guidelines. Results revealed high ivermectin efficacy with mean egg count reduction at 99.7% or above in all groups at two weeks post treatment. Egg reappearance was documented at six and seven weeks in the ID and PPID/ID groups, respectively, whereas the PPID and healthy control groups both had ERP at 8 weeks. Statistical analysis found no significant differences in egg count levels between groups during the study. The expected ERP for ivermectin is 8-10 weeks, meaning that two of the groups displayed shortened ERPs. However, due to the small group sizes, these data should be interpreted with caution. Nonetheless, results do indicate a need for further investigation of the possible influence of endocrine disorders on anthelmintic performance in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Nielsen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA.
| | - C A Finnerty
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - N E Ripley
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - A E Page
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - M E McClendon
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - A A Adams
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
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Pardié M, Kalpokas I, Freccero F, Castagnetti C, Meikle A. Obesity and gestation in Criollo mares: endocrine and metabolic profiles. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106857. [PMID: 38810368 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of body condition score (BCS) on metabolic and endocrine parameters in pregnant Criollo mares (n=41), which were categorized according to their BCS as obese (7 to 9 BCS, n=26) or normal (5 to 7, n=15). Blood samples were taken during gestation in 3 periods: between 3.5 and 5 months (I), 8 and 9 months (II) and in the last month of gestation (III). The data was analyzed in the statistical model by mixed procedures, including BCS, gestational period and their interaction as fixed effects. BCS was only different in period I, as normal mares increased their BCS in the later periods. Leptin concentrations were greater in obese mares when compared to non-obese mares during all sampling periods (P<0.01), while glucose concentrations were also greater in the former group (P<0.01) but only during the first sampling period. Insulin concentrations and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were greater also in obese mares in periods I and III (P<0.05). Adiponectin concentrations in period I were lower in obese mares (P<0.05). Cholesterol concentrations increased during gestation, and obese mares tended to have greater concentrations than nonobese mares (P<0.1). Triglyceride concentrations were not affected by group or gestational period. This study revealed adaptations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during gestation in mares. Several parameters are dependent on the degree of body fat reserves, which are reflected in the concentrations of biomarkers such as leptin and adiponectin. Insulin concentration in obese mares was higher than non-obese mares at the end of gestation, a similar profile was observed for HOMA-IR although cutoff values are yet still to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Pardié
- Clínica y Cirugía de Equinos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, C/Ruta 8 km 18, Montevideo, 1300, Uruguay.
| | | | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana Meikle
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Republica, C/Ruta 8 km 18, Montevideo, 1300, Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM, Dugdale AHA, McGowan CM. Investigation of glucagon-like peptide-1 response to six oral carbohydrates in ponies. Vet J 2024; 305:106110. [PMID: 38604332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), the principal incretin in horses, may play a role in the pathophysiology of insulin dysregulation (ID). This study aimed to describe its concentration in response to three preserved forages and four dynamic tests for ID in ponies. Twelve adult ponies of mixed ID status were given a meal of hay, soaked hay or haylage, an in-feed oral glucose test (OGT), oral sugar test (OST), an oral test using a proprietary breakfast cereal (WEET) or a combined glucose-insulin tolerance test (CGIT) weekly in a randomised cross-over study. Glucose, insulin and GLP-1 concentrations were measured before and following each intervention. Ponies were designated ID or non-ID and insulin resistant (IR) or non-IR according to OGT and CGIT results, respectively. All interventions apart from the CGIT provoked a GLP-1 response within 30 min. The OGT and WEET interventions, (containing the greatest dose of non-structural carbohydrate, 1.06 and 1 g/kg BW, respectively), resulted in a greater area under the curve (AUC) for GLP-1 compared to all other interventions (P < 0.001). No difference in GLP-1 response was detected according to ID or IR status, despite there being strong positive correlations (rs [95 % CI]) between GLP-1 and insulin concentrations measured at individual time points (0.67 [0.62 - 0.71]; P < 0.001) and as AUC (0.66 [0.49-0.79], P < 0.001). These data do not support of the use of GLP-1 as an adjunctive diagnostic test for ID or IR, as defined by conventional intravenous or oral dynamic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Carslake
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M Argo
- Scotland's Rural College, Aberdeen, Scotland AB21 9YA, UK
| | | | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK
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Viviani P, Lavado RA, Chavarria NH, Ragno VM, Montgomery JB. Spring and fall blood concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin, and thyroxine in healthy horses in Saskatchewan. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2024; 65:335-342. [PMID: 38562984 PMCID: PMC10945457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective To characterize concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), insulin, and thyroxine (T4) at 2 times of the year in healthy horses in Saskatchewan. Animals and procedure A prospective, observational study was carried out in 52 healthy, client-owned horses. Inclusion criteria were no recent travel outside of Saskatchewan, normal physical examination findings, and no history or evidence of ongoing illness. Blood concentrations of ACTH, insulin and T4 were determined by chemiluminescence. Samples were collected in spring and fall and compared using the paired Student's t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the associations between ACTH, T4, and insulin concentrations and gender, age, season, body condition score, glucose concentration, and breed. Results There were increases in both ACTH and insulin concentrations in the fall compared to spring (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Other than season, insulin concentration was associated with breed, whereas ACTH concentration was associated with age. Finally, T4 concentration was associated with breed and glucose concentration, but not with season. Conclusion and clinical relevance These results highlighted the differences between spring and fall concentrations of both ACTH and insulin in healthy horses residing in the Canadian prairie provinces, which are known for extreme differences in summer and winter temperatures as well as day length. Geographically adjusted reference values are necessary to account for these variations, to improve diagnostic accuracy. This is the first published Canadian study evaluating these factors and their associations with hormone concentrations in clinically healthy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Viviani
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Viviani, Lavado, Chavarria, Ragno, Montgomery); University of São Paulo, 87 Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil (Lavado)
| | - Ronaldo Avella Lavado
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Viviani, Lavado, Chavarria, Ragno, Montgomery); University of São Paulo, 87 Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil (Lavado)
| | - Nora H Chavarria
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Viviani, Lavado, Chavarria, Ragno, Montgomery); University of São Paulo, 87 Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil (Lavado)
| | - Valentina M Ragno
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Viviani, Lavado, Chavarria, Ragno, Montgomery); University of São Paulo, 87 Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil (Lavado)
| | - Julia B Montgomery
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Viviani, Lavado, Chavarria, Ragno, Montgomery); University of São Paulo, 87 Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil (Lavado)
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Hallman IAM, Raekallio MR, Koho N, Weckman MJ, Karikoski NP. Effects of alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonism and antagonism on equine blood insulin and glucose concentrations after oral carbohydrate load. Vet J 2024; 304:106080. [PMID: 38360134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist detomidine is a commonly used sedative agent in horses. In addition to the sedative effect, detomidine has been reported to elicit changes in energy metabolism such as hypoinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. This study aimed to investigate the effects of detomidine with and without peripherally acting alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist vatinoxan on insulin and blood glucose (BG) concentrations in horses after a standard dose of oral carbohydrates. Sixteen horses were assigned to four intravenous treatments in a randomised cross-over design: saline (SAL), detomidine (0.02 mg/kg; DET), vatinoxan (0.2 mg/kg; VAT), and a combination of detomidine and vatinoxan (DET+VAT). Horses were administered corn syrup (0.45 mL/kg) immediately before each treatment. Blood samples were collected until 360 min. The differences between treatments were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of covariance and change from baseline was used as a response. P<0.05 was considered significant. After oral carbohydrate load, DET reduced insulin (median 30 min nadir 3.7, min-max 0.6-7.4 µIU/mL) significantly compared with SAL (P<0.0001; 17.4, 9.3-65.4 µIU/mL) and DET+VAT (P=0.0005; 6.4, 2.9-12.9 µIU/mL). BG increased significantly after DET (peak; 130.5, 8.8-15.8 mmol/L) compared with SAL (P<0.0001; 8.7, 6.9-12.4 mmol/L) and DET+VAT (P<0.0001; 8.5, 6.8-10.6 mmol/L). Vatinoxan alone reduced BG (peak median 7.6, 7.0-9.9 mmol/L) compared with SAL (P=0.02) and delayed insulin responses to carbohydrates. In conclusion, vatinoxan alleviated the detomidine-induced changes (DET+VAT compared to DET) in insulin and BG after oral carbohydrate load. Additionally, vatinoxan is potentially able to modulate BG concentration and insulin response after oral carbohydrate administration in horses, but more research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A M Hallman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - M R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland
| | - N Koho
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland
| | - M J Weckman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland
| | - N P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland
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Colmer SF, Adams AA, Adam E, Miller R, Stefanovski D, Kulp JC, van Eps A. The effect of pre-dosing with metformin on the insulin response to oral sugar in insulin-dysregulated horses. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:318-325. [PMID: 37545128 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single dose of metformin administered 1 h prior to oral glucose challenge was previously shown to reduce insulinaemic responses in horses with experimentally-induced insulin dysregulation (ID). Targeted administration could be useful for controlling post-prandial hyperinsulinaemia in horses with naturally-occurring ID. OBJECTIVES The objective was to compare the insulinaemic and glycaemic responses to oral sugar testing (OST) performed at different intervals after a single dose of metformin in horses with naturally-occurring ID. We hypothesised that pre-treatment with one dose of metformin would significantly decrease the insulinaemic response to OST. STUDY DESIGN Randomised cross-over in vivo experiment. METHODS Eight university-owned adult horses with naturally-occurring ID underwent OST 1, 2 and 6 h following a single oral dose of metformin (30 mg/kg) or 1 h after placebo (240 mL water) with a 7-day washout between treatments over a period of 3 weeks. Plasma insulin, C-peptide and glucose concentrations were measured at 0, 60 and 90 min after 0.45 mL/kg light corn syrup and the effect of treatment (and the interval since dosing) examined using a mixed effects linear regression model. RESULTS Metformin treatment had no significant effect on plasma glucose, insulin or C-peptide concentrations at any time point compared with placebo (p > 0.05). For OST 1 h post metformin, median (IQR) plasma insulin was 91.3 (62.4-114.9) μIU/mL at 60 min versus 76.2 (59.1-134.5) for placebo (p = 0.8) and 62.7 (31.4-109.7) at 90 min versus 51.8 (29.2-126.3) for placebo (p = 0.9). MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size may limit identification of more subtle decreases in insulin concentration with metformin pre-dosing. The results of this study are relevant only for one pre-treatment dose (30 mg/kg) which limits extrapolation to predictions about the effects of longer-term metformin administration on insulin and glucose dynamics in the horse. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results do not support the use of targeted metformin treatment to reduce post-prandial hyperinsulinaemia in horses with naturally-occurring ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Colmer
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda A Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, The University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Emma Adam
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, The University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rachel Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeaneen C Kulp
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew van Eps
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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Barnabé MA, Elliott J, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Short-term induced hyperinsulinaemia and dexamethasone challenge do not affect circulating total adiponectin concentrations in insulin-sensitive ponies. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:332-341. [PMID: 37800859 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoadiponectinaemia is a risk factor for endocrinopathic laminitis, but the directionality and nature of its association with insulin dysregulation is unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of short-term induced hyperinsulinaemia and dexamethasone challenge on circulating [total adiponectin] and whole blood expression of adiponectin (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2), insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptors in insulin-sensitive ponies. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment. METHODS Six never-laminitic, insulin-sensitive, native-breed UK ponies first underwent a dexamethasone challenge (0.08 mg/kg i.v.) with blood samples collected every 15 min over 3 h. After a 14-day washout period, hyperinsulinaemia was induced for 9 h via a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC), with blood samples collected every 30 min. Serum [insulin], plasma [total adiponectin], and plasma [IGF-1] were measured using validated assays and receptor gene expression was assessed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Finally, whole blood was incubated with 10-1000 ng/mL dexamethasone for 3 h at 37°C to investigate its direct effects on gene expression. RESULTS There were no adverse effects observed during either protocol. Dexamethasone challenge did not alter circulating [insulin] or [total adiponectin] at any time-point, but significantly upregulated AdipoR1 and IGF-1R expression at 150 and 180 min. Ex vivo incubation of whole blood with dexamethasone did not alter expression of the genes examined. There was no change in [total adiponectin] or expression of the genes examined associated with EHC-induced hyperinsulinemia. MAIN LIMITATIONS This was a small sample size that included only native-breed ponies; total adiponectin was measured rather than high-molecular-weight adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS Short-term induced hyperinsulinaemia and dexamethasone challenge did not affect circulating [total adiponectin] in insulin-sensitive ponies. However, dexamethasone administration was associated with upregulation of two receptors linked to adiponectin signalling, suggesting that a physiological response occurred possibly to counteract dexamethasone-associated changes in tissue insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine A Barnabé
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Nicola J Menzies-Gow
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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Bertin FR, Frank N, Breuhaus BA, Schott HC, Kritchevsky JE. Diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders and thyroid hormone supplementation in adult horses and foals. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:243-252. [PMID: 37533378 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Equine thyroid disorders pose a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice because of the effects of nonthyroidal factors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the horse's ability to tolerate wide fluctuations in thyroid hormone concentrations and survive without a thyroid gland. While benign thyroid tumours are common in older horses, other disorders like primary hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in adult horses and congenital hypothyroidism in foals are rare. There is a common misunderstanding regarding hypothyroidism in adult horses, especially when associated with the clinical profile of obesity, lethargy, and poor performance observed in dogs and humans. Low blood thyroid hormone concentrations are often detected in horses as a secondary response to metabolic and disease states, including with the nonthyroidal illness syndrome; however, it is important to note that low thyroid hormone concentrations in these cases do not necessarily indicate hypothyroidism. Assessing equine thyroid function involves measuring thyroid hormone concentrations, including total and free fractions of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); however, interpreting these results can be challenging due to the pulsatile secretion of thyroid hormones and the many factors that can affect their concentrations. Dynamic testing, such as the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test, can help assess the thyroid gland response to stimulation. Although true hypothyroidism is extremely rare, thyroid hormone supplementation is commonly used in equine practice to help manage obesity and poor performance. This review focuses on thyroid gland pathophysiology in adult horses and foals, interpretation of blood thyroid hormone concentrations, and evaluation of horses with thyroid disorders. It also discusses the use of T4 supplementation in equine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-René Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science at The University of Queensland, UQ Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas Frank
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Babetta A Breuhaus
- College of Veterinary Medicine at North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harold C Schott
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Janice E Kritchevsky
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Knowles EJ, Harris PA, Elliott J, Chang YM, Menzies-Gow NJ. Factors associated with insulin responses to oral sugars in a mixed-breed cohort of ponies. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:253-263. [PMID: 37606314 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum insulin concentration at 60 min (InsulinT60) during an oral sugar test (OST) indicates future laminitis risk and insulin dysregulation (ID). Associations between InsulinT60 and physical and owner-reported variables may help clinicians select individuals for ID testing. Associations between InsulinT60 and other metabolic markers may help elucidate ID pathophysiology. OBJECTIVES To describe associations between (A) season, physically-apparent and owner-reported factors and binary InsulinT60 interpretation (initial models) and (B) variables included in the initial models, other metabolic markers and continuous InsulinT60 (full models). STUDY DESIGN Prospective longitudinal. METHODS Non-laminitic ponies were examined and OSTs (0.3 mL/kg Karo syrup) performed every 6 months (autumn and spring) for ≤4 years. Factors associated with InsulinT60 were determined using mixed-effects models with physical, owner-reported, season and serum/plasma markers as fixed effects and pony and premises identifiers as random effects. Autumn and spring data were analysed separately for full models. RESULTS One thousand seven hundred and sixty-three OSTs from 367 ponies were included. High-risk InsulinT60 (>153 μIU/mL) was independently associated with (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval [CI]): age (1.36, 1.16-1.60), body condition score (BCS) (2.38, 1.21-4.69), and bulging supraorbital fatpads (7.25, 2.1-24.98). However, the initial models provided little explanatory power (Nakagawa R2 = 0.1-0.27). LoginsulinT60 was independently associated with (effect estimate, 95% CI): age (0.02, 0.01-0.04), Welsh/Welsh X breed (0.22, 0.05, 0.39), sex (gelding = -0.2, -0.34 to 0.06), BCS (0.16, 0.08-0.23), plasma adiponectin (-0.02, -0.02 to 0.01) and basal insulin (0.01, 0.01-0.01) in spring, and: age (0.03, 0.02-0.04), BCS (0.17, 0.08-0.26), bulging supraorbital fatpads (0.37, 0.2-0.54), turnout score (0.05, 0.02-0.09), plasma adiponectin (-0.01, -0.02 to 0.01), ACTH (per 10 pg/mL) (0.01, 0.00-0.01), triglycerides (0.28, 0.07-0.49) and InsulinT0 (0.01, 0.01-0.01) in autumn. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only non-laminitic ponies in one region were included. CONCLUSIONS Owner-reported and physically-apparent data were limited InsulinT60 predictors. InsulinT60 is a complex trait, independently associated with numerous variables, some with seasonal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Knowles
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Kent, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Nicola J Menzies-Gow
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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11
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Barnabé MA, Elliott J, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Relationships between total adiponectin concentrations and obesity in native-breed ponies in England. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:264-272. [PMID: 37800870 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine metabolic syndrome is a collection of risk factors associated with an increased risk of endocrinopathic laminitis. All affected animals display insulin dysregulation and some may show adiponectin dysregulation and/or excessive adiposity. However, the relationship between obesity and hypoadiponectinaemia in equids remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between obesity and circulating plasma total adiponectin (TA) concentrations in native-breed ponies in England. STUDY DESIGN Secondary data analysis. METHODS Data collected for three previous studies were retrospectively analysed and cohorts were pooled where possible (maximum sample size: n = 734 ponies). Correlations between [TA], age, and morphometric measures were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. [TA] was compared between animals of different body condition score (BCS) classification (ideal-weight, overweight, and obese), breed, and body shape using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc tests, and sex using Mann-Whitney U test. The proportions of obese and ideal-weight ponies with basal hyperinsulinaemia and/or hypoadiponectinaemia were compared using a Chi-square test of homogeneity and post hoc z-test. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that may discriminate ponies with hypoadiponectinaemia. RESULTS [TA] was weakly positively correlated with BCS, height, weight, and weight:height ratio (Spearman's ρ = 0.14-0.29, p < 0.05). There were significant differences in [TA] in ponies with different BCS group classification, body shape, and breed. A greater percentage of obese (54.6%) than ideal-weight ponies (33.1%, p < 0.001) had both normal [TA] and [basal insulin], and a greater percentage of ideal-weight (38.6%) than obese ponies (16.5%, p < 0.001) showed hypoadiponectinaemia. Weight:height and BCS group were significant variables in a logistic regression of hypoadiponectinaemia but model fit and predictive accuracy were poor. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective study design, only native-breed ponies included. CONCLUSIONS Morphometric measures such as BCS do not closely reflect [TA]. Circulating [TA] and [basal insulin] should be determined in all animals with predisposing factors, regardless of obesity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine A Barnabé
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Nicola J Menzies-Gow
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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12
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Clark BL, Norton EM, Bamford NJ, Randhawa IAS, Kemp KL, McCue ME, Bertin FR, Stewart AJ. Epidemiological investigation of insulin dysregulation in Shetland and Welsh ponies in Australia. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:281-290. [PMID: 38173146 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin dysregulation (ID) is central to equine metabolic syndrome. There are limited epidemiological studies investigating dynamic testing of ID in ponies. OBJECTIVES To evaluate prevalence and risk factors for ID through dynamic testing of hyperinsulinaemia (DHI) and insulin resistance (IR). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Sex, age, breed, height, cresty neck score (CNS), body condition score (BCS), laminitis, HMGA2:c.83G>A genotype and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) status were documented. Dynamic hyperinsulinaemia was diagnosed with an oral sugar test (OST) and IR with an insulin tolerance test (ITT). Owners completed surveys reporting activity, laminitis history and perception of body condition using a (1-9) visual analogue scale (VASo). Ordinal scores were converted to binary outcomes for CNS (≤2/5 or ≥3/5), BCS and VASo (≤6/9 or ≥7/9). Variables associated with insulin concentrations, glucose reduction after the ITT and laminitis were evaluated with mixed effects regression models accounting for random effects of farms. RESULTS Among 167 ponies tested, median (range) age was 9 (4-21) years and BCS was 6 (4-8). Prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of ID was 61 (53-68)%. Factors associated with insulin concentrations (estimate [95% CI]; μIU/mL) 60 min post-OST were: age (1.07 [1.02-1.11]), CNS (≥3/5, 1.52 [1.04-2.23]) and VASo (≥7/9, 1.75 [1.09-2.79]); and 90 min post-OST were: age (1.08 [1.03-1.12]), CNS (≥3/5, 1.80 [1.22-2.64]), VASo (≥7/9, 2.49 [1.52-4.08]) and sex (male, 0.64 [0.45-0.91]). Factors associated with glucose reduction after the ITT (estimate [95% CI]; %) were: age (-1.34 [-2.01 to -0.67]), sex (female, -6.21 [-11.68 to -0.74]) and VASo (≥7/9, -1.74 [-18.89 to -4.78]). Factors associated with laminitis (odds ratio [95% CI]) were DHI (4.60 [1.68-12.58]), IR (3.66 [1.26-10.61]) and PPID (11.75 [1.54-89.40]). MAIN LIMITATIONS Single time-point sampling, laminitis definition and diet analysis. CONCLUSIONS Ageing, being female and owner-perceived obesity were associated with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elaine M Norton
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bamford
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Imtiaz A S Randhawa
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate L Kemp
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Molly E McCue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - François-René Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Françoso R, Baccarin RY, de Siqueira RF, Belli CB. Use of FreeStyle Libre for continuous glucose monitoring in adult horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024; 34:123-130. [PMID: 38459745 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility of using the FreeStyle Libre (a continuous glucose monitoring system [CGMS]) for instantaneous continuous monitoring of interstitial glucose in adult horses and examine the applicability and accuracy of this system in horses submitted to combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT). DESIGN Laboratory measurements and continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) readings were analyzed using a 2 × 2 factorial statistical model with repeated measures over time. This analysis assessed the effects of the test (factor 1), group (factor 2), and their interactions (test × group, test × time, and group × time). Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to blood glucose values. Mean comparisons were conducted using the t-test, and agreement between techniques was assessed via the Bland-Altman method, with a 95% confidence interval. SETTING Field study on private horse farms in association with a veterinary school. ANIMALS Ten healthy stallions were assigned to one of two groups based on their body condition scores (BCS). Group 1 (G1, n = 5) consisted of nonobese horses with a BCS of 5 or 6, while Group 2 (G2, n = 5) consisted of obese horses with a BCS of 7 or higher. INTERVENTIONS A CGMS sensor was attached to the dorsolateral aspect of the proximal one third of each horse's neck. Laboratory blood glucose measurements and CGMS interstitial glucose readings were compared at different time points for up to 7 days after sensor fixation. Obese horses were also submitted to CGIT on Day 4. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A comparative analysis of glucose measurements obtained in G1 and G2 horses using the CGMS and enzymatic methods revealed significant group × time interactions (P < 0.001) and time effects (P < 0.001). No interactions were detected between group (P = 0.45), test (P = 0.62), group and test (P = 0.28), or time and test (P = 0.92). In G1 and G2, tests were significantly correlated (r = 0.84 and P = 0.00) at all time points (T0-T5). Agreement between the glucose values obtained using different methods was excellent despite a small time delay in CGMS detection of rapid changes in blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the CGMS can be used for indirect assessment of glycemic status (ie, based on interstitial glucose measurements) in nonobese and obese adult horses submitted to CGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Françoso
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantins do Maranhão, Imperatriz, Brazil
| | - Raquel Y Baccarin
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata F de Siqueira
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Centro de Ciências Rurais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Carla B Belli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Al-Ansari AS, Golding E, Walshe N, Mooney CT, Duggan V. Obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disease conditions in Connemara ponies in Ireland. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:273-280. [PMID: 37985219 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine obesity combined with insulin dysregulation (ID) is a major risk factor associated with laminitis. Some pony breeds appear to be at increased risk. However, little is known regarding the prevalence of obesity or hyperinsulinaemia as evidence of ID in Irish ponies. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of obesity and associated endocrine/metabolic disease conditions in Connemara ponies and to determine if hyperinsulinaemia in these ponies could be predicted by morphometric or metabolic markers. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS The study population included registered Connemara ponies recruited through public and veterinary social media posts. Ponies underwent a physical examination and information on their management and clinical history was obtained via owner questionnaire. The body condition score (BCS) was measured using the Henneke system; cresty neck score (CNS) and regionalised adiposity were also assessed. Hyperinsulinaemia was confirmed by measuring serum basal insulin concentration (BIC) or insulin concentration after an oral sugar test (OST). Blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations were measured. Characteristics of hyperinsulinaemic and insulin-sensitive ponies were compared by logistic regression. RESULTS Two hundred ponies were included; 59 ponies (29.5%) had a BCS ≥7, 58 (29.0%) had a CNS ≥2.5 and 135 (67.5%) had regionalised adiposity; 137 (68.5%) ponies had at least one of these abnormalities. Owner-reported history or clinical evidence of chronic laminitis was found in 92 ponies (46.0%). Hyperinsulinaemia was confirmed in 32 ponies (16.0%), including 23 of 91 (25.3%) detected by OST and 9 of 109 (8.3%) by BIC. Hypertriglyceridaemia was observed in 12 of 198 ponies (6.1%) ponies and hyperglycaemia in 11 of 197 ponies (5.6%) ponies. The odds of hyperinsulinaemia increased by a factor of 6.53 (95% confidence interval: 2.95, 15.21) when BCS was ≥7. MAIN LIMITATIONS The OST was not performed in all ponies. CONCLUSIONS Increased adiposity, laminitis and metabolic derangements are prevalent in this native Irish pony breed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Golding
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola Walshe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vivienne Duggan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Pratt-Phillips S. Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:727. [PMID: 38473112 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important health concern in horses, along with humans and companion animals. Adipose tissue is an inflammatory organ that alters the insulin-signaling cascade, ultimately causing insulin dysregulation and impaired glucose metabolism. These disruptions can increase the risk of metabolic disease and laminitis in horses and may also impact energy metabolism during exercise. A single bout of exercise, along with chronic exercise conditioning, increases insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal via both contraction- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake pathways. Regular exercise also increases calorie expenditure, which can facilitate weight (as body fat) loss. This paper explores the metabolic pathways affected by adiposity, as well as discusses the impact of exercise on insulin metabolism in horses.
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16
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Metabolic and Endocrine Insights in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:590. [PMID: 38396558 PMCID: PMC10885905 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Donkey medicine is gaining attention due to their increased use as companion animals, in shows, asinotherapy, etc. The increasing demand and unique aspects call for specialized care, requiring new information (physiology, infectious disorders, pharmacology, etc.). Since obesity is common in this species, hyperlipemia, metabolic syndrome and insulin dysregulation (ID) are common disorders in donkeys, in some cases with high mortality, either directly (multiorgan dysfunction) or indirectly due to poor quality of life (chronic laminitis). Donkeys have long-life expectancy and are often afflicted with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), a neurodegenerative and endocrine disease. Hyperlipemia is diagnosed based on high plasma triglyceride concentration in association with clinical findings and laboratory abnormalities from affected tissues (liver, kidney and pancreas). The measurement of resting serum insulin and plasma ACTH concentrations is the first step in ID and PPID diagnosis. In donkeys with clinical signs of ID (obesity or recurrent laminitis) or PPID (hypertrichosis, regional adiposity, laminitis and weight loss), where these hormones are in the normal or non-diagnostic range (donkey-specific cut-off values and reference ranges need to be established), dynamic tests are recommended (oral sugar test or thyrotropin-releasing hormone, respectively). Equine treatment protocols apply to donkeys, although pharmacological studies for most drugs, except pergolide, are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14014, Spain;
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14014, Spain;
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17
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Macon EL, Harris P, McClendon M, Perron B, Adams A. Insulin dysregulated horses metabolic responses to forage pellets. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:104991. [PMID: 38159582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis (HAL) is the primary concern for insulin dysregulated (ID) equids and their insulin response to the consumption of oral, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) has been shown to be a risk predictor for HAL development. This randomized, crossover study's objective was to examine the insulinemic responses to 3 forage pellets (1 g/kg BW) (timothy hay, TH, 9.5 % CP & 10 % NSC DM; alfalfa hay, AH, 16.3 % CP & 9.8 % NSC DM; timothy-alfalfa hay; TAH, 17.2 % CP & 9.8 % NSC DM) along with a positive (dehulled oats; OG, 14.7 % CP & 59.7 % NSC DM) and negative dietary challenge control (low-NSC; LNSC, 12.8 % CP & 5.4 % NSC DM) of ID (n = 8; 16.1 ± 2.2 yr; 565.4 ± 99.1 kgs.) and non-ID (NID; n = 7; 17.0 ± 2.8 yr; 583.6 ± 57.9 kgs.) horses. ID horses had higher positive incremental area under the curve for insulin (IAUCi) (ID: 890 ± 925 µIU/mL*minute vs. NID: 225 ± 228 µIU/mL*minute), peak (ID: 101.5 ± 80.72 µIU/mL vs. NID: 25.7 ± 7.2 µIU/mL), and delta (ID: 45.5 ± 77.1 µIU/mL vs. NID: 4.9 ± 5.3 µIU/mL) insulin for all forage pellets compared to NID (p < 0.01). ID horses IAUCi for the forage pellets was not different compared to the LNSC (218 ± 327 µIU/mL*minute) but was different from OG (10,522 ± 4,565 µIU/mL*minute). ID horses' lack of an augmented insulinemic response to the low NSC forage pellets (fed in small amounts) indicates that they could be a safe feedstuff for ID animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lyn Macon
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Patricia Harris
- Equine studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wold, Leics. LE14 4RT
| | - Margaret McClendon
- 108 M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Brittany Perron
- 108 M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Amanda Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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Jayathilake WMNK, de Laat MA, Furr M, Risco C, Lacombe VA. Prolonged hyperinsulinemia increases the production of inflammatory cytokines in equine digital lamellae but not in striated muscle. Vet J 2024; 303:106053. [PMID: 38043699 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is the key feature of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) which leads to debilitating sequelae. Hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis (HAL) is one of the major sequelae of EMS, although the pathophysiological mechanisms are not well elucidated. Using an equine model, we hypothesized that expression of inflammatory markers would be increased in digital lamellae and striated muscle following prolonged hyperinsulinemia. Healthy Standardbred horses (5.4 ± 1.9 years) were alternately assigned to a prolonged euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (pEHC) or control group (n = 4 per group). Following a 48 h pEHC or a 48 h infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution (controls), biopsies were collected from digital lamellar tissue, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle were obtained. All hyperinsulinemic horses developed laminitis regardless of previous health status at enrollment. Protein expression was quantified via Western blotting. A significant (P < 0.05) upregulation of the protein expression of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) and fibrinogen (α, β isoforms), as well as inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β were detected in digital lamellae following prolonged hyperinsulinemia. In contrast, protein expression of cytokines and acute phase proteins in heart and skeletal muscle was unchanged following hyperinsulinemia. Upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins in digital lamellae during prolonged hyperinsulinemia may reveal potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for equine endocrinopathic laminitis. Further, the lack of increase of inflammatory proteins and acute phase proteins in striated muscle following prolonged hyperinsulinemia may highlight potential anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective mechanisms in these insulin-sensitive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M N K Jayathilake
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - M A de Laat
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - M Furr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - C Risco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - V A Lacombe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM, Dugdale AHA, McGowan CM. Comparison of one novel and four established diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation in ponies. Vet J 2024; 303:106059. [PMID: 38103885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Several tests have been advocated for diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (ID). Tests using simple sugars may not reflect the response to naturally ingested carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate agreement between the oral glucose test (OGT), the oral sugar test (OST), a novel oral test using a proprietary cereal (WEET), the IV combined glucose-insulin tolerance test (CGIT) and fasted basal insulin (FI) for diagnosis of ID. Each of the five tests above was performed on a group of six normal and six insulin dysregulated mixed-breed ponies in a randomised crossover study. Area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration of insulin from OGT, OST and WEET showed strong to very strong bivariate correlations (r = 0.85-0.94, and r = 0.87-0.92, respectively; P ≤ 0.001) and were significantly different between tests (associated with dose of carbohydrate) and between CGIT-positive and -negative ponies. Dichotomous results showed substantial agreement between OST and both WEET (κ = 0.65; P = 0.02) and OGT (κ = 0.67; P = 0.01) and between CGIT and both OST (κ = 0.63; P = 0.03) and OGT (κ = 0.67; P = 0.01), and no agreement between FI, which had low sensitivity, and all other tests (κ = 0.15 - 0.31; P > 0. 05). Palatability of WEET was variable, resulting in one pony being excluded for analysis of WEET data. Further work on development of an oral test using a more palatable feedstuff and appropriate cut-offs or diagnostic thresholds for tests of ID is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Carslake
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M Argo
- Scotland's Rural College, Aberdeen, Scotland AB21 9YA, UK
| | - A H A Dugdale
- Paragon Veterinary referrals, Wakefield UK WF1 2DF, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK CH64 7TE, UK
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Weckman MJ, Karikoski NP, Raekallio MR, Box JR, Kvist L. Genome-wide association study suggests genetic candidate loci of insulin dysregulation in Finnhorses. Vet J 2024; 303:106063. [PMID: 38232813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a common welfare problem in horses worldwide. It is characterized by insulin dysregulation (ID), predisposition to laminitis and often obesity. EMS is multifactorial by nature, with both the environment and genetics contributing to the phenotype. Environmental factors, such as feeding and exercise, can be controlled, thus forming the basis for treatment and prevention. Genetic factors, by contrast, are less well-known and not easily controllable. The aim of this study was to identify potential genetic loci influencing ID/EMS in Finnhorses. A single-breed (Finnhorse) case-control genome-wide association study (GWAS) of ID was conducted with controls that included age-appropriate non-ID horses. ID status was determined with an oral sugar test (OST) for fasted horses. Seventy-one Finnhorses participated (n = 34 ID, n = 37 control). DNA samples (hair roots) were genotyped for 65 157 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the Illumina Equine SNP70 BeadChip, and these data were analysed for association and FST outliers with genomic tools. P-values that exceeded the suggestive threshold (P = 1.00 ×10-5) were found in SNP BIEC2_383954 (P = 3.45 ×10-6) in chromosome 17 and SNP BIEC2_312374 (P = 1.89 ×10-5) in chromosome 15. Hierarchical and Bayesian FST outlier tests also detected these SNPs. Potential candidate genes associated with the ID close to SNP BIEC2_383954, with functions in carbohydrate metabolism, were Arginine and Glutamate Rich 1 (ARGLU1) and Ephrin-B2 (EFNB2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Weckman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - N P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J R Box
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Kvist
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-3000 Oulu, Finland
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21
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Pinnell EF, Hostnik LD, Watts MR, Timko KJ, Thriffiley AA, Stover MR, Koenig LE, Gorman OM, Toribio RE, Burns TA. Effect of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase agonists on insulin and glucose dynamics in experimentally induced insulin dysregulation in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:102-110. [PMID: 38088223 PMCID: PMC10800176 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonists, particularly resveratrol (RES), have not been extensively evaluated for their effect on insulin dysregulation (ID) in horses. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the effects of treatment with RES (10 mg/kg PO q12h), metformin (MET; 30 mg/kg PO q12h), and aspirin (ASP; 20 mg/kg PO q24h) on experimentally induced ID. ANIMALS Thirty-three healthy, adult, light-breed horses. METHODS Unblinded, placebo-controlled, experimental trial evaluating effects of AMPK agonists (RES, MET, and ASP) on experimentally induced ID. Horses were randomly assigned to a treatment group (RES, MET/ASP, RES/ASP, RES/MET/ASP, or placebo [CON]) after induction of ID with dexamethasone (0.08 mg/kg PO q24h for 7 days). Frequently sampled insulin-modified IV glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTT) and oral sugar tests (OST) were performed at baseline, 7 days after ID, and ID plus 7 days of treatment. Minimal model and OST variables were compared between (1-way ANOVA) and within (1-way ANOVA for repeated measures) groups over time to determine effects of treatment on ID. RESULTS Administration of dexamethasone for 14 days resulted in significantly altered insulin and glucose dynamics (SI, DI, basal [glucose], and [insulin]) and produced clinical signs of laminitis in 5 out of 33 (15%) of horses included in the study. Combination therapy with RES, MET, and ASP did not significantly improve insulin and glucose dynamics in horses with experimentally induced ID. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Metabolic testing before glucocorticoid administration should be considered in horses with clinical signs of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F. Pinnell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State University College of Veterinary MedicinePullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Laura D. Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Mauria R. Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kathryn J. Timko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Allison A. Thriffiley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Mercedes R. Stover
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Lauren E. Koenig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Olivia M. Gorman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Teresa A. Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
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22
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Bourebaba L, Kępska M, Qasem B, Zyzak M, Łyczko J, Klemens M, Mularczyk M, Marycz K. Sex hormone-binding globulin improves lipid metabolism and reduces inflammation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of metabolic syndrome-affected horses. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1214961. [PMID: 38146533 PMCID: PMC10749534 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1214961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a steadily growing endocrine disorder representing a real challenge in veterinary practice. As a multifactorial condition, EMS is characterized by three main metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, increased adiposity or obesity and hoof laminitis. Adipose tissue dysfunction is recognized as a core pathophysiological determinant of EMS, as it strongly participates to lipotoxicity and systemic metaflammation, both of which have been closely linked to the development of generalized insulin resistance. Besides, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is an important sex steroids transporters that has been recently proposed as an important metabolic mediator. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify whether SHBG treatment may ameliorate subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolic failure under EMS condition in terms of lipidome homeostasis, lipid metabolism programs, insulin signalling and local inflammation. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsies were collected post-mortem from healthy (n = 3) and EMS (n = 3) slaughtered horses. SHBG protein has been applied to SAT samples from EMS horses for 24 h at a final concentration of 50 nM, while control groups (healthy and untreated EMS) were cultured in the presence of SHBG-vehicle only. Tissues from all groups were afterwards secured for downstream analysis of gene expression using RT-qPCR, protein levels by Western blot and ELISA assay and lipidomics through GC-MS technique. Obtained results showcased that SHBG intervention efficiently normalized the altered fatty acids (FAs) profiles by lowering the accumulation of saturated and trans FAs, as well as the pro-inflammatory arachidonic and linoleic acids. Moreover, SHBG showed promising value for the regulation of adipocyte lipolysis and engorgement by lowering the levels of perilipin-1. SHBG exerted moderated effect toward SCD1 and FASN enzymes expression, but increased the LPL abundance. Interestingly, SHBG exhibited a negative regulatory effect on pro-adipogenic stimulators and induced higher expression of KLF3, IRF3 and β-catenin, known as strong adipogenesis repressors. Finally, SHBG protein showed remarkable ability in restoring the insulin signal transduction, IR/IRS/Pi3K/AKT phosphorylation events and GLUT4 transporter abundance, and further attenuate pro-inflammatory response by lowering IL-6 tissue levels and targeting the PDIA3/ERK axis. Overall, the obtained data clearly demonstrate the benefice of SHBG treatment in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism in the course of EMS and provide new insights for the development of molecular therapies with potential translational application to human metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martyna Kępska
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Badr Qasem
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zyzak
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Łyczko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Klemens
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Malwina Mularczyk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Wisznia Mała, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Wisznia Mała, Poland
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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23
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Macon EL, Harris P, Bailey S, Caldwell Barker A, Adams A. Identifying possible thresholds for nonstructural carbohydrates in the insulin dysregulated horse. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:1069-1077. [PMID: 36537847 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying intake levels of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) that limit the postprandial insulinaemic response in the insulin dysregulated (ID) horse may help reduce hyperinsulinaemia-associated laminitis (HAL) risk. OBJECTIVE To determine if ID horses have thresholds for pure sources of starch and sugar, above which there is an augmented insulin response. STUDY DESIGN Randomised crossover experiment. METHODS Fourteen adult horses (6 ID and 8 noninsulin dysregulated, NID; matched for bodyweight) were randomly fed eight dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were formulated using a base of low-nonstructural carbohydrate pellet (LNSC; 0.04 g of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs)/kg bwt and 0.01 g of starch/kg bwt), to which pure sugar (dextrose) or starch (50:50 mix of waxy-maize and oat starch powder) sources were titrated to create diets with increasing amounts of either WSC (0.06-0.17 g WSC/kg bwt), or starch (0.03-0.1 g starch/kg bwt). Horses were fed each dietary treatment at a rate of 1 g/kg bwt once over 12 weeks. Serial blood samples were collected pre- and up to 240 min postprandially. Insulin was determined via RIA and diet analytes were determined via wet chemistry. Statistical analysis was performed with a mixed effect model. Positive incremental area under the curve for insulin (IAUCi) was calculated for all horses and dietary treatments. RESULTS There was no significant effect of diet in NID horses but diets with NSC >0.1 g/kg bwt produced an augmented response in ID horses compared with the LNSC (p < 0.05). ID horses IAUCi were also significantly different to all NID IAUCi for diets with NSC >0.1 g/kg (p < 0.04). Apparent thresholds for sugar and starch addition varied. CONCLUSIONS Based on this study, using supplemental pure starch and sugar sources, ID horses seem to have an apparent threshold for NSC of around 0.1 g/kg bwt/meal, above which significantly increased insulin responses are seen compared with NID horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lyn Macon
- 108 M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Patricia Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Simon Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Amanda Adams
- Mars Equestrian™ Fellow, Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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24
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Lindåse S, Nostell K, Forslund A, Bergsten P, Bröjer J. Short-term effects of canagliflozin on glucose and insulin responses in insulin dysregulated horses: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, study. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2520-2528. [PMID: 37864426 PMCID: PMC10658518 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreasing hyperinsulinemia is crucial in preventing laminitis in insulin dysregulated (ID) horses. Complementary pharmacological treatments that efficiently decrease postprandial hyperinsulinemia in ID horses are needed. OBJECTIVES Compare short-term effects of canagliflozin vs placebo on glucose and insulin responses to an oral sugar test (OST) as well as the effects on body weight and triglyceride concentrations in horses with ID. ANIMALS Sixteen privately-owned ID horses. METHODS A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design study. The horses were randomized (ratio 1:1) to either once daily PO treatment with 0.6 mg/kg canagliflozin or placebo. The study consisted of an initial 3-day period for obtaining baseline data, a 3-week double-blind treatment period at home, and a 3-day follow-up period similar to the initial baseline period but with continued double-blind treatment. Horses were subjected to an 8-sample OST in the morning of the third day on both visits. RESULTS Maximal geometric least square (LS) mean insulin concentration (95% confidence interval [CI]) during the OST decreased after 3 weeks of canagliflozin treatment compared with placebo (83.2; 55.4-125.0 vs 215.2; 143.2-323.2 μIU/mL). The geometric LS mean insulin response (insulin AUC0-180 ) for canagliflozin-treated horses was >66% lower compared with placebo. Least square mean body weight decreased by 11.1 (4-18.1) kg and LS mean triglyceride concentrations increased by 0.99 (0.47-1.5) mmol/L with canagliflozin treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Canagliflozin is a promising drug for treatment of ID horses that requires future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lindåse
- Department of Clinical SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Katarina Nostell
- Department of Clinical SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Anders Forslund
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Medical Cell BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Johan Bröjer
- Department of Clinical SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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25
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Ward AB, Harris PA, Argo CM, Watson CA, Burns NM, Neacsu M, Russell WR, Grove-White D, Morrison PK. Confidence does not mediate a relationship between owner experience and likelihood of using weight management approaches for native ponies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292886. [PMID: 37824555 PMCID: PMC10569591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Native ponies are at increased risk of obesity and metabolic perturbations, such as insulin dysregulation (ID), a key risk factor for endocrinopathic laminitis. Management and feeding practices can be adapted to maintain healthy body condition and support metabolic health, but owners may inadvertently provide their ponies with inappropriate management leading to obesity and exacerbating risk of metabolic disease. Adoption of preventative weight management approaches (WMAs), including regular monitoring of body condition, providing appropriate preserved forage, promoting seasonal weight loss, and using exercise accordingly, are key in supporting native ponies' metabolic health. The factors influencing the adoption of WMAs, such as owners' experience and confidence, require exploration. The aim of the current study was to understand factors influencing owners' likelihood to undertake certain WMAs, to develop our understanding of suitable intervention targets. A total of 571 responses to an online cross-sectional questionnaire were analysed. Mediation analysis revealed that whilst long term (≥20 years) experience caring for native ponies was associated with owners increased, self-reported confidence in identifying disease and managing their native ponies, this did not translate to an increased likelihood of implementing WMAs. Conversely, respondents who managed ponies with dietary requirements related to obesity, laminitis, or equine metabolic syndrome were more likely to use WMAs related to feeding, seasonal weight management and exercise. Owner confidence was assessed and rejected as a mediator of the relationship between experience and WMA use. These results highlight the need for further work that elucidates the pathways leading owners to undertake action against obesity without the need for ponies to develop overt disease, as well as suggesting a need for long term managers of native ponies to update management practices with preventative care as the focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B. Ward
- Scotland’s Rural College, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A. Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Neil M. Burns
- Department of Rural Economy, Environment and Society, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Madalina Neacsu
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy R. Russell
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dai Grove-White
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
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26
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de Laat MA, Sillence MN. Diagnosis of equine endocrinopathies: The value of measuring blood glucose during an oral glucose test. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106034. [PMID: 37778651 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose concentration is often measured during an oral glucose test (OGT), but is not thought to aid in diagnosing insulin dysregulation (ID) or pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate whether the change in blood glucose concentration during an OGT aligned with indicators of equine metabolic syndrome or PPID, including serum insulin and plasma ACTH concentrations, clinical observations, age, sex, breed type and the test dose. The cohort included 149 horses, miniature horses, and ponies that had undergone an in-feed OGT and clinical examination between 2015 and 2021. The animals were diagnosed as either metabolically healthy, insulin-dysregulated, having PPID or both endocrinopathies. The mean ± standard error increase in blood glucose during the OGT was 3.41 ± 0.21 mM, and this change showed a weak positive correlation with the increase in serum insulin concentration (r = 0.36; P 0.001), body condition score (BCS; r = 0.26; P = 0.002) and cresty neck score (CNS; r = 0.38; P 0.001). The median [interquartile range] increase in blood glucose for miniature horses (5.25 [2.98-6.5] mM), was more than twice that seen in full-sized horses (2.4 [1.33-3.45] mM; P = 0.03). In metabolically healthy animals the increase in blood glucose during an OGT (+2.2 [1-3.5] mM) was smaller (P 0.001) than in animals with ID (+3.8 [2.73-5.33] mM), or both endocrine diseases (+6.1 [3.6-6.85] mM). There was an effect of the dose of dextrose on the blood glucose response, with higher doses yielding larger responses (P 0.001). The variability in these data support that basal and post-prandial blood glucose responses to an OGT are not appropriate as stand-alone diagnostic markers of ID or PPID. However, the association between blood glucose and CNS supports the use of CNS when evaluating animals for ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A de Laat
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
| | - M N Sillence
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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27
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Bourebaba L, Serwotka-Suszczak A, Bourebaba N, Zyzak M, Marycz K. The PTP1B Inhibitor Trodusquemine (MSI-1436) Improves Glucose Uptake in Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Liver through Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrotic Activity. Int J Inflam 2023; 2023:3803056. [PMID: 37808009 PMCID: PMC10560121 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3803056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) has been associated with several metabolic malfunctions ranging from insulin resistance, metaflammation, lipotoxicity, and hyperglycaemia. Liver metabolism failure has been proposed as a core element in underlying endocrine disorders through persistent inflammation and highly fibrotic phenotype. Methods In this study, the outcomes of PTP1B inhibition using trodusquemine (MSI-1436) on key equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)-related alterations including inflammation, fibrosis, and glucose uptake have been analyzed in liver explants collected from EMS-affected horses using various analytical techniques, namely, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. Results PTP1B inhibition using trodusquemine resulted in decreased proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) release from liver and PBMC affected by EMS and regulated expression of major proinflammatory microRNAs such as miR-802 and miR-211. Moreover, MSI-1436 enhanced the anti-inflammatory profile of livers by elevating the expression of IL-10 and IL-4 and activating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in treated PBMC. Similarly, the inhibitor attenuated fibrogenic pathways in the liver by downregulating TGF-β/NOX1/4 axis and associated MMP-2/9 overactivation. Interestingly, PTP1B inhibition ameliorated the expression of TIMP-1 and Smad7, both important antifibrotic mediators. Furthermore, application of MSI-1436 was found to augment the abundance of glycosylated Glut-2, which subsequently expanded the glucose absorption in the EMS liver, probably due to an enhanced Glut-2 stability and half-life onto the plasma cell membranes. Conclusion Taken together, the presented data suggest that the PTP1B inhibition strategy and the use of its specific inhibitor MSI-1436 represents a promising option for the improvement of liver tissue integrity and homeostasis in the course of EMS and adds more insights for ongoing clinical trials for human MetS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - Anna Serwotka-Suszczak
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - Nabila Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zyzak
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95516, USA
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28
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Delarocque J, Feige K, Carslake HB, Durham AE, Fey K, Warnken T. Development of a Web App to Convert Blood Insulin Concentrations among Various Immunoassays Used in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2704. [PMID: 37684968 PMCID: PMC10487020 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of the blood insulin concentration, and comparison to cut-offs, is essential in diagnosing insulin dysregulation, a common equine endocrinopathy. However, different insulin assays provide disparate results. We aimed to ease comparison between assays by compiling original and published data into a web app to convert insulin measurements from one assay to another. Data were available for ADVIA Centaur insulin chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), Beckman Coulter insulin radioimmunoassay (RIA), Immulite 1000 CLIA, Immulite 2000 CLIA, Immulite 2000 XPi CLIA, Mercodia equine insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Millipore porcine insulin RIA. Linear models were fitted for 13 assay pairs using non-decreasing splines, and integrated into this app. Assay comparisons including data from several studies showed a lower performance. This indicates technical variation between laboratories, which has not been described before, but is relevant when diagnostic measurements and cut-offs are provided by different laboratories. Nevertheless, the models' overall high performance (median r2 = 0.94; range 0.57-1.00) supports their use to interpret results from diagnostic insulin measurements when the reference assay is unavailable, and to compare values obtained from different assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Harry B. Carslake
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, Cheshire, UK
| | - Andy E. Durham
- The Liphook Equine Hospital, Forest Mere, Liphook GU30 7JG, Hampshire, UK
| | - Kerstin Fey
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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29
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Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Lemmens D, de Meeûs d’Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, de Maré L, Leybaert L, Goethals K, de Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Devisscher L, Delesalle C. Dynamics of training and acute exercise-induced shifts in muscular glucose transporter (GLUT) 4, 8, and 12 expression in locomotion versus posture muscles in healthy horses. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1256217. [PMID: 37654675 PMCID: PMC10466803 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1256217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Important changes in glucose transporter (GLUT) expression should be expected if the glucose influx plays a pivotal role in fuelling or connecting metabolic pathways that are upregulated in response to exercise. The aim was to assess GLUT4, 8, and 12 dynamics in response to training and acute exercise. Methods: Sixteen untrained Standardbred mares (3-4 year) performed an incremental SET at the start and end of 8 weeks harness training. M. pectoralis (PM) and M. vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies were taken before and after each SET, allowing for comparing rest and acute samples in untrained (UT) and trained (T) condition using Western Blot for GLUT quantification and Image Pro v.10 for Blot analysis. Data were normalized against GAPDH. Basal GLUT-levels of PM versus VL were analysed with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. The effect of acute exercise or training was assessed using the Friedman test with a post hoc Dunn's. Results: Basal GLUT4 and GLUT12 protein expression were significantly higher in the VL compared to the PM (PGLUT4 = 0.031 and PGLUT12 = 0.002). Training had no effect on basal GLUT4 expression, neither in the VL (p > 0.9999), nor the PM (p > 0.9999). However, acute exercise in trained condition significantly decreased GLUT4 expression in the VL (p = 0.0148). Neither training nor acute exercise significantly changed total GLUT8 protein expression. Training significantly decreased total GLUT12 protein expression in rest biopsies, only visible in the VL (p = 0.0359). This decrease was even more prominent in the VL after acute exercise in trained condition (PVL = 0.0025). Conclusion: The important changes seen in GLUT12 expression downregulation, both in response to training and acute exercise in the horse, the downregulation of GLUT4 expression after acute exercise in trained condition and the lack of differential shifts in GLUT8 expression in any of the studied conditions, questions the importance of glucose as substrate to fuel training and exercise in healthy horses. These findings encourage to further explore alternative fuels for their involvement in equine muscular energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vidal Moreno de Vega
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Diete Lemmens
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Constance de Meeûs d’Argenteuil
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | - Lorie de Maré
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klara Goethals
- Biometrics Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cathérine Delesalle
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Frers F, Delarocque J, Huber K, Feige K, Warnken T. Comparison of a modified 2-step insulin response test performed with porcine zinc insulin and an oral glucose test to detect hyperinsulinemic Icelandic horses. Vet J 2023; 298-299:106012. [PMID: 37348701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Both, oral and intravenous (IV) testing protocols, are recommended and still used to detect insulin dysregulation (ID) in equids. However, IV tests mainly focus on peripheral insulin resistance (IR), while oral tests assess hyperinsulinemia (HI), which are different aspects of ID. The objective of this study was to describe if horses with HI also demonstrate IR and consequently can be detected by a modified 2-step insulin response test (2-step IRT) performed with a veterinary approved porcine zinc insulin (PZI). Twelve Icelandic horses were subjected to an OGT and 2-step IRT in a crossover study. Serum insulin concentrations during the OGT revealed that six horses were hyperinsulinemic (HI) while six were not (NON-HI). To describe the glucose response to IV injected PZI, the decline of plasma glucose concentration within the first 30 min was analyzed. Glucose reduction was similar in horses with and without HI during the 2-step IRT over time. Additionally, none of the horses reached a glucose reduction of ≥ 50% at 30 min. The results of the present study indicated that a comparable insulin mediated glucose uptake may be observed in horses with and without HI during a modified 2-step IRT. While six out of twelve horses were identified as HI by the OGT, all twelve horses were identified as IR by the modified 2-step IRT performed with PZI underlining the importance, but difficulty in choosing the right diagnostic tool in clinical settings to assess ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Frers
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - J Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - K Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 35, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - T Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany
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Clark BL, Stewart AJ, Kemp KL, Bamford NJ, Bertin FR. Evaluation of field-testing protocols to diagnose insulin dysregulation in ponies using a Bayesian approach. Vet J 2023; 298-299:106019. [PMID: 37536451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Field tests and their association with laminitis have not been evaluated in large cohorts. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of basal insulin (BI), the oral sugar test (OST) and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) to diagnose ID and investigate their association with laminitis. Insulin dysregulation status was determined in 146 ponies using BI (insulin concentration >20 µIU/mL), an OST (insulin concentration >65 µIU/mL at 60 or 90 min after oral administration of 0.45 mL/kg corn syrup) and an ITT (< 50% reduction in glucose concentration 30 min after intravenous administration of 0.1 IU/kg insulin). Laminitis was identified using modified-Obel scores. A Bayesian approach was used to define the characteristics of the tests and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess their association with laminitis. All tests were well tolerated and laminitis was diagnosed in 9% of ponies. Insulin dysregulation was diagnosed in 15% of ponies using BI, 38% using the OST and 54% using the ITT with 11% of ponies positive for all three tests. The sensitivities and specificities of BI, the OST and the ITT to diagnose ID were 0.52 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.79) and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.91 - 1.00), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.70 - 0.94) and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.49 - 0.71), and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.68-0.96) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.75 - 0.97), respectively. Only BI and the OST were associated with laminitis (P = 0.003 and 0.015, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Clark
- The University of Queensland, 5391 Warrego Hwy, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - A J Stewart
- The University of Queensland, 5391 Warrego Hwy, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - K L Kemp
- The University of Queensland, 5391 Warrego Hwy, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - N J Bamford
- The University of Melbourne, Park Drive, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - F-R Bertin
- The University of Queensland, 5391 Warrego Hwy, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Piórkowska K, Ropka-Molik K. Equine Metabolic Syndrome: A Complex Disease Influenced by Multifactorial Genetic Factors. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1544. [PMID: 37628596 PMCID: PMC10454496 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) has become an important issue in modern veterinary medicine and is linked to the common, extremely painful, most-of-the-time performance-terminating hoof laminitis. The growing knowledge in the field of genetic background, inducing environmental factors, diagnosis, treatment and maintenance of affected equines led us to summarise the available information to be used not only for scientific purposes but for fieldwork. In horses, the clinical presentation of EMS includes: obesity or local fat deposition, bilateral lameness or hoof rings attributed to ongoing or previous (pasted) laminitis with the key feature of the occurrence of insulin dysregulation, disturbing the homeostasis within insulin, glucose and lipid metabolism. The management of EMS is based on dietary and fitness discipline; however, intensive research is ongoing in the field of regenerative medicine to develop modern and promising therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland
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33
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Lykkjen S, Stenbakk LK, Holmøy IH. Prevalence and risk factors for laminitis within the Norwegian pony breed Nordlandshest/Lyngshest. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:22. [PMID: 37328910 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laminitis is a systemic condition resulting in debilitating pain and structural changes within the feet, and hence has major welfare implications. Causes include endocrine and systemic inflammatory conditions. Ponies are frequently affected, and observations in the field suggest that occurrence of laminitis is also common in Norwegian breeds. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors for laminitis within the Norwegian pony breed Nordlandshest/Lyngshest. RESULTS The study was a cross-sectional study based on questionnaires sent to members of the Norwegian Nordlandshest/Lyngshest breed association. Questionnaires were received for 504 animals, of which 464 records were eligible and included in analyses. The population comprised 71 stallions, 156 geldings, and 237 mares, with an age between 1 and 40 years (median and interquartile ranges: 12 (6-18) years). The estimated 3-year period prevalence of laminitis was 8.4% (95% confidence interval (CI95): 6.0-11.3%), whereas lifetime prevalence was 12.5% (CI95: 9.6-15.9%). Mares had a significantly higher period- and lifetime prevalence of laminitis than male horses, and horses 10 years and older had a significantly higher prevalence than younger horses. The lifetime prevalence of laminitis was 3.2% in horses 9 years and younger, whereas from 17.3-20.5% in older horses. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age, sex, and regional adiposity as significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the 3-year period outcome of laminitis: Horses older than 9 years had a three-fold increase in the likelihood of having laminitis compared to the younger horses (Odds Ratio (OR)10-14 years = 3.37 (CI95 = 1.19-9.50), OR15-19 years = 3.06 (CI95 = 1.04-9.05), and OR>20 years = 2.70 (CI95 = 0.90-8.02). Mares were more than twice as likely (OR = 2.44 (CI95 = 1.17-5.12) to have laminitis compared to male horses, and horses with regional adiposity had increased odds (OR = 2.35 (CI95 = 1.15-4.82) of laminitis compared to horses without regional adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Laminitis appears to be a considerable welfare issue in the Norwegian pony breed Nordlandshest/Lyngshest. The identified risk factors age, sex, and regional adiposity highlight the need for improved owner education and awareness of strategies to reduce laminitis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Lykkjen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
| | | | - Ingrid Hunter Holmøy
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
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34
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AKINNIYI OO, SACKEY AKB, OCHUBE GE, MSHELIA PW, MUSA FA, ELIJAH MO, JOLAYEMI KO. Occurrence of equine metabolic syndrome, clinical manifestations, and associated risk factors in Nigeria. J Equine Sci 2023; 34:29-35. [PMID: 37405068 PMCID: PMC10315637 DOI: 10.1294/jes.34.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin dysregulation (ID) is central to the pathophysiology of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), putting the horse at risk of laminitis. There is a paucity of information on the status of EMS in Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of EMS, clinical manifestations, and associated risk factors in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was carried out. Selected horses underwent an insulin 2-step response test to ascertain insulin dysregulation; a physical examination was carried out to diagnose laminitis and obesity. Risk factors were assessed using a questionnaire. The overall prevalence of EMS was 43.10%. Breed and sex were significantly associated with EMS, but age was not. Horses diagnosed with laminitis showed two signs of laminitis, namely, divergent hoof rings and widened white lines. Risk factors significantly associated with the prevalence of EMS were as follows: being a West African Barb horse (60.00%), being a stallion (67.86%), being a leisure horse (67.86%), only walking horses during exercise (68.00%), exercising horses once every 5 months (82.76%), tethering horses to a stake in the ground (67.86%), obesity (92.86%), and abnormal neck crest (83.33%). The risk of ID remains higher in obese horses. However, some of the horses with ID were not obese, indicating that there are other possible underlying causes of EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel Enenche OCHUBE
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,
Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna State, PO Box 720, Nigeria
| | - Philip Wayuta MSHELIA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello
University, Kaduna State, PO Box 720, Nigeria
| | - Francis Alkali MUSA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello
University, Kaduna State, PO Box 720, Nigeria
| | | | - Kelvin Olutimilehin JOLAYEMI
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna State, PO Box 540,
Nigeria
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35
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Clark BL, Bamford NJ, Stewart AJ, McCue ME, Rendahl A, Bailey SR, Bertin FR, Norton EM. Evaluation of an HMGA2 variant contribution to height and basal insulin concentrations in ponies. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1186-1192. [PMID: 37148171 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HMGA2:c.83G>A variant was identified in Welsh ponies having pleiotropic effects on height and insulin concentration. OBJECTIVE Determine whether the HMGA2:c.83G>A variant is associated with decreased height and higher basal insulin concentrations across pony breeds. ANIMALS Two hundred thirty-six ponies across 6 breeds. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Ponies were genotyped for the HMGA2:c.83G>A variant and phenotyped for height and basal insulin concentrations. Stepwise regression was performed for model analysis using a linear regression model for height and mixed linear model for insulin with farm as a random effect. Coefficient of determination, pairwise comparison of the estimated marginal means and partial correlation coefficients (parcor) were calculated to assess the relationship between HMGA2 genotype and height or insulin. RESULTS Breed and genotype accounted for 90.5% of the variation in height across breeds, and genotype explained 21% to 44% of the variation within breeds. Breed, genotype, cresty neck score, sex, age, and farm accounted for 45.5% of the variation in insulin, with genotype accounting for 7.1%. The HMGA2 A allele frequency was 62% and correlated with both height (parcor = -0.39; P < .001) and insulin (parcor = 0.22; P = .02). Pairwise comparisons found A/A ponies were >10 cm shorter than other genotypes. Compared with G/G individuals, A/A and G/A individuals had 4.3 μIU/mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-10.5) and 2.7 μIU/mL (95% CI: 1.4-5.3) higher basal insulin concentrations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These data demonstrate the pleiotropic effects of the HMGA2:c.83G>A variant and its role in identifying ponies at increased risk for insulin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Bamford
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allison J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Molly E McCue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - François-René Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elaine M Norton
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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McGowan CM, Ireland JL. Equine Endocrine Disease: Challenges With Case Definition for Research. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 124:104491. [PMID: 37236726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Equine endocrine disease is an important area for equine research, requiring an appropriate case definition for inclusion and criteria for exclusion from disease. Defining a case for research may be different from criteria for clinical diagnosis. Further, clinical diagnosis recommendations have been changing regularly, making this area challenging for equine scientists. This review discusses the diagnosis of major equine endocrine diseases, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, equine metabolic syndrome and insulin dysregulation, focusing on the most appropriate diagnostic methods for research case definitions. Different diagnostic methods, including use of reference intervals and clinical decision limits, will be discussed with their relative merits for use in case definition for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M McGowan
- School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection, Ecological and Veterinary Sciences, the University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.
| | - Joanne L Ireland
- School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection, Ecological and Veterinary Sciences, the University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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37
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de Laat MA, Fitzgerald DM. Equine metabolic syndrome: Role of the enteroinsular axis in the insulin response to oral carbohydrate. Vet J 2023; 294:105967. [PMID: 36858344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Equine insulin dysregulation (ID) comprises amplified insulin responses to oral carbohydrates or insulin resistance, or both, which leads to sustained or periodic hyperinsulinaemia. Hyperinsulinaemia is important in horses because of its clear association with laminitis risk, and the gravity of this common sequela justifies the need for a better understanding of insulin and glucose homoeostasis in this species. Post-prandial hyperinsulinaemia is the more commonly identified component of ID and is diagnosed using tests that include an assessment of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). There are several factors present in the GIT that either directly, or indirectly, enhance insulin secretion from the endocrine pancreas, and these factors are collectively referred to as the enteroinsular axis (EIA). A role for key components of the EIA, such as the incretin peptides glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2, in the pathophysiology of ID has been investigated in horses. By comparison, the function (and even existence) of many EIA peptides of potential importance, such as glicentin and oxyntomodulin, remains unexplored. The incretins that have been examined all increase insulin responses to oral carbohydrate through one or more mechanisms. This review presents what is known about the EIA in horses, and discusses how it might contribute to ID, then compares this to current understanding derived from the extensive studies undertaken in other species. Future directions for research are discussed and knowledge gaps that should be prioritised are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A de Laat
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia.
| | - Danielle M Fitzgerald
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
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Uldahl M, Dahl J, Clayton HM. Body Condition Score in Danish Horses Related to Type, Use, and Training Level: Patterns, Risk, and Protective Factors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071219. [PMID: 37048475 PMCID: PMC10093332 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Body condition in horses is a growing concern that has different patterns of development in horses that are above and below the ideal range. This study used professional and para-professional evaluators (veterinarians, farriers, trainers, Danish Equestrian Federation (DEF) officials) who were trained and certified in the use of a modified Henneke scoring system to assign a body condition score (BCS) on a scale of 1–9. Scores of 5–6 are regarded as ideal, and 78.6% of the evaluated horses were in these groups. Only 4.8% of horses were below ideal BCS but 16.5% were above ideal BCS, and this was influenced by type, age, and training. A significant protective effect towards above ideal BCS was shown for horses trained at higher intensities. Cold-blooded horses and traditional ponies had increased risk for being above ideal BCS. Although BCS increased with age, a large proportion of geriatric horses were both above and below ideal BCS. Discipline was not related to BCS. Patterns of BCS distribution for horses attended by different professionals were investigated. Veterinarians attended more horses with BCS above and below ideal values, farriers mostly saw horses that were above ideal BCS, and officials at competitions mainly saw horses with ideal BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Uldahl
- Vejle Equine Practice, Fasanvej 12, 7120 Vejle Øst, Denmark
| | - Jan Dahl
- Jan Dahl Consult, Østrupvej 89, 4350 Ugerløse, Denmark
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39
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Go YY, Hazard NW, Balasuriya UBR, Chapman AM, Fitton NS, Kenéz Á, Andrews FM. Clinical evaluation of the Immulite® 1000 chemiluminescent immunoassay for measurement of equine serum insulin. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1018230. [PMID: 37051514 PMCID: PMC10083388 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1018230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionAccurate quantitative analysis of equine insulin in blood samples is critical for assessing hyperinsulinemia in horses. Although there are various laboratory methods for evaluating equine serum insulin, different immunoassays show significant discrepancies between the determined insulin concentrations and are often not comparable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Immulite® 1000 chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) to establish independent laboratory and assay-specific cut values to provide an accurate diagnosis of hyperinsulinemia in horses. Thus, the analytical and clinical performance of Immulite® 1000 CLIA in terms of precision (intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variance, CV) and recovery upon dilution were evaluated and compared with radioimmunoassay (RIA), which has been previously validated for use in horses.Material and methodsArchived serum samples (n = 106) from six Quarter horse mares enrolled in the glucose phase of a Frequently Sampled Insulin and Glucose Test (FSIGT) study were used to measure blood insulin.ResultsThe Immulite® 1000 CLIA had good precision with acceptable intra- and inter-assay CVs, adequate recovery on dilution, and a strong correlation with the RIA (r = 0.974, P < 0.0001), with constant bias resulting in consistently lower values.DiscussionOn this basis, the Immulite® 1000 Insulin Assay is valid for measuring equine serum insulin for diagnostic and monitoring purposes when cut values are appropriately adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nicole W. Hazard
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Anna M. Chapman
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Ákos Kenéz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Frank M. Andrews
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Frank M. Andrews
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Golding E, Neavyn Neita A, Walshe N, Hanlon A, Mulcahy G, Duggan V. Survey of the knowledge and perceptions of horse owners in Ireland of common clinical conditions and their impact. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:270-281. [PMID: 35575027 PMCID: PMC10084215 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the primary decision-maker for their horse's health and welfare, owners' knowledge of clinical conditions may impact their horse's health. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the emotional impact of equine illness on the owner can be severe but research is lacking. OBJECTIVES To evaluate horse owners' self-declared knowledge of eight common equine health conditions and perceptions of the quality of information available; to ascertain respondents' perceptions of the severity of impact on their horse of the conditions and potential emotional impact on themselves and to establish the factors of greatest concern to owners when their horse has a health condition and influential factors on end-of-life decisions. STUDY DESIGN Online survey of horse owners. METHODS An online survey comprising three sections was created: respondent demographics; vignettes of clinical conditions; concerns and decision-making regarding illness and euthanasia. Vignettes focused on arthritis; Pars Pituitary Intermedia Dysfunction; Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS); gastric ulcers; high intestinal worm burden; dermatophilosis ('mud rash'); quidding and head tossing; and equine asthma. Respondents were self-selecting. The survey was circulated for completion by horse owners residing in Ireland and Northern Ireland obtaining 491 valid responses. RESULTS Respondents declared that they had the highest knowledge of mud rash, with 84.1% rating their knowledge as very good compared to 42% of respondents for EMS. There was positive correlation between the perceived impact on their horse and emotional impact on the owner for all conditions ranging from weak (arthritis 0.36, P < 0.001) to strong (EMS 0.62, P < 0.001). Pain, discomfort, and quality of life were reported as the most common concerns when their horse has a medical condition or when considering euthanasia. MAIN LIMITATIONS Potential bias among respondents towards computer literate owners, with good literacy and interest in equine health conditions. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of equine health conditions, perceived impact of conditions on the horse and emotional impact on their owners varied significantly between conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Golding
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Neavyn Neita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola Walshe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Hanlon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vivienne Duggan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Weinert-Nelson JR, Biddle AS, Sampath H, Williams CA. Fecal Microbiota, Forage Nutrients, and Metabolic Responses of Horses Grazing Warm- and Cool-Season Grass Pastures. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050790. [PMID: 36899650 PMCID: PMC10000167 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating warm-season grasses into cool-season equine grazing systems can increase pasture availability during summer months. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of this management strategy on the fecal microbiome and relationships between fecal microbiota, forage nutrients, and metabolic responses of grazing horses. Fecal samples were collected from 8 mares after grazing cool-season pasture in spring, warm-season pasture in summer, and cool-season pasture in fall as well as after adaptation to standardized hay diets prior to spring grazing and at the end of the grazing season. Random forest classification was able to predict forage type based on microbial composition (accuracy: 0.90 ± 0.09); regression predicted forage crude protein (CP) and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations (p < 0.0001). Akkermansia and Clostridium butyricum were enriched in horses grazing warm-season pasture and were positively correlated with CP and negatively with NSC; Clostridum butyricum was negatively correlated with peak plasma glucose concentrations following oral sugar tests (p ≤ 0.05). These results indicate that distinct shifts in the equine fecal microbiota occur in response different forages. Based on relationships identified between the microbiota, forage nutrients, and metabolic responses, further research should focus on the roles of Akkermansia spp. and Clostridium butyricum within the equine hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Weinert-Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Amy S. Biddle
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Harini Sampath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Carey A. Williams
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence:
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Impacts of Adiposity on Exercise Performance in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040666. [PMID: 36830453 PMCID: PMC9951652 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample research describing the increased risk of health concerns associated with equine obesity, including insulin dysregulation and laminitis. For athletes, the negative effect of weight carriage is well documented in racing thoroughbreds (i.e., handicapping with weight) and rider weight has been shown to impact the workload of ridden horses and to some degree their gait and movement. In many groups of competitive and athletic horses and ponies, obesity is still relatively common. Therefore, these animals not only are at risk of metabolic disease, but also must perform at a higher workload due to the weight of their adipose tissue. Excess body weight has been documented to affect gait quality, cause heat stress and is expected to hasten the incidence of arthritis development. Meanwhile, many equine event judges appear to favor the look of adiposity in competitive animals. This potentially rewards horses and ponies that are at higher risk of disease and reinforces the owner's decisions to keep their animals fat. This is a welfare concern for these animals and is of grave concern for the equine industry.
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Pratt-Phillips S, Munjizun A, Janicki K. Visual Assessment of Adiposity in Elite Hunter Ponies. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104199. [PMID: 36592663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a critical problem in the equine industry, with ponies being at particularly high risk of developing obesity-related conditions such as metabolic syndrome and laminitis. The purpose of this study was to estimate the level of adiposity in an elite level of competitive show ponies, and to determine if adiposity was related to performance based on their model score (judged on conformation and appearance). Two researchers visually evaluated the body condition score (BCS) and cresty neck score (CNS) of 377 ponies at a national hunter competition. Thirty five percent of the ponies in the competition were considered obese, with BCS scores of 7 or higher. Mean BCS of the ponies was 6.7 ± 0.6 with a range of 5.25 - 8.25 and mean CNS was 2.8 ± 0.6, with a range of 1.75 - 4.5. Medium ponies had higher BCS (P<0.0001) and higher CNS (P=0.015) than the large ponies. There was a tendency for a relationship between body condition score and the model score in all ponies (r = 0.08; P = 0.059), and this was stronger within the large ponies (r =0.20; P <0.01). These findings show that elite competition ponies are dangerously overweight and that adiposity may influence performance in a judged event. This is of grave concern to the horse industry and needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pratt-Phillips
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
| | - A Munjizun
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Warnken T, Schaub C, Delarocque J, Frers F, Feige K, Sonntag J, Reiche DB. Palatability, glycemic, and insulinemic responses to various carbohydrate formulations: Alternatives for the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation in horses? Vet Med (Auckl) 2023; 37:282-291. [PMID: 36625459 PMCID: PMC9889704 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral glycemic challenge (GC) tests are recommended for diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (ID). Various protocols are used, but all have limitations in terms of palatability, ease of use, variable composition, geographic availability, or some combination of these. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To evaluate newly developed formulations with defined carbohydrate composition for use as oral GCs. ANIMALS Thirty-four horses and ponies in various metabolic states. METHODS Our objectives were carried out in 2 separate cross-over experiments. First, the palatability and acceptance of various GCs (2 syrups, 1 granulate) offered for free intake were compared to glucose mixed in a chaff-based diet. Subsequently, syrups were administered by syringe and compared to an oral glucose test using naso-gastric tubing (tube OGT) to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic responses. Second, these variables were compared in the best performing GC-formulations (granulate further optimized to pelleted formulation and 1 syrup) and a tube OGT. All GCs were administered with equivalent amounts of 0.5 g glycemic carbohydrates per kg body weight. RESULTS Only the GC pellets were consumed completely by all horses (consumption time 5 ± 2 min). When administered by syringe, the GC syrup also was well accepted. The insulin concentrations at 120 min correlated significantly between tube OGT and GC pellets (r = .717; P < .001) or GC syrup (r = .913; P < .001). The new GC syrup and GC pellets discriminate between healthy and ID horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The GC pellets (DysChEq)™ and GC syrup can be used as palatable and well-accepted oral GC tests for assessment of ID in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Claudia Schaub
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Florian Frers
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Johanna Sonntag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 17355216 Ingelheim am RheinGermany
| | - Dania Birte Reiche
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 17355216 Ingelheim am RheinGermany
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45
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de Laat MA, Fitzgerald DM, Harris PA, Bailey SR. A glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist reduces the insulin response to a glycemic meal in ponies. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad389. [PMID: 38066683 PMCID: PMC10724109 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High plasma concentrations of insulin can cause acute laminitis. Ponies and horses with insulin dysregulation (ID) exhibit marked hyperinsulinemia in response to dietary hydrolyzable carbohydrates. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone released from the gastrointestinal tract, enhances insulin release, and is increased postprandially in ponies with ID. The aim of this study was to determine whether blocking the GLP-1 receptor reduces the insulin response to a high glycemic meal. Five adult ponies were adapted to a cereal meal and then given two feed challenges 24 h apart of a meal containing 3 g/kg BW micronized maize. Using a randomized cross-over design all ponies received both treatments, where one of the feeds was preceded by the IV administration of a GLP-1 receptor blocking peptide, Exendin-3 (9-39) amide (80 µg/kg), and the other feed by a sham treatment of peptide diluent only. Blood samples were taken before feeding and peptide administration, and then at 30-min intervals via a jugular catheter for 6 h for the measurement of insulin, glucose, and active GLP-1. The peptide and meal challenge caused no adverse effects, and the change in plasma glucose in response to the meal was not affected (P = 0.36) by treatment: peak concentration 9.24 ± 1.22 and 9.14 ± 1.08 mmol/L without and with the antagonist, respectively. Similarly, there was no effect (P = 0.35) on plasma active GLP-1 concentrations: peak concentration 14.3 ± 1.36 pM and 13.7 ± 1.97 pM without and with the antagonist, respectively. However, the antagonist caused a significant decrease in the area under the curve for insulin (P = 0.04), and weak evidence (P = 0.06) of a reduction in peak insulin concentration (456 ± 147 μIU/mL and 370 ± 146 μIU/mL without and with the antagonist, respectively). The lower overall insulin response to the maize meal after treatment with the antagonist demonstrates that blocking the GLP-1 receptor partially reduced insulin production in response to a high starch, high glycemic index, diet. Using a different methodological approach to published studies, this study also confirmed that GLP-1 does contribute to the excessive insulin production in ponies with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A de Laat
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, UK
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Manfredi JM, Jacob S, Norton E. A one-health lens offers new perspectives on the importance of endocrine disorders in the equine athlete. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:153-164. [PMID: 36595370 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.11.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disorders are associated with joint pain and tendon injury in humans, but the effects in the horse are only starting to be understood. Similar patterns of clinical signs and injury appear to affect horses and humans for both orthopedic and endocrine disorders, supporting the use of a one-health approach to tackle these issues. In this Currents in One Health, we will discuss common equine endocrinopathies, current testing recommendations, dietary management, genetic predispositions, and endocrine disorders' effects on performance. Our aim is to use a one-health lens to describe current comparative research so that veterinarians can employ cutting-edge preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic recommendations. Identified key gaps in knowledge include whether equine metabolic osteoarthritis exists, if steroid joint injections are safe in horses with endocrine disorders, and if the return to performance percentage improves with concurrent treatment of endocrine and musculoskeletal disorders. Key takeaways include that the relationship between endocrine disorders and musculoskeletal disease in the horse goes beyond laminitis to include lameness, muscle atrophy, suspensory ligament degeneration, osteochondritis dissecans, and potentially metabolic osteoarthritis. Approaches learned from human and equine comparative studies can offer insight into injury recognition and management, thus mitigating the impact of endocrine disorders on performance in both species. Readers interested in an in-depth description of current and future research involving pathophysiology, novel interventions, and multiomic approaches to identify individuals with athletic limitations induced by endocrine disorders are invited to read the companion Currents in One Health by Manfredi et al, AJVR, February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Manfredi
- 1Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Sarah Jacob
- 1Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Elaine Norton
- 2Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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47
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Hallman I, Karikoski N, Kareskoski M. The effects of obesity and insulin dysregulation on mare reproduction, pregnancy, and foal health: a review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1180622. [PMID: 37152686 PMCID: PMC10158983 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing welfare concern in modern equine populations and predisposes horses to disturbances in energy metabolism such as insulin dysregulation. However, equine metabolic syndrome has only been recognized in recent decades. Functioning energy metabolism is pivotal to normal body homeostasis and affects essentially all organ systems, including reproduction. Previous literature suggests that obesity has an effect not only on the reproductive processes in mares but also on offspring health, predisposing the offspring to later-onset orthopedic and metabolic problems. This review focuses on the effects of obesity, insulin dysregulation and hyperinsulinemia on the reproductive functions of mares and the implications on foal health before and after birth. The points of interest are the cyclicity and ovarian function, uterine environment, gestation, the postpartum period, and the newborn foal. The aim is to review the current state of knowledge, and identify outstanding questions that could stimulate future research. This topic is important not only from the equine industry and production perspective but is also relevant for the welfare of future populations and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Hallman
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Isa Hallman,
| | - Ninja Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Kareskoski
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Tyma JF, Epstein KL. Postoperative sinusitis and pneumonia following exploratory celiotomy for treatment of colic in horses. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2023; 64:76-80. [PMID: 36593935 PMCID: PMC9754126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sinusitis and pneumonia following exploratory celiotomy in horses were studied, evaluating associations between these 2 respiratory complications and selected pre-, peri-, and post-operative variables. The incidence of sinusitis was 2.5% (8/318) and pneumonia 3.5% (11/318). These respiratory complications were associated with peri-operative reflux, longer antimicrobial treatment, and longer hospitalization.
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49
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de Laat MA, Warnken T, Delarocque J, Reiche DB, Grob AJ, Feige K, Carslake HB, Durham AE, Sillence MN, Thane KE, Frank N, Brojer J, Lindase S, Sonntag J. Carbohydrate pellets to assess insulin dysregulation in horses. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 37:302-314. [PMID: 36583553 PMCID: PMC9889680 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A glycemic challenge test is used for the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (ID) in horses and ponies. Different forms of the test exist where the administrative route and dose of glucose vary, which makes interpretation of results challenging. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the palatability of, and blood glucose and insulin responses to, carbohydrate pellets fed as an oral glucose test (OGT), and to establish the diagnostic threshold for ID when using the pellets. ANIMALS University and privately-owned horses and ponies (n = 157) comprised of 31 breeds and both sexes. METHODS Multicenter cohort study. A custom-produced glycemic pellet was offered for free intake at 0.5 g/kg BW soluble carbohydrate and serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations measured before and after (60, 120, and 180 minutes) the pellets were offered. Pellet acceptance and intake time (those that finished within 10 minutes) were determined to assess palatability. RESULTS The pellets were palatable to 132/157 animals, and ponies found the pellets more (P = .004) palatable than horses. The median intake time (4 [3-6] minutes) was positively correlated with acceptance grade (r = .51; P < .0001). Consumption of the pellets elicited peak blood glucose (6.6 [5.8-7.8] mmol/L) and serum insulin (40.5 [19-99.8] μIU/mL) responses at 120 minutes. At 120 minutes the optimal cut-off was 83 μIU/mL (95% CI: 70-99 μIU/mL) for the IMMULITE 2000XPi assay. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The pellets were palatable and a suitable, novel carbohydrate source for the OGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A. de Laat
- Faculty of ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Tobias Warnken
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbHIngelheimGermany,Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | | | | | - Anne J. Grob
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - Harry B. Carslake
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Martin N. Sillence
- Faculty of ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kristen E. Thane
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyCummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nicholas Frank
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyCummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Johan Brojer
- Department of Clinical SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Sanna Lindase
- Department of Clinical SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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50
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Manfredi JM, Jacob SI, Boger BL, Norton EM. A one-health approach to identifying and mitigating the impact of endocrine disorders on human and equine athletes. Am J Vet Res 2022; 84:ajvr.22.11.0194. [PMID: 36563063 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.11.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endocrinopathies affect multiple species in ever-increasing percentages of their populations, creating an opportunity to apply one-health approaches to determining creative preventative measures and therapies in athletes. Obesity and alterations in insulin and glucose dynamics are medical concerns that play a role in whole-body health and homeostasis in both horses and humans. The role and impact of endocrine disorders on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems are of particular interest to the athlete. Elucidation of both physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in disease processes, starting in utero, is important for development of prevention and treatment strategies for the health and well-being of all species. This review focuses on the unrecognized effects of endocrine disorders associated with the origins of metabolic disease; inflammation at the intersection of endocrine disease and related diseases in the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems; novel interventions; and diagnostics that are informed via multiomic and one-health approaches. Readers interested in further details on specific equine performance conditions associated with endocrine disease are invited to read the companion Currents in One Health by Manfredi et al, JAVMA, February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Manfredi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Sarah I Jacob
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Brooke L Boger
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Elaine M Norton
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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