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Liu C, Zhong Y, Xiang Y, Qin L, Li J, Huang L, Ning J, He W, Wu C, Cheng Q, Yi D, Liu N, Xu C, Liang Z, He J. Octyl succinic anhydride-modified chitosan/oxidized sodium alginate Schiff base hydrogel loaded with terbinafine hydrochloride: pH-responsive, self-repairing, antifungal properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 301:140431. [PMID: 39884625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2025] [Accepted: 01/26/2025] [Indexed: 02/01/2025]
Abstract
The application of hydrogels to drug delivery limited by the difficulty of encapsulating hydrophobic drugs; therefore, the development of novel composite hydrogels for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs is urgently needed. In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (TFH/HP-β-CD ICs) were added to a Schiff base hydrogel matrix containing octenyl succinic anhydride-modified chitosan (OSA-CS) and sodium alginate (OIA) to prepare a TFH composite hydrogel (TFH GEL). The results revealed that the solubility of TFH in water within TFH/HP-β-CD IC reached 32.13 mg/mL. The TFH GEL successfully encapsulated the IC without any drug leakage and exhibited excellent acid pH responsiveness. Moreover, the hydrogels were mechanically stable, self-healing, and injectable. Haemocompatibility and cytotoxicity tests confirmed the excellent biocompatibility of the TFH GEL. Importantly, TFH GEL effectively inhibited Microsporum canis growth in vitro and in vivo. In summary, a novel composite hydrogel was developed by combining a modified natural polymer hydrogel with a complexing agent to deliver the hydrophobic antifungal drug TFH, this study provides a new strategy for treating fungal skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yawen Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yifei Xiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Lanqian Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jiada Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Luyuan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Junkai Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Weiwei He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chunxuan Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Qiuqi Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Dandan Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Niu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengmin Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Jiakang He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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Jong T, Stack CM, Moffitt MC, Morton CO. An Introduction to the Influence of Nutritional Factors on the Pathogenesis of Opportunist Fungal Pathogens in Humans. Pathogens 2025; 14:335. [PMID: 40333109 PMCID: PMC12030028 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14040335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2025] [Revised: 03/27/2025] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans are opportunistic pathogens in humans. They usually infect individuals whose immune system is compromised due to either a primary infection, e.g., HIV/AIDS, or as part of treatment for another condition, e.g., stem cell or solid organ transplant. In hosts with a weakened immune system, these fungi can cause life-threatening infections. Unlike true pathogens, opportunistic pathogens do not have specific mechanisms to overcome a healthy host, requiring a different approach to understand how they cause infection. The ability of fungi to adapt to various environmental conditions, including the human host, is critical for virulence. In humans, micronutrient metals, such as iron, are sequestered to reduce serum concentrations, which helps to inhibit microbial growth. Other human tissues may increase metal concentrations to toxic levels to prevent infection by pathogens. The ability of fungi to acquire or detoxify nutrients, such as iron or copper, from the host is essential for the establishment of infection. In this review, the role of fungal nutrition will be discussed in relation to opportunistic fungal pathogens. It will focus on the acquisition of micronutrients, e.g., iron, copper, and zinc, and how this enables these fungi to circumvent host nutritional immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles Oliver Morton
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia (C.M.S.); (M.C.M.)
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Tang D, Cao X, Yuan B, Zou H, Huang M, Shen W. Correlation analysis between IL-1R/TLRs pathway and superficial dermatomycosis. Eur J Med Res 2025; 30:191. [PMID: 40114256 PMCID: PMC11927271 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-025-02434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the correlation between interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLRs)-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways and the severity of superficial dermatomycosis. METHODS From May 2020 to August 2022, 76 patients with superficial dermatomycosis (infected group) and 52 patients without infection (non-infected group) were enrolled. The indicators related to IL-1R/TLRs pathway were analyzed, and the diagnostic value of the combined detection of each index for superficial dermatomycosis and disease severity was analyzed. The correlation between each index and the severity of infection was analyzed. RESULTS IL-1β, TLR4, IL-6, and TNF-α in the infected group were higher than those in the non-infected group (P < 0.05). The AUC of IL-1R/TLRs combined detection in the group diagnosed with a superficial dermatomycosis was higher than that of each single detection (P < 0.05). IL-1β, TLR4, IL-6, and TNF-α in the severe group were higher than those in the mild group (P < 0.05). IL-1β, TLR4, IL-6, and TNF-α were positively correlated with the degree of infection (P < 0.05). The AUC of IL-1R/TLRs combined detection was higher than that of each single test (P < 0.05). IL-1β ≥ 2.87 ng/L, TLR4 ≥ 3.12 ng/L, IL-6 ≥ 4.58 ng/L, TNF-α ≥ 70.53 ng/L were the influencing factors of severe superficial dermatomycosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION IL-1R/TLRs pathway is related to the severity of superficial dermatomycosis, and the collective identification of each indicator provides diagnostic insight into infection severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongMei Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882 Central South Road, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - XiaoXuan Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiaxing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - BeiBei Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882 Central South Road, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - HongXing Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882 Central South Road, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - MingDe Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882 Central South Road, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - WeiFeng Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882 Central South Road, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Loginus W, Wong CK, Lin YC, Wu YH. Multiple Facial Deep Dermatophytosis Caused by Trichophyton rubrum in an Immunocompromised Patient. Am J Dermatopathol 2025; 47:75-76. [PMID: 39662023 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Loginus
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; and
| | - Chi-Kai Wong
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; and
| | - Yang-Chi Lin
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; and
| | - Yu-Hung Wu
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; and
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Ortiz B, Ballesteros-Monrreal MG, Rosales-Tamashiro J, Bush M, Salmanton-García J, Fontecha G. Global Insights and Trends in Research on Dermatophytes and Dermatophytosis: A Bibliometric Analysis. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13803. [PMID: 39343727 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis, caused by dermatophytes, affects up to 25% of people globally, with higher rates observed in Africa and Asia. While these infections are usually superficial, they can become severe in immunocompromised individuals. Despite their high prevalence, scientific research on dermatophytes is limited and the epidemiological data available are insufficient. In addition, diagnostic methods are not standardised and there are challenges with resistance to antifungals. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications related to dermatophytes and dermatophytosis to assess research output and trends. METHODS A bibliometric analysis of publications from 2000 to 2023 in Web of Science and Scopus examined trends, citation counts, publication types, key journals, top authors and institutions and funding sources. RESULTS The analysis revealed a significant increase in dermatophyte-related publications, with 15,868 articles retrieved from the Web of Science and 23,189 from Scopus. Research articles dominated the output, constituting 76.2% in Web of Science and 80% in Scopus. Peak publication years were 2019, 2021 and 2022 in Web of Science, and 2020, 2021 and 2023 in Scopus, with lower output between 2000 and 2002. The United States and India were the leading contributors, followed by Brazil and China, though citation metrics varied. Although there has been a rise in the number of publications, the amount of research conducted on dermatophytes is still very limited in comparison with other types of fungal diseases. CONCLUSIONS Dermatophyte-related research has increased over the past 2 decades. However, research gaps remain, particularly compared with other fungal diseases. Advances in diagnostics, antifungal testing and taxonomic classification are urgently needed. The study underscores the need for continued research and global collaboration to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | | | - Juan Rosales-Tamashiro
- Maestría de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Zoonóticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Michelle Bush
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jon Salmanton-García
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Dubljanin E, Zunic J, Vujcic I, Colovic Calovski I, Sipetic Grujicic S, Mijatovic S, Dzamic A. Host-Pathogen Interaction and Resistance Mechanisms in Dermatophytes. Pathogens 2024; 13:657. [PMID: 39204257 PMCID: PMC11357293 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are widely distributed in the environment, with an estimated prevalence of 20-25% of the the global population yearly. These fungi are keratinophilic and keratinolytic and cause the infection of keratin-rich structures such as skin, hair, and nails. The pattern of this infectious disease covers a wide spectrum from exposed individuals without symptoms to those with acutely inflammatory or non-inflammatory, chronic to invasive, and even life-threatening symptoms. This review summarizes current information on the pathogenicity, virulence factors, and drug resistance mechanisms associated with dermatophytes. A greater number of virulence factors of these fungi are important for the occurrence of infection and the changes that occur, including those regarding adhesins, the sulfite efflux pump, and proteolytic enzymes. Other virulence factors include mechanisms of evading the host defense, while the development of resistance to antifungal drugs is increasing, resulting in treatment failure. The investigation of host-pathogen interactions is essential for developing a more complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying dermatophyte pathogenesis and host response to inform the use of diagnostics methods and antifungal therapeutics to minimize the high fungal burden caused by dermatophytes and to control the spread of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Dubljanin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Zunic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isidora Vujcic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Colovic Calovski
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Sipetic Grujicic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Mijatovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Dzamic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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7
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Hill RC, Caplan AS, Elewski B, Gold JAW, Lockhart SR, Smith DJ, Lipner SR. Expert Panel Review of Skin and Hair Dermatophytoses in an Era of Antifungal Resistance. Am J Clin Dermatol 2024; 25:359-389. [PMID: 38494575 PMCID: PMC11201321 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-024-00848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Dermatophytoses are fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails that affect approximately 25% of the global population. Occlusive clothing, living in a hot humid environment, poor hygiene, proximity to animals, and crowded living conditions are important risk factors. Dermatophyte infections are named for the anatomic area they infect, and include tinea corporis, cruris, capitis, barbae, faciei, pedis, and manuum. Tinea incognito describes steroid-modified tinea. In some patients, especially those who are immunosuppressed or who have a history of corticosteroid use, dermatophyte infections may spread to involve extensive skin areas, and, in rare cases, may extend to the dermis and hair follicle. Over the past decade, dermatophytoses cases not responding to standard of care therapy have been increasingly reported. These cases are especially prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, and Trichophyton indotineae has been identified as the causative species, generating concern regarding resistance to available antifungal therapies. Antifungal-resistant dermatophyte infections have been recently recognized in the United States. Antifungal resistance is now a global health concern. When feasible, mycological confirmation before starting treatment is considered best practice. To curb antifungal-resistant infections, it is necessary for physicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for resistant dermatophyte infections coupled with antifungal stewardship efforts. Furthermore, by forging partnerships with federal agencies, state and local public health agencies, professional societies, and academic institutions, dermatologists can lead efforts to prevent the spread of antifungal-resistant dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avrom S Caplan
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boni Elewski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeremy A W Gold
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shawn R Lockhart
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dallas J Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shari R Lipner
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Bernales-Mendoza AM, Shimizu A, Mochizuki T, Anzawa K, Yamaguchi R, Takeda K. A case of dermatophyte abscess and adjunctive use of a novel RNA: In situ hybridization to confirm Trichophyton rubrum. JAAD Case Rep 2024; 46:100-104. [PMID: 38590734 PMCID: PMC10999370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marie Bernales-Mendoza
- Dermatology Department, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
- Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, National Specialty Center for Dermatology, Manila, Philippines
- Dermatology Department, Jose N. Rodriguez Memorial Hospital and Sanitarium, Caloocan, Philippines
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Dermatology Department, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takashi Mochizuki
- Dermatology Department, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Dermatology Department, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Reimon Yamaguchi
- Dermatology Department, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kiminobu Takeda
- Dermatology Department, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
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9
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Soares FO, Rosado IR, Sousa MVC, Dumont CF, Bittar JFF, Martin I, Beletti ME, Melo RT, Alves EGL. Osteomyelitis by Microsporum canis and Staphylococcus spp. in cat (Felis catus) - case report. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:58. [PMID: 38374006 PMCID: PMC10875912 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus spp and Microsporum canis are zoonotic microorganisms which can cause infections and systemic diseases. The bone infection is usually caused by invasion of pathogen through the hematologic route. Mixed osteomyelitis caused by bacteria and fungi is rare, and to date, there have been no reports of mixed osteomyelitis with Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. CASE PRESENTATION This essay reports an atypical presentation of mixed osteomyelitis (Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis) in a domestic cat. A 15-month-old female Persian cat was presented to a veterinary service; the main complaint was the appearance of a nodule in the mandibular ventral rostral region. A radiographic exam performed on the animal showed proliferative and osteolytic bone lesions. The patient was submitted to a biopsy for histopathological evaluation, along with bacterial and fungal cultures. Results showed mixed osteomyelitis by Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. Microbial Sensitivity Test was performed to choose a more suitable treatment. Two surgical procedures were executed to resect and curette the lesion, and treatments with anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and antifungal drugs were established, showing a positive clinical evolution. After 8 months of treatment, the patient's owner moved to a different city, and the animal was seen by other veterinarians, who followed along with the same treatment. However, due to complications and a diminishing quality of life over 4 years of diagnosis, the patient was euthanized. CONCLUSION Given the above, mixed osteomyelitis is difficult to treat and can cause losses of life quality resulting death, especially in infections where M. canis is the agent causing the disease. Bacterial osteomyelitis is more frequently reported. But the lack of investigation of microorganisms other than bacteria, such as fungal cases, may imply in underdiagnosed cases. Treatment of osteomyelitis can be difficult considering the difficulties in isolating the pathological agent, resistance to the drug used, prolonged treatment time, and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Soares
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabel R Rosado
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcus V C Sousa
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal - PAVET, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolyne F Dumont
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular - LEPIMOL, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Ceará, s/n, Bloco 2D43, Uberlândia, CC 38402-018, Brazil.
| | - Joely F F Bittar
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ian Martin
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Beletti
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular - LEPIMOL, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta T Melo
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular - LEPIMOL, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Endrigo G L Alves
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Gupta AK, Elewski B, Joseph WS, Lipner SR, Daniel CR, Tosti A, Guenin E, Ghannoum M. Treatment of onychomycosis in an era of antifungal resistance: Role for antifungal stewardship and topical antifungal agents. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13683. [PMID: 38214375 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of literature has marked the emergence and spread of antifungal resistance among species of Trichophyton, the most prevalent cause of toenail and fingernail onychomycosis in the United States and Europe. We review published data on rates of oral antifungal resistance among Trichophyton species; causes of antifungal resistance and methods to counteract it; and in vitro data on the role of topical antifungals in the treatment of onychomycosis. Antifungal resistance among species of Trichophyton against terbinafine and itraconazole-the two most common oral treatments for onychomycosis and other superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes-has been detected around the globe. Fungal adaptations, patient characteristics (e.g., immunocompromised status; drug-drug interactions), and empirical diagnostic and treatment patterns may contribute to reduced antifungal efficacy and the development of antifungal resistance. Antifungal stewardship efforts aim to ensure proper antifungal use to limit antifungal resistance and improve clinical outcomes. In the treatment of onychomycosis, critical aspects of antifungal stewardship include proper identification of the fungal infection prior to initiation of treatment and improvements in physician and patient education. Topical ciclopirox, efinaconazole and tavaborole, delivered either alone or in combination with oral antifungals, have demonstrated efficacy in vitro against susceptible and/or resistant isolates of Trichophyton species, with low potential for development of antifungal resistance. Additional real-world long-term data are needed to monitor global rates of antifungal resistance and assess the efficacy of oral and topical antifungals, alone or in combination, in counteracting antifungal resistance in the treatment of onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Mediprobe Research Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boni Elewski
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Warren S Joseph
- Arizona College of Podiatric Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - C Ralph Daniel
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Eric Guenin
- Ortho Dermatologics (a division of Bausch Health US, LLC), Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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11
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Kruithoff C, Gamal A, McCormick TS, Ghannoum MA. Dermatophyte Infections Worldwide: Increase in Incidence and Associated Antifungal Resistance. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:1. [PMID: 38276250 PMCID: PMC10817648 DOI: 10.3390/life14010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in incidence of superficial fungal infections combined with the emergence of antifungal resistance represents both a global health challenge and a considerable economic burden. Recently, dermatophytes, the main culprit causing superficial fungal infections, have started to exhibit antifungal resistance. This can be observed in some of the most common species such as Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Importantly, the new subspecies, known as Trichophyton indotineae, has been reported to show high resistance to terbinafine, a first-line treatment for dermatophyte infections. Compounding these issues is the realization that diagnosing the causative infectious agents requires using molecular analysis that goes beyond the conventional macroscopic and microscopic methods. These findings emphasize the importance of conducting antifungal susceptibility testing to select the appropriate antifungal necessary for successful treatment. Implementing these changes may improve clinical practices that combat resistant dermatophyte infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kruithoff
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Cleveland, OH 44122, USA;
| | - Ahmed Gamal
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.G.); (T.S.M.)
| | - Thomas S. McCormick
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.G.); (T.S.M.)
| | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.G.); (T.S.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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12
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Si H, Li Y, Huang Z, Cui Y, Li S. Erythroderma combined with deeper dermal dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton rubrum in a patient with myasthenia gravis: first case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:789. [PMID: 37957543 PMCID: PMC10644414 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes are the most common causative pathogens of mycoses worldwide and usually cause superficial infections. However, they can enter deep into the dermis lead to invasive dermatophytosis such as deeper dermal dermatophytosis on rare occasions. Erythroderma is a severe dermatological manifestation of various diseases resulting in generalized skin redness, but erythroderma due to fungi infections is barely reported. In this article, we reported the first case of erythroderma combined with deeper dermal dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) in a patient with myasthenia gravis. CASE PRESENTATION A 48-year-old man was hospitalized because of erythema with scaling and nodules covering his body for a month. The patient had a history of myasthenia gravis controlled by regularly taking prednisolone for > 10 years and accompanied by onychomycosis and tinea pedis lasting > 8 years. Based on histopathological examinations, fungal cultures, and DNA sequencing results, the patient was finally diagnosed with dermatophyte-induced erythroderma combined with deeper dermal dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum. After 2 weeks of antifungal treatment, the patient had recovered well. CONCLUSIONS This case report shows that immunosuppressed patients with long histories of superficial mycoses tend to have a higher risk of developing invasive dermatophytic infections or disseminated fungal infections. Dermatologists should be alert to this condition and promptly treat the superficial dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Si
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Zhiyang Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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13
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Deng R, Wang X, Li R. Dermatophyte infection: from fungal pathogenicity to host immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285887. [PMID: 38022599 PMCID: PMC10652793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a common superficial infection caused by dermatophytes, a group of pathogenic keratinophilic fungi. Apart from invasion against skin barrier, host immune responses to dermatophytes could also lead to pathologic inflammation and tissue damage to some extent. Therefore, it is of great help to understand the pathogenesis of dermatophytes, including fungal virulence factors and anti-pathogen immune responses. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in host-fungal interactions, focusing on the mechanisms of anti-fungal immunity and the relationship between immune deficiency and chronic dermatophytosis, in order to facilitate novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve the outcomes of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Deng
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
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14
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Davis MJ, Rypka KJ, Perron AK, Keilty J, Wils B, Levine J, Rezcallah AT, Solomon R, Goldfarb N, Kaka A. Angioinvasive Trichophyton rubrum associated necrotizing fasciitis in an immunocompromised patient. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7718. [PMID: 37786455 PMCID: PMC10541569 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Angioinvasive dermatophytosis with necrotizing fasciitis can be a rare complication in immunocompromised patients with early surgical debridement, 12 weeks of oral terbinafine, and reduction in immunosuppression being a viable management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Davis
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System – Department of Infectious Diseases and University of Minnesota – Department of Infectious DiseasesMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Katelyn J. Rypka
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System – Department of Dermatology and University of Minnesota – Department of DermatologyMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - John Keilty
- University of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Benjamin Wils
- University of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Joshua Levine
- University of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anthony T. Rezcallah
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System – Department of Surgery and University of Minnesota – Department of SurgeryMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Robin Solomon
- Department of PathologyMinneapolis VA Health Care SystemMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Noah Goldfarb
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System – Department of Dermatology and University of Minnesota – Department of DermatologyMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anjum Kaka
- Department of Infectious DiseasesMinneapolis VA Health Care SystemMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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15
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Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Trepa M, Olechowska-Jarząb A, Nowak P, Ziaja M, Kała K, Muszyńska B. Natural Compounds of Fungal Origin with Antimicrobial Activity-Potential Cosmetics Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1200. [PMID: 37765008 PMCID: PMC10535449 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of drug resistance in micro-organisms necessitates the search for new compounds capable of combating them. Fungi emerge as a promising source of such compounds as they produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with bacteriostatic or fungistatic activity. These compounds can serve as alternatives for commonly used antibiotics. Furthermore, fungi also accumulate compounds with antiviral activity. This review focuses on filamentous fungi and macrofungi as sources of antimicrobial compounds. The article describes both individual isolated compounds and extracts that exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. These compounds are produced by the fruiting bodies and mycelium, as well as the biomass of mycelial cultures. Additionally, this review characterizes the chemical compounds extracted from mushrooms used in the realm of cosmetology; specifically, their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Trepa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aldona Olechowska-Jarząb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, ul. Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Ziaja
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kała
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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16
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Alves-Silva J, Zuzarte M, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Antibiofilm Effect of Lavandula multifida Essential Oil: A New Approach for Chronic Infections. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2142. [PMID: 37631356 PMCID: PMC10458520 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, being highly prevalent in patients with underlying health complications such as chronic lung disease, HIV, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. To mitigate these infections, the development of effective antifungals is imperative, with plants standing out as promising sources of bioactive compounds. In the present study, we focus on the antibiofilm potential of Lavandula multifida essential oil (EO) against dermatophyte strains and Candida albicans. The EO was characterized using GC and GC-MS, and its antifungal effect was assessed on both biofilm formation and disruption. Biofilm mass, extracellular matrix, and viability were quantified using crystal violet, safranin, and XTT assays, respectively, and morphological alterations were confirmed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. L. multifida EO showed very high amounts of carvacrol and was very effective in inhibiting and disrupting fungal biofilms. The EO significantly decreased biofilm mass and viability in all tested fungi. In addition, a reduction in dermatophytes' extracellular matrix was observed, particularly during biofilm formation. Morphological alterations were evident in mature biofilms, with a clear decrease in hypha diameter. These promising results support the use of L. multifida EO in the development of effective plant-based antifungal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alves-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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17
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El Maati M, Berjaou Z, Hammouch Z, Khachani K, Moustakbal I, Meziane M, Ismaili N, Benzekri L, Aoufi S, Mazouz S, Senouci K. Surgical management of deep dermatophytosis in a patient with CARD9 deficiency. J Surg Case Rep 2023; 2023:rjad388. [PMID: 37426045 PMCID: PMC10326240 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep dermatophytosis is a dermal infection caused by Dermatophytes. It can cause deeper dermal dermatophytosis, Majocchi's granuloma, dermatophytic pseudomycetoma or a widespread infection. CARD9 deficiency is a known risk factor in the Mediterranean region, first reported in 1964 in Morocco. We report a case of 23-year-old man with a scarring alopecia who presented with subcutaneous abscesses topped off with a large ringworm infection. Mycotic analysis revealed a Trichophyton Rubrum deep dermatophytosis. The molecular study revealed a CARD9 mutation confirming dermatophytosis with parotid and lymph nodes involvement. The patient underwent successful drainage surgery of the abscesses alongside medical treatment including antifungal agents and he was discharged after an uneventful postoperative course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha El Maati
- Correspondence address. Dematology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. Tel: +212615042440; E-mail:
| | - Zakia Berjaou
- Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zaineb Hammouch
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kenza Khachani
- Dematology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Iliass Moustakbal
- Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Meryem Meziane
- Dematology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nadia Ismaili
- Dematology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Laila Benzekri
- Dematology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sara Aoufi
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Samir Mazouz
- Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Karima Senouci
- Dematology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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18
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O’Laughlin DJ, McCoy RG. Diabetes and Vulvovaginal Conditions. Clin Diabetes 2023; 41:458-464. [PMID: 37456089 PMCID: PMC10338276 DOI: 10.2337/cd23-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. O’Laughlin
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rozalina G. McCoy
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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19
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Ma Y, Deng W, Zhang K, Song Y, Zhang L, Shao J, Liu X, Wan Z, Wang X, Li R. Dual RNA-Sequencing and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Unveil Specific Insights on the Pathogenicity of Trichophyton mentagrophytes Complex. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:470-479.e6. [PMID: 38295003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton mentagrophytes is increasingly considered to be a public health hazard because it causes the most severe manifestations of dermatophytosis. In this study, we performed a series of studies to determine the pathogenicity of the T. mentagrophytes complex. We show that the T. mentagrophytes complex interacts with keratinocytes through pattern-recognition receptors‒MAPK/noncanonical NF-κB pathways and that the hyphal form of T. mentagrophytes is responsible for the increased inflammatory responses in keratinocytes. Moreover, SN-38 is likely a toxin of T. mentagrophytes that induces apoptosis in keratinocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Our results explain the severe pathogenicity and destructiveness of T. mentagrophytes observed in the clinic and pave the way for designing novel toxin-directed therapies to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Shao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.
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20
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Kan S, Tan J, Cai Q, An L, Gao Z, Yang H, Liu S, Na R, Yang L. Synergistic activity of the combination of falcarindiol and itraconazole in vitro against dermatophytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1128000. [PMID: 37207188 PMCID: PMC10189107 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1128000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that natural polyacetylene alcohols, such as falcarindiol (FADOH), have good antifungal effects on plant fungi. While its effect on fungi that infect humans remains to be explored. In our study, checkerboard microdilution, drop-plate assay, and time-growth method were employed to analyze the interactions between FADOH and itraconazole (ITC) in vitro against dermatophytes, including 12 Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), 12 Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes), and 6 Microsporum canis (M. canis). The results showed that the combination of FADOH and ITC exhibited synergistic and additive activity against 86.7% of all tested dermatophytes. FADOH had an excellent synergistic effect on ITC against T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes; the synergistic rates were 66.7% and 58.3%, respectively. On the contrary, FADOH combined with ITC showed poor synergistic inhibitory activity (16.7%) against M. canis. Moreover, the additive rates of these two drugs against T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. canis were 25%, 41.7%, and 33.3%, respectively. No antagonistic interactions were observed. The drop-plate assay and time-growth curves confirmed that the combination of FADOH and ITC had a potent synergistic antifungal effect. The in vitro synergistic effect of FADOH and ITC against dermatophytes is reported here for the first time. Our findings suggest the potential use of FADOH as an effective antifungal drug in the combined therapy of dermatophytoses caused especially by T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Kan
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Tan
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu An
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Risong Na
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lianjuan Yang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lianjuan Yang,
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21
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Woo C, Bhuiyan MIU, Kim D, Kumari P, Lee SK, Park JY, Dong K, Lee K, Yamamoto N. DNA metabarcoding-based study on bacteria and fungi associated with house dust mites (Dermatophagoides spp.) in settled house dust. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 88:329-347. [PMID: 36301451 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
House dust mites (HDMs) including Dermatophagoides spp. are an important cause of respiratory allergies. However, their relationship with microorganisms in house dust has not been fully elucidated. Here, we characterized bacteria and fungi associated with HDMs in house dust samples collected in 107 homes in Korea by using DNA barcode sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene, fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region, and arthropod cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Our inter-kingdom co-occurrence network analysis and/or indicator species analysis identified that HDMs were positively related with a xerophilic fungus Wallemia, mycoparasitic fungi such as Cystobasidium, and some human skin-related bacterial and fungal genera, and they were negatively related with the hygrophilous fungus Cephalotrichum. Overall, our study has succeeded in adding novel insights into HDM-related bacteria and fungi in the house dust ecosystem, and in confirming the historically recognized fact that HDMs are associated with xerophilic fungi such as Wallemia. Understanding the microbial ecology in house dust is thought to be important for elucidating the etiology of human diseases including allergies, and our study revealed baseline information of house dust ecology in relation to HDMs. The findings could be useful from a perspective of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolwoon Woo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Imtiaj Uddin Bhuiyan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Dong
- Major of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Naomichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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22
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DeVore SB, Khurana Hershey GK. The role of the CBM complex in allergic inflammation and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1011-1030. [PMID: 35981904 PMCID: PMC9643607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The caspase activation and recruitment domain-coiled-coil (CARD-CC) family of proteins-CARD9, CARD10, CARD11, and CARD14-is collectively expressed across nearly all tissues of the body and is a crucial mediator of immunologic signaling as part of the CARD-B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (CBM) complex. Dysfunction or dysregulation of CBM proteins has been linked to numerous clinical manifestations known as "CBM-opathies." The CBM-opathy spectrum encompasses diseases ranging from mucocutaneous fungal infections and psoriasis to combined immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative diseases; however, there is accumulating evidence that the CARD-CC family members also contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation and allergic diseases. Here, we review the 4 CARD-CC paralogs, as well as B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1, and their individual and collective roles in the pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation and 4 major allergic diseases (allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic rhinitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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23
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Tan J, Yu Q, Gao Z, Yang H, Chen Q, Yang L. Case report: Severe deep ulcer on the left abdomen mimicking mycosis fungoides caused by Trichophyton tonsurans in a patient with novel CARD9 mutation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015000. [PMID: 36248888 PMCID: PMC9554596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is the most common type of superficial fungal infection caused by dermatophytes. Occasionally, the fungus invades deep into the dermis or other tissues, causing deep dermatophytosis. Deep dermatophytosis is often associated with Caspase Recruitment Domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) deficiency in patients. Here, we report the first case of deep dermatophytosis with a rare mycosis fungoides manifestation caused by T. tonsurans in a patient with a novel mutation in exon 4 of CARD9. The condition presented with heterozygous K196E mutation, which leads to deficiency of innate and adaptive immune responses in the patient, and caused intractable severe lesions. The patient received treatment with multiple antifungal drugs and was ultimately alleviated by posaconazole. These findings extend the pathogen spectrum of deep dermatophytosis linked with CARD9 deficiency and enriched their phenotypic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Tan
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianjuan Yang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lianjuan Yang,
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24
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Graham DJ, Sivakumar B, Stewart NC, Jones NF. Dermatology and Skin Conditions for Hand Surgeons. J Hand Surg Am 2022; 47:562-572. [PMID: 35248426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The hand surgeon must be familiar with all aspects of hand pathology, and while faced with dermatological pathology in daily practice, a comprehensive understanding of skin pathology is often lacking. Dermatological pathology may have an impact on the hand surgeon in multiple ways-before surgery (requiring optimization), after surgery, or by mimicking surgical pathology (whereby surgical management may be contraindicated). Adequate knowledge of the basics of dermatology allows for optimal patient care. This review article highlights the common (and the not so common) skin conditions that hand surgeons may encounter in their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Graham
- Department of Musculoskeletal Services, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport Queensland, Australia; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Research Collaboration on Hands, Mudgeeraba, Queensland, Australia; Griffith University School of Medicine and Dentistry Southport Queensland, Australia.
| | - Brahman Sivakumar
- Australian Research Collaboration on Hands, Mudgeeraba, Queensland, Australia; Department of Hand and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Neil F Jones
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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25
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Xia XJ, Shen H, Zhi HL, Zhong Y, Sang B, Lv WW, Li QP, Liu ZH. Bedside Diagnosis for Disseminated Deep Dermatophytosis: a Case Series Study. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:189-197. [PMID: 35445313 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deep cutaneous fungal infections including deep dermatophytosis are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients. Variable and longer turnaround time on tissue culture results delay diagnosis. We sought to seek the fast bedside diagnosis for disseminated deep dermatophytosis by direct microscopy using a blunt scalpel or needle aspiration before biopsy. This is a 6-year retrospective review of patients with a diagnosis of disseminated deep dermatophytosis seen at a single tertiary care institution. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated in four patients, and T. mentagrophyte complex in one patient. All the dermatophyte isolates can grow at 37 °C. Microscopy of purulence sampling from intact nodules demonstrated abundant septate hyphae, and also isolation from purulence was concordance with skin tissue culture. Ultrasound-guided sampling from non-eroded can yield purulence, and direct microscopy of purulence may facilitate rapid diagnosis of deep dermatophytosis and serve to prevent disease progression and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jiao Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hui-Lin Zhi
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Bo Sang
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Wen-Wen Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Li
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Ze-Hu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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26
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Abstract
As the at-risk population expands and new antifungal resistance patterns develop, it is critical to understand and recognize cutaneous manifestations of old and emerging fungal diseases. PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the most frequent and emerging deep cutaneous fungal infections following either primary inoculation or secondary spread after haematogenous seeding in disseminated infections in different geographical areas. RECENT FINDINGS Fungal skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) encompass a variety of pathological conditions based on the site of the infection, route of acquisition of the pathogen, epidemiological setting and the virulence of the fungus in relation to the host. The approach to a patient suspected of having a fungal SSTI is complex and usually poses a major diagnostic challenge. The treatment approach should include attempts at immune reconstitution, targeted antifungal therapy and/or aggressive surgical debridement. SUMMARY Fungal SSTIs can be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients and are being reported with increasing frequency worldwide.
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27
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Liu X, Jiang B, Hao H, Liu Z. CARD9 Signaling, Inflammation, and Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880879. [PMID: 35432375 PMCID: PMC9005907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) protein is expressed in many cells especially in immune cells, and is critically involved in the function of the innate and adaptive immune systems through extensive interactions between CARD9 and other signaling molecules including NF-κB and MAPK. CARD9-mediated signaling plays a central role in regulating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress through the productions of important cytokines and chemokines. Abnormalities of CARD9 and CARD9 signaling or CARD9 mutations or polymorphism are associated with a variety of pathological conditions including infections, inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the function of CARD9 and CARD9-mediated signaling pathways, as well as interactions with other important signaling molecules in different cell types and the relations to specific disease conditions including inflammatory diseases, infections, tumorigenesis, and cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyou Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Bimei Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Hao
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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28
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Sriram N, Rutherford A, La Hoz R, Thomas C. Trichophyton onychomycosis and deep dermatophytosis in a post-heart transplant patient. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13830. [PMID: 35325503 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deep dermatophytosis is an uncommon fungal infection of the dermis most often seen in the setting of immunocompromise. We report a case of trichophyton deep dermatophytosis in a patient with a history of orthotopic heart transplantation who presented with superficial white onychomycosis and papules and plaques on the legs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Sriram
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Audrey Rutherford
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Ricardo La Hoz
- Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Cristina Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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29
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Xu X, Hu X, Dong J, Xue Y, Liu T, Jin Q. Proteome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis of Lysine Crotonylation in Trichophyton rubrum Conidial and Mycelial Stages. Front Genet 2022; 13:832668. [PMID: 35356433 PMCID: PMC8960058 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.832668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine crotonylation is a newly discovered post-translational modification (PTM) with key roles in various important regulatory pathways. Despite its functional significance, there is limited knowledge about crotonylation in fungi. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common fungal pathogen in human infection and is considered a model organism of dermatophytes and human pathogenic filamentous fungi. In this study, we obtained a proteome-wide crotonylation profile of T. rubrum, leading to the identification of 14,019 crotonylated sites on 3144 proteins. The crotonylated proteins were significantly involved in translation and in various metabolic and biosynthetic processes. Some proteins related to fungal pathogenicity were also found to be targets of crotonylation. In addition, extensive crotonylation was found on histones, suggesting a role in epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, about half of the crotonylated proteins were specific to either the conidial or the mycelial stage, and functional enrichment analysis showed some differences between the two stages. The results suggest that the difference in crotonylation between the two stages is not due to differences in protein abundance. Crosstalk of crotonylation with acetylation, propionylation, and succinylation suggests distinct regulatory roles. This study is the first crotonylation analysis in dermatophytes and human pathogenic filamentous fungi. These results represent a solid foundation for further research on PTM regulatory mechanisms in fungi and should facilitate improved antifungal strategies against these medical important species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tao Liu
- *Correspondence: Tao Liu, ; Qi Jin,
| | - Qi Jin
- *Correspondence: Tao Liu, ; Qi Jin,
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30
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Mularoni A, Graziano E, Todaro F. Invasive Trichophyton infection in a liver transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13794. [PMID: 35041242 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mularoni
- IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Graziano
- IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Palermo, Italy.,Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Udine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Todaro
- IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Palermo, Italy
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31
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Jia S, Long X, Hu W, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Ahmed S, de Hoog GS, Liu W, Jiang Y. The epidemic of the multiresistant dermatophyte Trichophyton indotineae has reached China. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1113065. [PMID: 36874152 PMCID: PMC9978415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1113065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high degree of natural resistance to terbinafine in vitro and its tendency to spread globally from the Indian subcontinent, the emerging dermatophyte Trichophyton indotineae has become a major concern in dermatology. Herein, we present the first report of T. indotineae from mainland China. The transmission of the fungus to Guizhou Province in central China and eventual host susceptibilities were investigated. We studied 31 strains of the T. mentagrophytes complex from outpatient clinics of our hospital collected during the past 5 years. The set comprised four ITS genotypes, two of which were T. mentagrophytes genotype VIII, now known as Trichophyton indotineae; the earliest isolation in the Guiyang area appeared to date back to 2018. The isolate was derived from an Indian patient, while local Chinese patients had no dermatophytosis caused by this genotype. Reports from around the world indicated that almost all of the globally reported T. indotineae cases originated from the Indian subcontinent and surrounding countries without transmission among native populations, suggesting deviating local conditions or racial differences in immunity against this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songgan Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuemei Long
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yinhui Jiang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Infectious Dermatology Group, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Skin and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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32
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Morgan FC, Chelliah MP, Andrasik WJ, Piliang M. Epidermal extension of hyphae from vessels in a case of disseminated fusariosis. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 49:917-920. [PMID: 34632617 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wyatt J Andrasik
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa Piliang
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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33
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Koehler A, Ribeiro AC, Pagani DM, Vettorato R, Magagnin CM, Stopiglia CDO, Heidrich D, Scroferneker ML. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of 75 clinical isolates of Trichophyton spp. from southern Brazil. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101201. [PMID: 34474264 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytoses affect more than 20% of the world's population and is caused by filamentous fungi, mainly of the genus Trichophyton. The species identification through microscopic direct examination and culture methods is challenging, with molecular presenting high sensitivity and specificity. Although there are several therapy options for dermatophyte infections, treatment failures and antifungal resistance are growing concerns. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify clinical isolates of Trichophyton spp. from southern Brazil using molecular methods and determine their in-vitro antifungal susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-five isolates were identified through sequencing of the ITS region. The exposure to seven antifungals drugs was performed according to protocol M28-A2 of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RESULTS Sixty-one isolates (81%) were identified as T. interdigitale, which differs from the epidemiological data present in the literature. Thirteen isolates were identified as T. rubrum and one as T. tonsurans. Terbinafine was the most effective antifungal, followed by itraconazole and voriconazole, which is in accordance with the results reported in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS The use of molecular methods to identify Trichophyton spp. clinical isolates and the performance of susceptibility tests are relevant to epidemiological data, identification of the emergence of antifungal resistance, and to help to translate the in-vitro antifungal susceptibility results into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Koehler
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Amanda Carvalho Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy Universdade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, 2752 - CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre RS, Brasil
| | - Danielle Machado Pagani
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 - CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre RS, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Vettorato
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Cibele Massotti Magagnin
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Cheila Denise Ottonelli Stopiglia
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Daiane Heidrich
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Maria Lúcia Scroferneker
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 - CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre RS, Brasil.
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34
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Xia XJ, Liu ZH. Invasive Microsporum canis infection as a presenting complaint of late-diagnosed HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS 2021; 32:1358-1360. [PMID: 34392714 DOI: 10.1177/09564624211037524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 43-year-old male barber presented with 1 year history of a painful, itchy plaque on the dorsal hand. Microsporum canis was recovered from pus of the lesion. Serologic testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody was positive, with a CD4+ count of 81 cells per cubic millimeter. Invasive cutaneous Microsporum canis infection is uncommon and can be suggestive of HIV infection or other conditions of immunocompromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jiao Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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35
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State-of-the-Art Dermatophyte Infections: Epidemiology Aspects, Pathophysiology, and Resistance Mechanisms. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080629. [PMID: 34436168 PMCID: PMC8401872 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of fungal infections is not widely appreciated. Although these infections are responsible for over one million deaths annually, it is estimated that one billion people are affected by severe fungal diseases. Mycoses of nails and skin, primarily caused by fungi known as dermatophytes, are the most common fungal infections. Trichophyton rubrum appears to be the most common causative agent of dermatophytosis, followed by Trichophyton interdigitale. An estimated 25% of the world’s population suffers from dermatomycosis. Although these infections are not lethal, they compromise the quality of life of infected patients. The outcome of antidermatophytic treatments is impaired by various conditions, such as resistance and tolerance of certain dermatophyte strains. The adage “know your enemy” must be the focus of fungal research. There is an urgent need to increase awareness about the significance of these infections with precise epidemiological data and to improve knowledge regarding fungal biology and pathogenesis, with an emphasis on adaptive mechanisms to tackle adverse conditions from host counteractions. This review outlines the current knowledge about dermatophyte infections, with a focus on signaling pathways required for fungal infection establishment and a broad perspective on cellular and molecular factors involved in antifungal resistance and tolerance.
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36
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Ma Y, Wang X, Li R. Cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal infections: recent developments on host-fungus interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 62:93-102. [PMID: 34098513 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of skin fungal infections is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide, presenting a major challenge to health professionals. Cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal infections are caused by pathogenic or opportunistic organisms varying from mold, yeasts, to dimorphic fungi. Recently, skin fungal have been increasingly reported and studied, giving rise to crucial breakthroughs in etiology and pathogenesis. This review aims to summarize recent insights into the clinical and etiological characteristics of common skin fungal infections according to different fungal species, as well as remarkable advances in the immune mechanisms. We hope it will be helpful to understand these diverse skin fungal infections, and bring about the latest developments that may facilitate novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve the outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China.
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