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Zhu WH, Yang XX, Gou XZ, Fu SM, Chen JH, Gao F, Shen Y, Bi DL, Tang AH. Nanoscale reorganisation of synaptic proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12924. [PMID: 37461203 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Synaptic strength depends strongly on the subsynaptic organisation of presynaptic transmitter release and postsynaptic receptor densities, and their alterations are expected to underlie pathologies. Although synaptic dysfunctions are common pathogenic traits of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains unknown whether synaptic protein nano-organisation is altered in AD. Here, we systematically characterised the alterations in the subsynaptic organisation in cellular and mouse models of AD. METHODS We used immunostaining and super-resolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy imaging to quantitatively examine the synaptic protein nano-organisation in both Aβ1-42-treated neuronal cultures and cortical sections from a mouse model of AD, APP23 mice. RESULTS We found that Aβ1-42-treatment of cultured hippocampal neurons decreased the synaptic retention of postsynaptic scaffolds and receptors and disrupted their nanoscale alignment to presynaptic transmitter release sites. In cortical sections, we found that while GluA1 receptors in wild-type mice were organised in subsynaptic nanoclusters with high local densities, receptors in APP23 mice distributed more homogeneously within synapses. This reorganisation, together with the reduced overall receptor density, led to reduced glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Meanwhile, the transsynaptic alignment between presynaptic release-guiding RIM1/2 and postsynaptic scaffolding protein PSD-95 was reduced in APP23 mice. Importantly, these reorganisations were progressive with age and were more pronounced in synapses in close vicinity of Aβ plaques with dense cores. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a spatiotemporal-specific reorganisation of synaptic nanostructures in AD and identifies dense-core amyloid plaques as the major local inductor in APP23 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Hui Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xu-Zhuo Gou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Shu-Mei Fu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Hui Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Dan-Lei Bi
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Ai-Hui Tang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Hagemann C, Moreno Gonzalez C, Guetta L, Tyzack G, Chiappini C, Legati A, Patani R, Serio A. Axonal Length Determines Distinct Homeostatic Phenotypes in Human iPSC Derived Motor Neurons on a Bioengineered Platform. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101817. [PMID: 35118820 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based experimental platforms for neuroscience can effectively model key mechanistic aspects of human development and disease. However, conventional culture systems often overlook the engineering constraints that cells face in vivo. This is particularly relevant for neurons covering long range connections such as spinal motor neurons (MNs). Their axons extend up to 1m in length and require a complex interplay of mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis. However, shorter axons in conventional cultures may not faithfully capture important aspects of their longer counterparts. Here this issue is directly addressed by establishing a bioengineered platform to assemble arrays of human axons ranging from micrometers to centimeters, which allows systematic investigation of the effects of length on human axonas for the first time. This approach reveales a link between length and metabolism in human MNs in vitro, where axons above a "threshold" size induce specific molecular adaptations in cytoskeleton composition, functional properties, local translation, and mitochondrial homeostasis. The findings specifically demonstrate the existence of a length-dependent mechanism that switches homeostatic processes within human MNs. The findings have critical implications for in vitro modeling of several neurodegenerative disorders and reinforce the importance of modeling cell shape and biophysical constraints with fidelity and precision in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Hagemann
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Carmen Moreno Gonzalez
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ludovica Guetta
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Giulia Tyzack
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrea Legati
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Rickie Patani
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrea Serio
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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3
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Broadhead MJ, Bonthron C, Waddington J, Smith WV, Lopez MF, Burley S, Valli J, Zhu F, Komiyama NH, Smith C, Grant SGN, Miles GB. Selective vulnerability of tripartite synapses in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:471-486. [PMID: 35305541 PMCID: PMC8960590 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Separate lines of evidence suggest that synapses and astrocytes play a role in the pathological mechanisms underlying ALS. Given that astrocytes make specialised contacts with some synapses, called tripartite synapses, we hypothesise that tripartite synapses could act as the fulcrum of disease in ALS. To test this hypothesis, we have performed an extensive microscopy-based investigation of synapses and tripartite synapses in the spinal cord of ALS model mice and post-mortem human tissue from ALS cases. We reveal widescale synaptic changes at the early symptomatic stages of the SOD1G93a mouse model. Super-resolution microscopy reveals that large complex postsynaptic structures are lost in ALS mice. Most surprisingly, tripartite synapses are selectively lost, while non-tripartite synapses remain in equal number to healthy controls. Finally, we also observe a similar selective loss of tripartite synapses in human post-mortem ALS spinal cords. From these data we conclude that tripartite synaptopathy is a key hallmark of ALS.
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Caspase Activation and Caspase-Mediated Cleavage of APP Is Associated with Amyloid β-Protein-Induced Synapse Loss in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107839. [PMID: 32610140 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) toxicity is hypothesized to play a seminal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, it remains unclear how Aβ causes synaptic dysfunction and synapse loss. We hypothesize that one mechanism of Aβ-induced synaptic injury is related to the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein (APP) at position D664 by caspases that release the putatively cytotoxic C31 peptide. In organotypic slice cultures derived from mice with a knock-in mutation in the APP gene (APP D664A) to inhibit caspase cleavage, Aβ-induced synaptic injury is markedly reduced in two models of Aβ toxicity. Loss of dendritic spines is also attenuated in mice treated with caspase inhibitors. Importantly, the time-dependent dendritic spine loss is correlated with localized activation of caspase-3 but is absent in APP D664A cultures. We propose that the APP cytosolic domain plays an essential role in Aβ-induced synaptic damage in the injury pathway mediated by localized caspase activation.
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5
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Microglial Pruning: Relevance for Synaptic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Experimental Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030686. [PMID: 33804596 PMCID: PMC8003660 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, besides being able to react rapidly to a wide range of environmental changes, are also involved in shaping neuronal wiring. Indeed, they actively participate in the modulation of neuronal function by regulating the elimination (or “pruning”) of weaker synapses in both physiologic and pathologic processes. Mounting evidence supports their crucial role in early synaptic loss, which is emerging as a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its preclinical models. MS is an inflammatory, immune-mediated pathology of the white matter in which demyelinating lesions may cause secondary neuronal death. Nevertheless, primitive grey matter (GM) damage is emerging as an important contributor to patients’ long-term disability, since it has been associated with early and progressive cognitive decline (CD), which seriously worsens the quality of life of MS patients. Widespread synapse loss even in the absence of demyelination, axon degeneration and neuronal death has been demonstrated in different GM structures, thus raising the possibility that synaptic dysfunction could be an early and possibly independent event in the neurodegenerative process associated with MS. This review provides an overview of microglial-dependent synapse elimination in the neuroinflammatory process that underlies MS and its experimental models.
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Singh M, Singh SP, Yadav D, Agarwal M, Agarwal S, Agarwal V, Swargiary G, Srivastava S, Tyagi S, Kaur R, Mani S. Targeted Delivery for Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Gene Therapy Vectors: Gene Next Therapeutic Goals. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 21:23-42. [PMID: 32811395 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200817164907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The technique of gene therapy, ever since its advent nearly fifty years ago, has been utilized by scientists as a potential treatment option for various disorders. This review discusses some of the major neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Motor neuron diseases (MND), Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), Huntington's Disease (HD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), etc. and their underlying genetic mechanisms along with the role that gene therapy can play in combating them. The pathogenesis and the molecular mechanisms specifying the altered gene expression of each of these NDDs have also been discussed in elaboration. The use of gene therapy vectors can prove to be an effective tool in the field of curative modern medicine for the generations to come. Therefore, consistent efforts and progressive research towards its implementation can provide us with powerful treatment options for disease conditions that have so far been considered as incurable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P, India
| | - Surinder P Singh
- Bhartiya Nirdeshak Dravya Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepshikha Yadav
- Bhartiya Nirdeshak Dravya Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Mugdha Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Shriya Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Geeta Swargiary
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Sahil Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Sakshi Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Ramneek Kaur
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
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Tan W, Zhang Q, Dong Z, Yan Y, Fu Y, Liu X, Zhao B, Duan X. Phosphatidylcholine Ameliorates LPS-Induced Systemic Inflammation and Cognitive Impairments via Mediating the Gut-Brain Axis Balance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14884-14895. [PMID: 33289390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation will cause an imbalance in the steady state of the gut-brain axis. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a phospholipid found in egg yolk that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present research proved that PC supplementation (60 mg/kg body weight) for 35 days prevented inflammatory responses and behavioral disturbances in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mice. PC could regulate the expression of neurotrophic factors and synaptic proteins, which effectively alleviated the nerve damage and synaptic dysfunction caused by LPS. In addition, PC supplementation ameliorated gut barrier damage, altered gut genes, and improved gut health by modulating the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) pathway. Furthermore, PC remodeled the gut microbiome structure in the mice of the LPS group by increasing the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae and Lachnospiraceae. PC also increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in LPS-induced mice, which in turn ameliorated brain inflammatory responses. In conclusion, PC supplementation may be a nutritional strategy for the prevention of systemic inflammation via the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xi-nong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qinjun Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xi-nong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhijian Dong
- Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yubin Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xi-nong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yukun Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xi-nong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xi-nong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Beita Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xi-nong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiang Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xi-nong Road, Yangling 712100, China
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Chronic Pharmacological Increase of Neuronal Activity Improves Sensory-Motor Dysfunction in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mice. J Neurosci 2020; 41:376-389. [PMID: 33219005 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2142-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of neuronal circuits is an important determinant of neurodegenerative diseases. Synaptic dysfunction, death, and intrinsic activity of neurons are thought to contribute to the demise of normal behavior in the disease state. However, the interplay between these major pathogenic events during disease progression is poorly understood. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a deficiency in the ubiquitously expressed protein SMN and is characterized by motor neuron death, skeletal muscle atrophy, as well as dysfunction and loss of both central and peripheral excitatory synapses. These disease hallmarks result in an overall reduction of neuronal activity in the spinal sensory-motor circuit. Here, we show that increasing neuronal activity by chronic treatment with the FDA-approved potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) improves motor behavior in both sexes of a severe mouse model of SMA. 4-AP restores neurotransmission and number of proprioceptive synapses and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), while having no effects on motor neuron death. In addition, 4-AP treatment with pharmacological inhibition of p53-dependent motor neuron death results in additive effects, leading to full correction of sensory-motor circuit pathology and enhanced phenotypic benefit in SMA mice. Our in vivo study reveals that 4-AP-induced increase of neuronal activity restores synaptic connectivity and function in the sensory-motor circuit to improve the SMA motor phenotype.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized by synaptic loss, motor neuron death, and reduced neuronal activity in spinal sensory-motor circuits. However, whether these are parallel or dependent events is unclear. We show here that long-term increase of neuronal activity by the FDA-approved drug 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) rescues the number and function of central and peripheral synapses in a SMA mouse model, resulting in an improvement of the sensory-motor circuit and motor behavior. Combinatorial treatment of pharmacological inhibition of p53, which is responsible for motor neuron death and 4-AP, results in additive beneficial effects on the sensory-motor circuit in SMA. Thus, neuronal activity restores synaptic connections and improves significantly the severe SMA phenotype.
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Age-Dependent Decline in Synaptic Mitochondrial Function Is Exacerbated in Vulnerable Brain Regions of Female 3xTg-AD Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228727. [PMID: 33227902 PMCID: PMC7699171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic aging has been associated with neuronal circuit dysfunction and cognitive decline. Reduced mitochondrial function may be an early event that compromises synaptic integrity and neurotransmission in vulnerable brain regions during physiological and pathological aging. Thus, we aimed to measure mitochondrial function in synapses from three brain regions at two different ages in the 3xTg-AD mouse model and in wild mice. We found that aging is the main factor associated with the decline in synaptic mitochondrial function, particularly in synapses isolated from the cerebellum. Accumulation of toxic compounds, such as tau and Aβ, that occurred in the 3xTg-AD mouse model seemed to participate in the worsening of this decline in the hippocampus. The changes in synaptic bioenergetics were also associated with increased activation of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1. These results suggest the presence of altered mechanisms of synaptic mitochondrial dynamics and their quality control during aging and in the 3xTg-AD mouse model; they also point to bioenergetic restoration as a useful therapeutic strategy to preserve synaptic function during aging and at the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Marchese E, Valentini M, Di Sante G, Cesari E, Adinolfi A, Corvino V, Ria F, Sette C, Geloso MC. Alternative splicing of neurexins 1-3 is modulated by neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex of a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113497. [PMID: 33058888 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to immune-mediated synaptopathy and impaired plasticity as early pathogenic events underlying cognitive decline (CD) in Multiple sclerosis (MS) and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of the disease. However, knowledge of the neurobiology of synaptic dysfunction is still incomplete. Splicing regulation represents a flexible and powerful mechanism involved in dynamic remodeling of the synapse, which allows the expression of synaptic protein variants that dynamically control the specificity of contacts between neurons. The pre-synaptic adhesion molecules neurexins (NRXNs) 1-3 play a relevant role in cognition and are alternatively spliced to yield variants that differentially cluster specific ligands in the postsynaptic compartment and modulate functional properties of the synaptic contact. Notably, mutations in these genes or disruption of their splicing program are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Herein, we have investigated how inflammatory changes imposed by EAE impact on alternative splicing of the Nrxn 1-3 mouse genes in the acute phase of disease. Due to its relevance in cognition, we focused on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of SJL/J mice, in which EAE-induced inflammatory lesions extend to the rostral forebrain. We found that inclusion of the Nrxn 1-3 AS4 exon is significantly increased in the PFC of EAE mice and that splicing changes are correlated with local Il1β-expression levels. This correlation is sustained by the concomitant downregulation of SLM2, the main splicing factor involved in skipping of the AS4 exon, in EAE mice displaying high levels of Il1β- expression. We also observed that Il1β-expression levels correlate with changes in parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneuron connectivity. Moreover, exposure to environmental enrichment (EE), a condition known to stimulate neuronal connectivity and to improve cognitive functions in mice and humans, modified PFC phenotypes of EAE mice with respect to Il1β-, Slm2-expression, Nrxn AS4 splicing and PV-expression, by limiting changes associated with high levels of inflammation. Our results reveal that local inflammation results in early splicing modulation of key synaptic proteins and in remodeling of GABAergic circuitry in the PFC of SJL/J mice. We also suggest EE as a tool to counteract these inflammation-associated events, thus highlighting potential therapeutic targets for limiting the progressive CD occurring in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marchese
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariagrazia Valentini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Cesari
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Adinolfi
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Regional Brain Recovery from Acute Synaptic Injury in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques Associates with Heme Oxygenase Isoform Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01102-20. [PMID: 32669339 PMCID: PMC7495379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01102-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury induced by acute simian (or human) immunodeficiency virus infection may persist or spontaneously resolve in different brain regions. Identifying the host factor(s) that promotes spontaneous recovery from such injury may reveal targets for therapeutic drug strategies for promoting recovery from acute neuronal injury. The gradual recovery from such injury observed in many, but not all, brain regions in the rhesus macaque model is consistent with the possible existence of a therapeutic window of opportunity for intervening to promote recovery, even in those regions not showing spontaneous recovery. In persons living with human immunodeficiency virus infection, such neuroprotective treatments could ultimately be considered as adjuncts to the initiation of antiretroviral drug therapy. Brain injury occurs within days in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and some recovery may occur within weeks. Inflammation and oxidative stress associate with such injury, but what drives recovery is unknown. Chronic HIV infection associates with reduced brain frontal cortex expression of the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and increased neuroinflammation in individuals with cognitive impairment. We hypothesized that acute regional brain injury and recovery associate with differences in regional brain HO-1 expression. Using SIV-infected rhesus macaques, we analyzed multiple brain regions through acute and chronic infection (90 days postinfection [dpi]) and quantified viral (SIV gag RNA), synaptic (PSD-95; synaptophysin), axonal (neurofilament/neurofilament light chain [NFL]), inflammatory, and antioxidant (enzymes, including heme oxygenase isoforms [HO-1, HO-2]) markers. PSD-95 was reduced in the brainstem, basal ganglia, neocortex, and cerebellum within 13 dpi, indicating acute synaptic injury throughout the brain. All areas except the brainstem recovered. Unchanged NFL was consistent with no acute axonal injury. SIV RNA expression was highest in the brainstem throughout infection, and it associated with neuroinflammation. Surprisingly, during the synaptic injury and recovery phases, HO-2, and not HO-1, progressively decreased in the brainstem. Thus, acute SIV synaptic injury occurs throughout the brain, with spontaneous recovery in regions other than the brainstem. Within the brainstem, the high SIV load and inflammation, along with reduction of HO-2, may impair recovery. In other brain regions, stable HO-2 expression, with or without increasing HO-1, may promote recovery. Our data support roles for heme oxygenase isoforms in modulating recovery from synaptic injury in SIV infection and suggest their therapeutic targeting for promoting neuronal recovery. IMPORTANCE Brain injury induced by acute simian (or human) immunodeficiency virus infection may persist or spontaneously resolve in different brain regions. Identifying the host factor(s) that promotes spontaneous recovery from such injury may reveal targets for therapeutic drug strategies for promoting recovery from acute neuronal injury. The gradual recovery from such injury observed in many, but not all, brain regions in the rhesus macaque model is consistent with the possible existence of a therapeutic window of opportunity for intervening to promote recovery, even in those regions not showing spontaneous recovery. In persons living with human immunodeficiency virus infection, such neuroprotective treatments could ultimately be considered as adjuncts to the initiation of antiretroviral drug therapy.
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12
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Santana E, de los Reyes T, Casas-Tintó S. Small heat shock proteins determine synapse number and neuronal activity during development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233231. [PMID: 32437379 PMCID: PMC7241713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental changes cause stress, Reactive Oxygen Species and unfolded protein accumulation which hamper synaptic activity and trigger cell death. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) assist protein refolding to maintain proteostasis and cellular integrity. Mechanisms regulating the activity of HSPs include transcription factors and posttranslational modifications that ensure a rapid response. HSPs preserve synaptic function in the nervous system upon environmental insults or pathological factors and contribute to the coupling between environmental cues and neuron control of development. We have performed a biased screening in Drosophila melanogaster searching for synaptogenic modulators among HSPs during development. We explore the role of two small-HSPs (sHSPs), sHSP23 and sHSP26 in synaptogenesis and neuronal activity. Both sHSPs immunoprecipitate together and the equilibrium between both chaperones is required for neuronal development and activity. The molecular mechanism controlling HSP23 and HSP26 accumulation in neurons relies on a novel gene (CG1561), which we name Pinkman (pkm). We propose that sHSPs and Pkm are targets to modulate the impact of stress in neurons and to prevent synapse loss.
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13
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Tirtawijaya G, Haque MN, Choi JS, Moon IS, Meinita MDN, Choi JS, Hong YK. Spinogenesis and Synaptogenesis Effects of the Red Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii and Its Isolated Cholesterol on Hippocampal Neuron Cultures. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:418-425. [PMID: 31915637 PMCID: PMC6941723 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.4.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors promote the formation of spines and synapses in neuron development and maintenance. Synaptic connections enhance memory in the brain. In this study, the effects of Kappaphycus alvarezii ethanolic extract (EKA) and its isolated cholesterol (iCHOL) on spinogenesis and synaptogenesis of hippocampal neurons were evaluated. Compared with the vehicle, both EKA and iCHOL significantly promoted generation of dendritic filopodia (2.4- and 2.2-fold, respectively) and spine (1.7- and 1.4-fold) formations in spinogenesis; they also increased presynaptic (3.6- and 2.6-fold), postsynaptic (2.5- and 2.9-fold), and cocolonized (3.8- and 3.0-fold) puncta, which enhances synaptic function (P< 0.05). Further, EKA- and iCHOL-treated neurons showed significantly improved functional presynaptic plasticity (1.6- and 1.4-fold, respectively, at 17 days in vitro; P<0.05). These results indicate that K. alverezii facilitates neuronal development, and support its use as a functional food to reduce neurological disorders and prevent brain aging via helping to reconstruct partially damaged neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tirtawijaya
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Md Nazmul Haque
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Korea
| | - Maria Dyah Nur Meinita
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Center for Maritime Biosciences Studies, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah 53123, Indonesia
| | - Jae-Suk Choi
- Division of Bioindustry, Silla University, Busan 46958, Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
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14
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Lu S, Xiong Q, Du K, Gan X, Wang X, Yang L, Wang Y, Ge F, He S. Comparative iTRAQ proteomics revealed proteins associated with lobed fin regeneration in Bichirs. Proteome Sci 2019; 17:6. [PMID: 31832023 PMCID: PMC6869209 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-019-0153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polypterus senegalus can fully regenerate its pectoral lobed fins, including a complex endoskeleton, with remarkable precision. However, despite the enormous potential of this species for use in medical research, its regeneration mechanisms remain largely unknown. Methods To identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during the early stages of lobed fin regeneration in P. senegalus, we performed a differential proteomic analysis using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach based quantitative proteome from the pectoral lobed fins at 3 time points. Furthermore, we validated the changes in protein expression with multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis. Results The experiment yielded a total of 3177 proteins and 15,091 unique peptides including 1006 non-redundant (nr) DEPs. Of these, 592 were upregulated while 349 were downregulated after lobed fin amputation when compared to the original tissue. Bioinformatics analyses showed that the DEPs were mainly associated with Ribosome and RNA transport, metabolic, ECM-receptor interaction, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum, DNA replication, and Regulation of actin cytoskeleton. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first proteomic research to investigate alterations in protein levels and affected pathways in bichirs’ lobe-fin/limb regeneration. In addition, our study demonstrated a highly dynamic regulation during lobed fin regeneration in P. senegalus. These results not only provide a comprehensive dataset on differentially expressed proteins during the early stages of lobe-fin/limb regeneration but also advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying lobe-fin/limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxiang Lu
- 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China.,2Present address: Medical College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, 467000 Henan Province China
| | - Qian Xiong
- 3Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Kang Du
- 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Xiaoni Gan
- 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Xuzhen Wang
- 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Liandong Yang
- 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Ying Wang
- 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Feng Ge
- 3Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Shunping He
- 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
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15
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Freer R, Sormanni P, Ciryam P, Rammner B, Rizzoli SO, Dobson CM, Vendruscolo M. Supersaturated proteins are enriched at synapses and underlie cell and tissue vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02589. [PMID: 31768427 PMCID: PMC6872855 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders progress across the brain in characteristic spatio-temporal patterns. A better understanding of the factors underlying the specific cell and tissue vulnerability responsible for such patterns could help identify the molecular origins of these conditions. To investigate these factors, based on the observation that neurodegenerative disorders are closely associated with the presence of aberrant protein deposits, we made the hypothesis that the vulnerability of cells and tissues is associated to the overall levels of supersaturated proteins, which are those most metastable against aggregation. By analyzing single-cell transcriptomic and subcellular proteomics data on healthy brains of ages much younger than those typical of disease onset, we found that the most supersaturated proteins are enriched in cells and tissues that succumb first to neurodegeneration. Then, by focusing the analysis on a metastable subproteome specific to Alzheimer's disease, we show that it is possible to recapitulate the pattern of disease progression using data from healthy brains. We found that this metastable subproteome is significantly enriched for synaptic processes and mitochondrial energy metabolism, thus rendering the synaptic environment dangerous for aggregation. The present identification of protein supersaturation as a signature of cell and tissue vulnerability in neurodegenerative disorders could facilitate the search for effective treatments by providing clearer points of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Freer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Prajwal Ciryam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Burkhard Rammner
- Department of Neuro - and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro - and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Ryan MM, Guévremont D, Mockett BG, Abraham WC, Williams JM. Circulating Plasma microRNAs are Altered with Amyloidosis in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:835-852. [PMID: 30347618 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathological changes underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) begin decades before the classical symptoms of memory loss become evident. As microRNAs are released from neurons and enter the bloodstream, circulating microRNAs may be reflective of AD progression and are ideal candidates as biomarkers for early-stage disease detection. Here, we provide a novel, in-depth analysis of how plasma microRNAs alter with aging, the most prominent risk factor for AD, and with development of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition. We assessed the circulating microRNAs in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic mice and wild-type controls at 4, 8 and 15 m (n = 8-10) using custom designed Taqman arrays representing 185 neuropathology-related microRNAs. We performed a linear mixed-effects model to investigate the effects of age and genotype on plasma microRNAs expression. Following this analysis, we found 8 microRNAs were significantly affected by age alone in wild-type animals and 12 microRNAs altered in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice, either prior to Aβ plaque deposition (4 m) or during the development of AD-like pathogenesis (8 m or 15 m). Importantly, we found that differing sets of microRNAs were identified at each time point. Functional analysis of these data revealed that while common biological pathways, such as Inflammatory Response, were enriched throughout the disease process, Free Radical Scavenging, Immunological Disease, and Apoptosis Signaling were specifically enriched later in the disease process. Overall, this study reinforces that distinct biological processes underpin the early versus late stages of AD-like pathogenesis and highlights potential pre-symptomatic microRNAs biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Ryan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Diane Guévremont
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna M Williams
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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17
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Bawari S, Tewari D, Argüelles S, Sah AN, Nabavi SF, Xu S, Vacca RA, Nabavi SM, Shirooie S. Targeting BDNF signaling by natural products: Novel synaptic repair therapeutics for neurodegeneration and behavior disorders. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Jaafaru MS, Nordin N, Rosli R, Shaari K, Bako HY, Noor NM, Abdull Razis AF. Prospective role of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in mediating GMG-ITC to reduce cytotoxicity in H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109445. [PMID: 31541852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of Glucomoringin isothiocyanate (GMG-ITC) have been reported in in vivo and in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, its neuroprotective role via mitochondrial-dependent pathway in a noxious environment remains unknown. The main objective of the present study was to unveil the mitochondrial apoptotic genes' profile and prospectively link with neuroprotective activity of GMG-ITC through its ROS scavenging. The results showed that pre-treatment of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells with 1.25 μg/mL purified isolated GMG-ITC, significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production level, compared to H2O2 control group, as evidenced by flow cytometry-based evaluation of ROS generation. Presence of GMG-ITC prior to development of oxidative stress condition, downregulated the expression of cyt-c, p53, Apaf-1, Bax, CASP3, CASP8 and CASP9 genes with concurrent upregulation of Bcl-2 gene in mitochondrial apoptotic signalling pathway. Protein Multiplex revealed significant decreased in cyt-c, p53, Apaf-1, Bax, CASP8 and CASP9 due to GMG-ITC pre-treatment in oxidative stress condition. The present findings speculated that pre-treatment with GMG-ITC may alleviate oxidative stress condition in neuronal cells by reducing ROS production level and protect the cells against apoptosis via neurodegenerative disease potential pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sani Jaafaru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Kaduna State University, Main Campus, PMB 2339, Kaduna, Nigeria.
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Rozita Rosli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hauwa'u Yakubu Bako
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaduna State University, Main Campus, PMB 2339, Kaduna, Nigeria.
| | - Noramaliza Mohd Noor
- Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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19
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Tuxworth RI, Taylor MJ, Martin Anduaga A, Hussien-Ali A, Chatzimatthaiou S, Longland J, Thompson AM, Almutiri S, Alifragis P, Kyriacou CP, Kysela B, Ahmed Z. Attenuating the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks restores function in models of CNS neurodegeneration. Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz005. [PMID: 32954257 PMCID: PMC7425387 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are a feature of many acute and long-term neurological disorders, including neurodegeneration, following neurotrauma and after stroke. Persistent activation of the DNA damage response in response to double-strand breaks contributes to neural dysfunction and pathology as it can force post-mitotic neurons to re-enter the cell cycle leading to senescence or apoptosis. Mature, non-dividing neurons may tolerate low levels of DNA damage, in which case muting the DNA damage response might be neuroprotective. Here, we show that attenuating the DNA damage response by targeting the meiotic recombination 11, Rad50, Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 complex, which is involved in double-strand break recognition, is neuroprotective in three neurodegeneration models in Drosophila and prevents Aβ1-42-induced loss of synapses in embryonic hippocampal neurons. Attenuating the DNA damage response after optic nerve injury is also neuroprotective to retinal ganglion cells and promotes dramatic regeneration of their neurites both in vitro and in vivo. Dorsal root ganglion neurons similarly regenerate when the DNA damage response is targeted in vitro and in vivo and this strategy also induces significant restoration of lost function after spinal cord injury. We conclude that muting the DNA damage response in the nervous system is neuroprotective in multiple neurological disorders. Our results point to new therapies to maintain or repair the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Tuxworth
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthew J Taylor
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ane Martin Anduaga
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Alaa Hussien-Ali
- Centre for Biomedical Science, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | | | - Joanne Longland
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adam M Thompson
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sharif Almutiri
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Applied Medical Science College, Shaqra University, Addawadmi, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pavlos Alifragis
- Centre for Biomedical Science, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | | | - Boris Kysela
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Aston Medical School, Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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20
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Regional Molecular Mapping of Primate Synapses during Normal Healthy Aging. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1018-1026.e4. [PMID: 31018120 PMCID: PMC6486486 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal mammalian brain aging is characterized by the selective loss of discrete populations of dendritic spines and synapses, particularly affecting neuroanatomical regions such as the hippocampus. Although previous investigations have quantified this morphologically, the molecular pathways orchestrating preferential synaptic vulnerability remain to be elucidated. Using quantitative proteomics and healthy rhesus macaque and human patient brain regional tissues, we have comprehensively profiled the temporal expression of the synaptic proteome throughout the adult lifespan in differentially vulnerable brain regions. Comparative profiling of hippocampal (age vulnerable) and occipital cortex (age resistant) synapses revealed discrete and dynamic alterations in the synaptic proteome, which appear unequivocally conserved between species. The generation of these unique and important datasets will aid in delineating the molecular mechanisms underpinning primate brain aging, in addition to deciphering the regulatory biochemical cascades governing neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.
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21
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So E, Mitchell JC, Memmi C, Chennell G, Vizcay-Barrena G, Allison L, Shaw CE, Vance C. Mitochondrial abnormalities and disruption of the neuromuscular junction precede the clinical phenotype and motor neuron loss in hFUSWT transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:463-474. [PMID: 29194538 PMCID: PMC5886082 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FUS (fused in sarcoma) mislocalization and cytoplasmic aggregation are hallmark pathologies in FUS-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Many of the mechanistic hypotheses have focused on a loss of nuclear function in the FUS-opathies, implicating dysregulated RNA transcription and splicing in driving neurodegeneration. Recent studies describe an additional somato-dendritic localization for FUS in the cerebral cortex implying a regulatory role in mRNA transport and local translation at the synapse. Here, we report that FUS is also abundant at the pre-synaptic terminal of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), suggesting an important function for this protein at peripheral synapses. We have previously reported dose and age-dependent motor neuron degeneration in transgenic mice overexpressing human wild-type FUS, resulting in a motor phenotype detected by ∼28 days and death by ∼100 days. Now, we report the earliest structural events using electron microscopy and quantitative immunohistochemistry. Mitochondrial abnormalities in the pre-synaptic motor nerve terminals are detected at postnatal day 6, which are more pronounced at P15 and accompanied by a loss of synaptic vesicles and synaptophysin protein coupled with NMJs of a smaller size at a time when there is no detectable motor neuron loss. These changes occur in the presence of abundant FUS and support a peripheral toxic gain of function. This appearance is typical of a ‘dying-back’ axonopathy, with the earliest manifestation being mitochondrial disruption. These findings support our hypothesis that FUS has an important function at the NMJ, and challenge the ‘loss of nuclear function’ hypothesis for disease pathogenesis in the FUS-opathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva So
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
| | | | | | - George Chennell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience.,Wohl Cellular Imaging Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Leanne Allison
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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22
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Kluge MG, Jones K, Kooi Ong L, Gowing EK, Nilsson M, Clarkson AN, Walker FR. Age-dependent Disturbances of Neuronal and Glial Protein Expression Profiles in Areas of Secondary Neurodegeneration Post-stroke. Neuroscience 2018; 393:185-195. [PMID: 30059704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that approximately 80% of strokes occur in those aged over 60 years, many pre-clinical stroke studies have been conducted in younger adult rodents, raising debate about translation and generalizability of these results. We were interested in potential age differences in stroke-induced secondary neurodegeneration (SND). SND involves the death of neurons in areas remote from, but connected to, the site of infarction, as well as glial disturbances. Here we investigated potential differences in key parameters of SND in the thalamus, a major site of post-stroke SND. Protein expression profiles in young adult (2-4 months) and aged (22-23 months) mice were analyzed 28 days after a cortical stroke. Our results show that age reduced the expression of synaptic markers (PSD 95, Synapsin1) and increased Amyloid β oligomer accumulation after stroke. Protein expression of several markers of glial activity remained relatively stable across age groups post-stroke. We have identified that age exacerbates the severity of SND after stroke. Our results, however, do not support a view that microglia or astrocytes are the main contributors to the enhanced severity of SND in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle G Kluge
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberley Jones
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
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23
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Coyne AN, Lorenzini I, Chou CC, Torvund M, Rogers RS, Starr A, Zaepfel BL, Levy J, Johannesmeyer J, Schwartz JC, Nishimune H, Zinsmaier K, Rossoll W, Sattler R, Zarnescu DC. Post-transcriptional Inhibition of Hsc70-4/HSPA8 Expression Leads to Synaptic Vesicle Cycling Defects in Multiple Models of ALS. Cell Rep 2018; 21:110-125. [PMID: 28978466 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a synaptopathy accompanied by the presence of cytoplasmic aggregates containing TDP-43, an RNA-binding protein linked to ∼97% of ALS cases. Using a Drosophila model of ALS, we show that TDP-43 overexpression (OE) in motor neurons results in decreased expression of the Hsc70-4 chaperone at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Mechanistically, mutant TDP-43 sequesters hsc70-4 mRNA and impairs its translation. Expression of the Hsc70-4 ortholog, HSPA8, is also reduced in primary motor neurons and NMJs of mice expressing mutant TDP-43. Electrophysiology, imaging, and genetic interaction experiments reveal TDP-43-dependent defects in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. These deficits can be partially restored by OE of Hsc70-4, cysteine-string protein (Csp), or dynamin. This suggests that TDP-43 toxicity results in part from impaired activity of the synaptic CSP/Hsc70 chaperone complex impacting dynamin function. Finally, Hsc70-4/HSPA8 expression is also post-transcriptionally reduced in fly and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) C9orf72 models, suggesting a common disease pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Coyne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ileana Lorenzini
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Ching-Chieh Chou
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Meaghan Torvund
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Robert S Rogers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Alexander Starr
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Benjamin L Zaepfel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jennifer Levy
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Jeffrey Johannesmeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jacob C Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nishimune
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Konrad Zinsmaier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Wilfried Rossoll
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rita Sattler
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Daniela C Zarnescu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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24
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Handley EE, Pitman KA, Dawkins E, Young KM, Clark RM, Jiang TC, Turner BJ, Dickson TC, Blizzard CA. Synapse Dysfunction of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons Precedes Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of TDP-43 Proteinopathies. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3630-3647. [PMID: 27496536 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 is a major protein component of pathological neuronal inclusions that are present in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We report that TDP-43 plays an important role in dendritic spine formation in the cortex. The density of spines on YFP+ pyramidal neurons in both the motor and somatosensory cortex of Thy1-YFP mice, increased significantly from postnatal day 30 (P30), to peak at P60, before being pruned by P90. By comparison, dendritic spine density was significantly reduced in the motor cortex of Thy1-YFP::TDP-43A315T transgenic mice prior to symptom onset (P60), and in the motor and somatosensory cortex at symptom onset (P90). Morphological spine-type analysis revealed that there was a significant impairment in the development of basal mushroom spines in the motor cortex of Thy1-YFP::TDP-43A315T mice compared to Thy1-YFP control. Furthermore, reductions in spine density corresponded to mislocalisation of TDP-43 immunoreactivity and lowered efficacy of synaptic transmission as determined by electrophysiology at P60. We conclude that mutated TDP-43 has a significant pathological effect at the dendritic spine that is associated with attenuated neural transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Handley
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Kimberley A Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Edgar Dawkins
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Rosemary M Clark
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Tongcui C Jiang
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tracey C Dickson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Catherine A Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
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25
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Groen EJN, Talbot K, Gillingwater TH. Advances in therapy for spinal muscular atrophy: promises and challenges. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:214-224. [PMID: 29422644 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2018.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating motor neuron disease that predominantly affects children and represents the most common cause of hereditary infant mortality. The condition results from deleterious variants in SMN1, which lead to depletion of the survival motor neuron protein (SMN). Now, 20 years after the discovery of this genetic defect, a major milestone in SMA and motor neuron disease research has been reached with the approval of the first disease-modifying therapy for SMA by US and European authorities - the antisense oligonucleotide nusinersen. At the same time, promising data from early-stage clinical trials of SMN1 gene therapy have indicated that additional therapeutic options are likely to emerge for patients with SMA in the near future. However, the approval of nusinersen has generated a number of immediate and substantial medical, ethical and financial implications that have the potential to resonate beyond the specific treatment of SMA. Here, we provide an overview of the rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape for SMA, highlighting current achievements and future opportunities. We also discuss how these developments are providing important lessons for the emerging second generation of combinatorial ('SMN-plus') therapies that are likely to be required to generate robust treatments that are effective across a patient's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J N Groen
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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26
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The Role of Cysteine String Protein α Phosphorylation at Serine 10 and 34 by Protein Kinase Cγ for Presynaptic Maintenance. J Neurosci 2017; 38:278-290. [PMID: 29167402 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1649-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ) knock-out (KO) animals exhibit symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), including dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra. However, the PKCγ substrates responsible for the survival of dopaminergic neurons in vivo have not yet been elucidated. Previously, we found 10 potent substrates in the striatum of PKCγ-KO mice. Here, we focused on cysteine string protein α (CSPα), a protein from the heat shock protein (HSP) 40 cochaperone families localized on synaptic vesicles. We found that in cultured cells, PKCγ phosphorylates CSPα at serine (Ser) 10 and Ser34. Additionally, apoptosis was found to have been enhanced by the overexpression of a phosphorylation-null mutant of CSPα, CSPα(S10A/S34A). Compared with wild-type (WT) CSPα, the CSPα(S10A/S34A) mutant had a weaker interaction with HSP70. However, in sharp contrast, a phosphomimetic CSPα(S10D/S34D) mutant, compared with WT CSPα, had a stronger interaction with HSP70. In addition, total levels of synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP) 25, a main downstream target of the HSC70/HSP70 chaperone complex, were found to have decreased by the CSPα(S10A/S34A) mutant through increased ubiquitination of SNAP25 in PC12 cells. In the striatum of 2-year-old male PKCγ-KO mice, decreased phosphorylation levels of CSPα and decreased SNAP25 protein levels were observed. These findings indicate the phosphorylation of CSPα by PKCγ may protect the presynaptic terminal from neurodegeneration. The PKCγ-CSPα-HSC70/HSP70-SNAP25 axis, because of its role in protecting the presynaptic terminal, may provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cysteine string protein α (CSPα) is a protein belonging to the heat shock protein (HSP) 40 cochaperone families localized on synaptic vesicles, which maintain the presynaptic terminal. However, the function of CSPα phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC) for neuronal cell survival remains unclear. The experiments presented here demonstrate that PKCγ phosphorylates CSPα at serine (Ser) 10 and Ser34. CSPα phosphorylation at Ser10 and Ser34 by PKCγ protects the presynaptic terminal by promoting HSP70 chaperone activity. This report suggests that CSPα phosphorylation, because of its role in modulating HSP70 chaperone activity, may be a target for the treatment of neurodegeneration.
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27
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Graham LC, Eaton SL, Brunton PJ, Atrih A, Smith C, Lamont DJ, Gillingwater TH, Pennetta G, Skehel P, Wishart TM. Proteomic profiling of neuronal mitochondria reveals modulators of synaptic architecture. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:77. [PMID: 29078798 PMCID: PMC5659037 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurons are highly polarized cells consisting of three distinct functional domains: the cell body (and associated dendrites), the axon and the synapse. Previously, it was believed that the clinical phenotypes of neurodegenerative diseases were caused by the loss of entire neurons, however it has recently become apparent that these neuronal sub-compartments can degenerate independently, with synapses being particularly vulnerable to a broad range of stimuli. Whilst the properties governing the differential degenerative mechanisms remain unknown, mitochondria consistently appear in the literature, suggesting these somewhat promiscuous organelles may play a role in affecting synaptic stability. Synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial subpools are known to have different enzymatic properties (first demonstrated by Lai et al., 1977). However, the molecular basis underpinning these alterations, and their effects on morphology, has not been well documented. Methods The current study has employed electron microscopy, label-free proteomics and in silico analyses to characterize the morphological and biochemical properties of discrete sub-populations of mitochondria. The physiological relevance of these findings was confirmed in-vivo using a molecular genetic approach at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Results Here, we demonstrate that mitochondria at the synaptic terminal are indeed morphologically different to non-synaptic mitochondria, in both rodents and human patients. Furthermore, generation of proteomic profiles reveals distinct molecular fingerprints – highlighting that the properties of complex I may represent an important specialisation of synaptic mitochondria. Evidence also suggests that at least 30% of the mitochondrial enzymatic activity differences previously reported can be accounted for by protein abundance. Finally, we demonstrate that the molecular differences between discrete mitochondrial sub-populations are capable of selectively influencing synaptic morphology in-vivo. We offer several novel mitochondrial candidates that have the propensity to significantly alter the synaptic architecture in-vivo. Conclusions Our study demonstrates discrete proteomic profiles exist dependent upon mitochondrial subcellular localization and selective alteration of intrinsic mitochondrial proteins alters synaptic morphology in-vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-017-0221-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Graham
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samantha L Eaton
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paula J Brunton
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Abdelmadjid Atrih
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Academic Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, CCBS, Chancellor's Building, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Douglas J Lamont
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giuseppa Pennetta
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Skehel
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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28
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Llavero Hurtado M, Fuller HR, Wong AMS, Eaton SL, Gillingwater TH, Pennetta G, Cooper JD, Wishart TM. Proteomic mapping of differentially vulnerable pre-synaptic populations identifies regulators of neuronal stability in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12412. [PMID: 28963550 PMCID: PMC5622084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are an early pathological target in many neurodegenerative diseases ranging from well-known adult onset conditions such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease to neurodegenerative conditions of childhood such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCLs). However, the reasons why synapses are particularly vulnerable to such a broad range of neurodegeneration inducing stimuli remains unknown. To identify molecular modulators of synaptic stability and degeneration, we have used the Cln3−/− mouse model of a juvenile form of NCL. We profiled and compared the molecular composition of anatomically-distinct, differentially-affected pre-synaptic populations from the Cln3−/− mouse brain using proteomics followed by bioinformatic analyses. Identified protein candidates were then tested using a Drosophila CLN3 model to study their ability to modify the CLN3-neurodegenerative phenotype in vivo. We identified differential perturbations in a range of molecular cascades correlating with synaptic vulnerability, including valine catabolism and rho signalling pathways. Genetic and pharmacological targeting of key ‘hub’ proteins in such pathways was sufficient to modulate phenotypic presentation in a Drosophila CLN3 model. We propose that such a workflow provides a target rich method for the identification of novel disease regulators which could be applicable to the study of other conditions where appropriate models exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maica Llavero Hurtado
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Heidi R Fuller
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Andrew M S Wong
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Samantha L Eaton
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Giuseppa Pennetta
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK.,Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. .,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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29
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Analysis of gene expression in the nervous system identifies key genes and novel candidates for health and disease. Neurogenetics 2017; 18:81-95. [PMID: 28190221 PMCID: PMC5359387 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-017-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases in the developed world has risen over the last century, concomitant with an increase in average human lifespan. A major challenge is therefore to identify genes that control neuronal health and viability with a view to enhancing neuronal health during ageing and reducing the burden of neurodegeneration. Analysis of gene expression data has recently been used to infer gene functions for a range of tissues from co-expression networks. We have now applied this approach to transcriptomic datasets from the mammalian nervous system available in the public domain. We have defined the genes critical for influencing neuronal health and disease in different neurological cell types and brain regions. The functional contribution of genes in each co-expression cluster was validated using human disease and knockout mouse phenotypes, pathways and gene ontology term annotation. Additionally a number of poorly annotated genes were implicated by this approach in nervous system function. Exploiting gene expression data available in the public domain allowed us to validate key nervous system genes and, importantly, to identify additional genes with minimal functional annotation but with the same expression pattern. These genes are thus novel candidates for a role in neurological health and disease and could now be further investigated to confirm their function and regulation during ageing and neurodegeneration.
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30
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Chen J, Zhang T, Jiao S, Zhou X, Zhong J, Wang Y, Liu J, Deng J, Wang S, Xu Z. proBDNF Accelerates Brain Amyloid-β Deposition and Learning and Memory Impairment in APPswePS1dE9 Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:941-949. [PMID: 28697556 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically known for the amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss in the brain. The precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) before proteolysis has opposing functions to its mature form in neuronal survival and neurite growth. However, the role of proBDNF in the pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of proBDNF on neurons in vitro, and on learning and memory impairment and brain Aβ production in a transgenic AD mouse model (APPswePS1dE9). METHODS We here examined the effects of proBDNF on the viability (MTT assay) and neurite growth (morphologic measurement) of the primary neurons in vitro. After the intracerebroventricular injection of adeno-associated virus-proBDNF (AAV-proBDNF), we then investigated the learning and memory impairment (Morris water maze) and Aβ deposition in the brains of the AD mice. RESULTS The results showed that proBDNF could inhibit neuronal viability and neurite growth in vitro, enhance Aβ levels, and accelerate its deposition in the brain, which was consistent with the learning and memory impairment of AD mice, likely dependent on the membrane receptor of p75NTR. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that proBDNF may exert a crucially negative effect during AD pathogenesis andprogression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, PLA 123 Hospital, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shusheng Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xinfu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jinhua Zhong
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yanjiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Juan Deng
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shuiping Wang
- Department of Neurology, PLA 123 Hospital, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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31
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Jones RA, Reich CD, Dissanayake KN, Kristmundsdottir F, Findlater GS, Ribchester RR, Simmen MW, Gillingwater TH. NMJ-morph reveals principal components of synaptic morphology influencing structure-function relationships at the neuromuscular junction. Open Biol 2016; 6:160240. [PMID: 27927794 PMCID: PMC5204123 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to form synapses is one of the fundamental properties required by the mammalian nervous system to generate network connectivity. Structural and functional diversity among synaptic populations is a key hallmark of network diversity, and yet we know comparatively little about the morphological principles that govern variability in the size, shape and strength of synapses. Using the mouse neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as an experimentally accessible model synapse, we report on the development of a robust, standardized methodology to facilitate comparative morphometric analysis of synapses ('NMJ-morph'). We used NMJ-morph to generate baseline morphological reference data for 21 separate pre- and post-synaptic variables from 2160 individual NMJs belonging to nine anatomically distinct populations of synapses, revealing systematic differences in NMJ morphology between defined synaptic populations. Principal components analysis revealed that overall NMJ size and the degree of synaptic fragmentation, alongside pre-synaptic axon diameter, were the most critical parameters in defining synaptic morphology. 'Average' synaptic morphology was remarkably conserved between comparable synapses from the left and right sides of the body. Systematic differences in synaptic morphology predicted corresponding differences in synaptic function that were supported by physiological recordings, confirming the robust relationship between synaptic size and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Jones
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Caitlan D Reich
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kosala N Dissanayake
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Fanney Kristmundsdottir
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Gordon S Findlater
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Richard R Ribchester
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Martin W Simmen
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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32
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Huerta PT, Robbiati S, Huerta TS, Sabharwal A, Berlin R, Frankfurt M, Volpe BT. Preclinical models of overwhelming sepsis implicate the neural system that encodes contextual fear memory. Mol Med 2016; 22:789-799. [PMID: 27878209 PMCID: PMC5193462 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term sepsis survivors sustain cryptic brain injury that leads to cognitive impairment, emotional imbalance, and increased disability burden. Suitable animal models of sepsis, such as cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), have permitted the analysis of abnormal brain circuits that underlie post-septic behavioral phenotypes. For instance, we have previously shown that CLP-exposed mice exhibit impaired spatial memory together with depleted dendritic arbors and decreased spines in the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Here we show that contextual fear conditioning, a form of associative memory for fear, is chronically disrupted in CLP mice when compared to SHAM-operated animals. We also find that the excitatory neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and the granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) display significantly fewer dendritic spines in the CLP group relative to the SHAM mice, although the dendritic arbors and gross morphology of the BLA and DG are comparable between the two groups. Moreover, the basal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons are unaffected in the CLP mice. Taken together, our data indicate that the structural damage in the amygdalar-hippocampal network represents the neural substrate for impaired contextual fear memory in long-term sepsis survivors. Further, our data suggest that the brain injury caused by overwhelming sepsis alters the stability of the synaptic connections involved in associative fear. These results likely have implications for the emotional imbalance observed in human sepsis survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio T Huerta
- Laboratory of Immune and Neural Networks, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
| | - Sergio Robbiati
- Laboratory of Immune and Neural Networks, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Tomás S Huerta
- Laboratory of Immune and Neural Networks, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Anchal Sabharwal
- Laboratory of Immune and Neural Networks, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Roseann Berlin
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Maya Frankfurt
- Department of Science Education, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
| | - Bruce T Volpe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
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Won YH, Lee MY, Choi YC, Ha Y, Kim H, Kim DY, Kim MS, Yu JH, Seo JH, Kim M, Cho SR, Kang SW. Elucidation of Relevant Neuroinflammation Mechanisms Using Gene Expression Profiling in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165290. [PMID: 27812125 PMCID: PMC5094695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by damage of motor neurons. Recent reports indicate that inflammatory responses occurring within the central nervous system contribute to the pathogenesis of ALS. We aimed to investigate disease-specific gene expression associated with neuroinflammation by conducting transcriptome analysis on fibroblasts from three patients with sporadic ALS and three normal controls. Several pathways were found to be upregulated in patients with ALS, among which the toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathways are related to the immune response. Genes—toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP), mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 (MAPK9), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1)—related to these two pathways were validated using western blotting. This study validated the genes that are associated with TLR and NLR signaling pathways from different types of patient-derived cells. Not only fibroblasts but also induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural rosettes from the same origins showed similar expression patterns. Furthermore, expression of TOLLIP, a regulator of TLR signaling pathway, decreased with cellular aging as judged by changes in its expression through multiple passages. TOLLIP expression was downregulated in ALS cells under conditions of inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Our data suggest that the TLR and NLR signaling pathways are involved in pathological innate immunity and neuroinflammation associated with ALS and that TOLLIP, MAPK9, IL-1β, IL-8, and CXCL1 play a role in ALS-specific immune responses. Moreover, changes of TOLLIP expression might be associated with progression of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hui Won
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Medicine, the Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyongbum Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hea Yu
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - MinGi Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SWK); (SRC)
| | - Seong-Woong Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, the Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SWK); (SRC)
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Casas C, Manzano R, Vaz R, Osta R, Brites D. Synaptic Failure: Focus in an Integrative View of ALS. Brain Plast 2016; 1:159-175. [PMID: 29765840 PMCID: PMC5928542 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-140001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From early description by Charcot, the classification of the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is evolving from a subtype of Motor Neuron (MN) Disease to be considered rather a multi-systemic, non-cell autonomous and complex neurodegenerative disease. In the last decade, the huge amount of knowledge acquired has shed new insights on the pathological mechanisms underlying ALS from different perspectives. However, a whole vision on the multiple dysfunctional pathways is needed with the inclusion of information often excluded in other published revisions. We propose an integrative view of ALS pathology, although centered on the synaptic failure as a converging and crucial player to the etiology of the disease. Homeostasis of input and output synaptic activity of MNs has been proved to be severely and early disrupted and to definitively contribute to microcircuitry alterations at the spinal cord. Several cells play roles in synaptic communication across the MNs network system such as interneurons, astrocytes, microglia, Schwann and skeletal muscle cells. Microglia are described as highly dynamic surveying cells of the nervous system but also as determinant contributors to the synaptic plasticity linked to neuronal activity. Several signaling axis such as TNFα/TNFR1 and CX3CR1/CX3CL1 that characterize MN-microglia cross talk contribute to synaptic scaling and maintenance, have been found altered in ALS. The presence of dystrophic and atypical microglia in late stages of ALS, with a decline in their dynamic motility and phagocytic ability, together with less synaptic and neuronal contacts disrupts the MN-microglia dialogue, decreases homeostatic regulation of neuronal activity, perturbs “on/off” signals and accelerates disease progression associated to impaired synaptic function and regeneration. Other hotspot in the ALS affected network system is the unstable neuromuscular junction (NMJ) leading to distal axonal degeneration. Reduced neuromuscular spontaneous synaptic activity in ALS mice models was also suggested to account for the selective vulnerability of MNs and decreased regenerative capability. Synaptic destabilization may as well derive from increased release of molecules by muscle cells (e.g. NogoA) and by terminal Schwann cells (e.g. semaphorin 3A) conceivably causing nerve terminal retraction and denervation, as well as inhibition of re-connection to muscle fibers. Indeed, we have overviewed the alterations on the metabolic pathways and self-regenerative capacity presented in skeletal muscle cells that contribute to muscle wasting in ALS. Finally, a detailed footpath of pathologic changes on MNs and associated dysfunctional and synaptic alterations is provided. The oriented motivation in future ALS studies as outlined in the present article will help in fruitful novel achievements on the mechanisms involved and in developing more target-driven therapies that will bring new hope in halting or delaying disease progression in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caty Casas
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Manzano
- Laboratory of Genetic Biochemistry (LAGENBIO-I3A), Aragón Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rita Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rosario Osta
- Laboratory of Genetic Biochemistry (LAGENBIO-I3A), Aragón Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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Amorim IS, Mitchell NL, Palmer DN, Sawiak SJ, Mason R, Wishart TM, Gillingwater TH. Molecular neuropathology of the synapse in sheep with CLN5 Batten disease. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00401. [PMID: 26664787 PMCID: PMC4667763 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Synapses represent a major pathological target across a broad range of neurodegenerative conditions. Recent studies addressing molecular mechanisms regulating synaptic vulnerability and degeneration have relied heavily on invertebrate and mouse models. Whether similar molecular neuropathological changes underpin synaptic breakdown in large animal models and in human patients with neurodegenerative disease remains unclear. We therefore investigated whether molecular regulators of synaptic pathophysiology, previously identified in Drosophila and mouse models, are similarly present and modified in the brain of sheep with CLN5 Batten disease. METHODS Gross neuropathological analysis of CLN5 Batten disease sheep and controls was used alongside postmortem MRI imaging to identify affected brain regions. Synaptosome preparations were then generated and quantitative fluorescent Western blotting used to determine and compare levels of synaptic proteins. RESULTS The cortex was particularly affected by regional neurodegeneration and synaptic loss in CLN5 sheep, whilst the cerebellum was relatively spared. Quantitative assessment of the protein content of synaptosome preparations revealed significant changes in levels of seven out of eight synaptic neurodegeneration proteins investigated in the motor cortex, but not cerebellum, of CLN5 sheep (α-synuclein, CSP-α, neurofascin, ROCK2, calretinin, SIRT2, and UBR4). CONCLUSIONS Synaptic pathology is a robust correlate of region-specific neurodegeneration in the brain of CLN5 sheep, driven by molecular pathways similar to those reported in Drosophila and rodent models. Thus, large animal models, such as sheep, represent ideal translational systems to develop and test therapeutics aimed at delaying or halting synaptic pathology for a range of human neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês S Amorim
- Centre for Integrative Physiology University of Edinburgh Hugh Robson Building Edinburgh UK ; Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research University of Edinburgh Hugh Robson Building Edinburgh UK
| | - Nadia L Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences and Batten Animal Research Network Lincoln University Christchurch New Zealand
| | - David N Palmer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences and Batten Animal Research Network Lincoln University Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge UK ; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge Box 65 Addenbrooke's Hospital Hills Road Cambridge UK
| | - Roger Mason
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge UK
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research University of Edinburgh Hugh Robson Building Edinburgh UK ; Division of Neurobiology The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Centre for Integrative Physiology University of Edinburgh Hugh Robson Building Edinburgh UK ; Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research University of Edinburgh Hugh Robson Building Edinburgh UK
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36
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Ramirez J, Martinez A, Lectez B, Lee SY, Franco M, Barrio R, Dittmar G, Mayor U. Proteomic Analysis of the Ubiquitin Landscape in the Drosophila Embryonic Nervous System and the Adult Photoreceptor Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139083. [PMID: 26460970 PMCID: PMC4604154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitination is known to regulate physiological neuronal functions as well as to be involved in a number of neuronal diseases. Several ubiquitin proteomic approaches have been developed during the last decade but, as they have been mostly applied to non-neuronal cell culture, very little is yet known about neuronal ubiquitination pathways in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using an in vivo biotinylation strategy we have isolated and identified the ubiquitinated proteome in neurons both for the developing embryonic brain and for the adult eye of Drosophila melanogaster. Bioinformatic comparison of both datasets indicates a significant difference on the ubiquitin substrates, which logically correlates with the processes that are most active at each of the developmental stages. Detection within the isolated material of two ubiquitin E3 ligases, Parkin and Ube3a, indicates their ubiquitinating activity on the studied tissues. Further identification of the proteins that do accumulate upon interference with the proteasomal degradative pathway provides an indication of the proteins that are targeted for clearance in neurons. Last, we report the proof-of-principle validation of two lysine residues required for nSyb ubiquitination. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data cast light on the differential and common ubiquitination pathways between the embryonic and adult neurons, and hence will contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms by which neuronal function is regulated. The in vivo biotinylation methodology described here complements other approaches for ubiquitome study and offers unique advantages, and is poised to provide further insight into disease mechanisms related to the ubiquitin proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanma Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
| | - Aitor Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Lectez
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
- Mollecular Cell Biology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku, Finland
| | - So Young Lee
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
| | - Maribel Franco
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
- Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, CSIC/UMH, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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37
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Mattson MP. Late-onset dementia: a mosaic of prototypical pathologies modifiable by diet and lifestyle. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2015. [PMID: 28642821 PMCID: PMC5478237 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic late-onset dementia (ILOD) describes impairments of memory, reasoning and/or social abilities in the elderly that compromise their daily functioning. Dementia occurs in several major prototypical neurodegenerative disorders that are currently defined by neuropathological criteria, most notably Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HSA). However, people who die with ILOD commonly exhibit mixed pathologies that vary within and between brain regions. Indeed, many patients diagnosed with probable AD exhibit only modest amounts of disease-defining amyloid β-peptide plaques and p-Tau tangles, and may have features of FTD (TDP-43 inclusions), Parkinson’s disease (α-synuclein accumulation), HSA and vascular lesions. Here I argue that this ‘mosaic neuropathological landscape’ is the result of commonalities in aging-related processes that render neurons vulnerable to the entire spectrum of ILODs. In this view, all ILODs involve deficits in neuronal energy metabolism, neurotrophic signaling and adaptive cellular stress responses, and associated dysregulation of neuronal calcium handling and autophagy. Although this mosaic of neuropathologies and underlying mechanisms poses major hurdles for development of disease-specific therapeutic interventions, it also suggests that certain interventions would be beneficial for all ILODs. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests that the brain can be protected against ILOD by lifelong intermittent physiological challenges including exercise, energy restriction and intellectual endeavors; these interventions enhance cellular stress resistance and facilitate neuroplasticity. There is also therapeutic potential for interventions that bolster neuronal bioenergetics and/or activate one or more adaptive cellular stress response pathways in brain cells. A wider appreciation that all ILODs share age-related cellular and molecular alterations upstream of aggregated protein lesions, and that these upstream events can be mitigated, may lead to implementation of novel intervention strategies aimed at reversing the rising tide of ILODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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38
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Cooper JD, Tarczyluk MA, Nelvagal HR. Towards a new understanding of NCL pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2256-61. [PMID: 26026924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs, Batten disease) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that have been traditionally grouped together on the basis of certain shared clinical and pathological features. However, as the number of genes that appear to cause new forms of NCL continues to grow, it is timely to reassess our understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders and what groups them together. The various NCL subtypes do indeed share features of a build-up of autofluorescent storage material, progressive neuron loss and activation of the innate immune system. The characterisation of animal models has highlighted the selective nature of neuron loss and its intimate relationship with glial activation, rather than the generalised build-up of storage material. More recent data provide evidence for the pathway-dependent nature of pathology, the contribution of glial dysfunction, and the involvement of new brain regions previously thought to be unaffected, and it is becoming apparent that pathology extends beyond the brain. These data have important implications, not just for therapy, but also for our understanding of these disorders. However, looking beneath these broadly similar pathological themes evidence emerges for marked differences in the nature and extent of these events in different forms of NCL. Indeed, given the widely different nature of the mutated gene products it is perhaps more surprising that these disorders resemble each other as much as they do. Such data raise the question whether we should rethink the collective grouping of these gene deficiencies together, or whether it would be better to consider them as separate entities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Marta A Tarczyluk
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Hemanth R Nelvagal
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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Azpurua J, Eaton BA. Neuronal epigenetics and the aging synapse. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:208. [PMID: 26074775 PMCID: PMC4444820 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most salient phenotypes of aging are cognitive decline and loss of motor function, both of which are controlled by the nervous system. Cognition and muscle contraction require that neuronal synapses develop and maintain proper structure and function. We review the literature on how normal physiological aging disrupts central and peripheral synapse function including the degradation of structure and/or control of neurotransmission. Here we also attempt to connect the work done on the epigenetics of aging to the growing literature of how epigenetic mechanisms control synapse structure and function. Lastly, we address possible roles of epigenetic mechanisms to explain why the basal rates of age-related dysfunction vary so widely across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Azpurua
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin A Eaton
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
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40
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Genome-wide methylation study on depression: differential methylation and variable methylation in monozygotic twins. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e557. [PMID: 25918994 PMCID: PMC4462612 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders have been shown to be highly influenced by environmental pathogenic factors, some of which are believed to exert stress on human brain functioning via epigenetic modifications. Previous genome-wide methylomic studies on depression have suggested that, along with differential DNA methylation, affected co-twins of monozygotic (MZ) pairs have increased DNA methylation variability, probably in line with theories of epigenetic stochasticity. Nevertheless, the potential biological roots of this variability remain largely unexplored. The current study aimed to evaluate whether DNA methylation differences within MZ twin pairs were related to differences in their psychopathological status. Data from the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip was used to evaluate peripheral blood DNA methylation of 34 twins (17 MZ pairs). Two analytical strategies were used to identify (a) differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and (b) variably methylated probes (VMPs). Most DMPs were located in genes previously related to neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Remarkably, one of these DMPs (cg01122889) was located in the WDR26 gene, the DNA sequence of which has been implicated in major depressive disorder from genome-wide association studies. Expression of WDR26 has also been proposed as a biomarker of depression in human blood. Complementarily, VMPs were located in genes such as CACNA1C, IGF2 and the p38 MAP kinase MAPK11, showing enrichment for biological processes such as glucocorticoid signaling. These results expand on previous research to indicate that both differential methylation and differential variability have a role in the etiology and clinical manifestation of depression, and provide clues on specific genomic loci of potential interest in the epigenetics of depression.
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Dennis KE, Valentine WM. Ziram and sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate inhibit ubiquitin activation through intracellular metal transport and increased oxidative stress in HEK293 cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:682-90. [PMID: 25714994 PMCID: PMC4406076 DOI: 10.1021/tx500450x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 plays
a pivotal role in ubiquitin
based protein signaling through regulating the initiating step of
the cascade. Previous studies demonstrated that E1 is inhibited by
covalent modification of reactive cysteines contained within the ubiquitin-binding
groove and by conditions that increase oxidative stress and deplete
cellular antioxidants. In this study, we determined the relative contribution
of covalent adduction and oxidative stress to E1 inhibition produced
by ziram and sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate
(DMDC) in HEK293 cells. Although no dithiocarbamate-derived E1 adducts
were identified on E1 using shotgun LC/MS/MS for either ziram or DMDC,
both dithiocarbamates significantly decreased E1 activity, with ziram
demonstrating greater potency. Ziram increased intracellular levels
of zinc and copper, DMDC increased intracellular levels of only copper,
and both dithiocarbamates enhanced oxidative injury evidenced by elevated
levels of protein carbonyls and expression of heme oxygenase-1. To
assess the contribution of intracellular copper transport to E1 inhibition,
coincubations were performed with the copper chelator triethylenetetramine
hydrochloride (TET). TET significantly protected E1 activity for both
of the dithiocarbamates and decreased the associated oxidative injury
in HEK293 cells as well as prevented dithiocarbamate-mediated lipid
peroxidation assayed using an ethyl aracidonate micelle system. Because
TET did not completely ameliorate intracellular transport of copper
or zinc for ziram, TET apparently maintained E1 activity through its
ability to diminish dithiocarbamate-mediated oxidative stress. Experiments
to determine the relative contribution of elevated intracellular zinc
and copper were performed using a metal free incubation system and
showed that increases in either metal were sufficient to inhibit E1.
To evaluate the utility of the HEK293 in vitro system for screening
environmental agents, a series of additional pesticides and metals
was assayed, and eight agents that produced a significant decrease
and five that produced a significant increase in activated E1 were
identified. These studies suggest that E1 is a sensitive redox sensor
that can be modulated by exposure to environmental agents and can
regulate downstream cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Dennis
- †Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, ‡Center in Molecular Toxicology, §Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, United States
| | - William M Valentine
- †Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, ‡Center in Molecular Toxicology, §Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, United States
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Völgyi K, Gulyássy P, Háden K, Kis V, Badics K, Kékesi KA, Simor A, Györffy B, Tóth EA, Lubec G, Juhász G, Dobolyi A. Synaptic mitochondria: a brain mitochondria cluster with a specific proteome. J Proteomics 2015; 120:142-57. [PMID: 25782751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The synapse is a particularly important compartment of neurons. To reveal its molecular characteristics we isolated whole brain synaptic (sMito) and non-synaptic mitochondria (nsMito) from the mouse brain with purity validated by electron microscopy and fluorescence activated cell analysis and sorting. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry based proteomics revealed 22 proteins with significantly higher and 34 proteins with significantly lower levels in sMito compared to nsMito. Expression differences in some oxidative stress related proteins, such as superoxide dismutase [Mn] (Sod2) and complement component 1Q subcomponent-binding protein (C1qbp), as well as some tricarboxylic acid cycle proteins, including isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit alpha (Idh3a) and ATP-forming β subunit of succinyl-CoA ligase (SuclA2), were verified by Western blot, the latter two also by immunohistochemistry. The data suggest altered tricarboxylic acid metabolism in energy supply of synapse while the marked differences in Sod2 and C1qbp support high sensitivity of synapses to oxidative stress. Further functional clustering demonstrated that proteins with higher synaptic levels are involved in synaptic transmission, lactate and glutathione metabolism. In contrast, mitochondrial proteins associated with glucose, lipid, ketone metabolism, signal transduction, morphogenesis, protein synthesis and transcription were enriched in nsMito. Altogether, the results suggest a specifically tuned composition of synaptic mitochondria. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Neurons communicate with each other through synapse, a compartment metabolically isolated from the cell body. Mitochondria are concentrated in presynaptic terminals by active transport to provide energy supply for information transfer. Mitochondrial composition in the synapse may be different than in the cell body as some examples have demonstrated altered mitochondrial composition with cell type and cellular function in the muscle, heart and liver. Therefore, we posed the question whether protein composition of synaptic mitochondria reflects its specific functions. The determined protein difference pattern was in accordance with known functional specialties of high demand synaptic mitochondria. The data also suggest specifically tuned metabolic fluxes for energy production by means of interaction with glial cells surrounding the synapse. These findings provide possible mechanisms for dynamically adapting synaptic mitochondrial output to actual demand. In turn, an increased vulnerability of synaptic mitochondria to oxidative stress is implied by the data. This is important from theoretical but potentially also from therapeutic aspects. Mitochondria are known to be affected in some neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, and proteins with elevated level in synaptic mitochondria, e.g. C1qbp represent targets for future drug development, by which synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria can be differentially affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Völgyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Péter Gulyássy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; MTA-TTK NAP MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Háden
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Viktor Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Badics
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Adrienna Kékesi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Simor
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Balázs Györffy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Eszter Angéla Tóth
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Faculty of Science Research and Instrument Core Facility (ELTE FS-RICF), Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; MTA-TTK NAP MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Arpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
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Brown R, Hynes-Allen A, Swan AJ, Dissanayake KN, Gillingwater TH, Ribchester RR. Activity-dependent degeneration of axotomized neuromuscular synapses in Wld S mice. Neuroscience 2015; 290:300-20. [PMID: 25617654 PMCID: PMC4362769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Use and disuse may influence synaptic maintenance but so far evidence for this has been indirect. We tested whether stimulation or disuse of neuromuscular junctions in adult WldS mice altered vulnerability to axotomy. Moderate activity optimized resistance to axotomy while disuse or stimulation increased the rate of synaptic degeneration.
Activity and disuse of synapses are thought to influence progression of several neurodegenerative diseases in which synaptic degeneration is an early sign. Here we tested whether stimulation or disuse renders neuromuscular synapses more or less vulnerable to degeneration, using axotomy as a robust trigger. We took advantage of the slow synaptic degeneration phenotype of axotomized neuromuscular junctions in flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and deep lumbrical (DL) muscles of Wallerian degeneration-Slow (WldS) mutant mice. First, we maintained ex vivo FDB and DL nerve-muscle explants at 32 °C for up to 48 h. About 90% of fibers from WldS mice remained innervated, compared with about 36% in wild-type muscles at the 24-h checkpoint. Periodic high-frequency nerve stimulation (100 Hz: 1 s/100 s) reduced synaptic protection in WldS preparations by about 50%. This effect was abolished in reduced Ca2+ solutions. Next, we assayed FDB and DL innervation after 7 days of complete tetrodotoxin (TTX)-block of sciatic nerve conduction in vivo, followed by tibial nerve axotomy. Five days later, only about 9% of motor endplates remained innervated in the paralyzed muscles, compared with about 50% in 5 day-axotomized muscles from saline-control-treated WldS mice with no conditioning nerve block. Finally, we gave mice access to running wheels for up to 4 weeks prior to axotomy. Surprisingly, exercising WldS mice ad libitum for 4 weeks increased about twofold the amount of subsequent axotomy-induced synaptic degeneration. Together, the data suggest that vulnerability of mature neuromuscular synapses to axotomy, a potent neurodegenerative trigger, may be enhanced bimodally, either by disuse or by hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brown
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - A Hynes-Allen
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - A J Swan
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - K N Dissanayake
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - T H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - R R Ribchester
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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Neukomm LJ, Freeman MR. Diverse cellular and molecular modes of axon degeneration. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:515-23. [PMID: 24780172 PMCID: PMC4149811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of large portions of axons is a widespread event in the developing and diseased nervous system. Subsets of axons are selectively destroyed to help fine-tune neural circuit connectivity during development. Axonal degeneration is also an early feature of nearly all neurodegenerative diseases, occurs after most neural injuries, and is a primary driver of functional impairment in patients. In this review we discuss the diversity of cellular mechanisms by which axons degenerate. Initial molecular characterization highlights some similarities in their execution but also argues that unique genetic programs modulate each mode of degeneration. Defining these pathways rigorously will provide new targets for therapeutic intervention after neural injury or in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Neukomm
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 704 LRB, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Marc R Freeman
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 704 LRB, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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Abbott JA, Francklyn CS, Robey-Bond SM. Transfer RNA and human disease. Front Genet 2014; 5:158. [PMID: 24917879 PMCID: PMC4042891 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological mutations in tRNA genes and tRNA processing enzymes are numerous and result in very complicated clinical phenotypes. Mitochondrial tRNA (mt-tRNA) genes are “hotspots” for pathological mutations and over 200 mt-tRNA mutations have been linked to various disease states. Often these mutations prevent tRNA aminoacylation. Disrupting this primary function affects protein synthesis and the expression, folding, and function of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes. Mitochondrial tRNA mutations manifest in a wide panoply of diseases related to cellular energetics, including COX deficiency (cytochrome C oxidase), mitochondrial myopathy, MERRF (Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers), and MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes). Diseases caused by mt-tRNA mutations can also affect very specific tissue types, as in the case of neurosensory non-syndromic hearing loss and pigmentary retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Importantly, mitochondrial heteroplasmy plays a role in disease severity and age of onset as well. Not surprisingly, mutations in enzymes that modify cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs are also linked to a diverse range of clinical phenotypes. In addition to compromised aminoacylation of the tRNAs, mutated modifying enzymes can also impact tRNA expression and abundance, tRNA modifications, tRNA folding, and even tRNA maturation (e.g., splicing). Some of these pathological mutations in tRNAs and processing enzymes are likely to affect non-canonical tRNA functions, and contribute to the diseases without significantly impacting on translation. This chapter will review recent literature on the relation of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic tRNA, and enzymes that process tRNAs, to human disease. We explore the mechanisms involved in the clinical presentation of these various diseases with an emphasis on neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Abbott
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Susan M Robey-Bond
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont Burlington, VT, USA
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Canu N, Ciotti MT, Pollegioni L. Serine racemase: a key player in apoptosis and necrosis. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:9. [PMID: 24795622 PMCID: PMC4000995 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A fine balance between cell survival and cell death is required to sculpt the nervous system during development. However, an excess of cell death can occur following trauma, exposure to neurotoxins or alcohol, and some developmental and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) support synaptic plasticity and survival of many neuronal populations whereas inappropriate activation may promote various forms of cell death, apoptosis, and necrosis representing the two extremes of a continuum of cell death processes both “in vitro” and “in vivo.” Hence, by identifying the switches controlling pro-survival vs. apoptosis and apoptosis vs. pro-excitotoxic outcome of NMDAR stimulation, NMDAR modulators could be developed that selectively block the cell death enhancing pro-survival signaling or synaptic plasticity mediated by NMDAR. Among these modulators, a role is emerging for the enzyme serine racemase (SR) that synthesizes D-serine, a key co-agonist with glutamate at NMDAR. This review summarizes the experimental evidence from “in vitro” neuronal cultures—with special emphasis on cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs)—and “in vivo” models of neurodegeneration, where the dual role of the SR/D-serine pathway as a master regulator of apoptosis and the apoptosis-necrosis shift will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Canu
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Roma Roma, Italy ; Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Ciotti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Roma, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Varese, Italy ; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Biotecnologie Proteiche "The Protein Factory," Politecnico di Milano, ICRM-CNR Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria Milano, Italy
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Jojua N, Sharikadze N, Zhuravliova E, Zaalishvili E, Mikeladze DG. Nobiletin restores impaired hippocampal mitochondrial bioenergetics in hypothyroidism through activation of matrix substrate-level phosphorylation. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:225-31. [PMID: 24627959 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the effect of citrus flavonoid - nobiletin on the bioenergetics of synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria in the hippocampus of hypothyroid rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into hypothyroid (methimazole-treated), nobiletin supplemented hypothyroid, thyroxine-treated hypothyroid, and euthyroid (control) groups. Synaptic and non-synaptic (cell) mitochondria were isolated from hippocampus. Oligomycin-sensitive, oligomycin-insensitive, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-dependent synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), succinate dehydrogenase, and hexokinase activities were determined luminometrically and spectrophotometrically, respectively. RESULTS Decreased synthesis of oligomycin-sensitive and oligomycin-insensitive ATP in hypothyroid rat hippocampus was observed in synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria. Supplementation of hypothyroid rats with nobiletin increases oligomycin-insensitive and α-ketoglutarate-dependent production of ATP in both types of mitochondria. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase in non-synaptic mitochondria and the activities of hexokinase in both types of mitochondria were normalized in nobiletin-treated hypothyroid rats. DISCUSSION Nobiletin restores reduced mitochondrial metabolism in hypothyroid rat hippocampus through acceleration of matrix substrate-level phosphorylation that may be important for the prevention of hypometabolic complications in neurological disorders.
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Marshall AG, Watson JA, Hallengren JJ, Walters BJ, Dobrunz LE, Francillon L, Wilson JA, Phillips SE, Wilson SM. Genetic background alters the severity and onset of neuromuscular disease caused by the loss of ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (usp14). PLoS One 2013; 8:e84042. [PMID: 24358326 PMCID: PMC3865287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified and characterized an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) induced mutation in Usp14 (nmf375) that leads to adult-onset neurological disease. The nmf375 mutation causes aberrant splicing of Usp14 mRNA, resulting in a 95% reduction in USP14. We previously showed that loss of USP14 in ataxia (ax (J)) mice results in reduced ubiquitin levels, motor endplate disease, Purkinje cell axonal dystrophy and decreased hippocampal paired pulse facilitation (PPF) during the first 4-6 weeks of life, and early postnatal lethality by two months of age. Although the loss of USP14 is comparable between the nmf375 and ax (J) mice, the nmf375 mice did not exhibit these ax (J) developmental abnormalities. However, by 12 weeks of age the nmf375 mutants present with ubiquitin depletion and motor endplate disease, indicating a continual role for USP14-mediated regulation of ubiquitin pools and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure in adult mice. The observation that motor endplate disease was only seen after ubiquitin depletion suggests that the preservation of NMJ structure requires the stable maintenance of synaptic ubiquitin pools. Differences in genetic background were shown to affect ubiquitin expression and dramatically alter the phenotypes caused by USP14 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G. Marshall
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Watson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jada J. Hallengren
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Brandon J. Walters
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lynn E. Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ludwig Francillon
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Phillips
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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Villa R, Ferrari F, Gorini A. ATP-ases of synaptic plasma membranes in striatum: Enzymatic systems for synapses functionality by in vivo administration of l-acetylcarnitine in relation to Parkinson’s Disease. Neuroscience 2013; 248:414-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Selçuk E, Kırımtay K, Canbaz D, Cesur GI, Korulu S, Karabay A. Katanin-p80 gene promoter characterization and regulation via Elk1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69423. [PMID: 23894477 PMCID: PMC3722181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Katanin is an ATPase family member protein that participates in microtubule severing. It has heterodimeric structure consisting of 60 kDa (katanin-p60) and 80 kDa (katanin-p80) subunits encoded by KATNA1 and KATNB1 genes, respectively. Katanin-p60 has the enzymatic activity for microtubule severing, whereas katanin-p80 consists of multiple domains with different functions such as targeting katanin-p60 to the centrosome, augmenting microtubule severing by katanin-p60, and even suppressing microtubule severing. Despite the various important functions of katanin-p80, its transcriptional regulation has not been studied yet. Elk1 transcription factor has been shown to interact with microtubules and regulate the transcription of another microtubule severing protein, spastin. In spite of katanin’s importance, and structural and functional similarities to spastin, there is no study on the transcriptional regulation of katanin yet. In this study, we aimed to characterize KATNB1 promoter and analyze the effects of Elk1 on katanin-p80 expression. We identified a 518- bp TATA-less promoter including a critical CpG island and GC boxes as an optimal promoter, and sequential deletion of CpG island and the GC elements gradually decreased the KATNB1 promoter activity. In addition, we showed Elk1 binding on the KATNB1 promoter by EMSA. We found that Elk1 activated KATNB1 promoter, and increased both mRNA and protein levels of katanin-p80 in SH-SY5Y cells. On the other hand, KCl treatment increasing SUMOylation decreased KATNB1 promoter activity. Since microtubule severing is an important cellular mechanism of which malfunctions result in serious diseases such as spastic paraplegia, Alzheimer’s disease and cell cycle related disorders, identification of KATNB1 transcriptional regulation is crucial in understanding the coordination of microtubule severing activity by different proteins in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Selçuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Koray Kırımtay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Canbaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Güher Işık Cesur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sirin Korulu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Karabay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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