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Xu Q, Wu M, Zhang L, Chen X, Zhou M, Jiang B, Jia Y, Yong X, Tang S, Mou L, Jia Z, Shabala S, Pan Y. Unraveling Key Factors for Hypoxia Tolerance in Contrasting Varieties of Cotton Rose by Comparative Morpho-physiological and Transcriptome Analysis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14317. [PMID: 38686568 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis) is a plant species commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is remarkably resilient to waterlogging stress; however, the underlying mechanism behind this trait is yet unknown. This study used hypoxia-tolerant "Danbanhong" (DBH) and more hypoxia-sensitive "Yurui" (YR) genotypes and compared their morpho-physiological and transcriptional responses to hypoxic conditions. Notably, DBH had a higher number of adventitious roots (20.3) compared to YR (10.0), with longer adventitious roots in DBH (18.3 cm) than in YR (11.2 cm). Furthermore, the formation of aerenchyma was 3-fold greater in DBH compared to YR. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that DBH had more rapid transcriptional responses to hypoxia than YR. Identification of a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for aerenchyma, adventitious root formation and development, and energy metabolism in DBH supported that DBH had better morphological and transcriptional adaptation than YR. DEG functional enrichment analysis indicated the involvement of variety-specific biological processes in adaption to hypoxia. Plant hormone signaling transduction, MAPK signaling pathway and carbon metabolism played more pronounced roles in DBH, whereas the ribosome genes were specifically induced in YR. These results show that effective multilevel coordination of adventitious root development and aerenchyma, in conjunction with plant hormone signaling and carbon metabolism, is required for increased hypoxia tolerance. This study provides new insights into the characterization of morpho-physiological and transcriptional responses to hypoxia in H. mutabilis, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of its adaptation to hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mengxi Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Yong
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Lisha Mou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishi Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yuanzhi Pan
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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Shikha, Pandey DK, Upadhyay S, Phukan UJ, Shukla RK. Transcriptome analysis of waterlogging-induced adventitious root and control taproot of Mentha arvensis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:104. [PMID: 38507094 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The present study reports differentially expressed transcripts in the waterlogging-induced adventitious root (AR) of Mentha arvensis; the identified transcripts will help to understand AR development and improve waterlogging stress response. Waterlogging notably hampers plant growth in areas facing waterlogged soil conditions. In our previous findings, Mentha arvensis was shown to adapt better in waterlogging conditions by initiating the early onset of adventitious root development. In the present study, we compared the transcriptome analysis of adventitious root induced after the waterlogging treatment with the control taproot. The biochemical parameters of total carbohydrate, total protein content, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase activity (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, were enhanced in the adventitious root compared with control taproot. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in adventitious root compared with the control taproot were grouped into four functional categories, i.e., carbohydrate metabolism, antioxidant activity, hormonal regulation, and transcription factors that could be majorly involved in the development of adventitious roots. Differential expression of the upregulated and uniquely expressing thirty-five transcripts in adventitious roots was validated using qRT-PCR. This study has generated the resource of differentially and uniquely expressing transcripts in the waterlogging-induced adventitious roots. Further functional characterization of these transcripts will be helpful to understand the development of adventitious roots, leading to the resistance towards waterlogging stress in Mentha arvensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha
- Plant Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR-CIMAP) PO CIMAP (A laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Pandey
- Plant Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR-CIMAP) PO CIMAP (A laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Swati Upadhyay
- Plant Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR-CIMAP) PO CIMAP (A laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Ujjal J Phukan
- Plant Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR-CIMAP) PO CIMAP (A laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Plant Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR-CIMAP) PO CIMAP (A laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Welle M, Niether W, Stöhr C. The underestimated role of plant root nitric oxide emission under low-oxygen stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1290700. [PMID: 38379951 PMCID: PMC10876902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1290700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The biotic release of nitric oxide (NO), a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere contributes to climate change. In plants, NO plays a significant role in metabolic and signaling processes. However, little attention has been paid to the plant-borne portion of global NO emissions. Owing to the growing significance of global flooding events caused by climate change, the extent of plant NO emissions has been assessed under low-oxygen conditions for the roots of intact plants. Each examined plant species (tomato, tobacco, and barley) exhibited NO emissions in a highly oxygen-dependent manner. The transfer of data obtained under laboratory conditions to the global area of farmland was used to estimate possible plant NO contribution to greenhouse gas budgets. Plant-derived and stress-induced NO emissions were estimated to account for the equivalent of 1 to 9% of global annual NO emissions from agricultural land. Because several stressors induce NO formation in plants, the actual impact may be even higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Welle
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Singh P, Jaiswal S, Kushwaha A, Gahlowt P, Mishra V, Tripathi DK, Singh SP, Gupta R, Singh VP. Peroxynitrite is essential for aerenchyma formation in rice roots under waterlogging conditions. PLANTA 2023; 258:2. [PMID: 37208534 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In this study, we report that peroxynitrite is necessary for ethylene-mediated aerenchyma formation in rice roots under waterlogging conditions. Plants under waterlogging stress face anoxygenic conditions which reduce their metabolism and induce several adaptations. The formation of aerenchyma is of paramount importance for the survival of plants under waterlogging conditions. Though some studies have shown the involvement of ethylene in aerenchyma formation under waterlogging conditions, the implication of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in such a developmental process remains elusive. Here, we report an increase in aerenchyma formation in rice roots exposed to waterlogging conditions under which the number of aerenchyma cells and their size was further enhanced in response to exogenous ethephon (a donor of ethylene) or SNP (a donor of nitric oxide) treatment. Application of epicatechin (a peroxynitrite scavenger) to waterlogged plants inhibited the aerenchyma formation, signifying that ONOO- might have a role in aerenchyma formation. Interestingly, epicatechin and ethephon co-treated waterlogged plants were unable to form aerenchyma, indicating the necessity of ONOO- in ethylene-mediated aerenchyma formation under waterlogging conditions. Taken together, our results highlight the role of ONOO- in ethylene-mediated aerenchyma formation in rice and could be used in the future to develop waterlogging stress-tolerant varieties of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Saumya Jaiswal
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Ajayraj Kushwaha
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Priya Gahlowt
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Vipul Mishra
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Crop Nanobiology and Molecular Stress Physiology Lab Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Surendra Pratap Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (PG) College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, 208001, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, South Korea
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India.
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Mata-Pérez C, Sánchez-Vicente I, Arteaga N, Gómez-Jiménez S, Fuentes-Terrón A, Oulebsir CS, Calvo-Polanco M, Oliver C, Lorenzo Ó. Functions of nitric oxide-mediated post-translational modifications under abiotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1158184. [PMID: 37063215 PMCID: PMC10101340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1158184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions greatly impact plant growth and development. In the current context of both global climate change and land degradation, abiotic stresses usually lead to growth restriction limiting crop production. Plants have evolved to sense and respond to maximize adaptation and survival; therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in the different converging signaling networks becomes critical for improving plant tolerance. In the last few years, several studies have shown the plant responses against drought and salinity, high and low temperatures, mechanical wounding, heavy metals, hypoxia, UV radiation, or ozone stresses. These threats lead the plant to coordinate a crosstalk among different pathways, highlighting the role of phytohormones and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). In particular, plants sense these reactive species through post-translational modification (PTM) of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and fatty acids, hence triggering antioxidant responses with molecular implications in the plant welfare. Here, this review compiles the state of the art about how plant systems sense and transduce this crosstalk through PTMs of biological molecules, highlighting the S-nitrosylation of protein targets. These molecular mechanisms finally impact at a physiological level facing the abiotic stressful traits that could lead to establishing molecular patterns underlying stress responses and adaptation strategies.
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He XL, Zhang WQ, Zhang NN, Wen SM, Chen J. Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide regulate the adaptation to iron deficiency through affecting Fe homeostasis and thiol redox modification in Glycine max seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:1-14. [PMID: 36368221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is a vital microelement required for the growth and development of plants. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO), as messenger molecules, participated in the regulation of plant physiological processes. Here, we studied the interaction effects of H2S and NO on the adaptation to Fe deficiency in Glycine max L. Physiological, biochemical and molecular approaches were conducted to analyze the role of H2S and NO in regulating the adaptation to Fe deficiency in soybean. We found that H2S and NO had obvious rescuing function on the Fe deficiency-induced the plant growth inhibition, which was significantly correlated with the increase in Fe content in the leaves, stems, and roots of soybean. Meanwhile, H+-flux, ferric chelate reductase (FCR) activity, and root apoplast Fe content were significantly affected by H2S and NO. Under Fe deficiency conditions NO and H2S regulated the expression of genes related to Fe homeostasis. Moreover, photosynthesis (Pn) and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency were enhanced by H2S and NO, and thiol redox modification was important for regulating the adaptation of Fe deficiency. The aforementioned affirmative influences caused by H2S and NO were also totally reversed by cPTIO (a NO scavenger). Our results suggested that H2S might act upstream of NO in response to Fe deficiency by affecting the Fe homeostasis enzyme activities and gene expression, and by promoting Fe accumulation in plant tissues as well as by enhancing thiol redox modification and photosynthesis in soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Li He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Wei-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ni-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Shi-Ming Wen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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7
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Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway: A Mechanism of Hypoxia and Anoxia Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911522. [PMID: 36232819 PMCID: PMC9569746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is the most crucial substrate for numerous biochemical processes in plants. Its deprivation is a critical factor that affects plant growth and may lead to death if it lasts for a long time. However, various biotic and abiotic factors cause O2 deprivation, leading to hypoxia and anoxia in plant tissues. To survive under hypoxia and/or anoxia, plants deploy various mechanisms such as fermentation paths, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antioxidant enzymes, aerenchyma, and adventitious root formation, while nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), and nitric oxide (NO) have shown numerous beneficial roles through modulating these mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the role of reductive pathways of NO formation which lessen the deleterious effects of oxidative damages and increase the adaptation capacity of plants during hypoxia and anoxia. Meanwhile, the overproduction of NO through reductive pathways during hypoxia and anoxia leads to cellular dysfunction and cell death. Thus, its scavenging or inhibition is equally important for plant survival. As plants are also reported to produce a potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) when supplied with NO3− and NO2−, resembling bacterial denitrification, its role during hypoxia and anoxia tolerance is discussed here. We point out that NO reduction to N2O along with the phytoglobin-NO cycle could be the most important NO-scavenging mechanism that would reduce nitro-oxidative stress, thus enhancing plants’ survival during O2-limited conditions. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in reducing NO toxicity would not only provide insight into its role in plant physiology, but also address the uncertainties seen in the global N2O budget.
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Waterlogging Priming Enhances Hypoxia Stress Tolerance of Wheat Offspring Plants by Regulating Root Phenotypic and Physiological Adaption. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151969. [PMID: 35956447 PMCID: PMC9370225 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With global climate change, waterlogging stress is becoming more frequent. Waterlogging stress inhibits root growth and physiological metabolism, which ultimately leads to yield loss in wheat. Waterlogging priming has been proven to effectively enhance waterlogging tolerance in wheat. However, it is not known whether waterlogging priming can improve the offspring’s waterlogging resistance. Here, wheat seeds that applied waterlogging priming for one generation, two generations and three generations are separately used to test the hypoxia stress tolerance in wheat, and the physiological mechanisms are evaluated. Results found that progeny of primed plants showed higher plant biomass by enhancing the net photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme activity. Consequently, more sugars are transported to roots, providing a metabolic substrate for anaerobic respiration and producing more ATP to maintain the root growth in the progeny of primed plants compared with non-primed plants. Furthermore, primed plants’ offspring promote ethylene biosynthesis and further induce the formation of a higher rate of aerenchyma in roots. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the waterlogging tolerance of wheat.
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Sánchez-Bermúdez M, del Pozo JC, Pernas M. Effects of Combined Abiotic Stresses Related to Climate Change on Root Growth in Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:918537. [PMID: 35845642 PMCID: PMC9284278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major threat to crop productivity that negatively affects food security worldwide. Increase in global temperatures are usually accompanied by drought, flooding and changes in soil nutrients composition that dramatically reduced crop yields. Against the backdrop of climate change, human population increase and subsequent rise in food demand, finding new solutions for crop adaptation to environmental stresses is essential. The effects of single abiotic stress on crops have been widely studied, but in the field abiotic stresses tend to occur in combination rather than individually. Physiological, metabolic and molecular responses of crops to combined abiotic stresses seem to be significantly different to individual stresses. Although in recent years an increasing number of studies have addressed the effects of abiotic stress combinations, the information related to the root system response is still scarce. Roots are the underground organs that directly contact with the soil and sense many of these abiotic stresses. Understanding the effects of abiotic stress combinations in the root system would help to find new breeding tools to develop more resilient crops. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the effects of combined abiotic stress in the root system in crops. First, we will provide a general overview of root responses to particular abiotic stresses. Then, we will describe how these root responses are integrated when crops are challenged to the combination of different abiotic stress. We will focus on the main changes on root system architecture (RSA) and physiology influencing crop productivity and yield and convey the latest information on the key molecular, hormonal and genetic regulatory pathways underlying root responses to these combinatorial stresses. Finally, we will discuss possible directions for future research and the main challenges needed to be tackled to translate this knowledge into useful tools to enhance crop tolerance.
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10
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Wang X, Komatsu S. The Role of Phytohormones in Plant Response to Flooding. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6383. [PMID: 35742828 PMCID: PMC9223812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Climatic variations influence the morphological, physiological, biological, and biochemical states of plants. Plant responses to abiotic stress include biochemical adjustments, regulation of proteins, molecular mechanisms, and alteration of post-translational modifications, as well as signal transduction. Among the various abiotic stresses, flooding stress adversely affects the growth of plants, including various economically important crops. Biochemical and biological techniques, including proteomic techniques, provide a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms during flooding conditions. In particular, plants can cope with flooding conditions by embracing an orchestrated set of morphological adaptations and physiological adjustments that are regulated by an elaborate hormonal signaling network. With the help of these findings, the main objective is to identify plant responses to flooding and utilize that information for the development of flood-tolerant plants. This review provides an insight into the role of phytohormones in plant response mechanisms to flooding stress, as well as different mitigation strategies that can be successfully administered to improve plant growth during stress exposure. Ultimately, this review will expedite marker-assisted genetic enhancement studies in crops for developing high-yield lines or varieties with flood tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
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Yang H, Yu H, Wu Y, Huang H, Zhang X, Ye D, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Li T. Nitric oxide amplifies cadmium binding in root cell wall of a high cadmium-accumulating rice (Oryza sativa L.) line by promoting hemicellulose synthesis and pectin demethylesterification. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 234:113404. [PMID: 35278988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is tightly associated with plant response against cadmium (Cd) stress in rice since NO impacts Cd accumulation via modulating cell wall components. In the present study, we investigated that whether and how NO regulates Cd accumulation in root in two rice lines with different Cd accumulation ability. The variation of polysaccharides in root cell wall (RCW) of a high Cd-accumulating rice line Lu527-8 and a normal rice line Lu527-4 in response to Cd stress when exogenous NO supplied by sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) was studied. Appreciable amounts of Cd distributed in RCW, in which most Cd ions were bound to pectin for the two rice lines when exposed to Cd. Exogenous NO upregulated the expression of OsPME11 and OsPME12 that were involved in pectin demethylesterification, resulting in more low methyl-esterified pectin and therefore stronger pectin-Cd binding. Exogenous NO also enhanced the concentration of hemicellulose and the amount of Cd ions in it. These results demonstrate that NO-induced more Cd binding in RCW in the two rice lines through promoting pectin demethylesterification and increasing hemicellulose accumulation. Higher OsPMEs expression and more hemicellulose synthesis contributed to more Cd immobilization in RCW of the high Cd-accumulating rice line Lu527-8. The main findings of this study reveal the regulation of NO on cell wall polysaccharides modification under Cd stress and help to elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanism of NO participating in Cd responses of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Wu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huagang Huang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xizhou Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Daihua Ye
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongdong Wang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zicheng Zheng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingxuan Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Díaz AS, da Cunha Cruz Y, Duarte VP, de Castro EM, Magalhães PC, Pereira FJ. The role of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the formation of root cortical aerenchyma under cadmium contamination. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2323-2333. [PMID: 34625976 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate root cortical aerenchyma formation in response to Cd-driven hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) production and the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the alleviation of Cd oxidative stress in maize roots and its effects on aerenchyma development. Maize plants were subjected to continuous flooding for 30 days, and the following treatments were applied weekly: Cd(NO3 )2 at 0, 10, and 50 μM and Na2 [Fe(CN)5 NO]·2H2 O (an NO donor) at 0.5, 0.1, and 0.2 μM. The root biometrics; oxidative stress indicators H2 O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA); and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were analyzed. The root dry and fresh masses decreased at higher concentrations of NO and Cd. H2 O2 also decreased at higher NO concentrations; however, MDA increased only at higher Cd levels. SOD activity decreased at higher concentrations of NO, but CAT activity increased. Aerenchyma development decreased in response to NO. Consequently, NO acts as an antagonist to Cd, decreasing the concentration of H2 O2 by reducing SOD activity and increasing CAT activity. Although H2 O2 is directly linked to aerenchyma formation, increased H2 O2 concentrations are necessary for root cortical aerenchyma development.
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Mishra V, Singh P, Tripathi DK, Corpas FJ, Singh VP. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide: an indispensable combination for plant functioning. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1270-1285. [PMID: 34417078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gasotransmitters, which are involved in almost all plant physiological and stress-related processes. With its antioxidant regulatory properties, NO on its own ameliorates plant stress, while H2S, a foul-smelling gas, has differential effects. Recent studies have shown that these signaling molecules are involved in intertwined pathway networks. This is due to the contrasting effects of NO and H2S depending on cell type, subcellular compartment, and redox status, as well as the flux and dosage of NO and H2S in different plant species and cellular contexts. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the complex networks of these molecules, with particular emphasis on root development, stomatal movement, and plant cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Mishra
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, I 2 Block, 5th Floor, AUUP Campus Sector-125, Noida-201313, India
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India.
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14
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Basu S, Kumari S, Kumar A, Shahid R, Kumar S, Kumar G. Nitro-oxidative stress induces the formation of roots' cortical aerenchyma in rice under osmotic stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:963-975. [PMID: 33826753 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress induces the formation of cortical aerenchyma in roots, providing drought tolerance by reducing respiration. However, unrestricted aerenchyma formation impedes the radial transport of water through the root's central cylinder; thereby decreasing the water uptake under drought stress. Therefore, exploring the root architectural and anatomical alterations in rice under drought is essential for targeting crop improvement. Drought stress-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the lysigenous aerenchyma development. However, the influence of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the development of lysigenous aerenchyma under drought has never been studied in rice. The present study examined the effect of ROS and RNS, generated by progressive drought stress, on the lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the roots of contrasting rice genotypes of the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains (EIGP). As expected, the PEG-induced drought stress stimulated the expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX), thereby promoting the ROS generation in roots of the rice seedlings. Excessive ROS and RNS accumulations in roots affected the membrane lipids, promoting the tissue-specific programmed cell death (PCD) in rice. The activation of the antioxidant defense system played a major role in the ROS and RNS detoxification, thereby restricting the root aerenchyma formation in rice under drought stress. The results also displayed that drought tolerance in rice is associated with the formation of the Casparian strip, which limits the apoplastic flow of water in the water-deficient roots. Overall, our study revealed the association of nitro-oxidative metabolism with PCD and lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the cortical cells of root under drought stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Basu
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Surbhi Kumari
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Rimsha Shahid
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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15
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Sasidharan R, Schippers JHM, Schmidt RR. Redox and low-oxygen stress: signal integration and interplay. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:66-78. [PMID: 33793937 PMCID: PMC8154046 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are aerobic organisms relying on oxygen to serve their energy needs. The amount of oxygen available to sustain plant growth can vary significantly due to environmental constraints or developmental programs. In particular, flooding stress, which negatively impacts crop productivity, is characterized by a decline in oxygen availability. Oxygen fluctuations result in an altered redox balance and the formation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) during the onset of hypoxia and upon re-oxygenation. In this update, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the impact of redox and ROS/RNS on low-oxygen signaling and adaptation. We first focus on the formation of ROS and RNS during low-oxygen conditions. Following this, we examine the impact of hypoxia on cellular and organellar redox systems. Finally, we describe how redox and ROS/RNS participate in signaling events during hypoxia through potential post-translational modifications (PTMs) of hypoxia-relevant proteins. The aim of this update is to define our current understanding of the field and to provide avenues for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H M Schippers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland 06466, Germany
| | - Romy R Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Biotechnology Group, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
- Author for communication:
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16
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Lessons from Comparison of Hypoxia Signaling in Plants and Mammals. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050993. [PMID: 34067566 PMCID: PMC8157222 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important stress for organisms, including plants and mammals. In plants, hypoxia can be the consequence of flooding and causes important crop losses worldwide. In mammals, hypoxia stress may be the result of pathological conditions. Understanding the regulation of responses to hypoxia offers insights into novel approaches for crop improvement, particularly for the development of flooding-tolerant crops and for producing better therapeutics for hypoxia-related diseases such as inflammation and cancer. Despite their evolutionary distance, plants and mammals deploy strikingly similar mechanisms to sense and respond to the different aspects of hypoxia-related stress, including low oxygen levels and the resulting energy crisis, nutrient depletion, and oxidative stress. Over the last two decades, the ubiquitin/proteasome system and the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO have been identified as key regulators that act in concert to regulate core aspects of responses to hypoxia in plants and mammals. Here, we review ubiquitin and SUMO-dependent mechanisms underlying the regulation of hypoxia response in plants and mammals. By comparing and contrasting these mechanisms in plants and mammals, this review seeks to pinpoint conceptually similar mechanisms but also highlight future avenues of research at the junction between different fields of research.
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17
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Lopes-Oliveira PJ, Oliveira HC, Kolbert Z, Freschi L. The light and dark sides of nitric oxide: multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in plant responses to light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:885-903. [PMID: 33245760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light drives photosynthesis and informs plants about their surroundings. Regarded as a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants, nitric oxide (NO) has been repeatedly demonstrated to interact with light signaling cascades to control plant growth, development and metabolism. During early plant development, light-triggered NO accumulation counteracts negative regulators of photomorphogenesis and modulates the abundance of, and sensitivity to, plant hormones to promote seed germination and de-etiolation. In photosynthetically active tissues, NO is generated at distinct rates under light or dark conditions and acts at multiple target sites within chloroplasts to regulate photosynthetic reactions. Moreover, changes in NO concentrations in response to light stress promote plant defenses against oxidative stress under high light or ultraviolet-B radiation. Here we review the literature on the interaction of NO with the complicated light and hormonal signaling cascades controlling plant photomorphogenesis and light stress responses, focusing on the recently identified molecular partners and action mechanisms of NO in these events. We also discuss the versatile role of NO in regulating both photosynthesis and light-dependent stomatal movements, two key determinants of plant carbon gain. The regulation of nitrate reductase (NR) by light is highlighted as vital to adjust NO production in plants living under natural light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Freschi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Pedersen O, Sauter M, Colmer TD, Nakazono M. Regulation of root adaptive anatomical and morphological traits during low soil oxygen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:42-49. [PMID: 32045027 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flooding causes oxygen deprivation in soils. Plants adapt to low soil oxygen availability by changes in root morphology, anatomy, and architecture to maintain root system functioning. Essential traits include aerenchyma formation, a barrier to radial oxygen loss, and outgrowth of adventitious roots into the soil or the floodwater. We highlight recent findings of mechanisms of constitutive aerenchyma formation and of changes in root architecture. Moreover, we use modelling of internal aeration to demonstrate the beneficial effect of increasing cortex-to-stele ratio on sustaining root growth in waterlogged soils. We know the genes for some of the beneficial traits, and the next step is to manipulate these genes in breeding in order to enhance the flood tolerance of our crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Margret Sauter
- Plant Developmental Biology and Physiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 5, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Aridhi F, Sghaier H, Gaitanaros A, Khadri A, Aschi-Smiti S, Brouquisse R. Nitric oxide production is involved in maintaining energy state in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) nodulated roots under both salinity and flooding. PLANTA 2020; 252:22. [PMID: 32676756 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Medicago sativa nodulated roots, NR-dependent NO production is involved in maintaining energy state, presumably through phytoglobin NO respiration, under both salinity and hypoxia stress. The response to low and average salinity stress and to a 5 day-long flooding period was analyzed in M. sativa nodulated roots. The two treatments result in a decrease in the biological nitrogen fixation capacity and the energy state (evaluated by the ATP/ADP ratio), and conversely in an increase nitric oxide (NO) production. Under salinity and hypoxia treatments, the use of either sodium tungstate, an inhibitor of nitrate reductase (NR), or carboxy-PTIO, a NO scavenger, results in a decrease in NO production and ATP/ADP ratio, meaning that NR-dependent NO production participates to the maintenance of the nodulated roots energy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Aridhi
- Unité de Recherche d'Ecologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia
- UMR INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Hajer Sghaier
- Unité de Recherche d'Ecologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Allyzée Gaitanaros
- UMR INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Ayda Khadri
- Unité de Recherche d'Ecologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samira Aschi-Smiti
- Unité de Recherche d'Ecologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- UMR INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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20
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Pedersen O, Revsbech NP, Shabala S. Microsensors in plant biology: in vivo visualization of inorganic analytes with high spatial and/or temporal resolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3941-3954. [PMID: 32253437 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This Expert View provides an update on the recent development of new microsensors, and briefly summarizes some novel applications of existing microsensors, in plant biology research. Two major topics are covered: (i) sensors for gaseous analytes (O2, CO2, and H2S); and (ii) those for measuring concentrations and fluxes of ions (macro- and micronutrients and environmental pollutants such as heavy metals). We show that application of such microsensors may significantly advance understanding of mechanisms of plant-environmental interaction and regulation of plant developmental and adaptive responses under adverse environmental conditions via non-destructive visualization of key analytes with high spatial and/or temporal resolution. Examples included cover a broad range of environmental situations including hypoxia, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity. We highlight the power of combining microsensor technology with other advanced biophysical (patch-clamp, voltage-clamp, and single-cell pressure probe), imaging (MRI and fluorescent dyes), and genetic techniques and approaches. We conclude that future progress in the field may be achieved by applying existing microsensors for important signalling molecules such as NO and H2O2, by improving selectivity of existing microsensors for some key analytes (e.g. Na, Mg, and Zn), and by developing new microsensors for P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Niels Peter Revsbech
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, China
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21
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Kaya C, Ashraf M, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. The role of nitrate reductase in brassinosteroid-induced endogenous nitric oxide generation to improve cadmium stress tolerance of pepper plants by upregulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110483. [PMID: 32247238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed to assess if nitrate reductase (NR) participated in brassinosteroid (BR)-induced cadmium (Cd) stress tolerance primarily by accelerating the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle. Prior to initiating Cd stress (CdS), the pepper plants were sprayed with 0.5 μM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) every other day for 10 days. Thereafter the seedlings were subjected to control or CdS (0.1 mM CdCl2) for four weeks. Cadmium stress decreased the plant growth related attributes, water relations as well as the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), but enhanced proline content, leaf Cd2+ content, oxidative stress-related traits, activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), and the activities of antioxidant defence system-related enzymes as well as NR activity and endogenous nitric oxide content. EBR reduced leaf Cd2+ content and oxidative stress-related parameters, enhanced plant growth, regulated water relations, and led to further increases in proline content, AsA-GSH cycle-related enzymes' activities, antioxidant defence system-related enzymes as well as NR activity and endogenous nitric oxide content. The EBR and the inhibitor of NR (tungstate) reversed the positive effects of EBR by reducing NO content, showing that NR could be a potential contributor of EBR-induced generation of NO which plays an effective role in tolerance to CdS in pepper plants by accelerating the AsA-GSH cycle and antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Agriculture Faculty, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | | | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, S.P. College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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22
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Li R, Sheng J, Shen L. Nitric Oxide Plays an Important Role in β-Aminobutyric Acid-Induced Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Tomato Plants. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:121-132. [PMID: 32296292 PMCID: PMC7143515 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.11.2019.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) has consistently been reported to enhance plant immunity. However, the specific mechanisms and downstream components that mediate this resistance are not yet agreed upon. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signal molecule involved in a diverse range of physiological processes, and whether NO is involved in BABA-induced resistance is interesting. In this study, treatment with BABA significantly increased NO accumulation and reduced the sensitivity to Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants. BABA treatment reduced physical signs of infection and increased both the transcription of key defense marker genes and the activity of defensive enzymes. Interestingly, compared to treatment with BABA alone, treatment with BABA plus cPTIO (NO specific scavenger) not only significantly reduced NO accumulation, but also increased disease incidence and lesion area. These results suggest that NO accumulation plays an important role in BABA-induced resistance against B. cinerea in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiping Sheng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Lin Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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23
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Safavi-Rizi V, Herde M, Stöhr C. RNA-Seq reveals novel genes and pathways associated with hypoxia duration and tolerance in tomato root. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1692. [PMID: 32015352 PMCID: PMC6997459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to climate change, economically important crop plants will encounter flooding periods causing hypoxic stress more frequently. This may lead to reduced yields and endanger food security. As roots are the first organ to be affected by hypoxia, the ability to sense and respond to hypoxic stress is crucial. At the molecular level, therefore, fine-tuning the regulation of gene expression in the root is essential for hypoxia tolerance. Using an RNA-Seq approach, we investigated transcriptome modulation in tomato roots of the cultivar 'Moneymaker', in response to short- (6 h) and long-term (48 h) hypoxia. Hypoxia duration appeared to have a significant impact on gene expression such that the roots of five weeks old tomato plants showed a distinct time-dependent transcriptome response. We observed expression changes in 267 and 1421 genes under short- and long-term hypoxia, respectively. Among these, 243 genes experienced changed expression at both time points. We identified tomato genes with a potential role in aerenchyma formation which facilitates oxygen transport and may act as an escape mechanism enabling hypoxia tolerance. Moreover, we identified differentially regulated genes related to carbon and amino acid metabolism and redox homeostasis. Of particular interest were the differentially regulated transcription factors, which act as master regulators of downstream target genes involved in responses to short and/or long-term hypoxia. Our data suggest a temporal metabolic and anatomic adjustment to hypoxia in tomato root which requires further investigation. We propose that the regulated genes identified in this study are good candidates for further studies regarding hypoxia tolerance in tomato or other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajiheh Safavi-Rizi
- Department of Plant physiology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 15, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Marco Herde
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Institute of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Stöhr
- Department of Plant physiology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 15, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
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24
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Gupta KJ, Mur LAJ, Wany A, Kumari A, Fernie AR, Ratcliffe RG. The role of nitrite and nitric oxide under low oxygen conditions in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1143-1151. [PMID: 31144317 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues, particularly roots, can be subjected to periods of hypoxia due to environmental circumstances. Plants have developed various adaptations in response to hypoxic stress and these have been described extensively. Less well-appreciated is the body of evidence demonstrating that scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) and the reduction of nitrate/nitrite regulate important mechanisms that contribute to tolerance to hypoxia. Although ethylene controls hyponasty and aerenchyma formation, NO production apparently regulates hypoxic ethylene biosynthesis. In the hypoxic mitochondrion, cytochrome c oxidase, which is a major source of NO, also is inhibited by NO, thereby reducing the respiratory rate and enhancing local oxygen concentrations. Nitrite can maintain ATP generation under hypoxia by coupling its reduction to the translocation of protons from the inner side of mitochondria and generating an electrochemical gradient. This reaction can be further coupled to a reaction whereby nonsymbiotic haemoglobin oxidizes NO to nitrate. In addition to these functions, nitrite has been reported to influence mitochondrial structure and supercomplex formation, as well as playing a role in oxygen sensing via the N-end rule pathway. These studies establish that nitrite and NO perform multiple functions during plant hypoxia and suggest that further research into the underlying mechanisms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Aakanksha Wany
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
| | - R George Ratcliffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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25
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Timilsina A, Zhang C, Pandey B, Bizimana F, Dong W, Hu C. Potential Pathway of Nitrous Oxide Formation in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1177. [PMID: 32849729 PMCID: PMC7412978 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants can produce and emit nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, and several field-based studies have concluded that this gas is emitted at substantial amounts. However, the exact mechanisms of N2O production in plant cells are unknown. Several studies have hypothesised that plants might act as a medium to transport N2O produced by soil-inhabiting microorganisms. Contrarily, aseptically grown plants and axenic algal cells supplied with nitrate (NO3) are reported to emit N2O, indicating that it is produced inside plant cells by some unknown physiological phenomena. In this study, the possible sites, mechanisms, and enzymes involved in N2O production in plant cells are discussed. Based on the experimental evidence from various studies, we determined that N2O can be produced from nitric oxide (NO) in the mitochondria of plants. NO, a signaling molecule, is produced through oxidative and reductive pathways in eukaryotic cells. During hypoxia and anoxia, NO3 in the cytosol is metabolised to produce nitrite (NO2), which is reduced to form NO via the reductive pathway in the mitochondria. Under low oxygen condition, NO formed in the mitochondria is further reduced to N2O by the reduced form of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO). This pathway is active only when cells experience hypoxia or anoxia, and it may be involved in N2O formation in plants and soil-dwelling animals, as reported previously by several studies. NO can be toxic at a high concentration. Therefore, the reduction of NO to N2O in the mitochondria might protect the integrity of the mitochondria, and thus, protect the cell from the toxicity of NO accumulation under hypoxia and anoxia. As NO3 is a major source of nitrogen for plants and all plants may experience hypoxic and anoxic conditions owing to soil environmental factors, a significant global biogenic source of N2O may be its formation in plants via the proposed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbindra Timilsina
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Arbindra Timilsina, ; Chunsheng Hu,
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bikram Pandey
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Fiston Bizimana
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunsheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Arbindra Timilsina, ; Chunsheng Hu,
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Wany A, Pathak PK, Gupta KJ. Methods for Measuring Nitrate Reductase, Nitrite Levels, and Nitric Oxide from Plant Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2057:15-26. [PMID: 31595466 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9790-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients which exist in both inorganic and organic forms. Plants assimilate inorganic form of N [nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-) or ammonium (NH4+)] and incorporate into amino acids. The metabolism of N involves a series of events such as sensing, uptake, and assimilation. The initial stage is sensing, triggered by nitrate or ammonium signals initiating signal transduction processes in N metabolism. The assimilation pathway initiates with NO3-/NH4+ transport to roots via specific high and low affinity (HATs and LATs) nitrate transporters or directly via ammonium transporters (AMTs). In cytosol the NO3- is reduced to NO2- by cytosolic nitrate reductase (NR) and the produced NO2- is further reduced to NH4+ by nitrite reductase (NiR) in plastids. NR has capability to reduce NO2- to nitric oxide (NO) under specific conditions such as hypoxia, low pH, and pathogen infection. The produced NO acts as a signal for wide range of processes such as plant growth development and stress. Here, we provide methods to measure NR activity, NO2- levels, and NO production in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Wany
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Kumari A, Pathak PK, Loake GJ, Gupta KJ. The PHYTOGLOBIN-NO Cycle Regulates Plant Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:981-983. [PMID: 31623993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production of the redox-active signaling molecule, NO, has long been associated with interactions between microbes and their host plants. Emerging evidence now suggests that specific NO signatures and cognate patterns of PHYTOGLOBIN1 (PHYTOGB1) expression, a key regulator of cellular NO homeostasis, may help determine either symbiosis or pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India; http://www.nipgr.res.in/research/dr_jagadis.php.
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Measurement of Nitrate Reductase Activity in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Leaves Under Different Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31595467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9790-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the crucial macronutrients essential for plant growth, development, and survival under stress conditions. Depending on cellular requirement, plants can absorb nitrogen mainly in multiple forms such as nitrate (NO3 -) or ammonium (NH4 +) or combination of both via efficient and highly regulated transport systems in roots. In addition, nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in to NH4 + via highly regulated complex enzyme system and supply to the roots in nodules of several species of leguminous plants. If NO3 - is a primary source, it is transported from roots and then it is rapidly converted to nitrite (NO2 -) by nitrate reductase (NR) (EC 1.6.6.1) which is a critical and very important enzyme for this conversion. This key reaction is mediated by transfer of two electrons from NAD(P)H to NO3 -. This occurs via the three redox centers comprised of two prosthetic groups (FAD and heme) and a MoCo cofactor. NR activity is greatly influenced by factors such as developmental stage and various stress conditions such as hypoxia, salinity and pathogen infection etc. In addition, light/dark dynamics plays crucial role in modulating NR activity. NR activity can be easily detected by measuring the conversion of NO3 - to NO2 - under optimized conditions. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for measuring relative NR enzyme activity of tomato crude extracts. This protocol offers an efficient and straightforward procedure to compare the NR activity of various plants under different conditions.
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Vishwakarma A, Wany A, Pandey S, Bulle M, Kumari A, Kishorekumar R, Igamberdiev AU, Mur LAJ, Gupta KJ. Current approaches to measure nitric oxide in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4333-4343. [PMID: 31106826 PMCID: PMC6736158 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is now established as an important signalling molecule in plants where it influences growth, development, and responses to stress. Despite extensive research, the most appropriate methods to measure and localize these signalling radicals are debated and still need investigation. Many confounding factors such as the presence of other reactive intermediates, scavenging enzymes, and compartmentation influence how accurately each can be measured. Further, these signalling radicals have short half-lives ranging from seconds to minutes based on the cellular redox condition. Hence, it is necessary to use sensitive and specific methods in order to understand the contribution of each signalling molecule to various biological processes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on NO measurement in plant samples, via various methods. We also discuss advantages, limitations, and wider applications of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aakanksha Wany
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonika Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Mallesham Bulle
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Reddy Kishorekumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- Correspondence:
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Berger A, Boscari A, Frendo P, Brouquisse R. Nitric oxide signaling, metabolism and toxicity in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4505-4520. [PMID: 30968126 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between legumes and rhizobia lead to the establishment of a symbiotic relationship characterized by the formation of a new organ, the nodule, which facilitates the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by nitrogenase through the creation of a hypoxic environment. Significant amounts of nitric oxide (NO) accumulate at different stages of nodule development, suggesting that NO performs specific signaling and/or metabolic functions during symbiosis. NO, which regulates nodule gene expression, accumulates to high levels in hypoxic nodules. NO accumulation is considered to assist energy metabolism within the hypoxic environment of the nodule via a phytoglobin-NO-mediated respiration process. NO is a potent inhibitor of the activity of nitrogenase and other plant and bacterial enzymes, acting as a developmental signal in the induction of nodule senescence. Hence, key questions concern the relative importance of the signaling and metabolic functions of NO versus its toxic action and how NO levels are regulated to be compatible with nitrogen fixation functions. This review analyses these paradoxical roles of NO at various stages of symbiosis, and highlights the role of plant phytoglobins and bacterial hemoproteins in the control of NO accumulation.
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Kumari A, Pathak PK, Bulle M, Igamberdiev AU, Gupta KJ. Alternative oxidase is an important player in the regulation of nitric oxide levels under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4345-4354. [PMID: 30968134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitochondria possess two different pathways for electron transport from ubiquinol: the cytochrome pathway and the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway. The AOX pathway plays an important role in stress tolerance and is induced by various metabolites and signals. Previously, several lines of evidence indicated that the AOX pathway prevents overproduction of superoxide and other reactive oxygen species. More recent evidence suggests that AOX also plays a role in regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production and signalling. The AOX pathway is induced under low phosphate, hypoxia, pathogen infections, and elicitor treatments. The induction of AOX under aerobic conditions in response to various stresses can reduce electron transfer through complexes III and IV and thus prevents the leakage of electrons to nitrite and the subsequent accumulation of NO. Excess NO under various stresses can inhibit complex IV; thus, the AOX pathway minimizes nitrite-dependent NO synthesis that would arise from enhanced electron leakage in the cytochrome pathway. By preventing NO generation, AOX can reduce peroxynitrite formation and tyrosine nitration. In contrast to its function under normoxia, AOX has a specific role under hypoxia, where AOX can facilitate nitrite-dependent NO production. This reaction drives the phytoglobin-NO cycle to increase energy efficiency under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mallesham Bulle
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Kolbert Z, Feigl G, Freschi L, Poór P. Gasotransmitters in Action: Nitric Oxide-Ethylene Crosstalk during Plant Growth and Abiotic Stress Responses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E167. [PMID: 31181724 PMCID: PMC6616412 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their first description as atmospheric gases, it turned out that both nitric oxide (NO) and ethylene (ET) are multifunctional plant signals. ET and polyamines (PAs) use the same precursor for their synthesis, and NO can be produced from PA oxidation. Therefore, an indirect metabolic link between NO and ET synthesis can be considered. NO signal is perceived primarily through S-nitrosation without the involvement of a specific receptor, while ET signal is sensed by a well-characterized receptor complex. Both NO and ET are synthetized by plants at various developmental stages (e.g., seeds, fruits) and as a response to numerous environmental factors (e.g., heat, heavy metals) and they mutually regulate each other's levels. Most of the growth and developmental processes (e.g., fruit ripening, de-etiolation) are regulated by NO-ET antagonism, while in abiotic stress responses, both antagonistic (e.g., dark-induced stomatal opening, cadmium-induced cell death) and synergistic (e.g., UV-B-induced stomatal closure, iron deficiency-induced expression of iron acquisition genes) NO-ET interplays have been revealed. Despite the numerous pieces of experimental evidence revealing NO-ET relationships in plants, the picture is far from complete. Understanding the mechanisms of NO-ET interactions may contribute to the increment of yield and intensification of stress tolerance of crop plants in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Feigl
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05422-970, Brazil.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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Youssef MS, Mira MM, Millar JL, Becker MG, Belmonte MF, Hill RD, Stasolla C. Spatial identification of transcripts and biological processes in laser micro-dissected sub-regions of waterlogged corn roots with altered expression of phytoglobin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:350-365. [PMID: 30952087 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over-expression of the corn phytoglobin ZmPgb1.2 increases tolerance to waterlogging, while suppression of ZmPgb1.2 compromises plant growth. To unravel compartment-specific transcriptional changes evoked by ZmPgb1.2 during hypoxia, laser micro-dissected sub-regions from waterlogged roots of WT and ZmPgb1.2 overexpressing [ZmPgb1.2(S)] plants were probed for global transcriptional analysis using next generation RNA sequencing. These sub-regions included compartments within the meristematic, elongation, and maturation zone. Of the 149 genes differentially expressed by the up-regulation of ZmPgb1.2, 78 occurred within the meristematic region and included genes involved in jasmonic acid synthesis and response, ascorbic acid metabolism, and ethylene signalling. The ZmPgb1.2 regulation of these genes, discussed in the context of known functions of Pgbs, was further validated by monitoring their expression in meristematic cells of waterlogged roots suppressing ZmPgb1.2. Of the 27 genes differentially expressed by the over-expression of ZmPgb1.2 in the elongation zone, pyruvate kinase and alcohol dehydrogenase showed an expression pattern correlated to the level of ZmPgb1.2 in the tissue. The transcriptional induction of these two enzymes in hypoxic domains of the elongation zone over-expressing ZmPgb1.2 suggests the activation of the fermentation pathway which might be required to sustain metabolic flux and production of ATP in support of cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Youssef
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Mira
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Gharbia, Egypt
| | - Jenna L Millar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael G Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Robert D Hill
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Wany A, Gupta AK, Kumari A, Mishra S, Singh N, Pandey S, Vanvari R, Igamberdiev AU, Fernie AR, Gupta KJ. Nitrate nutrition influences multiple factors in order to increase energy efficiency under hypoxia in Arabidopsis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:691-705. [PMID: 30535180 PMCID: PMC6417481 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nitrogen (N) levels vary between ecosystems, while the form of available N has a substantial impact on growth, development and perception of stress. Plants have the capacity to assimilate N in the form of either nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+). Recent studies revealed that NO3- nutrition increases nitric oxide (NO) levels under hypoxia. When oxygen availability changes, plants need to generate energy to protect themselves against hypoxia-induced damage. As the effects of NO3- or NH4+ nutrition on energy production remain unresolved, this study was conducted to investigate the role of N source on group VII transcription factors, fermentative genes, energy metabolism and respiration under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. METHODS We used Arabidopsis plants grown on Hoagland medium with either NO3- or NH4+ as a source of N and exposed to 0.8 % oxygen environment. In both roots and seedlings, we investigated the phytoglobin-nitric oxide cycle and the pathways of fermentation and respiration; furthermore, NO levels were tested using a combination of techniques including diaminofluorescein fluorescence, the gas phase Griess reagent assay, respiration by using an oxygen sensor and gene expression analysis by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR methods. KEY RESULTS Under NO3- nutrition, hypoxic stress leads to increases in nitrate reductase activity, NO production, class 1 phytoglobin transcript abundance and metphytoglobin reductase activity. In contrast, none of these processes responded to hypoxia under NH4+ nutrition. Under NO3- nutrition, a decreased total respiratory rate and increased alternative oxidase capacity and expression were observed during hypoxia. Data correlated with decreased reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels. Moreover, increased fermentation and NAD+ recycling as well as increased ATP production concomitant with the increased expression of transcription factor genes HRE1, HRE2, RAP2.2 and RAP2.12 were observed during hypoxia under NO3- nutrition. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study collectively indicate that nitrate nutrition influences multiple factors in order to increase energy efficiency under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Wany
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Kumar Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonika Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Rhythm Vanvari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Abstract
A major problem of climate change is the increasing duration and frequency of heavy rainfall events. This leads to soil flooding that negatively affects plant growth, eventually leading to death of plants if the flooding persists for several days. Most crop plants are very sensitive to flooding, and dramatic yield losses occur due to flooding each year. This review summarizes recent progress and approaches to enhance crop resistance to flooding. Most experiments have been done on maize, barley, and soybean. Work on other crops such as wheat and rape has only started. The most promising traits that might enhance crop flooding tolerance are anatomical adaptations such as aerenchyma formation, the formation of a barrier against radial oxygen loss, and the growth of adventitious roots. Metabolic adaptations might be able to improve waterlogging tolerance as well, but more studies are needed in this direction. Reasonable approaches for future studies are quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses or genome-wide association (GWA) studies in combination with specific tolerance traits that can be easily assessed. The usage of flooding-tolerant relatives or ancestral cultivars of the crop of interest in these experiments might enhance the chances of finding useful tolerance traits to be used in breeding.
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Martos GG, Mamaní A, Filippone MP, Castagnaro AP, Díaz Ricci JC. The ellagitannin HeT induces electrolyte leakage, calcium influx and the accumulation of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in strawberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:400-405. [PMID: 29306187 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
HeT (1-0-galloyl-2,3; 4,6-bis-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-D-glucopyranose) is a penta-esterified ellagitannin obtained from strawberry leaves. Previous studies have shown that foliar application of HeT prior to inoculation with a virulent pathogen increases the resistance toward Colletotrichum acutatum in strawberry plants and to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri in lemon plants. In this work we report that HeT induces an immediate leak of electrolytes, the hyperpolarization of the cellular membrane, a rapid Ca2+ influx to the cytoplasm during the first few seconds, which in turn modulates the accumulation of nitric oxide 5 min after treatment. At longer times, a biphasic accumulation of H2O2 with peaks at 2 and 5 h post treatment could be observed. In addition, HeT elicited the increase of alternative oxidase capacity during the first 12 h post treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Gabriel Martos
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Alicia Mamaní
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Paula Filippone
- Sección Biotecnología de la Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC)-Unidad Asociada al INSIBIO, Av. William Cross 3150, Las Talitas, 4101, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Atilio Pedro Castagnaro
- Sección Biotecnología de la Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC)-Unidad Asociada al INSIBIO, Av. William Cross 3150, Las Talitas, 4101, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Díaz Ricci
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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Wany A, Gupta KJ. Reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide production and antioxidant gene expression during development of aerenchyma formation in wheat. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1428515. [PMID: 29336716 PMCID: PMC5846502 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1428515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In response to hypoxia, plant roots produce very high levels of nitric oxide. Recently, it was demonstrated that NO and ethylene both are essential for development of aerenchyma in wheat roots under hypoxia. Increased NO under hypoxia correlated with induction of NADPH oxidase gene expression, ROS production and lipid peroxidation in cortical cells. Tyrosine nitration was prominent in cells developing aerenchyma suggesting that NO and ROS play a key role in development of aerenchyma. However, the role of antioxidant genes during development of aerenchyma is not known, therefore, we checked gene expression of various antioxidants such as SOD1, AOX1A, APX and MnSOD at different time points after hypoxia treatment and found that expression of these genes elevated in 2 h but downregulated in 24 h where development of aerenchyma is prominent. Further, we found that plants growing under ammonium nutrition displayed delayed aerenchyma development. Taken together, new insights presented in this short communication highlighted additional regulatory role of antioxidants gene expression during aerenchyma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Wany
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- CONTACT Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067
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