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Morgado ME, Brumfield KD, Mitchell C, Boyle MM, Colwell RR, Sapkota AR. Increased incidence of vibriosis in Maryland, U.S.A., 2006-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117940. [PMID: 38101724 PMCID: PMC10922380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio spp. naturally occur in warm water with moderate salinity. Infections with non-cholera Vibrio (vibriosis) cause an estimated 80,000 illnesses and 100 fatalities each year in the United States. Climate associated changes to environmental parameters in aquatic ecosystems are largely promoting Vibrio growth, and increased incidence of vibriosis is being reported globally. However, vibriosis trends in the northeastern U.S. (e.g., Maryland) have not been evaluated since 2008. METHODS Vibriosis case data for Maryland (2006-2019; n = 611) were obtained from the COVIS database. Incidence rates were calculated using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for Maryland. A logistic regression model, including region, age group, race, gender, occupation, and exposure type, was used to estimate the likelihood of hospitalization. RESULTS Comparing the 2006-2012 and 2013-2019 periods, there was a 39% (p = 0.01) increase in the average annual incidence rate (per 100,000 population) of vibriosis, with V. vulnificus infections seeing the greatest percentage increase (53%, p = 0.01), followed by V. parahaemolyticus (47%, p = 0.05). The number of hospitalizations increased by 58% (p = 0.01). Since 2010, there were more reported vibriosis cases with a hospital duration ≥10 days. Patients from the upper eastern shore region and those over the age of 65 were more likely (OR = 6.8 and 12.2) to be hospitalized compared to other patients. CONCLUSIONS Long-term increases in Vibrio infections, notably V. vulnificus wound infections, are occurring in Maryland. This trend, along with increased rates in hospitalizations and average hospital durations, underscore the need to improve public awareness, water monitoring, post-harvest seafood interventions, and environmental forecasting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele E Morgado
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kyle D Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Clifford Mitchell
- Prevention and Health Promotion Administration, Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle M Boyle
- Prevention and Health Promotion Administration, Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.
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Sacheli R, Philippe C, Meex C, Mzougui S, Melin P, Hayette MP. Occurrence of Vibrio spp. in Selected Recreational Water Bodies in Belgium during 2021 Bathing Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6932. [PMID: 37887670 PMCID: PMC10606296 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20206932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a global increase in the number of reports of human vibriosis involving V. cholerae non-O1/O139 (NOVC) and other Vibrio spp. has been observed. In this context, the Belgian National Reference Center for Vibrio conducted an assessment of the presence of Vibrio spp. in recreational waters. Water sampling was performed monthly in different lakes in Wallonia and Flanders, including the North Sea. The collected water was then filtrated and cultured, and Vibrio spp. was quantified according to the Most Probable Number (MPN). Presumptive colonies were confirmed via MALDI-TOF, and PCR for virulence genes was applied if justified. No Vibrio spp. was found in the analyzed water bodies in Wallonia. However, NOVC was isolated from three different lakes in Flanders and from coastal water. In addition, V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus were also detected in coastal water. No clear impact of the pH and temperature was observed on Vibrio spp. occurrence. Our study demonstrates the presence of Vibrio spp. in different bathing water bodies, mostly in the north of Belgium, and supports the recommendation to include Vibrio spp. as a water quality indicator for bathing water quality assessment to ensure the safety of water recreational users in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Sacheli
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Belgian National Reference Center Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Hospital of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.P.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (P.M.); (M.-P.H.)
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Rehm C, Lippert K, Indra A, Kolarević S, Kračun‐Kolarević M, Leopold M, Steinbacher S, Schachner I, Campostrini L, Risslegger A, Farnleitner AH, Kolm C, Kirschner AK. First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 15:142-152. [PMID: 36779243 PMCID: PMC10103850 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae are natural inhabitants of specific aquatic environments. Strains not belonging to serogroups O1 and O139 are usually unable to produce cholera toxin and cause cholera. However, non-toxigenic V. cholerae (NTVC) are able to cause a variety of mild-to-severe human infections (via seafood consumption or recreational activities). The number of unreported cases is considered substantial, as NTVC infections are not notifiable and physicians are mostly unaware of this pathogen. In the northern hemisphere, NTVC infections have been reported to increase due to global warming. In Eastern Europe, climatic and geological conditions favour the existence of inland water-bodies harbouring NTVC. We thus investigated the occurrence of NTVC in nine Serbian natural and artificial lakes and ponds, many of them used for fishing and bathing. With the exception of one highly saline lake, all investigated water-bodies harboured NTVC, ranging from 5.4 × 101 to 1.86 × 104 CFU and 4.5 × 102 to 5.6 × 106 genomic units per 100 ml. The maximum values observed were in the range of bathing waters in other countries, where infections have been reported. Interestingly, 7 out of 39 fully sequenced presumptive V. cholerae isolates were assigned as V. paracholerae, a recently described sister species of V. cholerae. Some clones and sublineages of both V. cholerae and V. paracholerae were shared by different environments indicating an exchange of strains over long distances. Important pathogenicity factors such as hlyA, toxR, and ompU were present in both species. Seasonal monitoring of ponds/lakes used for recreation in Serbia is thus recommended to be prepared for potential occurrence of infections promoted by climate change-induced rise in water temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rehm
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and MicrobiologyKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology – Water MicrobiologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & HealthAustria
| | - Kathrin Lippert
- Institute für Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food SafetyViennaAustria
| | - Alexander Indra
- Institute für Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food SafetyViennaAustria
| | - Stoimir Kolarević
- Institute for Biological Research ¨Siniša Stanković¨, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department for Hydroecology and Water ProtectionUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Margareta Kračun‐Kolarević
- Institute for Biological Research ¨Siniša Stanković¨, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department for Hydroecology and Water ProtectionUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Melanie Leopold
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and MicrobiologyKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & HealthAustria
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität WienViennaAustria
| | - Sophia Steinbacher
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and MicrobiologyKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & HealthAustria
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität WienViennaAustria
| | - Iris Schachner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology – Water MicrobiologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & HealthAustria
| | - Lena Campostrini
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology – Water MicrobiologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & HealthAustria
| | - Alexandra Risslegger
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and MicrobiologyKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & HealthAustria
| | - Andreas H. Farnleitner
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and MicrobiologyKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & HealthAustria
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität WienViennaAustria
| | - Claudia Kolm
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and MicrobiologyKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & HealthAustria
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität WienViennaAustria
| | - Alexander K.T. Kirschner
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and MicrobiologyKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology – Water MicrobiologyMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & HealthAustria
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Chahouri A, Radouane N, Yacoubi B, Moukrim A, Banaoui A. Microbiological assessment of marine and estuarine ecosystems using fecal indicator bacteria, Salmonella, Vibrio and antibiotic resistance pattern. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113824. [PMID: 35689939 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine and estuarine environments are often affected by microbiological contamination that adversely affects their use and severely impacts human health. To examine the influence of anthropogenic activities, this study used two different ecosystems in Agadir Bay, to compare fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and bacterial pathogen profiles over two years. Vibrio target pathogens were detected at a high frequency (49.3%), while a low percentage (5.5%) was noted for Salmonella. Apart from those mentioned above, several other pathogenic bacteria were detected such as Cronobacter sakzakii, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Aeromonas hydrophila. We also investigated the antimicrobial resistance of the pathogenic bacteria isolated. Salmonella strains were sensitive to all the antibiotics used, except ampicillin, amoxicillin + Ac clavulanic and chloramphenicol. And Vibrio strains were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. This study highlights the limitations of FIB in assessing the microbiological quality and the importance of environmental surveys in understanding the distribution of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Chahouri
- Aquatic System Laboratory: Marine and Continental Environment, Faculty of Sciences Agadir, Department of Biology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Nabil Radouane
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, PO Box 2202, Route d'Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco; Department of Plant Protection, Phytopathology Unit, Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès, BP S 40, Meknès, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Yacoubi
- Aquatic System Laboratory: Marine and Continental Environment, Faculty of Sciences Agadir, Department of Biology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | | | - Ali Banaoui
- Aquatic System Laboratory: Marine and Continental Environment, Faculty of Sciences Agadir, Department of Biology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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Droubogiannis S, Katharios P. Genomic and Biological Profile of a Novel Bacteriophage, Vibrio phage Virtus, Which Improves Survival of Sparus aurata Larvae Challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060630. [PMID: 35745484 PMCID: PMC9229204 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, commonly known as “superbugs”, phage therapy for the control of bacterial diseases rose in popularity. In this context, the use of phages for the management of many important bacterial diseases in the aquaculture environment is auspicious. Vibrio harveyi, a well-known and serious bacterial pathogen, is responsible for many disease outbreaks in aquaculture, resulting in huge economic and production losses. We isolated and fully characterized a novel bacteriophage, Vibrio phage Virtus, infecting V. harveyi strain VH2. Vibrio phage Virtus can infect a wide spectrum of Vibrio spp., including strains of V. harveyi, V. owensii, V. campbellii, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. mediterranei. It has a latent period of 40 min with an unusually high burst size of 3200 PFU/cell. Vibrio phage Virtus has a double-stranded DNA of 82,960 base pairs with 127 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). No virulence, antibiotic resistance, or integrase-encoding genes were detected. In vivo phage therapy trials in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, larvae demonstrated that Vibrio phage Virtus was able to significantly improve the survival of larvae for five days at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10, which suggests that it can be an excellent candidate for phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Droubogiannis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology & Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Pantelis Katharios
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology & Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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6
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Fries B, Davis BJK, Corrigan AE, DePaola A, Curriero FC. Nested Spatial and Temporal Modeling of Environmental Conditions Associated With Genetic Markers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Washington State Pacific Oysters. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:849336. [PMID: 35432254 PMCID: PMC9007611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.849336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific Northwest (PNW) is one of the largest commercial harvesting areas for Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the United States. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a bacterium naturally present in estuarine waters accumulates in shellfish and is a major cause of seafood-borne illness. Growers, consumers, and public-health officials have raised concerns about rising vibriosis cases in the region. Vibrio parahaemolyticus genetic markers (tlh, tdh, and trh) were estimated using an most-probable-number (MPN)-PCR technique in Washington State Pacific oysters regularly sampled between May and October from 2005 to 2019 (N = 2,836); environmental conditions were also measured at each sampling event. Multilevel mixed-effects regression models were used to assess relationships between environmental measures and genetic markers as well as genetic marker ratios (trh:tlh, tdh:tlh, and tdh:trh), accounting for variation across space and time. Spatial and temporal dependence were also accounted for in the model structure. Model fit improved when including environmental measures from previous weeks (1-week lag for air temperature, 3-week lag for salinity). Positive associations were found between tlh and surface water temp, specifically between 15 and 26°C, and between trh and surface water temperature up to 26°C. tlh and trh were negatively associated with 3-week lagged salinity in the most saline waters (> 27 ppt). There was also a positive relationship between tissue temperature and tdh, but only above 20°C. The tdh:tlh ratio displayed analogous inverted non-linear relationships as tlh. The non-linear associations found between the genetic targets and environmental measures demonstrate the complex habitat suitability of V. parahaemolyticus. Additional associations with both spatial and temporal variables also suggest there are influential unmeasured environmental conditions that could further explain bacterium variability. Overall, these findings confirm previous ecological risk factors for vibriosis in Washington State, while also identifying new associations between lagged temporal effects and pathogenic markers of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Fries
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Brendan Fries,
| | - Benjamin J. K. Davis
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Exponent Inc., Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anne E. Corrigan
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Frank C. Curriero
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Frank C. Curriero,
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Rupasinghe R, Chomel BB, Martínez-López B. Climate change and zoonoses: A review of the current status, knowledge gaps, and future trends. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106225. [PMID: 34758355 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), especially those with zoonotic potential, are a growing threat to global health, economy, and safety. The influence of global warming and geoclimatic variations on zoonotic disease epidemiology is evident by alterations in the host, vector, and pathogen dynamics and their interactions. The objective of this article is to review the current literature on the observed impacts of climate change on zoonoses and discuss future trends. We evaluated several climate models to assess the projections of various zoonoses driven by the predicted climate variations. Many climate projections revealed potential geographical expansion and the severity of vector-borne, waterborne, foodborne, rodent-borne, and airborne zoonoses. However, there are still some knowledge gaps, and further research needs to be conducted to fully understand the magnitude and consequences of some of these changes. Certainly, by understanding the impact of climate change on zoonosis emergence and distribution, we could better plan for climate mitigation and climate adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwini Rupasinghe
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Brandão J, Weiskerger C, Valério E, Pitkänen T, Meriläinen P, Avolio L, Heaney CD, Sadowsky MJ. Climate Change Impacts on Microbiota in Beach Sand and Water: Looking Ahead. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1444. [PMID: 35162479 PMCID: PMC8834802 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Beach sand and water have both shown relevance for human health and their microbiology have been the subjects of study for decades. Recently, the World Health Organization recommended that recreational beach sands be added to the matrices monitored for enterococci and Fungi. Global climate change is affecting beach microbial contamination, via changes to conditions like water temperature, sea level, precipitation, and waves. In addition, the world is changing, and humans travel and relocate, often carrying endemic allochthonous microbiota. Coastal areas are amongst the most frequent relocation choices, especially in regions where desertification is taking place. A warmer future will likely require looking beyond the use of traditional water quality indicators to protect human health, in order to guarantee that waterways are safe to use for bathing and recreation. Finally, since sand is a complex matrix, an alternative set of microbial standards is necessary to guarantee that the health of beach users is protected from both sand and water contaminants. We need to plan for the future safer use of beaches by adapting regulations to a climate-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.P.); (P.M.)
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Lindsay Avolio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (C.D.H.)
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (C.D.H.)
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
- Department of Soil, Water & Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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9
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Lee CE. Ion Transporter Gene Families as Physiological Targets of Natural Selection During Salinity Transitions in a Copepod. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:335-349. [PMID: 34704854 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00009.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a key factor that structures biodiversity on the planet. With anthropogenic change, such as climate change and species invasions, many populations are facing rapid and dramatic changes in salinity throughout the globe. Studies on the copepod Eurytemora affinis species complex have implicated ion transporter gene families as major loci contributing to salinity adaptation during freshwater invasions. Laboratory experiments and population genomic surveys of wild populations have revealed evolutionary shifts in genome-wide gene expression and parallel genomic signatures of natural selection during independent salinity transitions. Our results suggest that balancing selection in the native range and epistatic interactions among specific ion transporter paralogs could contribute to parallel freshwater adaptation. Overall, these studies provide unprecedented insights into evolutionary mechanisms underlying physiological adaptation during rapid salinity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Davis BJK, Corrigan AE, Sun Z, Atherly E, DePaola A, Curriero FC. A case-control analysis of traceback investigations for Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections (vibriosis) and pre-harvest environmental conditions in Washington State, 2013-2018. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141650. [PMID: 32898797 PMCID: PMC7674187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of seafood-borne illness. It is naturally prevalent in brackish waters and accumulates in shellfish. Vibriosis cases are rising globally, likely due to rising temperatures. OBJECTIVES To identify associations between vibriosis in Washington State and pre-harvest environmental and V. parahaemolyticus genetic measurements sampled from shellfish. METHODS Successful vibriosis traceback investigations were spatiotemporally matched to routine intertidal oyster (Crassostrea gigas) sampling events, which included measurements of temperature, salinity, and V. parahaemolyticus genetic targets (thermolabile hemolysin: tlh; thermostable direct hemolysin: tdh; thermostable direct-related hemolysin: trh). Unmatched sampling events were treated as controls. Associations were evaluated using logistic regression models. RESULTS Systematic differences were observed across Washington harvesting zones. These included positive associations between the odds of vibriosis and all three genetic targets in South Puget Sound, with a large odds ratio (OR) = 13.0 (95% CI: 1.5, 115.0) for a 1-log10 increase in tdh when total bacterium abundance was low (tlh < 1 log10 MPN/g). A positive association also occurred for a 1 °C increase in tissue temperature OR = 1.20 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.30) while a negative association occurred for a similar increase in water temperature OR = 0.70 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.81). In contrast, the coastal bays displayed positive associations for water temperature OR = 2.16 (95% CI, 1.15, 4.05), and for a 1-log10 increase in the tdh:trh ratio OR = 5.85 (95% CI, 1.06, 32.26). DISCUSSION The zonal variation in associations indicates unique pathogenic strain prominence, suggesting tdh+/trh+ strains in South Puget Sound, such as the O4:K12 serotype, and tdh+/trh- strains in the coastal bays. The temperature discrepancy between water and oyster tissue suggests that South Puget Sound pathogenic strains flourish with exposure to relatively warm air during low tide. These findings identify new ecological risk factors for vibriosis in Washington State that can be used in future prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J K Davis
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 627 N. Washington Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Chemical Regulation and Food Safety, Exponent, Inc., 1105 Connective Avenue #1100, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Anne E Corrigan
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 627 N. Washington Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Erika Atherly
- Office of Environmental Health & Safety, Division of Environmental Public Health, Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA, USA
| | | | - Frank C Curriero
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 627 N. Washington Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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11
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Bisharat N, Koton Y, Oliver JD. Phylogeography of the marine pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus, revealed the ancestral scenarios of its evolution. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1103. [PMID: 32779403 PMCID: PMC7520988 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of seafood‐associated deaths worldwide. Despite the growing knowledge about the population structure of V. vulnificus, the evolutionary history and the ancestral relationships of strains isolated from various regions around the world have not been determined. Using the largest collection of sequence and isolate data of V. vulnificus to date, we applied ancestral character reconstruction to study the phylogeography of V. vulnificus. Multilocus sequence typing data from 10 housekeeping genes were used for the inference of ancestral states and reconstruction of the evolutionary history. The findings showed that the common ancestor of all V. vulnificus populations originated from East Asia, and later evolved into two main clusters that spread with time and eventually evolved into distinct populations in different parts of the world. While we found no meaningful insights concerning the evolution of V. vulnificus populations in the Middle East; however, we were able to reconstruct the ancestral scenarios of its evolution in East Asia, North America, and Western Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiel Bisharat
- Department of Medicine D, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology-Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Koton
- Department of Medicine D, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology-Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - James D Oliver
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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12
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Alessia E, Medina M, William R, Fahrenfeld N. Factors associated with elevated levels of antibiotic resistance genes in sewer sediments and wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 6:1697-1710. [PMID: 34295504 PMCID: PMC8294613 DOI: 10.1039/d0ew00230e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The sewer environment is a potential hotspot for the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and other hazardous microbial agents. Understanding the potential for ARG proliferation and retardation and/or accumulation in sewer sediments is of interest for protecting the health of sewage workers and the broader community in the event of sewer overflows as well as for interpreting sewage epidemiology data. To better understand this understudied environment for antibiotic resistance, a field survey was conducted to identify the factors that may control ARGs in sewer sediments and sewage. qPCR was performed for select ARGs and amplicon sequencing was performed for paired samples from combined and separate sanitary sewer systems. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on combined sewer sediments. The relative abundances of sul1, tet(O), tet(W), ermF, and vanA were higher in wastewater compared to sewer sediments, while NDM-1 was greater in sewer sediment and ermF was similar between the two matrices. NDM-1 was observed in sewer sediment but rarely above detection in wastewater in this study. This may indicate that larger/more frequent wastewater samples are needed for detection and/or that retardation and/or accumulation in sewage sediment may need to be considered when interpreting wastewater-based epidemiology data for ARGs. Random forest analyses indicated that season and conductivity were important variables and to a lesser extent so were pH, TSS, heavy metals, and sewer type for explaining the variance of the ARGs. These variables explained the 19-61% of the variance of sul1, tet(O), tet(G), and tet(W) quantified in wastewater. These variables performed less well for explaining the variance in sewer sediments (0.2-24%). Sewer sediment and wastewater had distinct microbial community structures and biomarkers for each are described. Metagenomics indicated that a high diversity of ARGs, including several of medical importance, were observed in the combined sewer sediment. This work provides insight into the complex sewer microbiome and the potential hazard posed by different sewer matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eramo Alessia
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 500 Bartholomew Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Morales Medina
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - R. William
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - N.L. Fahrenfeld
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 500 Bartholomew Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854
- , 1-848-445-8416
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13
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Vezzulli L, Baker-Austin C, Kirschner A, Pruzzo C, Martinez-Urtaza J. Global emergence of environmental non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae infections linked with climate change: a neglected research field? Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4342-4355. [PMID: 32337781 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic ecosystems across the planet. V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 are responsible for cholera outbreaks in developing countries accounting for 3-5 million infections worldwide and 28.800-130.000 deaths per year according to the World Health Organization. In contrast, V. cholerae serogroups other than O1 and O139, also designated as V. cholerae non-O1/O139 (NOVC), are not associated with epidemic cholera but can cause other illnesses that may range in severity from mild (e.g. gastroenteritis, otitis, etc.) to life-threatening (e.g. necrotizing fasciitis). Although generally neglected, NOVC-related infections are on the rise and represent one of the most striking examples of emerging human diseases linked to climate change. NOVC strains are also believed to potentially contribute to the emergence of new pathogenic strains including strains with epidemic potential as a direct consequence of genetic exchange mechanisms such as horizontal gene transfer and genetic recombination. Besides general features concerning the biology and ecology of NOVC strains and their associated diseases, this review aims to highlight the most relevant aspects related to the emergence and potential threat posed by NOVC strains under a rapidly changing environmental and climatic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Craig Baker-Austin
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, CEFAS, Weymouth, UK
| | - Alexander Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Carla Pruzzo
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, CEFAS, Weymouth, UK.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultat de Biociéncies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from different types of seafood in Selangor, Malaysia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1602-1608. [PMID: 32489301 PMCID: PMC7253911 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne bacterial pathogen that may cause gastroenteritis in humans through the consumption of seafood contaminated with this microorganism. The emergence of antimicrobial and multidrug-resistant bacteria is another serious public health threat worldwide. In this study, the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility test of V. parahaemolyticus in blood clams, shrimps, surf clams, and squids were determined. The overall prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood was 85.71% (120/140), consisting of 91.43% (32/35) in blood clam, 88.57% (31/35) in shrimps, 82.86% (29/35) in surf clams, and 80% (28/35) in squids. The majority of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from the seafood samples were found to be susceptible to most antibiotics except ampicillin, cefazolin, and penicillin. The MAR indices of V. parahaemolyticus isolates ranged from 0.04 to 0.71 and about 90.83% of isolates were found resistant to more than one antibiotic. The high prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood and multidrug-resistant isolates detected in this study could pose a potential risk to human health and hence appropriate control methods should be in place to minimize the potential contamination and prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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15
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Gyraite G, Katarzyte M, Schernewski G. First findings of potentially human pathogenic bacteria Vibrio in the south-eastern Baltic Sea coastal and transitional bathing waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110546. [PMID: 31543486 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio spp. are bacteria that inhabit fresh and marine waters throughout the world and can cause severe infections in humans. This study aimed to investigate the presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio bacteria in the coastal waters of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon. The results of cultivation on TCBS media showed that total abundance of Vibrio spp. varied from 1.2 × 102 to 6 × 104 CFU L-1. Real-time PCR revealed that the V. vulnificus vvhA gene varied from 2.8 × 103 to 3.7 × 104 copies L-1, with the highest amounts in sites with average water salinity of 7.1 PSU. Both green and blue-green algae and lower salinity play a role in the growth and spread of total Vibrio spp. Although potential infection risk was low at the time of this study, regular monitoring of Vibrio spp. and infection risk assessments are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gyraite
- Klaipeda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Marija Katarzyte
- Klaipeda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Gerald Schernewski
- Klaipeda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
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16
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Weiskerger CJ, Brandão J, Ahmed W, Aslan A, Avolio L, Badgley BD, Boehm AB, Edge TA, Fleisher JM, Heaney CD, Jordao L, Kinzelman JL, Klaus JS, Kleinheinz GT, Meriläinen P, Nshimyimana JP, Phanikumar MS, Piggot AM, Pitkänen T, Robinson C, Sadowsky MJ, Staley C, Staley ZR, Symonds EM, Vogel LJ, Yamahara KM, Whitman RL, Solo-Gabriele HM, Harwood VJ. Impacts of a changing earth on microbial dynamics and human health risks in the continuum between beach water and sand. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:456-470. [PMID: 31301475 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although infectious disease risk from recreational exposure to waterborne pathogens has been an active area of research for decades, beach sand is a relatively unexplored habitat for the persistence of pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Beach sand, biofilms, and water all present unique advantages and challenges to pathogen introduction, growth, and persistence. These dynamics are further complicated by continuous exchange between sand and water habitats. Models of FIB and pathogen fate and transport at beaches can help predict the risk of infectious disease from beach use, but knowledge gaps with respect to decay and growth rates of pathogens in beach habitats impede robust modeling. Climatic variability adds further complexity to predictive modeling because extreme weather events, warming water, and sea level change may increase human exposure to waterborne pathogens and alter relationships between FIB and pathogens. In addition, population growth and urbanization will exacerbate contamination events and increase the potential for human exposure. The cumulative effects of anthropogenic changes will alter microbial population dynamics in beach habitats and the assumptions and relationships used in quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and process-based models. Here, we review our current understanding of microbial populations and transport dynamics across the sand-water continuum at beaches, how these dynamics can be modeled, and how global change factors (e.g., climate and land use) should be integrated into more accurate beachscape-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) - Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boogo Road, Dutton Park, Old, 4102, Australia
| | - Asli Aslan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay Avolio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian D Badgley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Edge
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay M Fleisher
- College of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luisa Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - James S Klaus
- Department of Marine Geosciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mantha S Phanikumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alan M Piggot
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Clare Robinson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute and Departments of Soil, Water, & Climate, and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Laura J Vogel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevan M Yamahara
- Monterrey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Whitman
- Great Lakes Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Chesterton, IN, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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17
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Federigi I, Verani M, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Carducci A. The application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to natural recreational waters: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 144:334-350. [PMID: 31180003 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the aims of and approaches to the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of untreated recreational waters. The literature search was conducted on four databases and yielded 54 papers, which were analyzed on a quantitative (time-trend, geographical distribution, water type) and qualitative (aims, source of microbial data, pathogens and their measurement or estimation, ways to address variability and uncertainty, sensitivity analysis) basis. In addition, the parameters, implications, and limitations were discussed for each QMRA step. Since 2003, the number of papers has greatly increased, highlighting the importance of QMRA for the risk management of recreational waters. Nevertheless, QMRA still exhibits critical issues, above all regarding contamination data and dose-response relationships. To our knowledge, this is the first review to give a wide panoramic view on QMRA in relation to recreational exposure to untreated waters. This could be useful in identifying the current knowledge gaps and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Federigi
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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18
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Mohamad N, Mustafa M, Amal MNA, Saad MZ, Md Yasin IS, Al-Saari N. Environmental Factors Associated with the Presence of Vibrionaceae in Tropical Cage-Cultured Marine Fishes. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:154-167. [PMID: 30653742 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the environmental factors associated with the presence of Vibrionaceae in economically important cage-cultured tropical marine fishes: the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer, snapper Lutjanus sp., and hybrid grouper Epinephelus sp. Fish sampling was conducted at monthly intervals between December 2016 and August 2017. The body weight and length of individual fish were measured, and the skin, eye, liver, and kidney were sampled for bacterial isolation and identification. Water physicochemical parameters during the sampling activities were determined, and the enumeration of total Vibrionaceae count was also conducted from water and sediment samples. Nine species of Vibrio were identified, including V. alginolyticus, V. diabolicus, V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. rotiferianus, V. furnissii, V. fluvialis, and V. vulnificus. Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae was also identified. A total of 73% of the isolated Vibrio belonged to the Harveyi clade, followed by the Vulnificus clade (5.5%) and Cholera clade (0.6%). Highest occurrence of Vibrio spp. and P. damselae subsp. damselae was found in hybrid grouper (72%), followed by Asian Seabass (48%) and snapper (36%). The associations of Vibrio spp. and P. damselae subsp. damselae with the host fish were not species specific. However, fish mortality and fish size showed strong associations with the presence of some Vibrio spp. On average, 60% of the infected cultured fish exhibited at least one clinical sign. Nevertheless, inconsistent associations were observed between the pathogens and water quality. The yearlong occurrence and abundance of Vibrionaceae in the environmental components indicate that they might serve as reservoirs of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurliyana Mohamad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muskhazli Mustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, and Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zamri Saad
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, and Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ina Salwany Md Yasin
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, and Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurhidayu Al-Saari
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
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19
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Froelich B, Gonzalez R, Blackwood D, Lauer K, Noble R. Decadal monitoring reveals an increase in Vibrio spp. concentrations in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215254. [PMID: 31013284 PMCID: PMC6478372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A decade long study was conducted to investigate the ecological, biological, and temporal conditions that affect concentrations of Vibrio spp. bacteria in a well-studied lagoonal estuary. Water samples collected from the Neuse River Estuary in eastern North Carolina from 2004-2014 (with additional follow-up samples from Fall of 2018) were analyzed to determine Vibrio spp. concentrations, as well as the concentrations of inorganic and organic nutrients, fecal indicator bacteria, phytoplankton biomass, and a wide range of other physio-chemical estuarine parameters. A significant increase in Vibrio spp. was observed to occur in the estuary over the examined period. Strikingly, over this long duration study period, this statistically significant increase in total culturable Vibrio spp. concentrations does not appear to be correlated with changes in salinity, temperature, or dissolved oxygen, the three most commonly cited influential factors that predict estuarine Vibrio spp. abundance. Furthermore, shorter term (~3 years) data on specific Vibrio species (V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus)show that while Vibrio spp. are increasing overall as a genus, the numbers of some key potentially pathogenic species are decreasing as a part of the total population, further supporting the concept that quantification of the entire genus is not a worthwhile use of resources toward predicting levels of specific potentially pathogenic species of public health concern. The significant increase in this concentration of Vibrio spp. in the studied estuary appears to be related to nitrogen and carbon in the system, indicating a continued need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Froelich
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences; Morehead City, NC, United States of America
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences; Morehead City, NC, United States of America
| | - Denene Blackwood
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences; Morehead City, NC, United States of America
| | - Kellen Lauer
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences; Morehead City, NC, United States of America
| | - Rachel Noble
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences; Morehead City, NC, United States of America
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20
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Mohammed H, Seidu R. Climate-driven QMRA model for selected water supply systems in Norway accounting for raw water sources and treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:306-320. [PMID: 30640099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formulating effective management intervention measures for water supply systems requires investigation of potential long-term impacts. This study applies an integrated multiple regression, random forest regression, and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) modelling approach to assess the effect of climate-driven precipitation on pathogen infection risks in three drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) in Norway. Pathogen removal efficacies of treatment steps were calculated using process models. The results indicate that while the WTPs investigated generally meet the current water safety guidelines, risks of Norovirus and Cryptosporidium infection may be of concern in the future. The pathogen infections attributable to current projections of average precipitation in the study locations may be low. However, the pathogen increases in the drinking water sources due to the occurrence of extreme precipitation events in the catchments could substantially increase the risks of pathogen infections. In addition, without optimal operation of the UV disinfection steps in the WTPs, both the present and potential future infection risks could be high. Therefore, the QMRA models demonstrated the need for improved optimization of key treatment steps in the WTPs, as well as implementation of stringent regulations in protecting raw water sources in the country. The variety of models applied and the pathogen: E. coli used in the study introduce some uncertainties in the results, thus, management decisions that will be based on the results should consider these limitations. Nevertheless, the integration of predictive models with QMRA as applied in this study could be a useful method for climate impact assessment in the water supply industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mohammed
- Water and Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute for Marine Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Ålesund, Larsgårdsvegen 2, 6009 Ålesund, Norway.
| | - Razak Seidu
- Water and Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute for Marine Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Ålesund, Larsgårdsvegen 2, 6009 Ålesund, Norway
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21
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Kirschner AKT, Pleininger S, Jakwerth S, Rehak S, Farnleitner AH, Huhulescu S, Indra A. Application of three different methods to determine the prevalence, the abundance and the environmental drivers of culturable Vibrio cholerae in fresh and brackish bathing waters. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1186-1198. [PMID: 29856502 PMCID: PMC6175421 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aims Three cultivation methods were used to study the prevalence and abundance of Vibrio cholerae in Eastern Austrian bathing waters and to elucidate the main factors controlling their distribution. Methods and Results Vibrio cholerae abundance was monitored at 36 inland bathing sites with membrane filtration (MF), a standard most probable number (MPN) approach and direct plating (DP). Membrane filtration yielded the most reliable and sensitive results and allowed V. cholerae detection at 22 sites with concentrations up to 39 000 CFU per 100 ml, all belonging to serogroups other than O1 and O139 and not coding for cholera toxin and toxin coregulated pilus. Direct plating turned out as an easy method for environments with high V. cholerae abundances, conductivity was the only significant predictor of V. cholerae abundance in the bathing waters at warm water temperatures. Conclusions Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 are widely prevalent in Eastern Austrian bathing waters. Instead of the standard MPN approach, MF and DP are recommended for V. cholerae monitoring. Conductivity can be used as a first easy‐to‐measure parameter to identify potential bathing waters at risk. Significance and Impact of the Study Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 infections associated with bathing activities are an increasing public health issue in many countries of the northern hemisphere. However, there are only limited data available on the prevalence and abundance of V. cholerae in coastal and inland bathing waters. For monitoring V. cholerae prevalence and abundance, reliable and simple quantification methods are needed. Moreover, prediction of V. cholerae abundance from environmental parameters would be a helpful tool for risk assessment. This study identified the best culture‐based quantification methods and a first quick surrogate parameter to attain these aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water & Health, Vienna, Austria.,Research Department Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - S Pleininger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Jakwerth
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water & Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Rehak
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - A H Farnleitner
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water & Health, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Research Department Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - S Huhulescu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Indra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Yu S. Uncovering the geographical and host impacts on the classification of Vibrio vulnificus. Evol Appl 2018; 11:883-890. [PMID: 29928297 PMCID: PMC5999204 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus causes human sickness throughout the world via the consumption of undercooked seafood or exposure to contaminated water. Previous attempts at phylogenetic analyses of V. vulnificus have proven unsuccessful, mainly due to the poorly understood impact of factors on its divergence. In this study, we used advanced statistical and phylogenetic methods to strengthen the classification of V. vulnificus. This updated classification included the impact of geographical and host factors. The results demonstrate the existence of hierarchies and multidimensional effects in the classification of V. vulnificus, from the molecular level using biotypes, to the distributional level using geographical location, to the adaptational level through host immune response. These findings have implications for the classification of bacteria, bacterial evolution, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoukai Yu
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological SciencesDepartment of Environmental HealthHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
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23
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Bliem R, Reischer G, Linke R, Farnleitner A, Kirschner A. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae in Turbid Alkaline Lakes as Determined by Quantitative PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00317-18. [PMID: 29625977 PMCID: PMC5960970 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00317-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, global warming has led to a growing number of Vibrio cholerae infections in bathing water users in regions formerly unaffected by this pathogen. It is therefore of high importance to monitor V. cholerae in aquatic environments and to elucidate the main factors governing its prevalence and abundance. For this purpose, rapid and standardizable methods that can be performed by routine water laboratories are prerequisite. In this study, we applied a recently developed multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) strategy (i) to monitor the spatiotemporal variability of V. cholerae abundance in two small soda pools and a large lake that is intensively used for recreation and (ii) to elucidate the main factors driving V. cholerae dynamics in these environments. V. cholerae was detected with qPCR at high concentrations of up to 970,000 genomic units 100 ml-1 during the warm season, up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than values obtained by cultivation. An independent cytometric approach led to results comparable to qPCR data but with significantly more positive samples due to problems with DNA recovery for qPCR. Not a single sample was positive for toxigenic V. cholerae, indicating that only nontoxigenic V. cholerae (NTVC) was present. Temperature was the main predictor of NTVC abundance, but the quality and quantity of dissolved organic matter were also important environmental correlates. Based on this study, we recommend using the developed qPCR strategy for quantification of toxigenic and nontoxigenic V. cholerae in bathing waters with the need for improvements in DNA recovery.IMPORTANCE There is a definitive need for rapid and standardizable methods to quantify waterborne bacterial pathogens. Such methods have to be thoroughly tested for their applicability to environmental samples. In this study, we critically tested a recently developed multiplex qPCR strategy for its applicability to determine the spatiotemporal variability of V. cholerae abundance in lakes with a challenging water matrix. Several qPCR protocols for V. cholerae detection have been developed in the laboratory, but comprehensive studies on the application to environmental samples are extremely scarce. In our study, we demonstrate that our developed qPCR approach is a valuable tool but that there is a need for improvement in DNA recovery for complex water matrices. Furthermore, we found that nontoxigenic V. cholerae is present in very high numbers in the investigated ecosystems, while toxigenic V. cholerae is apparently absent. Such information is of importance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Bliem
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
- Armament and Defence Technology Agency, NBC & Environmental Protection Technology Division, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Reischer
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Rita Linke
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Andreas Farnleitner
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Alexander Kirschner
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
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24
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Huang L, Xu W, Su Y, Zhao L, Yan Q. Regulatory role of the RstB-RstA system in adhesion, biofilm production, motility, and hemolysis. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00599. [PMID: 29573209 PMCID: PMC6182747 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
For infection, initial invasion of the host is of great importance, with adhesion playing a critical role. We previously demonstrated rstA and rstB are remarkably downregulated in Vibrio alginolyticus cultured under heavy metal and acidic stresses, with impaired adhesion, suggesting that rstA and rstB might be involved in adhesion regulation. The present study showed that rstA and rstB silencing resulted in impaired adhesion, biofilm production, motility, hemolysis, and virulence. Meanwhile, changes of temperature, starvation, and pH remarkably affected rstA and rstB expression. These findings indicated that (1) rstA and rstB are critical regulators of adhesion in V. alginolyticus; (2) rstA and rstB have remarkable effects on biofilm production, motility, hemolysis, and virulence in V. alginolyticus; (3) rstA and rstB modulate adhesion in response to environmental changes of temperature, pH, and starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, China.,Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Yongquan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, China.,College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, China.,Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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25
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Huang L, Wang L, Lin X, Su Y, Qin Y, Kong W, Zhao L, Xu X, Yan Q. mcp, aer, cheB, and cheV contribute to the regulation of Vibrio alginolyticus (ND-01) adhesion under gradients of environmental factors. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00517. [PMID: 28744982 PMCID: PMC5727358 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is a key virulence factor of pathogens and can be affected by the environment. Our previously research with RNA-seq indicated that mcp, aer, cheB, and cheV might play roles in the regulation of adhesion in Vibrio alginolyticus (ND-01). In order to determine whether and how environmental factors affect adhesion through these genes, gene silencing was performed followed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), RNAi, transmission electron microscopy, and adhesion, capillary, and motility assays to verify how these genes influence adhesion. Silencing these genes led to deficiencies in adhesion, chemotaxis, flagellar assembly, and motility. The expression levels of cheA, cheW, and cheY, which are important genes closely related to the functions of mcp, aer, cheV, and cheB, were significantly downregulated in all of the RNAi groups. The expression of mcp, aer, cheV, and cheB under different gradients of temperature, pH, and salinity and after starvation for various durations was also detected, which showed that these genes were sensitive to certain environmental stresses, particularly pH and starvation. Our results indicated that mcp, aer, cheB, and cheV: (1) are necessary for ND-01 adhesion; (2) play key roles in the bacterial chemotaxis pathway by controlling the expression of downstream genes; (3) might affect adhesion by impacting motility, though motility is not the only route through which adhesion is affected; and (4) contribute to the regulation of ND-01 adhesion in natural environments with different temperatures, pH levels, and salinities as well as after various starvation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Huang
- Fisheries CollegeKey Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China SeaMinistry of AgricultureJimei UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Fisheries CollegeKey Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China SeaMinistry of AgricultureJimei UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Xiangzhi Lin
- Third Institute of OceanographyState Oceanic AdministrationXiamenFujianChina
| | - Yongquan Su
- College of Ocean & Earth SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Yingxue Qin
- Fisheries CollegeKey Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China SeaMinistry of AgricultureJimei UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Wendi Kong
- Third Institute of OceanographyState Oceanic AdministrationXiamenFujianChina
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Fisheries CollegeKey Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China SeaMinistry of AgricultureJimei UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Xiaojin Xu
- Fisheries CollegeKey Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China SeaMinistry of AgricultureJimei UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fisheries CollegeKey Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China SeaMinistry of AgricultureJimei UniversityXiamenFujianChina
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26
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Engel MF, Muijsken MA, Mooi-Kokenberg E, Kuijper EJ, van Westerloo DJ. Vibrio cholerae non-O1 bacteraemia: description of three cases in the Netherlands and a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30197. [PMID: 27104237 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.15.30197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae non-O1 serogroup (VCNO) bacteraemia is a severe condition with a high case-fatality rate. We report three cases diagnosed in the Netherlands, identified during a national microbiological congress, and provide a literature review on VCNO bacteraemia. A search strategy including synonyms for 'VCNO' and 'bacteraemia' was applied to PubMed, Medline, Web of Science and Embase databases. The three cases were reported in elderly male patients after fish consumption and/or surface water contact. The literature search yielded 82 case reports on 90 cases and six case series. Thirty case reports were from Asia (30/90; 33%), concerned males (67/90; 74%), and around one third (38/90; 42%) involved a history of alcohol abuse and/or liver cirrhosis The presenting symptom often was gastroenteritis (47/90; 52%) which occurred after seafood consumption in 32% of the cases (15/47).Aside from the most frequent symptom being fever, results of case series concurred with these findings. Published cases also included rare presentations e.g. endophthalmitis and neonatal meningitis. Based on the limited data available, cephalosporins seemed the most effective treatment. Although mainly reported in Asia, VCNO bacteraemia occurs worldwide. While some risk factors for VCNO were identified in this study, the source of infection remains often unclear. Clinical presentation may vary greatly and therefore a quick microbiological diagnosis is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon F Engel
- Medical Microbiology Department, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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27
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Sterk A, de Man H, Schijven JF, de Nijs T, de Roda Husman AM. Climate change impact on infection risks during bathing downstream of sewage emissions from CSOs or WWTPs. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:11-21. [PMID: 27591704 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to influence infection risks while bathing downstream of sewage emissions from combined sewage overflows (CSOs) or waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) due to changes in pathogen influx, rising temperatures and changing flow rates of the receiving waters. In this study, climate change impacts on the surface water concentrations of Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium and norovirus originating from sewage were modelled. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was used to assess changes in risks of infection. In general, infection risks downstream of WWTPs are higher than downstream CSOs. Even though model outputs show an increase in CSO influxes, in combination with changes in pathogen survival, dilution within the sewage system and bathing behaviour, the effects on the infection risks are limited. However, a decrease in dilution capacity of surface waters could have significant impact on the infection risks of relatively stable pathogens like Cryptosporidium and norovirus. Overall, average risks are found to be higher downstream WWTPs compared to CSOs. Especially with regard to decreased flow rates, adaptation measures on treatment at WWTPs may be more beneficial for human health than decreasing CSO events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankie Sterk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Jack F Schijven
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ton de Nijs
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Sterk A, Schijven J, de Roda Husman AM, de Nijs T. Effect of climate change on runoff of Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium from land to surface water. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 95:90-102. [PMID: 26986498 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Faeces originating from wildlife, domestic animals or manure-fertilized fields, is considered an important source of zoonotic pathogens to which people may be exposed by, for instance, bathing or drinking-water consumption. An increase in runoff, and associated wash-off of animal faeces from fields, is assumed to contribute to the increase of disease outbreaks during periods of high precipitation. Climate change is expected to increase winter precipitation and extreme precipitation events during summer, but has simultaneously also other effects such as temperature rise and changes in evapotranspiration. The question is to what extent the combination of these effects influence the input of zoonotic pathogens to the surface waters. To quantitatively analyse the impacts of climate change on pathogen runoff, pathogen concentrations reaching surface waters through runoff were calculated by combining an input model for catchment pathogen loads with the Wageningen Lowland Runoff Simulator (WALRUS). Runoff of Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter was evaluated under different climate change scenarios and by applying different scenarios for sources of faecal pollution in the catchments, namely dairy cows and geese and manure fertilization. Model evaluation of these scenarios shows that climate change has little overall impact on runoff of Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium from land to the surface waters. Even though individual processes like runoff fluxes, pathogen release and dilution are affected, either positively or negatively, the net effect on the pathogen concentration in surface waters and consequently also on infection risks through recreation seems limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankie Sterk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jack Schijven
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Domplein 29, 3512 JE Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Domplein 29, 3512 JE, the Netherlands
| | - Ton de Nijs
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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29
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Siboni N, Balaraju V, Carney R, Labbate M, Seymour JR. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vibrio spp. within the Sydney Harbour Estuary. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:460. [PMID: 27148171 PMCID: PMC4829023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio are a genus of marine bacteria that have substantial environmental and human health importance, and there is evidence that their impact may be increasing as a consequence of changing environmental conditions. We investigated the abundance and composition of the Vibrio community within the Sydney Harbour estuary, one of the most densely populated coastal areas in Australia, and a region currently experiencing rapidly changing environmental conditions. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Vibrio-specific 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approaches we observed significant spatial and seasonal variation in the abundance and composition of the Vibrio community. Total Vibrio spp. abundance, derived from qPCR analysis, was higher during the late summer than winter and within locations with mid-range salinity (5-26 ppt). In addition we targeted three clinically important pathogens: Vibrio cholerae, V. Vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus. While toxigenic strains of V. cholerae were not detected in any samples, non-toxigenic strains were detected in 71% of samples, spanning a salinity range of 0-37 ppt and were observed during both late summer and winter. In contrast, pathogenic V. vulnificus was only detected in 14% of samples, with its occurrence restricted to the late summer and a salinity range of 5-26 ppt. V. parahaemolyticus was not observed at any site or time point. A Vibrio-specific 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach revealed clear shifts in Vibrio community composition across sites and between seasons, with several Vibrio operational taxonomic units (OTUs) displaying marked spatial patterns and seasonal trends. Shifts in the composition of the Vibrio community between seasons were primarily driven by changes in temperature, salinity and NO2, while a range of factors including pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) explained the observed spatial variation. Our evidence for the presence of a spatiotemporally dynamic Vibrio community within Sydney Harbour is notable given the high levels of human use of this waterway, and the significant increases in seawater temperature predicted for this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachshon Siboni
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
| | - Varunan Balaraju
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
| | - Richard Carney
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- School of Life Sciences, The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
| | - Justin R. Seymour
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
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30
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Sales-Ortells H, Agostini G, Medema G. Quantification of waterborne pathogens and associated health risks in urban water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6943-6952. [PMID: 25932966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Citizens are exposed to microbial hazards in urban waters. To quantify health risks associated with this exposure, pathogen concentrations in an urban river, lake, rainwater sedimentation pond, a pond in a park, and a wadi, were assessed. E. coli concentrations were variable in all locations, with mean values ranging between 1.2 × 10(2) (lake) and 1.7 × 10(4) (sedimentation pond) cfu (colony forming units)/100 mL. High concentrations of Campylobacter were found, being the lowest in the lake (4.2 × 10(1) gc (genomic copies)/L) and the highest in the wadi (1.7 × 10(4) gc/L). Cryptosporidium was not found in any sample. Low levels of adenovirus 40/41 were found in some samples in the river (1.8 × 10(1) gc/L) and lake (7.2 × 10° gc/L), indicating human fecal contamination. Legionella pneumophila was found in the sedimentation pond, with higher concentrations after rain events (1.3 × 10(2) gc/L). Cyanochlorophyll-a was found in the lake (7.0 × 10(-1) μg/L), the sedimentation pond (1.1 × 10° μg/L), and the pond in the park (2.9 × 10(1) μg/L), where low levels of microcystin were found (2.1 × 10° μg/L). Campylobacter data were used to estimate gastrointestinal risks from recreational exposure. This revealed risks above the annual disease incidence of campylobacteriosis in The Netherlands, being highest in the wadi and river. Measures are proposed to reduce the health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sales-Ortells
- †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, 3433 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- ‡Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Agostini
- †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, 3433 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, 3433 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- ‡Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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