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Blanc P, Liu Y, Reveneau N, Cavell B, Gorringe A, Renauld-Mongénie G. The role of bactericidal and opsonic activity in immunity against Bordetella pertussis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1727-1738. [PMID: 36369768 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2137145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pertussis vaccines have drastically reduced the disease burden in humans since their implementation. Despite their success, pertussis remains an important global public health challenge. Bordetella pertussis resurgence could be a result of greater surveillance combined with improved diagnosis methods, changes in Bordetella pertussis biology, vaccine schedules, and/or coverage. Additionally, mechanisms of protection conferred by acellular pertussis (aP) and whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines differ qualitatively. There are no clear immune correlates of protection for pertussis vaccines. Pertussis antigens can induce toxin neutralizing antibodies, block adherence or engage complement mediated phagocytic/bactericidal killing. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the existing evidence on antibody-mediated serum bactericidal and opsonophagocytic activity and discussed the relevance of these functional antibodies in the development of next-generation pertussis vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Current paradigm proposes that wP vaccines may confer greater herd protection than aP vaccines due to their enhanced clearance of bacteria from the nasopharynx in animal models. Functional antibodies may contribute to the reduction of nasal colonization, which differentiates aP and wP vaccines. Understanding the intrinsic differences in protective immune responses elicited by each class of vaccines will help to identify biomarkers that can be used as immunological end points in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Blanc
- Research & Development, Sanofi, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Research & Development, Sanofi, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Breeze Cavell
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
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2
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Oostindie SC, Lazar GA, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Avidity in antibody effector functions and biotherapeutic drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:715-735. [PMID: 35790857 PMCID: PMC9255845 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the cardinal effector molecules of the immune system and are being leveraged with enormous success as biotherapeutic drugs. A key part of the adaptive immune response is the production of an epitope-diverse, polyclonal antibody mixture that is capable of neutralizing invading pathogens or disease-causing molecules through binding interference and by mediating humoral and cellular effector functions. Avidity - the accumulated binding strength derived from the affinities of multiple individual non-covalent interactions - is fundamental to virtually all aspects of antibody biology, including antibody-antigen binding, clonal selection and effector functions. The manipulation of antibody avidity has since emerged as an important design principle for enhancing or engineering novel properties in antibody biotherapeutics. In this Review, we describe the multiple levels of avidity interactions that trigger the overall efficacy and control of functional responses in both natural antibody biology and their therapeutic applications. Within this framework, we comprehensively review therapeutic antibody mechanisms of action, with particular emphasis on engineered optimizations and platforms. Overall, we describe how affinity and avidity tuning of engineered antibody formats are enabling a new wave of differentiated antibody drugs with tailored properties and novel functions, promising improved treatment options for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. .,Sparring Bioconsult, Odijk, Netherlands. .,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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3
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Oskam N, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Derksen NIL, Kruithof S, de Taeye SW, Vidarsson G, Reijm S, Kissel T, Toes REM, Rispens T. At Critically Low Antigen Densities, IgM Hexamers Outcompete Both IgM Pentamers and IgG1 for Human Complement Deposition and Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:16-25. [PMID: 35705253 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
IgM is secreted as a pentameric polymer containing a peptide called the joining chain (J chain). However, integration of the J chain is not required for IgM assembly and in its absence IgM predominantly forms hexamers. The conformations of pentameric and hexameric IgM are remarkably similar with a hexagonal arrangement in solution. Despite these similarities, hexameric IgM has been reported to be a more potent complement activator than pentameric IgM, but reported relative potencies vary across different studies. Because of these discrepancies, we systematically investigated human IgM-mediated complement activation. We recombinantly generated pentameric and hexameric human IgM (IgM+J and IgM-J, respectively) mAbs and measured their ability to induce complement deposition and complement-dependent cytotoxicity when bound to several Ags at varying densities. At high Ag densities, hexameric and pentameric IgM activate complement to a similar extent as IgG1. However, at low densities, hexameric IgM outcompeted pentameric IgM and even more so IgG1. These differences became progressively more pronounced as antigenic density became critically low. Our findings highlight that the differential potency of hexameric and pentameric IgM for complement activation is profoundly dependent on the nature of its interactions with Ag. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of IgM in immunity because it is a more potent complement activator than IgG1 at low Ag densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Oskam
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Kruithof
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Sanne Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Antibodies have been used to prevent or treat viral infections since the nineteenth century, but the full potential to use passive immunization for infectious diseases has yet to be realized. The advent of efficient methods for isolating broad and potently neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies is enabling us to develop antibodies with unprecedented activities. The discovery of IgG Fc region modifications that extend antibody half-life in humans to three months or more suggests that antibodies could become the principal tool with which we manage future viral epidemics. Antibodies for members of most virus families that cause severe disease in humans have been isolated, and many of them are in clinical development, an area that has accelerated during the effort to prevent or treat COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Broad and potently neutralizing antibodies are also important research reagents for identification of protective epitopes that can be engineered into active vaccines through structure-based reverse vaccinology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA;
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5
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Rochereau N, Michaud E, Waeckel L, Killian M, Gayet R, Goguyer-Deschaumes R, Roblin X, Biolley G, Corthésy B, Paul S. Essential role of TOSO/FAIM3 in intestinal IgM reverse transcytosis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110006. [PMID: 34788614 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) can travel to and from the lumen and transport antigen to subepithelial cells. However, IgM can also multimerize into functional secretory component-bound immunoglobulin. While it is already known that both SIgA and SIgM undergo transcytosis to be secreted at the mucosal surface, only SIgA has been shown to perform retrotranscytosis through microfold cells (M cells) of the Peyer's patch. Here, we investigate whether SIgM could also be taken up by M cells via retrotranscytosis. This transport involves FcμR binding at the apical membrane of M cells. We then demonstrate that SIgM can be exploited by SIgM-p24 (HIV-capsid protein) complexes during immunization in the nasal- or gut-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT or GALT), conferring efficient immune responses against p24. Our data demonstrate a mucosal function of SIgM, which could play a role in the regulation of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rochereau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Eva Michaud
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louis Waeckel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Martin Killian
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Rémi Gayet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Roman Goguyer-Deschaumes
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Xavier Roblin
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Gilles Biolley
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, CHUV, Centre des Laboratoires d'Epalinges, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, CHUV, Centre des Laboratoires d'Epalinges, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Paul
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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6
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Aguilo N, Uranga S, Mata E, Tarancon R, Gómez AB, Marinova D, Otal I, Monzón M, Badiola J, Montenegro D, Puentes E, Rodríguez E, Vervenne RAW, Sombroek CC, Verreck FAW, Martín C. Respiratory Immunization With a Whole Cell Inactivated Vaccine Induces Functional Mucosal Immunoglobulins Against Tuberculosis in Mice and Non-human Primates. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1339. [PMID: 32625195 PMCID: PMC7315045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination through the natural route of infection represents an attractive immunization strategy in vaccinology. In the case of tuberculosis, vaccine delivery by the respiratory route has regained interest in recent years, showing efficacy in different animal models. In this context, respiratory vaccination triggers lung immunological mechanisms which are omitted when vaccines are administered by parenteral route. However, contribution of mucosal antibodies to vaccine- induced protection has been poorly studied. In the present study, we evaluated in mice and non-human primates (NHP) a novel whole cell inactivated vaccine (MTBVAC HK), by mucosal administration. MTBVAC HK given by intranasal route to BCG-primed mice substantially improved the protective efficacy conferred by subcutaneous BCG only. Interestingly, this improved protection was absent in mice lacking polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), suggesting a crucial role of mucosal secretory immunoglobulins in protective immunity. Our study in NHP confirmed the ability of MTBVAC HK to trigger mucosal immunoglobulins. Importantly, in vitro assays demonstrated the functionality of these immunoglobulins to induce M. tuberculosis opsonization in the presence of human macrophages. Altogether, our results suggest that mucosal immunoglobulins can be induced by vaccination to improve protection against tuberculosis and therefore, they represent a promising target for next generation tuberculosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacho Aguilo
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Mata
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Tarancon
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Gómez
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dessislava Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Otal
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Martín
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, ISS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Michaud E, Mastrandrea C, Rochereau N, Paul S. Human Secretory IgM: An Elusive Player in Mucosal Immunity. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:141-156. [PMID: 31928913 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secretory IgMs (SIgMs) were amongst the first identified immunoglobulins. However, their importance was not fully understood and recent advances have shown they play a key role in establishing and promoting commensal gut tolerance in mice and humans. The true interactions between SIgMs and the microbiota remain controversial and we aim to consolidate current knowledge in this review. Through comprehensive examination of SIgMs and their corresponding B cell secretors in several different pathological immunological contexts, we review the presumed role of these molecules in gut tolerance, inflammatory bowel diseases, and lung immunity. As SIgMs harbor a mostly tolerogenic function, we posit that their inclusion in further immunological research is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Michaud
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Nicolas Rochereau
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France.
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8
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Singh AK, Curtiss R, Sun W. A Recombinant Attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Vaccine Delivering a Y. pestis YopE Nt138-LcrV Fusion Elicits Broad Protection against Plague and Yersiniosis in Mice. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00296-19. [PMID: 31331960 PMCID: PMC6759313 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00296-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel recombinant attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis PB1+ strain (χ10069) engineered with ΔyopK ΔyopJ Δasd triple mutations was used to deliver a Y. pestis fusion protein, YopE amino acid 1 to 138-LcrV (YopENt138-LcrV), to Swiss Webster mice as a protective antigen against infections by yersiniae. χ10069 bacteria harboring the pYA5199 plasmid constitutively synthesized the YopENt138-LcrV fusion protein and secreted it via the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) at 37°C under calcium-deprived conditions. The attenuated strain χ10069(pYA5199) was manifested by the establishment of controlled infection in different tissues without developing conspicuous signs of disease in histopathological analysis of microtome sections. A single-dose oral immunization of χ10069(pYA5199) induced strong serum antibody titers (log10 mean value, 4.2), secretory IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from immunized mice, and Yersinia-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing high levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin 2 (IL-2), as well as IL-17, in both lungs and spleens of immunized mice, conferring comprehensive Th1- and Th2-mediated immune responses and protection against bubonic and pneumonic plague challenges, with 80% and 90% survival, respectively. Mice immunized with χ10069(pYA5199) also exhibited complete protection against lethal oral infections by Yersinia enterocolitica WA and Y. pseudotuberculosis PB1+. These findings indicated that χ10069(pYA5199) as an oral vaccine induces protective immunity to prevent bubonic and pneumonic plague, as well as yersiniosis, in mice and would be a promising oral vaccine candidate for protection against plague and yersiniosis for human and veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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9
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The Functional Power of the Human Milk Proteome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081834. [PMID: 31398857 PMCID: PMC6723708 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is the most complete and ideal form of nutrition for the developing infant. The composition of human milk consistently changes throughout lactation to meet the changing functional needs of the infant. The human milk proteome is an essential milk component consisting of proteins, including enzymes/proteases, glycoproteins, and endogenous peptides. These compounds may contribute to the healthy development in a synergistic way by affecting growth, maturation of the immune system, from innate to adaptive immunity, and the gut. A comprehensive overview of the human milk proteome, covering all of its components, is lacking, even though numerous analyses of human milk proteins have been reported. Such data could substantially aid in our understanding of the functionality of each constituent of the proteome. This review will highlight each of the aforementioned components of human milk and emphasize the functionality of the proteome throughout lactation, including nutrient delivery and enhanced bioavailability of nutrients for growth, cognitive development, immune defense, and gut maturation.
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10
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Bretscher PA, Al-Yassin GA. On how the immune system preferentially interacts with antigen-specific molecules bound to antigen over unbound molecules, with emphasis on B cell receptor signalling. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12795. [PMID: 31148206 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific molecules of the immune system, namely antibodies, the membrane immunoglobulins (mIgs) of B cells and T cell receptors (TcRs), can all signal their interaction with antigen. There are different mechanisms by which this signalling could occur. These mechanisms can be divided into two general categories: allosteric and non-allosteric. In allosteric mechanisms, the monovalent binding of the antigen to the receptor triggers a conformational change at the binding site that is propagated to an invariant part of the receptor, a change recognized by a sensing unit. We argue allosteric mechanisms are implausible. Non-allosteric mechanisms depend on steric effects due to the antigen's size and/or multivalency. We consider two non-allosteric mechanisms by which the mIg of B cells has been envisaged to signal its interaction with antigen: the popular cross-linking model and the dissociation activation model. We argue, on the basis of both experimental observations and physiological considerations, that the dissociation activation model, developed by Reth and his colleagues, is uniquely plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Bretscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ghassan A Al-Yassin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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11
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Rungelrath V, Weiße C, Schütze N, Müller U, Meurer M, Rohde M, Seele J, Valentin-Weigand P, Kirschfink M, Beineke A, Schrödl W, Bergmann R, Baums CG. IgM cleavage by Streptococcus suis reduces IgM bound to the bacterial surface and is a novel complement evasion mechanism. Virulence 2019; 9:1314-1337. [PMID: 30001174 PMCID: PMC6177247 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1496778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causes meningitis, arthritis and endocarditis in piglets. The aim of this study was to characterize the IgM degrading enzyme of S. suis (IdeSsuis) and to investigate the role of IgM cleavage in evasion of the classical complement pathway and pathogenesis. Targeted mutagenesis of a cysteine in the putative active center of IdeSsuis abrogated IgM cleavage completely. In contrast to wt rIdeSsuis, point mutated rIdeSsuis_C195S did not reduce complement-mediated hemolysis indicating that complement inhibition by rIdeSsuis depends on the IgM proteolytic activity. A S. suis mutant expressing IdeSsuis_C195S did not reduce IgM labeling, whereas the wt and complemented mutant showed less IgM F(ab’)2 and IgM Fc antigen on the surface. IgM cleavage increased survival of S. suis in porcine blood ex vivo and mediated complement evasion as demonstrated by blood survival and C3 deposition assays including the comparative addition of rIdeSsuis and rIdeSsuis_C195S. However, experimental infection of piglets disclosed no significant differences in virulence between S. suis wt and isogenic mutants without IgM cleavage activity. This work revealed for the first time in vivo labeling of S. suis with IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid of piglets with meningitis. In conclusion, this study classifies IdeSsuis as a cysteine protease and emphasizes the role of IgM cleavage for bacterial survival in porcine blood and complement evasion though IgM cleavage is not crucial for the pathogenesis of serotype 2 meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christine Weiße
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- b Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- b Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- c Department of Physiological Chemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ) , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- d Central Facility for Microscopy , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Jana Seele
- e Department of Neuropathology , University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany.,f Department of Geriatrics , Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- g Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hanover , Germany
| | - Michael Kirschfink
- h Institute of Immunology , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- i Department of Pathology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - René Bergmann
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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12
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Langereis JD, van der Flier M, de Jonge MI. Limited Innovations After More Than 65 Years of Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy: Potential of IgA- and IgM-Enriched Formulations to Prevent Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1925. [PMID: 30190722 PMCID: PMC6115500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with primary immunoglobulin deficiency have lower immunoglobulin levels or decreased immunoglobulin function, which makes these patients more susceptible to bacterial infection. Most prevalent are the selective IgA deficiencies (~1:3,000), followed by common variable immune deficiency (~1:25,000). Agammaglobulinemia is less common (~1:400,000) and is characterized by very low or no immunoglobulin production resulting in a more severe disease phenotype. Therapy for patients with agammaglobulinemia mainly relies on prophylactic antibiotics and the use of IgG replacement therapy, which successfully reduces the frequency of invasive bacterial infections. Currently used immunoglobulin preparations contain only IgG. As a result, concurrent IgA and IgM deficiency persist in a large proportion of agammaglobulinemia patients. Especially patients with IgM deficiency remain at risk for recurrent infections at mucosal surfaces, which includes the respiratory tract. IgA and IgM have multiple functions in the protection against bacterial infections at the mucosal surface. Because of their multimeric structure, both IgA and IgM are able to agglutinate bacteria efficiently. Agglutination allows for entrapment of bacteria in mucus that increases clearance from the respiratory tract. IgA is also important for blocking bacterial adhesion by interfering with bacterial adhesion receptors. IgM in its place is very well capable of activating complement, therefore, it is thought to be important in complement-mediated protection at the mucosal surface. The purpose of this Mini Review is to highlight the latest advances regarding IgA- and IgM-enriched immunoglobulin replacement therapy. We describe the different IgA- and IgM-enriched IgG formulations, their possible modes of action and potential to protect against respiratory tract infections in patients with primary immunoglobulin deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D. Langereis
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Expertise Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation (REIA), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marien I. de Jonge
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Turula H, Wobus CE. The Role of the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor and Secretory Immunoglobulins during Mucosal Infection and Immunity. Viruses 2018; 10:E237. [PMID: 29751532 PMCID: PMC5977230 DOI: 10.3390/v10050237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract houses millions of microbes, and thus has evolved several host defense mechanisms to keep them at bay, and prevent their entry into the host. One such mucosal surface defense is the secretion of secretory immunoglobulins (SIg). Secretion of SIg depends on the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which transports polymeric Ig (IgA or IgM) from the basolateral surface of the epithelium to the apical side. Upon reaching the luminal side, a portion of pIgR, called secretory component (SC) is cleaved off to release Ig, forming SIg. Through antigen-specific and non-specific binding, SIg can modulate microbial communities and pathogenic microbes via several mechanisms: agglutination and exclusion from the epithelial surface, neutralization, or via host immunity and complement activation. Given the crucial role of SIg as a microbial scavenger, some pathogens also evolved ways to modulate and utilize pIgR and SIg to facilitate infection. This review will cover the regulation of the pIgR/SIg cycle, mechanisms of SIg-mediated mucosal protection as well as pathogen utilization of SIg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Turula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Kretschmer A, Schwanbeck R, Valerius T, Rösner T. Antibody Isotypes for Tumor Immunotherapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2017; 44:320-326. [PMID: 29070977 DOI: 10.1159/000479240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to the evolutionary diversity of antibody isotypes, the spectrum of currently approved therapeutic antibodies is biased to the human IgG1 isotype. Detailed studies into the different structures and functions of human isotypes have suggested that other isotypes than IgG1 may be advantageous for specific indications - depending on the complex interplay between the targeted antigen or epitope, the desired mode of action, the pharmacokinetic properties, and the biopharmaceutical considerations. Thus, it may be speculated that with the increasing number of antibodies becoming available against a broadening spectrum of target antigens, identification of the optimal antibody isotype for particular therapeutic applications may become critical for the therapeutic success of individual antibodies. Thus, investments into this rather unexplored area of antibody immunotherapy may provide opportunities for distinction in the increasingly busy 'antibody space'. Therefore, IgG, IgA, IgE as well as IgM isotypes will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kretschmer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Schwanbeck
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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