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Goatley LC, Freimanis G, Tennakoon C, Foster TJ, Quershi M, Dixon LK, Batten C, Forth JH, Wade A, Netherton C. Full genome sequence analysis of African swine fever virus isolates from Cameroon. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293049. [PMID: 38512923 PMCID: PMC10956809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease of domestic pigs that has spread across the globe since its introduction into Georgia in 2007. The etiological agent is a large double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of 170 to 180 kb in length depending on the isolate. Much of the differences in genome length between isolates are due to variations in the copy number of five different multigene families that are encoded in repetitive regions that are towards the termini of the covalently closed ends of the genome. Molecular epidemiology of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is primarily based on Sanger sequencing of a few conserved and variable regions, but due to the stability of the dsDNA genome changes in the variable regions occur relatively slowly. Observations in Europe and Asia have shown that changes in other genetic loci can occur and that this could be useful in molecular tracking. ASFV has been circulating in Western Africa for at least forty years. It is therefore reasonable to assume that changes may have accumulated in regions of the genome other than the standard targets over the years. At present only one full genome sequence is available for an isolate from Western Africa, that of a highly virulent isolate collected from Benin during an outbreak in 1997. In Cameroon, ASFV was first reported in 1981 and outbreaks have been reported to the present day and is considered endemic. Here we report three full genome sequences from Cameroon isolates of 1982, 1994 and 2018 outbreaks and identify novel single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion-deletions that may prove useful for molecular epidemiology studies in Western Africa and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette C. Goatley
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Chandana Tennakoon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Foster
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mehnaz Quershi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Linda K. Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hendrik Forth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
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2
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Diarra AZ, Kelly P, Davoust B, Parola P. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans and Animals in West Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:1276. [PMID: 38003741 PMCID: PMC10675719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are a significant group of arthropod vectors that transmit a large variety of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases worldwide. Ticks are the second biggest transmitters of vector-borne diseases, behind mosquitoes. However, in West Africa, there is often only limited knowledge of tick-borne diseases. With the scarcity of appropriate diagnostic services, the prevalence of tick-borne diseases is generally underestimated in humans. In this review, we provide an update on tick-borne pathogens reported in people, animals and ticks in West Africa by microscopic, immunological and molecular methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included all studies conducted in West Africa reporting the presence of Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii, Theileria, Babesia, Hepatozoon and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viruses in humans, animals or ticks. Our intention is to raise awareness of tick-borne diseases amongst human and animal health workers in West Africa, and also physicians working with tourists who have travelled to the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Zan Diarra
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
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3
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Ambagala A, Goonewardene K, Lamboo L, Goolia M, Erdelyan C, Fisher M, Handel K, Lung O, Blome S, King J, Forth JH, Calvelage S, Spinard E, Gladue DP, Masembe C, Adedeji AJ, Olubade T, Maurice NA, Ularamu HG, Luka PD. Characterization of a Novel African Swine Fever Virus p72 Genotype II from Nigeria. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040915. [PMID: 37112895 PMCID: PMC10146018 DOI: 10.3390/v15040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a high-consequence transboundary hemorrhagic fever of swine. It continues to spread across the globe causing socio-economic issues and threatening food security and biodiversity. In 2020, Nigeria reported a major ASF outbreak, killing close to half a million pigs. Based on the partial sequences of the genes B646L (p72) and E183L (p54), the virus responsible for the outbreak was identified as an African swine fever virus (ASFV) p72 genotype II. Here, we report further characterization of ASFV RV502, one of the isolates obtained during the outbreak. The whole genome sequence of this virus revealed a deletion of 6535 bp between the nucleotide positions 11,760–18,295 of the genome, and an apparent reverse complement duplication of the 5′ end of the genome at the 3′ end. Phylogenetically, ASFV RV502 clustered together with ASFV MAL/19/Karonga and ASFV Tanzania/Rukwa/2017/1 suggesting that the virus responsible for the 2020 outbreak in Nigeria has a South-eastern African origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Lindsey Lamboo
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Melissa Goolia
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Cassidy Erdelyan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Mathew Fisher
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Katherine Handel
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Forth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sten Calvelage
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Resources (CoNAS), Makerere University, Kampala P.O Box 7062, Uganda
| | | | - Toyin Olubade
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pam D. Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria
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4
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Masembe C, Adedeji AJ, Jambol AR, Weka R, Muwanika V, Luka PD. Diversity and emergence of new variants of African swine fever virus Genotype I circulating in domestic pigs in Nigeria (2016-2018). Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:819-828. [PMID: 36377750 PMCID: PMC10152979 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF) is the most lethal disease of pigs caused by ASF virus (ASFV) with severe economic implications and threat to the swine industry in endemic countries. Between 2016 and 2018, several ASF outbreaks were reported throughout pig producing states in Nigeria. OBJECTIVES Thereafter, this study was designed to identify the ASFV genotypes responsible for these outbreaks within the study period (2016-2018). METHODS Twenty-two ASFV-positive samples by polymerase chain reaction were selected. The samples were collected during passive surveillance in eight states of Nigeria were characterised using 3 partial genes sequences of the virus namely, p72 capsid protein of the B646L, p54 envelope protein of E183L and the central variable region (CVR) within B602L of ASFV. RESULTS Phylogenetic and sequences analysis based on p72 and p54 revealed ASFV genotype I as the circulating virus. Sequence analysis of the CVR of B602L revealed genetic variations with six ASFV tandem repeat sequence (TRS) variants namely, Tet-15, Tet-20a, Tet-21b, Tet-27, Tet-31 and Tet-34, thus increasing the overall genetic diversity of ASFV in Nigeria. Three of the TRS variants, Tet-21b, Tet-31 and Tet-34, were identified for the first time in Nigeria. The new TRS variants of ASFV genotype I were identified in Enugu, Imo, Plateau and Taraba states, while co-circulation of multiple variants of ASFV genotype I was recorded in Plateau and Benue states. CONCLUSIONS The high genetic diversity, emergence and increasing recovery of new variants of genotype I in Nigeria should be a concern given that ASFV is a relatively stable DNA virus. The epidemiological implications of these findings require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A J Adedeji
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - A R Jambol
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - R Weka
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - V Muwanika
- College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - P D Luka
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
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5
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Gallardo C, Casado N, Soler A, Djadjovski I, Krivko L, Madueño E, Nieto R, Perez C, Simon A, Ivanova E, Donescu D, Milicevik V, Chondrokouki E, Nurmoja I, Frant M, Feliziani F, Václavek P, Pileviciene S, Marisa A. A multi gene-approach genotyping method identifies 24 genetic clusters within the genotype II-European African swine fever viruses circulating from 2007 to 2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1112850. [PMID: 36761884 PMCID: PMC9905734 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease of pigs and wild boar that poses a major threat to the global swine industry. The genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) entered the European Union (EU) in 2014 and since then fourteen countries have been affected, Italy and North Macedonia being the last in 2022. While whole genome sequencing remains the gold standard for the identification of new genetic markers, sequencing of multiple loci with significant variations could be used as a rapid and cost-effective alternative to track outbreaks and study disease evolution in endemic areas. Materials and methods To further our understanding of the epidemiology and spread of ASFV in Europe, 382 isolates collected during 2007 to 2022 were sequenced. The study was initially performed by sequencing the central variable region (CVR), the intergenic region (IGR) between the I73R and I329L genes and the O174L and K145R genes. For further discrimination, two new PCRs were designed to amplify the IGR between the 9R and 10R genes of the multigene family 505 (MGF505) and the IGR between the I329L and I215L genes. The sequences obtained were compared with genotype II isolates from Europe and Asia. Results The combination of the results obtained by sequencing these variable regions allowed to differentiate the European II-ASFV genotypes into 24 different groups. In addition, the SNP identified in the IGR I329L-I215L region, not previously described, grouped the viruses from North Macedonia that caused the 2022 outbreaks with viruses from Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece, differentiating from other genotype II isolates present in Europe and Asia. Furthermore, tandem repeat sequence (TRS) within the 9R-10R genes of the multigene family 505 (MGF505) revealed eight different variants circulating. Discussion These findings describe a new multi-gene approach sequencing method that can be used in routine genotyping to determine the origin of new introductions in ASF-free areas and track infection dynamics in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Gallardo
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Carmina Gallardo ✉
| | - Nadia Casado
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Laura Krivko
- 3Latvia NRL: Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Enviroment, BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Encarnación Madueño
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Nieto
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Perez
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Simon
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- 4Bulgaria NRL: National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDVRI), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Donescu
- 5Romania NRL: Institute for Diagnostic and Animal Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vesna Milicevik
- 6Republic of Serbia NRL: Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eleni Chondrokouki
- 7Greece NRL: Greek Ministry of Rural Development and Food FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- 8Estonian NRL: National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maciej Frant
- 9Poland NRL: National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- 10Italy NRL: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale (IZS) dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petr Václavek
- 11Czech Republic NRL: State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Jihlava, Czechia
| | - Simona Pileviciene
- 12Lithuania NRL: National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arias Marisa
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Penrith ML, Van Heerden J, Heath L, Abworo EO, Bastos ADS. Review of the Pig-Adapted African Swine Fever Viruses in and Outside Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101190. [PMID: 36297247 PMCID: PMC9609104 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The region in eastern, central and southern Africa (ECSA) where African swine fever (ASF) originated in a sylvatic cycle is home to all the p72 genotypes of ASF virus identified so far. While 20 of the 24 genotypes have been isolated from outbreaks in domestic pigs in the region, only five of the genotypes (I, II, VIII, IX, X) have an extended field presence associated with domestic pigs. Of the genotypes that appear to be strongly adapted to domestic pigs, two have spread beyond the African continent and have been the focus of efforts to develop vaccines against ASF. Most of the experimental ASF vaccines described do not protect against a wider spectrum of viruses and may be less useful in the event of incursions of different strains or where multiple genotypes co-exist. The other three pig-adapted strains that are currently restricted to the ECSA region might spread, and priority should be given to understanding not only the genetic and antigenic characteristics of these viruses but also their history. We review historic and current knowledge of the distribution of these five virus genotypes, and note that as was the case for genotype II, some pig-associated viruses have the propensity for geographical range expansion. These features are valuable for prioritizing vaccine-development efforts to ensure a swift response to virus escape. However, whilst ASF vaccines are critical for high-production systems, global food security relies on parallel efforts to improve biosecurity and pig production in Africa and on continued ASFV surveillance and characterisation in the ECSA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: or
| | - Juanita Van Heerden
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Edward Okoth Abworo
- Biosciences, Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Armanda D. S. Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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7
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Ruiz-Saenz J, Diaz A, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Aguilar PV. African swine fever virus: A re-emerging threat to the swine industry and food security in the Americas. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1011891. [PMID: 36274746 PMCID: PMC9581234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1011891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia,*Correspondence: Julian Ruiz-Saenz ;
| | - Andres Diaz
- PIC—Pig Improvement Company, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Patricia V. Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States,Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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8
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Yang Y, Xia Q, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Li Y, Ma X, Guan Z, Zhang J, Li Z, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Ma Z, Wei J. Detection of African swine fever virus antibodies in serum using a pB602L protein-based indirect ELISA. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:971841. [PMID: 36213400 PMCID: PMC9540791 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.971841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly infectious disease that has a huge impact on the swine industry. It is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The most acute forms of ASF in domestic pigs have mortality rates of up to 100%. The lack of a commercial vaccine and effective therapeutic drugs has brought great challenges to the prevention and control of ASF. Current, the African swine fever virus requires a huge amount of detection, so there is a need for more sensitive and accurate detection technology. The protein pB602L, as a late non-structural protein, has a high corresponding antibody titer and strong antigenicity in infected swine. In this research, the B602L gene was constructed into the pColdI prokaryotic expression vector, and prokaryotic expression of the soluble pB602L protein was induced by IPTG. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein had strong immunogenicity. We established an indirect ELISA method for the detection of anti-ASFV using purified recombinant pB602L protein as antigen. The detection method showed excellent specificity without cross-reactions with antibodies against PRRSV, CSFV, JEV, and GETV. The method could detect anti-ASFV in serum samples that were diluted up to 6,400 times, showing high sensitivity. The coefficients of variation of the intra-assay and inter-assay were both <10%. The assays had excellent specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability. In summary, we developed an accurate, rapid, and economical method for the detection of anti-ASFV in pig serum samples with great potential for ASF monitoring and epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Xia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixin Guan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Zhiyong Ma
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianchao Wei
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9
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Shen ZJ, Jia H, Xie CD, Shagainar J, Feng Z, Zhang X, Li K, Zhou R. Bayesian Phylodynamic Analysis Reveals the Dispersal Patterns of African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050889. [PMID: 35632631 PMCID: PMC9147906 DOI: 10.3390/v14050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary and demographic history of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is potentially quite valuable for developing efficient and sustainable management strategies. In this study, we performed phylogenetic, phylodynamic, and phylogeographic analyses of worldwide ASFV based on complete ASFV genomes, B646L gene, and E183L gene sequences obtained from NCBI to understand the epidemiology of ASFV. Bayesian phylodynamic analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed highly similar results of group clustering between E183L and the complete genome. The evidence of migration and the demographic history of ASFV were also revealed by the Bayesian phylodynamic analysis. The evolutionary rate was estimated to be 1.14 × 10−5 substitution/site/year. The large out-migration from the viral population in South Africa played a crucial role in spreading the virus worldwide. Our study not only provides resources for the better utilization of genomic data but also reveals the comprehensive worldwide evolutionary history of ASFV with a broad sampling window across ~70 years. The characteristics of the virus spatiotemporal transmission are also elucidated, which could be of great importance for devising strategies to control the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ji Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China;
| | - Hong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Chun-Di Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Jurmt Shagainar
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Zheng Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China;
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Kui Li
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (R.Z.)
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10
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Auer A, Settypalli TB, Mouille B, Angot A, De Battisti C, Lamien CE, Cattoli G. Comparison of the sensitivity, specificity, correlation, and inter‐assay agreement of eight diagnostic in vitro assays for the detection of African Swine Fever Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3231-e3238. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Auer
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications International Atomic Energy Agency Friedenstrasse 1 Seibersdorf A‐2444 Austria
- Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Animal Health Service Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO‐UN) Rome Italy
| | - Tirumala B.K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications International Atomic Energy Agency Friedenstrasse 1 Seibersdorf A‐2444 Austria
| | - Beatrice Mouille
- Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Animal Health Service Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO‐UN) Rome Italy
| | - Angelique Angot
- Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Animal Health Service Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO‐UN) Rome Italy
| | - Cristian De Battisti
- Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Animal Health Service Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO‐UN) Rome Italy
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications International Atomic Energy Agency Friedenstrasse 1 Seibersdorf A‐2444 Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications International Atomic Energy Agency Friedenstrasse 1 Seibersdorf A‐2444 Austria
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11
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Penrith ML, Kivaria FM. One hundred years of African swine fever in Africa: where have we been, where are we now, where are we going? Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1179-e1200. [PMID: 35104041 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the first paper on African swine fever (ASF) was published by Montgomery in 1921. With no vaccine, ineffectiveness of prevention and control measures, and lack of common interest in eradicating the disease, ASF has proven to be one of the most devastating diseases because of its significant sanitary and socioeconomic consequences. The rapid spread of the disease on the European and Asian continents and its recent appearance in the Caribbean puts all countries at great risk because of global trade. The incidence of ASF has also increased on the African continent over the last few decades, extending its distribution far beyond the area in which the ancient sylvatic cycle is present with its complex epidemiological transmission pathways involving virus reservoirs in ticks and wild African Suidae. Both in that area and elsewhere, efficient transmission by infected domestic pigs and virus resistance in infected animal products and fomites mean that human driven factors along the pig value chain are the dominant impediments for its prevention, control, and eradication. Control efforts in Africa are furthermore hampered by the lack of information about the size and location of the fast-growing pig population, particularly in the dynamic smallholder sector that constitutes up to 90% of pig production in the region. A vaccine that will be both affordable and effective against multiple genotypes of the virus is not a short-term reality. Therefore, a strategy for management of ASF in sub-Saharan Africa is needed to provide a roadmap for the way forward for the continent. This review explores the progression of ASF and our knowledge of it through research over a century in Africa, our current understanding of ASF, and what must be done going forwards to improve the African situation and contribute to global prevention and control. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Fredrick Mathias Kivaria
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Block P, Level 3, United Nations Complex, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, PO Box: 30470, GPO, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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12
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Franzo G, Settypalli TBK, Agusi ER, Meseko C, Minoungou G, Ouoba BL, Habibata ZL, Wade A, de Barros JL, Tshilenge CG, Gelaye E, Yami M, Gizaw D, Chibssa TR, Anahory IV, Mapaco LP, Achá SJ, Ijomanta J, Jambol AR, Adedeji AJ, Luka PD, Shamaki D, Diop M, Bakhoum MT, Lo MM, Chang'a JS, Magidanga B, Mayenga C, Ziba MW, Dautu G, Masembe C, Achenbach J, Molini U, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. Porcine circovirus-2 in Africa: Identification of continent-specific clusters and evidence of independent viral introductions from Europe, North America and Asia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1142-e1152. [PMID: 34812571 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is associated with several disease syndromes in domestic pigs that have a significant impact on global pig production and health. Currently, little is known about the status of PCV-2 in Africa. In this study, a total of 408 archived DNA samples collected from pigs in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania and Zambia between 2000 and 2018 were screened by PCR for the presence of PCV-2. Positive amplicons of the gene encoding the viral capsid protein (ORF2) were sequenced to determine the genotypes circulating in each country. Four of the nine currently known genotypes of PCV-2 were identified (i.e. PCV-2a, PCV-2b, PCV-2d and PCV-2 g) with more than one genotype being identified in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Senegal and Zambia. Additionally, a phylogeographic analysis which included 38 additional ORF2 gene sequences of PCV-2s previously identified in Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa from 2014 to 2016 and 2019 to 2020 and available in public databases, demonstrated the existence of several African-specific clusters and estimated the approximate time of introduction of PCV-2s into Africa from other continents. This is the first in-depth study of PCV-2 in Africa and it has important implications for pig production at both the small-holder and commercial farm level on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Clement Meseko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | - José Luís de Barros
- Direction Génerale de l`Agriculture, Sylviculture et Élèvage, Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Cape Verde
| | | | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | | | - Iolanda Vieira Anahory
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lourenço P Mapaco
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sara J Achá
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | | | | | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - David Shamaki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Mariame Diop
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mame Thierno Bakhoum
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Jelly S Chang'a
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bishop Magidanga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Mayenga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Maureen Wakwamba Ziba
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Ward MP, Tian K, Nowotny N. African Swine Fever, the forgotten pandemic. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2637-2639. [PMID: 34499823 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kegong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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