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Franzo G, Zerbo HL, Ouoba BL, Dji-Tombo AD, Kindo MG, Sawadogo R, Chang’a J, Bitanyi S, Kamigwe A, Mayenga C, Lo MM, Ndiaye M, Ba A, Diop GL, Anahory IV, Mapaco LP, Achá SJ, Kouakou VK, Couacy-Hymann E, Gacheru SG, Lichoti JK, Kasivalu JK, Njagi ON, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Molini U, Dundon WG. A Phylogeographic Analysis of Porcine Parvovirus 1 in Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:207. [PMID: 36680247 PMCID: PMC9864576 DOI: 10.3390/v15010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) is recognized as a major cause of reproductive failure in pigs, leading to several clinical outcomes globally known as SMEDI. Despite being known since the late 1960s its circulation is still of relevance to swine producers. Additionally, the emergence of variants such as the virulent 27a strain, for which lower protection induced by vaccines has been demonstrated, is of increasing concern. Even though constant monitoring of PPV1 using molecular epidemiological approaches is of pivotal importance, viral sequence data are scarce especially in low-income countries. To fill this gap, a collection of 71 partial VP2 sequences originating from eight African countries (Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tanzania) during the period 2011-2021 were analyzed within the context of global PPV1 variability. The observed pattern largely reflected what has been observed in high-income regions, i.e., 27a-like strains were more frequently detected than less virulent NADL-8-like strains. A phylogeographic analysis supported this observation, highlighting that the African scenario has been largely shaped by multiple PPV1 importation events from other continents, especially Europe and Asia. The existence of such an international movement coupled with the circulation of potential vaccine-escape variants requires the careful evaluation of the control strategies to prevent new strain introduction and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Rasablaga Sawadogo
- Laboratoire National d’Elevage (LNE), Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso
| | - Jelly Chang’a
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Stella Bitanyi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Aloyce Kamigwe
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Charles Mayenga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Mbengué Ndiaye
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Aminata Ba
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Gaye Laye Diop
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Iolanda Vieira Anahory
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo 1922, Mozambique
| | - Lourenço P. Mapaco
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo 1922, Mozambique
| | - Sara J. Achá
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo 1922, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Stephen G. Gacheru
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Jacqueline K. Lichoti
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Justus K. Kasivalu
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Obadiah N. Njagi
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Windhoek Private Bag 18137, Namibia
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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Franzo G, Settypalli TBK, Agusi ER, Meseko C, Minoungou G, Ouoba BL, Habibata ZL, Wade A, de Barros JL, Tshilenge CG, Gelaye E, Yami M, Gizaw D, Chibssa TR, Anahory IV, Mapaco LP, Achá SJ, Ijomanta J, Jambol AR, Adedeji AJ, Luka PD, Shamaki D, Diop M, Bakhoum MT, Lo MM, Chang'a JS, Magidanga B, Mayenga C, Ziba MW, Dautu G, Masembe C, Achenbach J, Molini U, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. Porcine circovirus-2 in Africa: Identification of continent-specific clusters and evidence of independent viral introductions from Europe, North America and Asia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1142-e1152. [PMID: 34812571 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is associated with several disease syndromes in domestic pigs that have a significant impact on global pig production and health. Currently, little is known about the status of PCV-2 in Africa. In this study, a total of 408 archived DNA samples collected from pigs in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania and Zambia between 2000 and 2018 were screened by PCR for the presence of PCV-2. Positive amplicons of the gene encoding the viral capsid protein (ORF2) were sequenced to determine the genotypes circulating in each country. Four of the nine currently known genotypes of PCV-2 were identified (i.e. PCV-2a, PCV-2b, PCV-2d and PCV-2 g) with more than one genotype being identified in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Senegal and Zambia. Additionally, a phylogeographic analysis which included 38 additional ORF2 gene sequences of PCV-2s previously identified in Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa from 2014 to 2016 and 2019 to 2020 and available in public databases, demonstrated the existence of several African-specific clusters and estimated the approximate time of introduction of PCV-2s into Africa from other continents. This is the first in-depth study of PCV-2 in Africa and it has important implications for pig production at both the small-holder and commercial farm level on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Clement Meseko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | - José Luís de Barros
- Direction Génerale de l`Agriculture, Sylviculture et Élèvage, Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Cape Verde
| | | | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | | | - Iolanda Vieira Anahory
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lourenço P Mapaco
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sara J Achá
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | | | | | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - David Shamaki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Mariame Diop
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mame Thierno Bakhoum
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Jelly S Chang'a
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bishop Magidanga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Mayenga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Maureen Wakwamba Ziba
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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Anahory IV, Franzo G, Settypalli TBK, Mapaco LP, Achá SJ, Molini U, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. Identification of porcine circovirus-3 in Mozambique. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:593-596. [PMID: 34750750 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been associated with an assortment of clinical conditions in pigs and has been reported in many countries worldwide. In Africa there is no data on the presence of PCV-3. In this study, DNA samples collected from 91 pigs between 2011 and 2019 in nine of the ten provinces of Mozambique in the context of African swine fever (ASF) monitoring were further screened for the presence of PCV-3. Of these samples, 7 (7.5%) animals were positive for PCV-3. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the capsid protein gene (ORF2) of the PCV-3s provided evidence of epidemiological links with PCV-3s identified in North and South America, Asia, and Europe. This is the first identification of PCV-3 in Mozambique (and Africa) and the first evidence of co-infection of PCV-3 and ASF virus. It should provide a starting point for further investigations into the presence and impact of PCV-3 in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Vieira Anahory
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Freidenstrasse, 1, Seibersdorf 2444, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lourenço P Mapaco
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sara J Achá
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Freidenstrasse, 1, Seibersdorf 2444, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Freidenstrasse, 1, Seibersdorf 2444, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Freidenstrasse, 1, Seibersdorf 2444, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
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Mapaco LP, Lacerda Z, Monjane IVA, Sussuro A, Viljoen GJ, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Achá SJ. Molecular characterization of avipoxviruses circulating in Mozambique, 2016-2018. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2245-2251. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Laisse CJ, Souza CK, Pereira PR, De Lorenzo C, Bianchi MV, Mapaco LP, Pavarini SP, Canal CW, Driemeier D. Detection and phylogenetic characterization of porcine circovirus 2 from pigs in Mozambique. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:342-347. [PMID: 29701572 PMCID: PMC6505822 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718769266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), caused by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), have a significant economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. In Africa, there is little information, to date, regarding the occurrence of PCV-2, and it has not been reported in Mozambique's swine population. We randomly collected mesenteric lymph nodes ( n = 111) from slaughtered pigs from 9 districts in southern Mozambique. PCV-2 DNA was detected in 54% (62 of 111) of the samples and 78% (23 of 31) of the farms. PCV-2 antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in lymph nodes (6 of 62; 10%) that were positive for PCV-2 by PCR. Histopathologic changes observed in these lymph nodes were lymphoid depletion, multifocal nodal necrosis, and infiltrates of histiocytes and multinucleate giant cells. One positive sample from each district was selected in order to obtain sequences covering the ORF2 region. Five sequences clustered with PCV-2d, of which 3 sequences from Maputo, Namaacha, and Moamba were grouped with PCV-2d-2; 2 sequences from Manhiça and Matola were grouped as PCV-2d-1; and 4 sequences from Boane, Matutuíne, Chibuto, and Xai-Xai were closely related to PCV-2b-1A/B genotypes. Our study indicates that a diversity of PCV-2 viruses is circulating in the Mozambican swine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio J. Laisse
- Cláudio J. Laisse,
Division of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane
University, Bairro do Jardim, Km 15, PO Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique.
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Mapaco LP, Lacerda Z, Monjane IVA, Gelaye E, Sussuro AH, Viljoen GJ, Dundon WG, Achá SJ. Identification of Clade E Avipoxvirus, Mozambique, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1602-1604. [PMID: 28820373 PMCID: PMC5572868 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.161981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of scab samples collected from poultry during outbreaks of fowlpox in Mozambique in 2016 revealed the presence of clade E avipoxviruses. Infected poultry were from flocks that had been vaccinated against fowlpox virus. These findings require urgent reevaluation of the vaccine formula and control strategies in this country.
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Mapaco LP, Coetzer JAW, Paweska JT, Venter EH. An investigation into an outbreak of Rift Valley fever on a cattle farm in Bela-Bela, South Africa, in 2008. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2012; 83:132. [PMID: 23327134 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v83i1.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2008, a suspected outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was reported on a farm in the Bela-Bela area, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Seven calves died on the affected dairy farm, where no RVF vaccination programme was practised. No apparent clinical disease was reported in the other 300 cattle (33 calves included) or 200 sheep on the farm. During the outbreak, blood samples from 77.7% (233/300) of the cattle and 36.5% (73/200) of the sheep were collected on the affected farm and 55 blood samples were taken from cattle on a neighbouring farm. Eight weeks later, 78% of the cattle (234/300) and 42.5% of the sheep (85/200) were bled on the affected farm only. All sera were tested by an Immunoglobulin M (IgM)-capture Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by an indirect Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. Selected IgM-positive (n = 14), IgG-positive (n = 23) and samples negative for both IgM and IgG-specific antibodies against RVF virus (n = 19) were tested using the serum neutralisation test (SNT). Sera from IgM-positive (n = 14) and negative (n = 20) animals were also tested by a TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On the affected farm, 7% (16/233) of the cattle were IgM-positive and 13.7% (32/233) IgG-positive at the first bleed and 2% were IgM-positive at the second bleed, whilst the number of cattle positive for IgG-specific antibodies increased by 21.3% compared with the first bleed. Only 1.4% of sheep were positive for both IgM and IgG antibodies at the first collection; at the second bleed, IgM-positive cases decreased to 1.2%, whilst IgG-positive cases increased to 2.4%. Whilst no IgM-positive cattle were found on the neighbouring farm, 5.5% of cattle were IgG-positive. The SNT confirmed most of the ELISA results, whilst PCR results were all negative. Although serology results indicated virus circulation on both farms, the negative PCR results demonstrated that the animals were not viraemic at the time they were sampled. The movement of infected mosquito vectors by wind over long distances into a low-lying area that favoured their breeding on the Bela-Bela farm may have led to an outbreak of the disease there, but the reason for the low level of virus circulation amongst susceptible animals remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourenço P Mapaco
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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