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Sacramento HS, da Silva LC, Papoti M, Rossi FE, Dos Santos Gomes W, Dos Santos Costa A, Campos EZ. Sodium Nitrate Improves Oxidative Energy Contribution and Reduces Phosphocreatine Contribution During High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-6. [PMID: 39249506 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2396146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to verify the effect of acute nitrate supplementation on oxidative, phosphocreatine, and glycolytic energy contribution (COXI, CPCr, and CLAC, respectively) during a high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE). Fifteen physically active subjects were submitted to incremental running test on a treadmill and two random HIIE (10 × 1 min at maximal aerobic speed with 1 min of passive recovery) in the following conditions: sodium nitrate (SN) or Placebo (PL). Repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare COXI, and CPCr within the 10 efforts. Student t test was used to compare total COXI, CPCr, CLAC, as well oxidative and non-oxidative contribution. Considering the 10 efforts, COXI presented the main effect for condition (F = 16.7; p = .001; SN: 1.9 ± 0.1 L; PL: 1.6 ± 0.1 L), and no interaction effect (F = 0.9; p = .415), while CPCr presented effect for condition (F = 13.4; p = .003; SN: 1.2 ± 0.1; PL: 1.4 ± 0.8 L), and no interaction (F = 1.2; p = .317). Total oxidative contribution were higher (p < .001) after SN (19.1 ± 3.4 L) than Placebo (16.7 ± 3.1 L), while total CPCr were lower (p = .002) after SN (12.4 ± 2.5 L) than PL (14.1 ± 2.6 L). Total energy contribution were not different between trials. Acute dose of SN supplementation improved oxidative contribution during HIIE, and reduced CPCr. Higher COXI is likely related to increased oxygen kinetics, while the lower CPCr might be related to the improved energetic efficiency.
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Fenuta AM, Drouin PJ, Kohoko ZIN, Lynn MJT, Tschakovsky ME. Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on oxygen delivery/consumption and critical impulse during maximal effort forearm exercise in males: a randomized crossover trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:1184-1201. [PMID: 38728747 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Beetroot juice supplementation (BRJ) should increase nitric oxide bioavailability under conditions of muscle deoxygenation and acidosis that are a normal consequence of the maximal effort exercise test used to identify forearm critical impulse. We hypothesized BRJ would improve oxygen delivery:demand matching and forearm critical impulse performance. Healthy males (20.8 ± 2.4 years) participated in a randomized crossover trial between October 2017 and May 2018 (Queen's University, Kingston, ON). Participants completed 10 min of rhythmic maximal effort forearm handgrip exercise 2.5 h post placebo (PL) vs. BRJ (9 completed PL/BRJ vs. 4 completed BRJ/PL) within a 2 week period. Data are presented as mean ± SD. There was a main effect of drink (PL > BRJ) for oxygen extraction (P = 0.033, ηp2 = 0.351) and oxygen consumption/force (P = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.417). There was a drink × time interaction (PL > BRJ) for oxygen consumption/force (P = 0.035, ηp2 = 0.216) between 75 and 360 s (1.25-6 min) from exercise onset. BRJ did not influence oxygen delivery (P = 0.953, ηp2 = 0.000), oxygen consumption (P = 0.064, ηp2 = 0.278), metabolites ((lactate) (P = 0.196, ηp2 = 0.135), pH (P = 0.759, ηp2 = 0.008)) or power-duration performance parameters (critical impulse (P = 0.379, d = 0.253), W' (P = 0.733, d = 0.097)). BRJ during all-out handgrip exercise does not influence oxygen delivery or exercise performance. Oxygen cost of contraction with BRJ is reduced as contraction impulse is declining during maximal effort exercise resulting in less oxygen extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Fenuta
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick J Drouin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Zach I N Kohoko
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Mytchel J T Lynn
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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3
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Hayes E, Dent E, Shannon OM, Zhong LZ, Bozanich T, Blekkenhorst LC, Zhu K, Bondonno CP, Siervo M, Hoogendijk EO, Hodgson JM, Prince RL, Lewis JR, Sim M. Higher plant-derived nitrate intake is associated with lower odds of frailty in a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older women. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:2281-2290. [PMID: 38761280 PMCID: PMC11377636 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary nitrate intake is inversely related to numerous contributors towards frailty, including cardiovascular disease and poor physical function. Whether these findings extend to frailty remain unknown. We investigated if habitual nitrate intake, derived from plants or animal-based foods, was cross-sectionally associated with frailty in women. METHODS Community-dwelling older Australian women (n = 1390, mean age 75.1 ± 2.7 years) completed a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nitrate concentrations in food were obtained from international nitrate databases. We adopted the Rockwood frailty index (FI) of cumulative deficits comprising 33 variables across multiple health domains (scored 0 to 1), which predicts increased hospitalisation and mortality risk. A FI ≥ 0.25 indicated frailty. Cross-sectional associations between nitrate intake (total plant and animal nitrate, separately) and frailty were analysed using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models (including lifestyle factors), as part of restricted cubic splines. RESULTS A non-linear inverse relationship was observed between total plant nitrate intake and frailty. Compared to women with the lowest plant nitrate intake (Quartile [Q]1), women with greater intakes in Q2 (OR 0.69 95%CI 0.56-0.84), Q3 (OR 0.67 95%CI 0.50-0.90) and Q4 (OR 0.66 95%CI 0.45-0.98) had lower odds for frailty. A nadir in the inverse association was observed once intakes reached ~ 64 mg/d (median Q2). No relationship was observed between total animal nitrate and frailty. CONCLUSION Community-dwelling older women consuming low amounts of plant-derived nitrate were more likely to present with frailty. Consuming at least one daily serving (~ 75 g) of nitrate-rich green leafy vegetables may be beneficial in preventing frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Hayes
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elsa Dent
- Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lie Zhou Zhong
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Trent Bozanich
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kun Zhu
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Catherine P Bondonno
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emiel O Hoogendijk
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Ageing and Later Life Research Program, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Richard L Prince
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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4
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Margaritelis NV, Cobley JN, Nastos GG, Papanikolaou K, Bailey SJ, Kritsiligkou P, Nikolaidis MG. Evidence-based sports supplements: A redox analysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 224:62-77. [PMID: 39147071 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming number of sports supplements on the market, only seven are currently recognized as effective. Biological functions are largely regulated through redox reactions, yet no comprehensive analysis of the redox properties of these supplements has been compiled. Here, we analyze the redox characteristics of these seven supplements: bicarbonates, beta-alanine, caffeine, creatine, nitrates, carbohydrates, and proteins. Our findings suggest that all sports supplements exhibit some degree of redox activity. However, the precise physiological implications of these redox properties remain unclear. Future research, employing unconventional perspectives and methodologies, will reveal new redox pixels of the exercise physiology and sports nutrition picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece.
| | - James N Cobley
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - George G Nastos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | | | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paraskevi Kritsiligkou
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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5
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Wei C, Vanhatalo A, Black MI, Blackwell JR, Rajaram R, Kadach S, Jones AM. Relationships between nitric oxide biomarkers and physiological outcomes following dietary nitrate supplementation. Nitric Oxide 2024; 148:23-33. [PMID: 38697467 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can increase nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, reduce blood pressure (BP) and improve muscle contractile function in humans. Plasma nitrite concentration (plasma [NO2-]) is the most oft-used biomarker of NO bioavailability. However, it is unclear which of several NO biomarkers (NO3-, NO2-, S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs)) in plasma, whole blood (WB), red blood cells (RBC) and skeletal muscle correlate with the physiological effects of acute and chronic dietary NO3- supplementation. Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 12 participants (9 males) consumed NO3--rich beetroot juice (BR) (∼12.8 mmol NO3-) and NO3--depleted placebo beetroot juice (PL) acutely and then chronically (for two weeks). Biological samples were collected, resting BP was assessed, and 10 maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the knee extensors were performed at 2.5-3.5 h following supplement ingestion on day 1 and day 14. Diastolic BP was significantly lower in BR (-2 ± 3 mmHg, P = 0.03) compared to PL following acute supplementation, while the absolute rate of torque development (RTD) was significantly greater in BR at 0-30 ms (39 ± 57 N m s-1, P = 0.03) and 0-50 ms (79 ± 99 N m s-1, P = 0.02) compared to PL following two weeks supplementation. Greater WB [RSNOs] rather than plasma [NO2-] was correlated with lower diastolic BP (r = -0.68, P = 0.02) in BR compared to PL following acute supplementation, while greater skeletal muscle [NO3-] was correlated with greater RTD at 0-30 ms (r = 0.64, P=0.03) in BR compared to PL following chronic supplementation. We conclude that [RSNOs] in blood, and [NO3-] in skeletal muscle, are relevant biomarkers of NO bioavailability which are related to the reduction of BP and the enhanced muscle contractile function following dietary NO3- ingestion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wei
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Matthew I Black
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Raghini Rajaram
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Stefan Kadach
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK.
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6
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Fenuta AM, Drouin PJ, Kohoko ZIN, Lynn MJT, Tschakovsky ME. Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on oxygen delivery/consumption and limit of tolerance during progressive forearm exercise in men: a randomized crossover trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:635-648. [PMID: 38190654 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation increases nitric oxide bioavailability with hypoxia and acidosis, characteristics of high-intensity exercise. We investigated whether BRJ improved forearm oxygen delivery:demand matching in an intensity-dependent manner. Healthy men (21 ± 2.5 years) participated in a randomized crossover trial between October 2017 and May 2018 (Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada). Participants completed a forearm incremental exercise test to limit of tolerance (IET-LOT) 2.5 h post placebo (PL) versus BRJ (2 completed PL/BRJ vs. 9 completed BRJ/PL) within a 2-week period. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. There was a significant main effect of drink (PL < BRJ; P = 0.042, ηp2 = 0.385) and drink × intensity interaction for arteriovenous oxygen difference (PL < BRJ; P = 0.03; ηp2= 0.197; 20%-50% and 90% LOT). BRJ did not influence oxygen delivery (P = 0.893, ηp2 = 0.002), forearm blood flow (P = 0.589, ηp2 = 0.03) (forearm vascular conductance (P = 0.262, ηp2 = 0.124), mean arterial pressure (P = 0.254,ηp2 = 0.128)), oxygen consumption (P = 0.194, ηp2 = 0.179) or LOT (P = 0.432, d = 0.247). In healthy men, BRJ did not improve forearm oxygen delivery (vasodilatory or pressor response) during IET-LOT. Increased arteriovenous oxygen difference at submaximal intensities did not significantly influence oxygen consumption or performance across the entire range of forearm exercise intensities. This study adds to the growing body of evidence that BRJ does not influence small muscle mass blood flow in humans regardless of exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Fenuta
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick J Drouin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Zach I N Kohoko
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Mytchel J T Lynn
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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7
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Wickham KA, Spriet LL. Food for thought: Physiological considerations for nutritional ergogenic efficacy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14307. [PMID: 36648389 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Top-class athletes have optimized their athletic performance largely through adequate training, nutrition, recovery, and sleep. A key component of sports nutrition is the utilization of nutritional ergogenic aids, which may provide a small but significant increase in athletic performance. Over the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in the consumption of nutritional ergogenic aids, where over 80% of young athletes report using at least one nutritional ergogenic aid for training and/or competition. Accordingly, due to their extensive use, there is a growing need for strong scientific investigations validating or invalidating the efficacy of novel nutritional ergogenic aids. Notably, an overview of the physiological considerations that play key roles in determining ergogenic efficacy is currently lacking. Therefore, in this brief review, we discuss important physiological considerations that contribute to ergogenic efficacy for nutritional ergogenic aids that are orally ingested including (1) the impact of first pass metabolism, (2) rises in systemic concentrations, and (3) interactions with the target tissue. In addition, we explore mouth rinsing as an alternate route of ergogenic efficacy that bypasses the physiological hurdles of first pass metabolism via direct stimulation of the central nervous system. Moreover, we provide real-world examples and discuss several practical factors that can alter the efficacy of nutritional ergogenic aids including human variability, dosing protocols, training status, sex differences, and the placebo effect. Taking these physiological considerations into account will strengthen the quality and impact of the literature regarding the efficacy of potential ergogenic aids for top-class athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Wickham
- Environmental Ergonomics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Ortiz de Zevallos J, Hogwood AC, Kruse K, De Guzman J, Buckley M, Weltman AL, Allen JD. Sex differences in the effects of inorganic nitrate supplementation on exercise economy and endurance capacity in healthy young adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1157-1166. [PMID: 37823208 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00220.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) is a widely used supplement purported to provide beneficial effects during exercise. Most studies to date include predominantly males. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate if there is a sex-dependent effect of NO3- supplementation on exercise outcomes. We hypothesized that both sexes would exhibit improvements in exercise economy and exercise capacity following NO3- supplementation, but males would benefit to a greater extent. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, twelve females (24 ± 4 yr) and fourteen males (23 ± 4 yr) completed two 4-min moderate-intensity (MOD) exercise bouts followed by a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) task after following 3 days of NO3- supplementation (beetroot juice or BRJ) or NO3--depleted placebo (PL). Females were tested during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. During MOD exercise, BRJ reduced the steady-state V̇o2 by ∼5% in males (M: Δ -87 ± 115 mL·min-1; P < 0.05) but not in females (F: Δ 6 ± 195 mL·min-1). Similarly, BRJ extended TTE by ∼15% in males (P < 0.05) but not in females. Dietary NO3- supplementation improved exercise economy during moderate-intensity exercise and exercise capacity during severe-intensity TTE in males but not in females. These differences could be related to estrogen levels, antioxidant capacity, nitrate-reducing bacteria, or a variety of known physiologic differences such as skeletal muscle calcium handling, and/or fiber type. Overall, our data suggests the ergogenic benefits of oral NO3- supplementation found in studies predominantly on male subjects may not be applicable to females.NEW & NOTEWORTHY While inorganic nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has increased in popularity as an ergogenic aid to improve exercise performance, the role of sex in NO3- supplementation on exercise outcomes is lacking despite known physiological differences during exercise between sex. This study revealed that males, but not females, improved exercise economy during submaximal exercise and exercise capacity during exercise within the severe-intensity domain following NO3- supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Ortiz de Zevallos
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Ka'eo Kruse
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Jeison De Guzman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Meredith Buckley
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Arthur L Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Jason D Allen
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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9
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Alsharif NS, Clifford T, Alhebshi A, Rowland SN, Bailey SJ. Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance during Single and Repeated Bouts of Short-Duration High-Intensity Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1194. [PMID: 37371924 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic nitrate (NO3-) has emerged as a potential ergogenic aid over the last couple of decades. While recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested some small positive effects of NO3- supplementation on performance across a range of exercise tasks, the effect of NO3- supplementation on performance during single and repeated bouts of short-duration, high-intensity exercise is unclear. This review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to January 2023. A paired analysis model for cross-over trials was incorporated to perform a random effects meta-analysis for each performance outcome and to generate standardized mean differences (SMD) between the NO3- and placebo supplementation conditions. The systematic review and meta-analysis included 27 and 23 studies, respectively. Time to reach peak power (SMD: 0.75, p = 0.02), mean power output (SMD: 0.20, p = 0.02), and total distance covered in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test (SMD: 0.17, p < 0.0001) were all improved after NO3- supplementation. Dietary NO3- supplementation had small positive effects on some performance outcomes during single and repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise. Therefore, athletes competing in sports requiring single or repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise may benefit from NO3- supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal S Alsharif
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Abrar Alhebshi
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samantha N Rowland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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10
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Zhang H, Qin L. Positive feedback loop between dietary nitrate intake and oral health. Nutr Res 2023; 115:1-12. [PMID: 37207592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate was once thought to be an inert end-product of endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) heme oxidation; however, this view has been radically revised over the past few decades. Following the clarification of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, accumulated evidence has shown that nitrate derived from the diet is a supplementary source of endogenous NO generation, playing important roles in a variety of pathological and physiological conditions. However, the beneficial effects of nitrate are closely related with oral health, and oral dysfunction has an adverse effect on nitrate metabolism and further impacts overall systemic health. Moreover, an interesting positive feedback loop has been identified between dietary nitrate intake and oral health. Dietary nitrate's beneficial effect on oral health may further improve its bioavailability and promote overall systemic well-being. This review aims to provide a detailed description of the functions of dietary nitrate, with an emphasis on the key role oral health plays in nitrate bioavailability. This review also provides recommendations for a new paradigm that includes nitrate therapy in the treatment of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lizheng Qin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Allen JD. Nitric oxide as a mediator of exercise performance: NO pain NO gain. Nitric Oxide 2023; 136-137:8-11. [PMID: 37116609 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Allen
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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12
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Pappas G, Wilkinson ML, Gow AJ. Nitric oxide regulation of cellular metabolism: Adaptive tuning of cellular energy. Nitric Oxide 2023; 131:8-17. [PMID: 36470373 PMCID: PMC9839556 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide can interact with a wide range of proteins including many that are involved in metabolism. In this review we have summarized the effects of NO on glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation with reference to skeletal muscle. Low to moderate NO concentrations upregulate glucose and fatty acid oxidation, while higher NO concentrations shift cellular reliance toward a fully glycolytic phenotype. Moderate NO production directly inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, reducing glucose-derived carbon entry into the TCA cycle and subsequently increasing anaploretic reactions. NO directly inhibits aconitase activity, increasing reliance on glutamine for continued energy production. At higher or prolonged NO exposure, citrate accumulation can inhibit multiple ATP-producing pathways. Reduced TCA flux slows NADH/FADH entry into the ETC. NO can also inhibit the ETC directly, further limiting oxidative phosphorylation. Moderate NO production improves mitochondrial efficiency while improving O2 utilization increasing whole-body energy production. Long-term bioenergetic capacity may be increased because of NO-derived ROS, which participate in adaptive cellular redox signaling through AMPK, PCG1-α, HIF-1, and NF-κB. However, prolonged exposure or high concentrations of NO can result in membrane depolarization and opening of the MPT. In this way NO may serve as a biochemical rheostat matching energy supply with demand for optimal respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pappas
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Melissa L Wilkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA.
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13
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The Effect of a Hydroxytyrosol-Rich, Olive-Derived Phytocomplex on Aerobic Exercise and Acute Recovery. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020421. [PMID: 36678293 PMCID: PMC9864860 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is current scientific interest in naturally sourced phenolic compounds and their potential benefits to health, as well as the effective role polyphenols may provide in an exercise setting. This study investigated the chronic effects of supplementation with a biodynamic and organic olive fruit water phytocomplex (OliPhenolia® [OliP]), rich in hydroxytyrosol (HT), on submaximal and exhaustive exercise performance and respiratory markers of recovery. Twenty-nine recreationally active participants (42 ± 2 yrs; 71.1 ± 2.1 kg; 1.76 ± 0.02 m) consumed 2 × 28 mL∙d−1 of OliP or a taste- and appearance-matched placebo (PL) over 16 consecutive days. Participants completed a demanding, aerobic exercise protocol at ~75% maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) for 65 min 24 h before sub- and maximal performance exercise tests prior to and following the 16-day consumption period. OliP reduced the time constant (τ) (p = 0.005) at the onset of exercise, running economy (p = 0.015) at lactate threshold 1 (LT1), as well as the rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.003) at lactate turnpoint (LT2). Additionally, OliP led to modest improvements in acute recovery based upon a shorter time to achieve 50% of the end of exercise V˙O2 value (p = 0.02). Whilst OliP increased time to exhaustion (+4.1 ± 1.8%), this was not significantly different to PL (p > 0.05). Phenolic compounds present in OliP, including HT and related metabolites, may provide benefits for aerobic exercise and acute recovery in recreationally active individuals. Further research is needed to determine whether dose-response or adjunct use of OliP alongside longer-term training programs can further modulate exercise-associated adaptations in recreationally active individuals, or indeed support athletic performance.
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14
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Tan R, Pennell A, Price KM, Karl ST, Seekamp-Hicks NG, Paniagua KK, Weiderman GD, Powell JP, Sharabidze LK, Lincoln IG, Kim JM, Espinoza MF, Hammer MA, Goulding RP, Bailey SJ. Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Oxygenation during Resistance Exercise in Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183703. [PMID: 36145080 PMCID: PMC9504620 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of acute and short-term nitrate (NO3−)-rich beetroot juice (BR) supplementation on performance outcomes and muscle oxygenation during bench press and back squat exercise. Fourteen recreationally active males were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to supplement for 4 days in two conditions: (1) NO3−-depleted beetroot juice (PL; 0.10 mmol NO3− per day) and (2) BR (11.8 mmol NO3− per day). On days 1 and 4 of the supplementation periods, participants completed 2 sets of 2 × 70%1RM interspersed by 2 min of recovery, followed by one set of repetitions-to-failure (RTF) at 60%1RM for the determination of muscular power, velocity, and endurance. Quadriceps and pectoralis major tissue saturation index (TSI) were measured throughout exercise. Plasma [NO3−] and nitrite ([NO2−]) were higher after 1 and 4 days of supplementation with BR compared to PL (p < 0.05). Quadriceps and pectoralis major TSI were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). The number of RTF in bench press was 5% greater after acute BR ingestion compared to PL (PL: 23 ± 4 vs. BR: 24 ± 5, p < 0.05). There were no differences between BR and PL for RTF for back squat or power and velocity for back squat or bench press (p > 0.05). These data improve understanding on the ergogenic potential of BR supplementation during resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-3105067041
| | - Adam Pennell
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Katherine M. Price
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Sean T. Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | | | - Grant D. Weiderman
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Joanna P. Powell
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Luka K. Sharabidze
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | - Justin M. Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | - Maya A. Hammer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Richie P. Goulding
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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15
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Wynne AG, Affourtit C. Nitrite lowers the oxygen cost of ATP supply in cultured skeletal muscle cells by stimulating the rate of glycolytic ATP synthesis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266905. [PMID: 35939418 PMCID: PMC9359526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate lowers the oxygen cost of human exercise. This effect has been suggested to result from stimulation of coupling efficiency of skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation by reduced nitrate derivatives. In this paper, we report the acute effects of sodium nitrite on the bioenergetic behaviour of cultured rat (L6) myocytes. At odds with improved efficiency of mitochondrial ATP synthesis, extracellular flux analysis reveals that a ½-hour exposure to NaNO2 (0.1–5 μM) does not affect mitochondrial coupling efficiency in static myoblasts or in spontaneously contracting myotubes. Unexpectedly, NaNO2 stimulates the rate of glycolytic ATP production in both myoblasts and myotubes. Increased ATP supply through glycolysis does not emerge at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation, which means that NaNO2 acutely increases the rate of overall myocellular ATP synthesis, significantly so in myoblasts and tending towards significance in contractile myotubes. Notably, NaNO2 exposure shifts myocytes to a more glycolytic bioenergetic phenotype. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption does not decrease after NaNO2 exposure, and non-mitochondrial respiration tends to drop. When total ATP synthesis rates are expressed in relation to total cellular oxygen consumption rates, it thus transpires that NaNO2 lowers the oxygen cost of ATP supply in cultured L6 myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G. Wynne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Affourtit
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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Petrick HL, Brownell S, Vachon B, Brunetta HS, Handy RM, van Loon LJC, Murrant CL, Holloway GP. Dietary nitrate increases submaximal SERCA activity and ADP transfer to mitochondria in slow-twitch muscle of female mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E171-E184. [PMID: 35732003 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00371.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid oscillations in cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) coordinate muscle contraction, relaxation, and physical movement. Intriguingly, dietary nitrate decreases ATP cost of contraction, increases force production, and increases cytosolic Ca2+, which would seemingly necessitate a greater demand for sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) to sequester Ca2+ within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during relaxation. As SERCA is highly regulated, we aimed to determine the effect of 7-day nitrate supplementation (1 mM via drinking water) on SERCA enzymatic properties and the functional interaction between SERCA and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In soleus, we report that dietary nitrate increased force production across all stimulation frequencies tested, and throughout a 25 min fatigue protocol. Mice supplemented with nitrate also displayed an ∼25% increase in submaximal SERCA activity and SERCA efficiency (P = 0.053) in the soleus. To examine a possible link between ATP consumption and production, we established a methodology coupling SERCA and mitochondria in permeabilized muscle fibers. The premise of this experiment is that the addition of Ca2+ in the presence of ATP generates ADP from SERCA to support mitochondrial respiration. Similar to submaximal SERCA activity, mitochondrial respiration supported by SERCA-derived ADP was increased by ∼20% following nitrate in red gastrocnemius. This effect was fully attenuated by the SERCA inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid and was not attributed to differences in mitochondrial oxidative capacity, ADP sensitivity, protein content, or reactive oxygen species emission. Overall, these findings suggest that improvements in submaximal SERCA kinetics may contribute to the effects of nitrate on force production during fatigue.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that nitrate supplementation increased force production during fatigue and increased submaximal SERCA activity. This was also evident regarding the high-energy phosphate transfer from SERCA to mitochondria, as nitrate increased mitochondrial respiration supported by SERCA-derived ADP. Surprisingly, these observations were only apparent in muscle primarily expressing type I (soleus) but not type II fibers (EDL). These findings suggest that alterations in SERCA properties are a possible mechanism in which nitrate increases force during fatiguing contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart Brownell
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bayley Vachon
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henver S Brunetta
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rachel M Handy
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Coral L Murrant
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Tan R, Wylie LJ, Wilkerson DP, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Effects of dietary nitrate on the O 2 cost of submaximal exercise: Accounting for "noise" in pulmonary gas exchange measurements. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1149-1157. [PMID: 35301929 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2052471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can reduce the oxygen cost of submaximal exercise, but this has not been reported consistently. We hypothesised that the number of step transitions to moderate-intensity exercise, and corresponding effects on the signal-to-noise ratio for pulmonary V˙ O2, may be important in this regard. Twelve recreationally active participants were assigned in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design to supplement for 4 days in three conditions: 1) control (CON; water); 2); PL (NO3--depleted beetroot juice); and 3) BR (NO3--rich beetroot juice). On days 3 and 4, participants completed two 6-min step transitions to moderate-intensity cycle exercise. Breath-by-breath V˙ O2 data were collected and V˙ O2 kinetic responses were determined for a single transition and when the responses to 2, 3 and 4 transitions were ensemble-averaged. Steady-state V˙ O2 was not different between PL and BR when the V˙ O2 response to one-, two- or three-step transition was compared but was significantly lower in BR compared to PL when four-step transitions was considered (PL: 1.33 ± 0.34 vs. BR: 1.31 ± 0.34 L·min-1, P < 0.05). There were no differences in pulmonary V˙ O2 responses between CON and PL (P > 0.05). Multiple step transitions may be required to detect the influence of NO3- supplementation on steady-state V˙ O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daryl P Wilkerson
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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18
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Tan R, Cano L, Lago-Rodríguez Á, Domínguez R. The Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Explosive Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020762. [PMID: 35055584 PMCID: PMC8775572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate supplementation is evidenced to induce physiological effects on skeletal muscle function in fast-twitch muscle fibers and may enhance high-intensity exercise performance. An important component of sport-specific skills is the ability to perform explosive movements; however, it is unclear if nitrate supplementation can impact explosive efforts. We examined the existing evidence to determine whether nitrate supplementation improves explosive efforts lasting ≤ 6 s. PubMed, Scopus and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) were searched for articles using the following search strategy: (nitrate OR nitrite OR beetroot) AND (supplement OR supplementation) AND (explosive OR power OR high intensity OR high-intensity OR sprint* OR “athletic performance”). Out of 810 studies, 18 were eligible according to inclusion criteria. Results showed that 4 of the 10 sprint-type studies observed improved sprint time, power output, and total work in cycling or running, whereas 4 of the 10 resistance-based exercise studies observed improvements to power and velocity of free-weight bench press as well as isokinetic knee extension and flexion at certain angular velocities. These results suggest that nitrate potentially improves explosive exercise performance, but further work is required to clarify the factors influencing the efficacy of nitrate in different exercise modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Faculty of Sports Medicine, Natural Sciences Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA;
| | - Leire Cano
- Independent Researcher, 48991 Getxo, Spain;
| | - Ángel Lago-Rodríguez
- Movement, Brain and Health Group, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, 07013 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-680-330-105
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
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19
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Chen L, Zhu Y, Hu Z, Wu S, Jin C. Beetroot as a functional food with huge health benefits: Antioxidant, antitumor, physical function, and chronic metabolomics activity. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6406-6420. [PMID: 34760270 PMCID: PMC8565237 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, beetroot is mainly consumed as a food additive. In recent years, the beetroot, especially the betalains (betanin) and nitrates it contains, now has received increasing attention for their effective biological activity. Betalains have been proven to eliminate oxidative and nitrative stress by scavenging DPPH, preventing DNA damage, and reducing LDL. It also has been found to exert antitumor activity by inhibiting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, inducing cell apoptosis, and autophagy. In some chronic diseases, nitrate is the main component for lowing blood lipids, glucose, and pressure, while its role in treating hypertension and hyperglycemia has not been clearly stated. Moreover, the intake of nitrate-rich beetroot could enhance athletic performance and attenuate muscle soreness in certain types of exercise. The objective of this review is to provide sufficient evidence for the clarification of health benefits of beetroot, especially in the aspect of biooxidation, neoplastic diseases, some chronic diseases, and energy supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- Department of PharmacySchool of MedicineSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yuankang Zhu
- College of Second Clinical MedicalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zijing Hu
- Chemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Shengjie Wu
- Department of PharmacySchool of MedicineSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chengtao Jin
- Department of PharmacySchool of MedicineSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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20
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Bajes HR, Hakooz NM, Dardeer KT, Al-Dujaili EAS. The effect of endurance, resistance training, and supplements on mitochondria and bioenergetics of muscle cells. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 33:673-681. [PMID: 34687594 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow between biological systems and the surroundings and is measured quantitatively. Energy flow can be affected by many variables, including lifestyle and exercise, where exercise comes in different types; endurance and resistance training play significant roles in enhancing bioenergetics and promoting health. In addition, a supplementary diet supports recovery and energy production. This review aims to study the effect of endurance training, resistance training, and supplement intake on the muscle cell's bioenergetics. As a conclusion of the information presented in this mini-review, it was found that resistance, endurance training, and supplements can increase mitochondrial biogenesis, fat oxidation, myofibril synthesis, and increase VO2 max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana R Bajes
- Department of Science, Atlantic Cape Community College, Mays Landing, NJ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nancy M Hakooz
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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21
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Piknova B, Schechter AN, Park JW, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Skeletal Muscle Nitrate as a Regulator of Systemic Nitric Oxide Homeostasis. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 50:2-13. [PMID: 34669624 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Non-enzymatic nitric oxide (NO) generation via the reduction of nitrate and nitrite ions, along with remarkably high levels of nitrate ions in skeletal muscle, have been recently described. Skeletal muscle nitrate storage may be critical for maintenance of NO homeostasis in healthy ageing and nitrate supplementation may be useful for treatment of specific pathophysiologies as well as enhancing normal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S. Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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22
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Coggan AR, Baranauskas MN, Hinrichs RJ, Liu Z, Carter SJ. Effect of dietary nitrate on human muscle power: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:66. [PMID: 34625064 PMCID: PMC8501726 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous narrative reviews have concluded that dietary nitrate (NO3-) improves maximal neuromuscular power in humans. This conclusion, however, was based on a limited number of studies, and no attempt has been made to quantify the exact magnitude of this beneficial effect. Such information would help ensure adequate statistical power in future studies and could help place the effects of dietary NO3- on various aspects of exercise performance (i.e., endurance vs. strength vs. power) in better context. We therefore undertook a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis to quantify the effects of NO3- supplementation on human muscle power. METHODS The literature was searched using a strategy developed by a health sciences librarian. Data sources included Medline Ovid, Embase, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov , and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experimental design to measure the effects of dietary NO3- on maximal power during exercise in the non-fatigued state and the within-subject correlation could be determined from data in the published manuscript or obtained from the authors. RESULTS Nineteen studies of a total of 268 participants (218 men, 50 women) met the criteria for inclusion. The overall effect size (ES; Hedge's g) calculated using a fixed effects model was 0.42 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29, 0.56; p = 6.310 × 10- 11). There was limited heterogeneity between studies (i.e., I2 = 22.79%, H2 = 1.30, p = 0.3460). The ES estimated using a random effects model was therefore similar (i.e., 0.45, 95% CI 0.30, 0.61; p = 1.064 × 10- 9). Sub-group analyses revealed no significant differences due to subject age, sex, or test modality (i.e., small vs. large muscle mass exercise). However, the ES in studies using an acute dose (i.e., 0.54, 95% CI 0.37, 0.71; p = 6.774 × 10- 12) was greater (p = 0.0211) than in studies using a multiple dose regimen (i.e., 0.22, 95% CI 0.01, 0.43; p = 0.003630). CONCLUSIONS Acute or chronic dietary NO3- intake significantly increases maximal muscle power in humans. The magnitude of this effect-on average, ~ 5%-is likely to be of considerable practical and clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Coggan
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IF 101C, 250 University Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN, 46112, USA.
| | | | - Rachel J Hinrichs
- University Library, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Stephen J Carter
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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23
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Nyberg M, Christensen PM, Blackwell JR, Hostrup M, Jones AM, Bangsbo J. Nitrate-rich beetroot juice ingestion reduces skeletal muscle O 2 uptake and blood flow during exercise in sedentary men. J Physiol 2021; 599:5203-5214. [PMID: 34587650 DOI: 10.1113/jp281995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate supplementation has been shown to reduce pulmonary O2 uptake during submaximal exercise and enhance exercise performance. However, the effects of nitrate supplementation on local metabolic and haemodynamic regulation in contracting human skeletal muscle remain unclear. To address this, eight healthy young male sedentary subjects were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to receive nitrate-rich beetroot juice (NO3, 9 mmol) and placebo (PLA) 2.5 h prior to the completion of a double-step knee-extensor exercise protocol that included a transition from unloaded to moderate-intensity exercise (MOD) followed immediately by a transition to intense exercise (HIGH). Compared with PLA, NO3 increased plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite. During MOD, leg V ̇ O 2 and leg blood flow (LBF) were reduced to a similar extent (∼9%-15%) in NO3. During HIGH, leg V ̇ O 2 was reduced by ∼6%-10% and LBF by ∼5%-9% (did not reach significance) in NO3. Leg V ̇ O 2 kinetics was markedly faster in the transition from passive to MOD compared with the transition from MOD to HIGH both in NO3 and PLA with no difference between PLA and NO3. In NO3, a reduction in nitrate and nitrite concentration was detected between arterial and venous samples. No difference in the time to exhaustion was observed between conditions. In conclusion, elevation of plasma nitrate and nitrate reduces leg skeletal muscle V ̇ O 2 and blood flow during exercise. However, nitrate supplementation does not enhance muscle V ̇ O 2 kinetics during exercise, nor does it improve time to exhaustion when exercising with a small muscle mass. KEY POINTS: Dietary nitrate supplementation has been shown to reduce systemic O2 uptake during exercise and improve exercise performance. The effects of nitrate supplementation on local metabolism and blood flow regulation in contracting human skeletal muscle remain unclear. By using leg exercise engaging a small muscle mass, we show that O2 uptake and blood flow are similarly reduced in contracting skeletal muscle of humans during exercise. Despite slower V ̇ O 2 kinetics in the transition from moderate to intense exercise, no effects of nitrate supplementation were observed for V ̇ O 2 kinetics and time to exhaustion. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations are reduced across the exercising leg, suggesting that these ions are extracted from the arterial blood by contracting skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter M Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Team Danmark (Danish Elite Sports Organization), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Rojano-Ortega D, Peña Amaro J, Berral-Aguilar AJ, Berral-de la Rosa FJ. Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Recovery After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review. Sports Health 2021; 14:556-565. [PMID: 34399653 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211036412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Beetroots have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress, enhancing recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of beetroot supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, and recovery after EIMD. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched, and hand-searching was performed by looking to relevant studies that were cited in other studies. STUDY SELECTION For a study to be included in this review, the following inclusion criteria had to be met: (1) research conducted with human participants, (2) original articles in peer-reviewed publications, (3) original studies that had investigated beetroot supplementation intervention on muscle damage and recovery, (4) research conducted with 1 control/placebo group, and (5) articles published from inception to October 2020. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. DATA EXTRACTION Two of the 4 authors independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the articles with the PEDro scale. All discrepancies were resolved through a consensus meeting. RESULTS A total of 9 studies were included in this review. The methodological quality of the included studies ranged from moderate to high. Most of the studies found a better recovery of functional variables and muscle soreness, but improvements in markers of muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress were not reported. CONCLUSION The existing evidence suggests that a short-term beetroot supplementation has the potential to accelerate recovery of functional measures and muscle soreness, but further research is needed to clarify if a longer supplementation period (with some days before exercise and some days after) could also promote recovery of markers of muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojano-Ortega
- Department of Informatics and Sports, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - José Peña Amaro
- Department of Morphological and Socio-sanitary Sciences, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Burke LM, Hall R, Heikura IA, Ross ML, Tee N, Kent GL, Whitfield J, Forbes SF, Sharma AP, Jones AM, Peeling P, Blackwell JR, Mujika I, Mackay K, Kozior M, Vallance B, McKay AKA. Neither Beetroot Juice Supplementation nor Increased Carbohydrate Oxidation Enhance Economy of Prolonged Exercise in Elite Race Walkers. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082767. [PMID: 34444928 PMCID: PMC8398364 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of exercise economy to endurance performance, we implemented two strategies purported to reduce the oxygen cost of exercise within a 4 week training camp in 21 elite male race walkers. Fourteen athletes undertook a crossover investigation with beetroot juice (BRJ) or placebo (PLA) [2 d preload, 2 h pre-exercise + 35 min during exercise] during a 26 km race walking at speeds simulating competitive events. Separately, 19 athletes undertook a parallel group investigation of a multi-pronged strategy (MAX; n = 9) involving chronic (2 w high carbohydrate [CHO] diet + gut training) and acute (CHO loading + 90 g/h CHO during exercise) strategies to promote endogenous and exogenous CHO availability, compared with strategies reflecting lower ranges of current guidelines (CON; n = 10). There were no differences between BRJ and PLA trials for rates of CHO (p = 0.203) or fat (p = 0.818) oxidation or oxygen consumption (p = 0.090). Compared with CON, MAX was associated with higher rates of CHO oxidation during exercise, with increased exogenous CHO use (CON; peak = ~0.45 g/min; MAX: peak = ~1.45 g/min, p < 0.001). High rates of exogenous CHO use were achieved prior to gut training, without further improvement, suggesting that elite athletes already optimise intestinal CHO absorption via habitual practices. No differences in exercise economy were detected despite small differences in substrate use. Future studies should investigate the impact of these strategies on sub-elite athletes’ economy as well as the performance effects in elite groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (R.H.); (I.A.H.); (M.L.R.); (N.T.); (J.W.); (B.V.)
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia; (G.L.K.); (S.F.F.); (A.P.S.); (A.K.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-422-635-869
| | - Rebecca Hall
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (R.H.); (I.A.H.); (M.L.R.); (N.T.); (J.W.); (B.V.)
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia; (G.L.K.); (S.F.F.); (A.P.S.); (A.K.A.M.)
| | - Ida A. Heikura
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (R.H.); (I.A.H.); (M.L.R.); (N.T.); (J.W.); (B.V.)
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia; (G.L.K.); (S.F.F.); (A.P.S.); (A.K.A.M.)
| | - Megan L. Ross
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (R.H.); (I.A.H.); (M.L.R.); (N.T.); (J.W.); (B.V.)
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia; (G.L.K.); (S.F.F.); (A.P.S.); (A.K.A.M.)
| | - Nicolin Tee
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (R.H.); (I.A.H.); (M.L.R.); (N.T.); (J.W.); (B.V.)
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia; (G.L.K.); (S.F.F.); (A.P.S.); (A.K.A.M.)
| | - Georgina L. Kent
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia; (G.L.K.); (S.F.F.); (A.P.S.); (A.K.A.M.)
| | - Jamie Whitfield
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (R.H.); (I.A.H.); (M.L.R.); (N.T.); (J.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Sara F. Forbes
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia; (G.L.K.); (S.F.F.); (A.P.S.); (A.K.A.M.)
- UniSA Online, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Avish P. Sharma
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia; (G.L.K.); (S.F.F.); (A.P.S.); (A.K.A.M.)
- Triathlon Australia, Burleigh Heads, Gold Coast, QLD 4220, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (A.M.J.); (J.R.B.)
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
- West Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Nedlands, WA 6010, Australia
| | - Jamie R. Blackwell
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (A.M.J.); (J.R.B.)
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain;
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile;
| | - Karen Mackay
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile;
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Marta Kozior
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Brent Vallance
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (R.H.); (I.A.H.); (M.L.R.); (N.T.); (J.W.); (B.V.)
- Athletics Australia, South Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3205, Australia
| | - Alannah K. A. McKay
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia; (G.L.K.); (S.F.F.); (A.P.S.); (A.K.A.M.)
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
- West Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Nedlands, WA 6010, Australia
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Ritz T, Salsman ML, Young DA, Lippert AR, Khan DA, Ginty AT. Boosting nitric oxide in stress and respiratory infection: Potential relevance for asthma and COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100255. [PMID: 33842899 PMCID: PMC8019595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that is critical for supporting a plethora of processes in biological organisms. Among these, its role in the innate immune system as a first line of defense against pathogens has received less attention. In asthma, levels of exhaled NO have been utilized as a window into airway inflammation caused by allergic processes. However, respiratory infections count among the most important triggers of disease exacerbations. Among the multitude of factors that affect NO levels are psychological processes. In particular, longer lasting states of psychological stress and depression have been shown to attenuate NO production. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused a pandemic, and with that, sustained levels of psychological stress globally, also adversely affects NO signaling. We review evidence on the role of NO in respiratory infection, including COVID-19, and stress, and argue that boosting NO bioavailability may be beneficial in protection from infections, thus benefitting individuals who suffer from stress in asthma or SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, 6116 N. Central Expressway, Suite 1160, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Margot L Salsman
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, 6116 N. Central Expressway, Suite 1160, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Danielle A Young
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, One Bear Place, 97334, Baylor Sciences Building, Suite B.309, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Fondren Science Building 303, P.O. Box, 750314, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dave A Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, One Bear Place, 97334, Baylor Sciences Building, Suite B.309, Waco, TX, USA
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Shannon OM, Easton C, Shepherd AI, Siervo M, Bailey SJ, Clifford T. Dietary nitrate and population health: a narrative review of the translational potential of existing laboratory studies. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:65. [PMID: 34099037 PMCID: PMC8186051 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary inorganic nitrate (NO3-) is a polyatomic ion, which is present in large quantities in green leafy vegetables and beetroot, and has attracted considerable attention in recent years as a potential health-promoting dietary compound. Numerous small, well-controlled laboratory studies have reported beneficial health effects of inorganic NO3- consumption on blood pressure, endothelial function, cerebrovascular blood flow, cognitive function, and exercise performance. Translating the findings from small laboratory studies into 'real-world' applications requires careful consideration. MAIN BODY This article provides a brief overview of the existing empirical evidence basis for the purported health-promoting effects of dietary NO3- consumption. Key areas for future research are then proposed to evaluate whether promising findings observed in small animal and human laboratory studies can effectively translate into clinically relevant improvements in population health. These proposals include: 1) conducting large-scale, longer duration trials with hard clinical endpoints (e.g. cardiovascular disease incidence); 2) exploring the feasibility and acceptability of different strategies to facilitate a prolonged increase in dietary NO3- intake; 3) exploitation of existing cohort studies to explore associations between NO3- intake and health outcomes, a research approach allowing larger samples sizes and longer duration follow up than is feasible in randomised controlled trials; 4) identifying factors which might account for individual differences in the response to inorganic NO3- (e.g. sex, genetics, habitual diet) and could assist with targeted/personalised nutritional interventions; 5) exploring the influence of oral health and medication on the therapeutic potential of NO3- supplementation; and 6) examining potential risk of adverse events with long term high- NO3- diets. CONCLUSION The salutary effects of dietary NO3- are well established in small, well-controlled laboratory studies. Much less is known about the feasibility and efficacy of long-term dietary NO3- enrichment for promoting health, and the factors which might explain the variable responsiveness to dietary NO3- supplementation between individuals. Future research focussing on the translation of laboratory data will provide valuable insight into the potential applications of dietary NO3- supplementation to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland, UK
| | - Anthony I Shepherd
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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Arazi H, Eghbali E. Possible Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Physical Performance Through Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Antioxidant Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Front Nutr 2021; 8:660150. [PMID: 34055855 PMCID: PMC8155490 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.660150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes often seek to use dietary supplements to increase performance during exercise. Among various supplements, much attention has been paid to beetroot in recent years. Beetroot is a source of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins; also, it is a natural source of nitrate and associated with improved sports performance. Nitrates can the modification of skeletal muscle contractile proteins or calcium handling after translation. The time to reach the peak plasma nitrate is between 1 and 3 h after consumption of a single dose of nitrate. Nitrate is metabolized by conversion to nitrite and subsequently nitric oxide. Beetroot can have various effects on athletic performance through nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is an intracellular and extracellular messenger for regulating certain cellular functions and causes vasodilation of blood vessels and increases blood flow. Nitric oxide seems to be effective in improving athletic performance by increasing oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients for better muscle fueling. Nitric oxide plays the main role in anabolic hormones, modulates the release of several neurotransmitters and the major mediators of stress involved in the acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to exercise. Beetroot is an important source of compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, betaline, and highly active phenolics and has high antioxidant properties. Beetroot supplement provides an important source of dietary polyphenols and due to the many health benefits. Phytochemicals of Beetroot through signaling pathways inhibit inflammatory diseases. In this study, the mechanisms responsible for these effects were examined and the research in this regard was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ehsan Eghbali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Jacobs RA, Lundby C. Contextualizing the biological relevance of standardized high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial function in permeabilized human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13625. [PMID: 33570804 PMCID: PMC8047922 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study sought to provide a statistically robust reference for measures of mitochondrial function from standardized high‐resolution respirometry with permeabilized human skeletal muscle (ex vivo), compare analogous values obtained via indirect calorimetry, arterial‐venous O2 differences and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (in vivo) and attempt to resolve differences across complementary methodologies as necessary. Methods Data derived from 831 study participants across research published throughout March 2009 to November 2019 were amassed to examine the biological relevance of ex vivo assessments under standard conditions, ie physiological temperatures of 37°C and respiratory chamber oxygen concentrations of ~250 to 500 μmol/L. Results Standard ex vivo‐derived measures are lower (Z ≥ 3.01, P ≤ .0258) en masse than corresponding in vivo‐derived values. Correcting respiratory values to account for mitochondrial temperatures 10°C higher than skeletal muscle temperatures at maximal exercise (~50°C): (i) transforms data to resemble (Z ≤ 0.8, P > .9999) analogous yet context‐specific in vivo measures, eg data collected during maximal 1‐leg knee extension exercise; and (ii) supports the position that maximal skeletal muscle respiratory rates exceed (Z ≥ 13.2, P < .0001) those achieved during maximal whole‐body exercise, e.g. maximal cycling efforts. Conclusion This study outlines and demonstrates necessary considerations when actualizing the biological relevance of human skeletal muscle respiratory control, metabolic flexibility and bioenergetics from standard ex vivo‐derived assessments using permeabilized human muscle. These findings detail how cross‐procedural comparisons of human skeletal muscle mitochondrial function may be collectively scrutinized in their relationship to human health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Jacobs
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS) Colorado Springs CO USA
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Innland University of Applied Sciences Lillehammer Norway
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Porcelli S, Rasica L, Ferguson BS, Kavazis AN, McDonald J, Hogan MC, Grassi B, Gladden LB. Effect of acute nitrite infusion on contractile economy and metabolism in isolated skeletal muscle in situ during hypoxia. J Physiol 2021; 598:2371-2384. [PMID: 32537774 DOI: 10.1113/jp279789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Increased plasma nitrite concentrations may have beneficial effects on skeletal muscle function. The physiological basis explaining these observations has not been clearly defined and it may involve positive effects on muscle contraction force, microvascular O2 delivery and skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. In the isolated canine gastrocnemius model, we evaluated the effects of acute nitrite infusion on muscle force and skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. Under hypoxic conditions, but in the presence of normal convective O2 delivery, an elevated plasma nitrite concentration affects neither muscle force, nor muscle contractile economy. In accordance with previous results suggesting limited or no effects of nitrate/nitrite administrations in highly oxidative and highly perfused muscle, our data suggest that neither mitochondrial respiration, nor muscle force generation are affected by acute increased concentrations of NO precursors in hypoxia. ABSTRACT Contrasting findings have been reported concerning the effects of augmented nitric oxide (NO) on skeletal muscle force production and oxygen consumption ( V ̇ O 2 ). The present study examined skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and contractile economy in an isolated muscle preparation during hypoxia (but normal convective O2 delivery) with nitrite infusion. Isolated canine gastrocnemius muscles in situ (n = 8) were studied during 3 min of electrically stimulated isometric tetanic contractions corresponding to ∼35% of V ̇ O 2 peak . During contractions, sodium nitrite (NITRITE) or sodium chloride (SALINE) was infused into the popliteal artery. V ̇ O 2 was calculated from the Fick principle. Experiments were carried out in hypoxia ( F I O 2 = 0.12), whereas convective O2 delivery was maintained at normal levels under both conditions by pump-driven blood flow ( Q ̇ ). Muscle biopsies were taken and mitochondrial respiration was evaluated by respirometry. Nitrite infusion significantly increased both nitrite and nitrate concentrations in plasma. No differences in force were observed between conditions. V ̇ O 2 was not significantly different between NITRITE (6.1 ± 1.8 mL 100 g-1 min-1 ) and SALINE (6.2 ± 1.8 mL 100 g-1 min-1 ), even after being 'normalized' per unit of developed force (muscle contractile economy). No differences between conditions were found for maximal ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration (both for complex I and complex II), leak respiration and oxidative phosphorylation coupling. In conclusion, in the absence of changes in convective O2 delivery, muscle force, muscle contractile economy and mitochondrial respiration were not affected by acute infusion of nitrite. The previously reported positive effects of elevated plasma nitrite concentrations are presumably mediated by the increased microvascular O2 availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Porcelli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - James McDonald
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael C Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Influence of Sex and Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation on 2 KM Running Performance. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11030977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the effect of acute nitrate-rich (BJ) and nitrate-depleted (PL) beetroot juice ingestion on 2 km running performance in amateur runners, and to what extent the ergogenic effect of BJ supplementation would be influenced by the sex of the participants; Methods: Twenty-four amateur long-distance runners (14 males and 10 females) performed a 2 km time trial (TT) on an outdoor athletics track 2.5 h after ingesting either 140 mL of BJ (~12.8 mmol NO3−) or PL. After the tests, blood [lactate] and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) related to the leg muscles (RPEmuscular), cardiovascular system (RPEcardio) and general overall RPE (RPEgeneral) were assessed; Results: Compared to PL, BJ supplementation improved 2 km TT performance in both males (p < 0.05) with no supplement × sex interaction effect (p > 0.05). This improvement in 2 km running performance was a function of improved performance in the second 1 km split time in both males and females (p < 0.05). Supplementation with BJ did not alter post-exercise blood [lactate] (p > 0.05) but lowered RPEgeneral (p < 0.05); Conclusions: acute BJ supplementation improves 2 km running performance in amateur runners by enhancing performance over the second half of the TT and lowering RPEgeneral by a comparable magnitude in males and females.
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32
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The impact of beetroot juice intake on muscle oxygenation and performance during rhythmic handgrip exercise. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fernández-Elías V, Courel-Ibáñez J, Pérez-López A, Jodra P, Moreno-Pérez V, Coso JD, López-Samanes Á. Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Does Not Improve Match-Play Activity in Professional Tennis Players. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 41:30-37. [PMID: 33180007 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1835585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beetroot juice is a source of dietary nitrate (NO3-) recognized as a potential ergogenic aid to enhance tolerance during endurance exercise of submaximal-to-maximal intensity. However, little is known about the effects of beetroot juice on exercise performance in intermittent sports such as tennis. The present study aimed to determine the effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on movement patterns during a competitive tennis match in professional players. METHODS In a double-blind and randomized experiment, nine professional tennis players performed two experimental trials 3 h after ingesting either 70 mL of a commercially-available concentrated beetroot juice (6.4 mmol NO3-) or placebo (0.005 mmol NO3-). In each experimental trial, players completed a 3-set tennis match and two performance tests (i.e., serve speed and isometric handgrip strength) before and after the match. Match-play running performance was recorded using wearable GPS and accelerometer units. RESULTS In comparison to the placebo trial, the acute beetroot juice supplementation did not modify any match-play running performance (p = 0.178 to 0.997, d = 0.01 to 0.42). Furthermore, beetroot juice supplementation did not alter the pre-to-post match change in serve speed (p = 0.663, ηp2 = 0.03) or isometric handgrip strength (p = 0.219, ηp2 = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that acute ingestion of a commercialized shot of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (70 mL containing 6.4 mmol of NO3-) did not produce any performance benefit on tennis matchplay. Thus, acute beetroot juice supplementation seems an ergogenic aid with little value to enhance physical performance in professional tennis players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Pérez-López
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Sport and Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Jodra
- Department of Education Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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LE Roux-Mallouf T, Vallejo A, Pelen F, Halimaoui I, Doutreleau S, Verges S. Synergetic Effect of NO Precursor Supplementation and Exercise Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:2437-2447. [PMID: 33064413 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitric oxide (NO) precursor supplementation has been shown to increase NO bioavailability and can potentially improve vascular function and exercise performance. It remains unclear whether the combination of NO precursor supplementation and exercise training has synergic effects on exercise performance. This study aims to assess the effect of chronic nitrate and citrulline intake on exercise training adaptations in healthy young individuals. METHODS In this randomized, double-bind trial, 24 healthy young (12 females) subjects performed vascular function assessment (blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, postischemia vasodilation, and cerebrovascular reactivity) and both local (submaximal isometric unilateral knee extension) and whole-body (incremental cycling) exercise tests to exhaustion before and after a 2-month exercise training program and daily intake of a placebo or a nitrate-rich salad and citrulline (N + C, 520 mg nitrate and 6 g citrulline) drink. Prefrontal cortex and quadriceps oxygenation was monitored continuously during exercise by near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS N + C supplementation had no effect on vascular function and muscle and cerebral oxygenation during both local and whole-body exercise. N + C supplementation induced a significantly larger increase in maximal knee extensor strength (+5.1 ± 3.5 vs +0.2 ± 5.5 kg, P = 0.008) as well as a trend toward a larger increase in knee extensor endurance (+35.2 ± 26.1 vs +24.0 ± 10.4 contractions, P = 0.092) than placebo, but no effect on exercise training-induced maximal aerobic performance improvement. CONCLUSION These results suggest that chronic nitrate and citrulline supplementation enhances the effect of exercise training on quadriceps muscle function in healthy active young individuals, but this does not translate into improved maximal aerobic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Vallejo
- HP2 Laboratory INSERM U1042, Faculty of Medicine, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, FRANCE
| | - Felix Pelen
- HP2 Laboratory INSERM U1042, Faculty of Medicine, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, FRANCE
| | - Idir Halimaoui
- HP2 Laboratory INSERM U1042, Faculty of Medicine, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, FRANCE
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Hargreaves M, Spriet LL. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nat Metab 2020; 2:817-828. [PMID: 32747792 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The continual supply of ATP to the fundamental cellular processes that underpin skeletal muscle contraction during exercise is essential for sports performance in events lasting seconds to several hours. Because the muscle stores of ATP are small, metabolic pathways must be activated to maintain the required rates of ATP resynthesis. These pathways include phosphocreatine and muscle glycogen breakdown, thus enabling substrate-level phosphorylation ('anaerobic') and oxidative phosphorylation by using reducing equivalents from carbohydrate and fat metabolism ('aerobic'). The relative contribution of these metabolic pathways is primarily determined by the intensity and duration of exercise. For most events at the Olympics, carbohydrate is the primary fuel for anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. Here, we provide an overview of exercise metabolism and the key regulatory mechanisms ensuring that ATP resynthesis is closely matched to the ATP demand of exercise. We also summarize various interventions that target muscle metabolism for ergogenic benefit in athletic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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36
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Rothschild JA, Bishop DJ. Effects of Dietary Supplements on Adaptations to Endurance Training. Sports Med 2020; 50:25-53. [PMID: 31531769 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endurance training leads to a variety of adaptations at the cellular and systemic levels that serve to minimise disruptions in whole-body homeostasis caused by exercise. These adaptations are differentially affected by training volume, training intensity, and training status, as well as by nutritional choices that can enhance or impair the response to training. A variety of supplements have been studied in the context of acute performance enhancement, but the effects of continued supplementation concurrent to endurance training programs are less well characterised. For example, supplements such as sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine can improve endurance performance and possibly training adaptations during endurance training by affecting buffering capacity and/or allowing an increased training intensity, while antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E may impair training adaptations by blunting cellular signalling but appear to have little effect on performance outcomes. Additionally, limited data suggest the potential for dietary nitrate (in the form of beetroot juice), creatine, and possibly caffeine, to further enhance endurance training adaptation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the impact of dietary supplements on metabolic and physiological adaptations to endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. .,TriFit Performance Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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37
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Marzuca-Nassr GN, SanMartín-Calísto Y, Guerra-Vega P, Artigas-Arias M, Alegría A, Curi R. Skeletal Muscle Aging Atrophy: Assessment and Exercise-Based Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:123-158. [PMID: 32304033 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the ordinary course of aging, individuals change their body composition, mainly reducing their skeletal muscle mass and increasing their fat mass. In association, muscle strength and functionality also decrease. The geriatric assessment allows knowing the baseline situation of the patients, determines the impact of diseases, and defines specific treatments. There are various tools to evaluate the health condition of older people. These tools include the assessment scales of necessary Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), physical and functional assessment scales, and instruments that assess the cognitive state of the person. There are several strategies that have been proposed to combat skeletal muscle atrophy due to aging, such as physical exercise, nutritional supplements, or drugs. Some researchers have highlighted the efficacy of the combination of the mentioned strategies. In this chapter, we will focus only on physical exercise as a strategy to reduce skeletal muscle loss during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. .,Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Yuri SanMartín-Calísto
- Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pablo Guerra-Vega
- Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Macarena Artigas-Arias
- Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrea Alegría
- Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Wickham KA, McCarthy DG, Pereira JM, Cervone DT, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Power GA, Spriet LL. No effect of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise economy and performance in recreationally active females despite increased torque production. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e13982. [PMID: 30653856 PMCID: PMC6336290 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of acute and chronic beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on submaximal exercise oxygen uptake (VO2), time trial (TT) performance, and contractile properties of the plantar flexors in females. Study 1: Using a double blind, randomized, crossover design, 12 recreationally active females using hormonal contraceptives supplemented acutely (2.5 h) and chronically (8 days) with 280 mL BRJ/d (~26 mmoles nitrate [NO3−]) or a NO3−‐free placebo (PLA). On days 1 and 8, participants cycled for 10 min at 50% and 70% VO2peak and completed a 4 kJ/kg body mass TT. Plasma [NO3−] and nitrite ([NO2−]) increased significantly following BRJ supplementation versus PLA. There was no effect of BRJ supplementation on VO2 at 50% or 70% VO2peak, or TT performance. Study 2: 12 recreationally active females (n = 7 from Study 1) using hormonal contraceptives participated in a baseline visit and were supplemented acutely (2.5 h) and chronically (8 days) with 280 mL BRJ/d. Maximum voluntary strength (MVC) of the plantar flexors was assessed and a torque‐frequency curve performed. BRJ had no effect on MVC, voluntary activation, peak twitch torque, time to peak torque, or half relaxation time. Following both acute (46.6 ± 4.9% of 100 Hz torque) and chronic (47.2 ± 4.4%) supplementation, 10 Hz torque was significantly greater compared to baseline (32.9 ± 2.6%). In summary, BRJ may not be an effective ergogenic aid in recreationally active females as it did not reduce submaximal exercise VO2 or improve aerobic TT performance despite increasing low frequency torque production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Wickham
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin G McCarthy
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie M Pereira
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel T Cervone
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Zamani H, de Joode MEJR, Hossein IJ, Henckens NFT, Guggeis MA, Berends JE, de Kok TMCM, van Breda SGJ. The benefits and risks of beetroot juice consumption: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:788-804. [PMID: 32292042 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1746629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Beetroot juice (BRJ) has become increasingly popular amongst athletes aiming to improve sport performances. BRJ contains high concentrations of nitrate, which can be converted into nitric oxide (NO) after consumption. NO has various functions in the human body, including a vasodilatory effect, which reduces blood pressure and increases oxygen- and nutrient delivery to various organs. These effects indicate that BRJ may have relevant applications in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, the consumption of BRJ also has an impact on oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles, muscle efficiency, tolerance and endurance and may thus have a positive impact on sports performances. Aside from the beneficial aspects of BRJ consumption, there may also be potential health risks. Drinking BRJ may easily increase nitrate intake above the acceptable daily intake, which is known to stimulate the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC's), a class of compounds that is known to be carcinogenic and that may also induce several other adverse effects. Compared to studies on the beneficial effects, the amount of data and literature on the negative effects of BRJ is rather limited, and should be increased in order to perform a balanced risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zamani
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M E J R de Joode
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - I J Hossein
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - N F T Henckens
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M A Guggeis
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J E Berends
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T M C M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S G J van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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40
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Wahwah N, Kras KA, Roust LR, Katsanos CS. Subpopulation-specific differences in skeletal muscle mitochondria in humans with obesity: insights from studies employing acute nutritional and exercise stimuli. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E538-E553. [PMID: 31990577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00463.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria from skeletal muscle of humans with obesity often display alterations with respect to their morphology, proteome, biogenesis, and function. These changes in muscle mitochondria are considered to contribute to metabolic abnormalities observed in humans with obesity. Most of the evidence describing alterations in muscle mitochondria in humans with obesity, however, lacks reference to a specific subcellular location. This is despite data over the years showing differences in the morphology and function of subsarcolemmal (found near the plasma membrane) and intermyofibrillar (nested between the myofibrils) mitochondria in skeletal muscle. Recent studies reveal that impairments in mitochondrial function in obesity with respect to the subcellular location of the mitochondria in muscle are more readily evident following exposure of the skeletal muscle to physiological stimuli. In this review, we highlight the need to understand skeletal muscle mitochondria metabolism in obesity in a subpopulation-specific manner and in the presence of physiological stimuli that modify mitochondrial function in vivo. Experimental approaches employed under these conditions will allow for more precise characterization of impairments in skeletal muscle mitochondria and their implications in inducing metabolic dysfunction in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Wahwah
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Katon A Kras
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Lori R Roust
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Christos S Katsanos
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona
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41
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Schiffer TA, Larsen F, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Dietary nitrate and mitochondrial efficiency in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:486. [PMID: 32016354 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas A Schiffer
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Filip Larsen
- The Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences; Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
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42
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Ntessalen M, Procter NEK, Feelisch M, Crichton PG, Frenneaux MP. Reply to TA Schiffer et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:487-488. [PMID: 32016355 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ntessalen
- From the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan E K Procter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- From the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Crichton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Frenneaux
- From the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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43
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Ntessalen M, Procter NEK, Schwarz K, Loudon BL, Minnion M, Fernandez BO, Vassiliou VS, Vauzour D, Madhani M, Constantin‐Teodosiu D, Horowitz JD, Feelisch M, Dawson D, Crichton PG, Frenneaux MP. Inorganic nitrate and nitrite supplementation fails to improve skeletal muscle mitochondrial efficiency in mice and humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:79-89. [PMID: 31599928 PMCID: PMC6944528 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic nitrate, abundant in leafy green vegetables and beetroot, is thought to have protective health benefits. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet reduces the incidence and severity of coronary artery disease, whereas supplementation with nitrate can improve submaximal exercise performance. Once ingested, oral commensal bacteria may reduce nitrate to nitrite, which may subsequently be reduced to nitric oxide during conditions of hypoxia and in the presence of "nitrite reductases" such as heme- and molybdenum-containing enzymes. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the putative effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. METHODS Mice were subjected to a nitrate/nitrite-depleted diet for 2 wk, then supplemented with sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, or sodium chloride (1 g/L) in drinking water ad libitum for 7 d before killing. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and expression of uncoupling protein (UCP) 3, ADP/ATP carrier protein (AAC) 1 and AAC2, and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) were assessed by respirometry and Western blotting. Studies were also undertaken in human skeletal muscle biopsies from a cohort of coronary artery bypass graft patients treated with either sodium nitrite (30-min infusion of 10 μmol/min) or vehicle [0.9% (wt:vol) saline] 24 h before surgery. RESULTS Neither sodium nitrate nor sodium nitrite supplementation altered mitochondrial coupling efficiency in murine skeletal muscle, and expression of UCP3, AAC1, or AAC2, and PDH phosphorylation status did not differ between the nitrite and saline groups. Similar results were observed in human samples. CONCLUSIONS Sodium nitrite failed to improve mitochondrial metabolic efficiency, rendering this mechanism implausible for the purported exercise benefits of dietary nitrate supplementation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04001283.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ntessalen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan E K Procter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Schwarz
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Brodie L Loudon
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Minnion
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Madhani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dumitru Constantin‐Teodosiu
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham University Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John D Horowitz
- Department of Cardiology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Dawson
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Crichton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Frenneaux
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to MPF (E-mail: )
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McIlvenna LC, Muggeridge DJ, Whitfield J. Exploring the mechanisms by which nitrate supplementation improves skeletal muscle contractile function: one fibre at a time. J Physiol 2019; 598:25-27. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. McIlvenna
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria University Melbourne Australia
| | - David J. Muggeridge
- Active Health Exercise LaboratoryDivision of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Health Research and InnovationUniversity of the Highlands and Islands Inverness UK
| | - Jamie Whitfield
- Exercise and Nutrition Research ProgramMary MacKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic University Melbourne Australia
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45
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Axton ER, Beaver LM, St. Mary L, Truong L, Logan CR, Spagnoli S, Prater MC, Keller RM, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Ehrlicher SE, Stierwalt HD, Newsom SA, Robinson MM, Tanguay RL, Stevens JF, Hord NG. Treatment with Nitrate, but Not Nitrite, Lowers the Oxygen Cost of Exercise and Decreases Glycolytic Intermediates While Increasing Fatty Acid Metabolites in Exercised Zebrafish. J Nutr 2019; 149:2120-2132. [PMID: 31495890 PMCID: PMC6887948 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary nitrate improves exercise performance by reducing the oxygen cost of exercise, although the mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that nitrate and nitrite treatment would lower the oxygen cost of exercise by improving mitochondrial function and stimulating changes in the availability of metabolic fuels for energy production. METHODS We treated 9-mo-old zebrafish with nitrate (sodium nitrate, 606.9 mg/L), nitrite (sodium nitrite, 19.5 mg/L), or control (no treatment) water for 21 d. We measured oxygen consumption during a 2-h, strenuous exercise test; assessed the respiration of skeletal muscle mitochondria; and performed untargeted metabolomics on treated fish, with and without exercise. RESULTS Nitrate and nitrite treatment increased blood nitrate and nitrite levels. Nitrate treatment significantly lowered the oxygen cost of exercise, as compared with pretreatment values. In contrast, nitrite treatment significantly increased oxygen consumption with exercise. Nitrate and nitrite treatments did not change mitochondrial function measured ex vivo, but significantly increased the abundances of ATP, ADP, lactate, glycolytic intermediates (e.g., fructose 1,6-bisphosphate), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (e.g., succinate), and ketone bodies (e.g., β-hydroxybutyrate) by 1.8- to 3.8-fold, relative to controls. Exercise significantly depleted glycolytic and TCA intermediates in nitrate- and nitrite-treated fish, as compared with their rested counterparts, while exercise did not change, or increased, these metabolites in control fish. There was a significant net depletion of fatty acids, acyl carnitines, and ketone bodies in exercised, nitrite-treated fish (2- to 4-fold), while exercise increased net fatty acids and acyl carnitines in nitrate-treated fish (1.5- to 12-fold), relative to their treated and rested counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Nitrate and nitrite treatment increased the availability of metabolic fuels (ATP, glycolytic and TCA intermediates, lactate, and ketone bodies) in rested zebrafish. Nitrate treatment may improve exercise performance, in part, by stimulating the preferential use of fuels that require less oxygen for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Axton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Laura M Beaver
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsey St. Mary
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christiana R Logan
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sean Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Mary C Prater
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rosa M Keller
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sarah E Ehrlicher
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Harrison D Stierwalt
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sean A Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Norman G Hord
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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46
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Bailey SJ, Gandra PG, Jones AM, Hogan MC, Nogueira L. Incubation with sodium nitrite attenuates fatigue development in intact single mouse fibres at physiological P O 2 . J Physiol 2019; 597:5429-5443. [PMID: 31541562 DOI: 10.1113/jp278494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Dietary nitrate supplementation increases plasma nitrite concentration, which provides an oxygen-independent source of nitric oxide and can delay skeletal muscle fatigue. Nitrate supplementation has been shown to increase myofibre calcium release and force production in mouse skeletal muscle during contractions at a supra-physiological oxygen tension, but it is unclear whether nitrite exposure can delay fatigue development and improve myofibre calcium handling at a near-physiological oxygen tension. Single mouse muscle fibres acutely treated with nitrite had a lower force and cytosolic calcium concentration during single non-fatiguing contractions at a near-physiological oxygen tension. Nitrite treatment delayed fatigue development during repeated fatiguing isometric contractions at near-physiological, but not at supra-physiological, oxygen tension in combination with better maintenance of myofilament calcium sensitivity and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pumping. These findings improve understanding of the mechanisms by which increased skeletal muscle nitrite exposure might be ergogenic and imply that this is related to improved calcium handling. ABSTRACT Dietary nitrate (NO3 - ) supplementation, which increases plasma nitrite (NO2 - ) concentration, has been reported to attenuate skeletal muscle fatigue development. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium (Ca2+ ) release is enhanced in isolated single skeletal muscle fibres following NO3 - supplementation or NO2 - incubation at a supra-physiological P O 2 but it is unclear whether NO2 - incubation can alter Ca2+ handling and fatigue development at a near-physiological P O 2 . We hypothesised that NO2 - treatment would improve Ca2+ handling and delay fatigue at a physiological P O 2 in intact single mouse skeletal muscle fibres. Each muscle fibre was perfused with Tyrode solution pre-equilibrated with either 20% ( P O 2 ∼150 Torr) or 2% O2 ( P O 2 = 15.6 Torr) in the absence and presence of 100 µM NaNO2 . At supra-physiological P O 2 (i.e. 20% O2 ), time to fatigue was lowered by 34% with NaNO2 (control: 257 ± 94 vs. NaNO2 : 159 ± 46 s, Cohen's d = 1.63, P < 0.05), but extended by 21% with NaNO2 at 2% O2 (control: 308 ± 217 vs. NaNO2 : 368 ± 242 s, d = 1.14, P < 0.01). During the fatiguing contraction protocol completed with NaNO2 at 2% O2 , peak cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]c ) was not different (P > 0.05) but [Ca2+ ]c accumulation between contractions was lower, concomitant with a greater SR Ca2+ pumping rate (P < 0.05) compared to the control condition. These results demonstrate that increased exposure to NO2 - blunts fatigue development at near-physiological, but not at supra-physiological, P O 2 through enhancing SR Ca2+ pumping rate in single skeletal muscle fibres. These findings extend our understanding of the mechanisms by which increased NO2 - exposure can mitigate skeletal muscle fatigue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Bailey
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paulo G Gandra
- Section of Physiology; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael C Hogan
- Section of Physiology; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo Nogueira
- Section of Physiology; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (Medical Biochemistry Institute Leopoldo de Meis), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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47
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Wickham KA, Spriet LL. No longer beeting around the bush: a review of potential sex differences with dietary nitrate supplementation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:915-924. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been substantial interest in the health and athletic performance benefits associated with acute and chronic dietary nitrate (NO3–) supplementation. Dietary NO3–, commonly found in leafy green and root vegetables, undergoes sequential reduction to nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) via the enterosalivary circulation. Importantly, NO has been shown to elicit a number of biological effects ranging from blood pressure reduction to improved exercise economy and athletic performance. However, a common absence within biological research is the lack of female participants, which is often attributed to the added complexity of hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle. Despite mounting evidence supporting significant anthropometric, metabolic, and physiological differences between the sexes, this problem extends to the field of dietary NO3– supplementation where women are underrepresented as research participants. This review examines the existing dietary NO3– supplementation research with regards to dietary NO3– pharmacokinetics, resting blood pressure, exercise economy and performance, and mechanisms of action. It also provides evidence and rationale for potential sex differences in response to dietary NO3– supplementation and future directions for this field of research. Novelty Dietary NO3– supplementation has been shown to have positive impacts on health and athletic performance in generally male populations. However, women are underrepresented in dietary NO3– supplementation research. The present evidence suggests that sex differences exist in response to dietary NO3– supplementation and this review highlights avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A. Wickham
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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48
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Trexler ET, Keith DS, Lucero AA, Stoner L, Schwartz TA, Persky AM, Ryan ED, Smith-Ryan AE. Effects of Citrulline Malate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Energy Metabolism and Blood Flow During Submaximal Resistance Exercise. J Diet Suppl 2019; 17:698-717. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2019.1650866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Trexler
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dale S. Keith
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam A. Lucero
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, NZ
| | - Lee Stoner
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Todd A. Schwartz
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam M. Persky
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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49
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a plethora of important roles in the human body. Insufficient production of NO (for example, during older age and in various disease conditions) can adversely impact health and physical performance. In addition to its endogenous production through the oxidation of l-arginine, NO can be formed nonenzymatically via the reduction of nitrate and nitrite, and the storage of these anions can be augmented by the consumption of nitrate-rich foodstuffs such as green leafy vegetables. Recent studies indicate that dietary nitrate supplementation, administered most commonly in the form of beetroot juice, can ( a) improve muscle efficiency by reducing the O2 cost of submaximal exercise and thereby improve endurance exercise performance and ( b) enhance skeletal muscle contractile function and thereby improve muscle power and sprint exercise performance. This review describes the physiological mechanisms potentially responsible for these effects, outlines the circumstances in which ergogenic effects are most likely to be evident, and discusses the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on physical performance in a range of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Jones
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom;
| | - Christopher Thompson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom;
| | - Lee J Wylie
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom;
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom;
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50
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Pawlak-Chaouch M, Boissière J, Munyaneza D, Gamelin FX, Cuvelier G, Berthoin S, Aucouturier J. Beetroot Juice Does Not Enhance Supramaximal Intermittent Exercise Performance in Elite Endurance Athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 38:729-738. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1601601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Pawlak-Chaouch
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Julien Boissière
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Désiré Munyaneza
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - François-Xavier Gamelin
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Grégory Cuvelier
- Laboratory of Exercise and Movement, Provincial School of Hainaut (HEPH)-Condorcet, Tournai, Belgium
| | - Serge Berthoin
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Julien Aucouturier
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
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