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Schnelldorfer T, Gnanatheepam E, Trout R, Gado A, Pelletier JE, Dinh LT, Hunter M, Georgakoudi I. Evaluation of a polarization-enhanced laparoscopy prototype for improved intra-operative visualization of peritoneal metastases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14892. [PMID: 37689765 PMCID: PMC10492843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite careful staging, the accuracy for preoperative detection of small distant metastases remains poor, creating a clinical need for enhanced operative staging to detect occult peritoneal metastases. This study evaluates a polarization-enhanced laparoscopy (PEL) prototype and assesses its potential for label-free contrast enhancement of peritoneal metastases. This is a first-in-human feasibility study, including 10 adult patients who underwent standard staging laparoscopy (SSL) for gastrointestinal malignancy along with PEL. Image frames of all detectable peritoneal lesions underwent analysis. Using Monte Carlo simulations, contrast enhancement based on the color dependence of PEL (mPEL) was assessed. The prototype performed safely, yet with limitations in illumination, fogging of the distal window, and image co-registration. Sixty-five lesions (56 presumed benign and 9 presumed malignant) from 3 patients represented the study sample. While most lesions were visible under human examination of both SSL and PEL videos, more lesions were apparent using SSL. However, this was likely due to reduced illumination under PEL. When controlling for such effects through direct comparisons of integrated (WLL) vs differential (PEL) polarization laparoscopy images, we found that PEL imaging yielded an over twofold Weber contrast enhancement over WLL. Further, enhancements in the discrimination between malignant and benign lesions were achieved by exploiting the PEL color contrast to enhance sensitivity to tissue scattering, influenced primarily by collagen. In conclusion, PEL appears safe and easy to integrate into the operating room. When controlling for the degree of illumination, image analysis suggested a potential for mPEL to provide improved visualization of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnelldorfer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Department of Translational Research, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 31 Mall Road, Burlington, MA, 01805, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Einstein Gnanatheepam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Robert Trout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ahmed Gado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Google LLC, San Francisco, CA, 94105-1673, USA
| | - Joyce-Ellen Pelletier
- Department of Translational Research, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 31 Mall Road, Burlington, MA, 01805, USA
| | - Long T Dinh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Martin Hunter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, S684 LSL, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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Carlson ML, McClatchy DM, Gunn JR, Elliott JT, Paulsen KD, Kanick SC, Pogue BW. Wide-field color imaging of scatter-based tissue contrast using both high spatial frequency illumination and cross-polarization gating. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700104. [PMID: 28800205 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the scatter-specific tissue contrast that can be obtained by high spatial frequency (HSF) domain imaging and cross-polarization (CP) imaging, using a standard color imaging system, and how combining them may be beneficial. Both HSF and CP approaches are known to modulate the sensitivity of epi-illumination reflectance images between diffuse multiply scattered and superficially backscattered photons, providing enhanced contrast from microstructure and composition than what is achieved by standard wide-field imaging. Measurements in tissue-simulating optical phantoms show that CP imaging returns localized assessments of both scattering and absorption effects, while HSF has uniquely specific sensitivity to scatter-only contrast, with a strong suppression of visible contrast from blood. The combination of CP and HSF imaging provided an expanded sensitivity to scatter compared with CP imaging, while rejecting specular reflections detected by HSF imaging. ex vivo imaging of an atlas of dissected rodent organs/tissues demonstrated the scatter-based contrast achieved with HSF, CP and HSF-CP imaging, with the white light spectral signal returned by each approach translated to a color image for intuitive encoding of scatter-based contrast within images of tissue. The results suggest that visible CP-HSF imaging could have the potential to aid diagnostic imaging of lesions in skin or mucosal tissues and organs, where just CP is currently the standard practice imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M McClatchy
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jonathan T Elliott
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Keith D Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Stephen C Kanick
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- Profusa, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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3
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McClatchy DM, Rizzo EJ, Meganck J, Kempner J, Vicory J, Wells WA, Paulsen KD, Pogue BW. Calibration and analysis of a multimodal micro-CT and structured light imaging system for the evaluation of excised breast tissue. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:8983-9000. [PMID: 29048330 PMCID: PMC5729028 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa94b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A multimodal micro-computed tomography (CT) and multi-spectral structured light imaging (SLI) system is introduced and systematically analyzed to test its feasibility to aid in margin delineation during breast conserving surgery (BCS). Phantom analysis of the micro-CT yielded a signal-to-noise ratio of 34, a contrast of 1.64, and a minimum detectable resolution of 240 μm for a 1.2 min scan. The SLI system, spanning wavelengths 490 nm to 800 nm and spatial frequencies up to 1.37 [Formula: see text], was evaluated with aqueous tissue simulating phantoms having variations in particle size distribution, scatter density, and blood volume fraction. The reduced scattering coefficient, [Formula: see text] and phase function parameter, γ, were accurately recovered over all wavelengths independent of blood volume fractions from 0% to 4%, assuming a flat sample geometry perpendicular to the imaging plane. The resolution of the optical system was tested with a step phantom, from which the modulation transfer function was calculated yielding a maximum resolution of 3.78 cycles per mm. The three dimensional spatial co-registration between the CT and optical imaging space was tested and shown to be accurate within 0.7 mm. A freshly resected breast specimen, with lobular carcinoma, fibrocystic disease, and adipose, was imaged with the system. The micro-CT provided visualization of the tumor mass and its spiculations, and SLI yielded superficial quantification of light scattering parameters for the malignant and benign tissue types. These results appear to be the first demonstration of SLI combined with standard medical tomography for imaging excised tumor specimens. While further investigations are needed to determine and test the spectral, spatial, and CT features required to classify tissue, this study demonstrates the ability of multimodal CT/SLI to quantify, visualize, and spatially navigate breast tumor specimens, which could potentially aid in the assessment of tumor margin status during BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M McClatchy
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America
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4
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Zhao Y, Pogue BW, Haider SJ, Gui J, diFlorio-Alexander RM, Paulsen KD, Jiang S. Portable, parallel 9-wavelength near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) system for efficient characterization of breast cancer within the clinical oncology infusion suite. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2186-201. [PMID: 27375937 PMCID: PMC4918575 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A portable near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) system was developed with simultaneous frequency domain (FD) and continuous-wave (CW) optical measurements for efficient characterization of breast cancer in a clinical oncology setting. Simultaneous FD and CW recordings were implemented to speed up acquisition to 3 minutes for all 9 wavelengths, spanning a range from 661nm to 1064nm. An adjustable interface was designed to fit various breast sizes and shapes. Spatial images of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, water, lipid, and scattering components were reconstructed using a 2D FEM approach. The system was tested on a group of 10 normal subjects, who were examined bilaterally and the recovered optical images were compared to radiographic breast density. Significantly higher total hemoglobin and water were estimated in the high density relative to low density groups. One patient with invasive ductal carcinoma was also examined and the cancer region was characterized as having a contrast ratio of 1.4 in total hemoglobin and 1.2 in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Steffen J. Haider
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Radiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Kennedy S, Caldwell M, Bydlon T, Mulvey C, Mueller J, Wilke L, Barry W, Ramanujam N, Geradts J. Correlation of breast tissue histology and optical signatures to improve margin assessment techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:66014. [PMID: 27327487 PMCID: PMC4914603 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.6.066014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy is sensitive to morphological composition and has potential applications in intraoperative margin assessment. Here, we evaluate ex vivo breast tissue and corresponding quantified hematoxylin & eosin images to correlate optical scattering signatures to tissue composition stratified by patient characteristics. Adipose sites (213) were characterized by their cell area and density. All other benign and malignant sites (181) were quantified using a grid method to determine composition. The relationships between mean reduced scattering coefficient (〈μs′〉), and % adipose, % collagen, % glands, adipocyte cell area, and adipocyte density were investigated. These relationships were further stratified by age, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), and breast density. We identified a positive correlation between 〈μs′〉 and % collagen and a negative correlation between 〈μs′〉 and age and BMI. Increased collagen corresponded to increased 〈μs′〉 variability. In postmenopausal women, 〈μs′〉 was similar regardless of fibroglandular content. Contributions from collagen and glands to 〈μs′〉 were independent and equivalent in benign sites; glands showed a stronger positive correlation than collagen to 〈μs′〉 in malignant sites. Our data suggest that scattering could differentiate highly scattering malignant from benign tissues in postmenopausal women. The relationship between scattering and tissue composition will support improved scattering models and technologies to enhance intraoperative optical margin assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kennedy
- Duke University, TOpS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew Caldwell
- Duke University, TOpS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Torre Bydlon
- Duke University, TOpS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christine Mulvey
- Duke University, TOpS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jenna Mueller
- Duke University, TOpS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Lee Wilke
- University of Wisconsin Breast Center, Department of Surgery, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison WI 53792, United States
| | - William Barry
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS11007, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Nimmi Ramanujam
- Duke University, TOpS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, DUMC3712, 200 Trent Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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6
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Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging of subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolic changes during weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1292-300. [PMID: 27089996 PMCID: PMC4970874 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) structure and metabolism have been shown to correlate with the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Measurements of AT physiology could provide new insight into metabolic disease progression and response to therapy. An emerging functional imaging technology, Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI), was used to obtain quantitative measures of near infrared (NIR) AT optical and physiological properties. Methods 10 overweight or obese adults were assessed during three-months on calorie-restricted diets. DOSI-derived tissue concentrations of hemoglobin, water, and lipid and the wavelength-dependent scattering amplitude (A) and slope (b) obtained from 30 abdominal locations and three time points (T0, T6, T12) were calculated and analyzed using linear mixed effects models, and were also used to form 3D surface images. Results Subjects lost a mean of 11.7 ± 3.4% of starting weight, while significant changes in A (+0.23 ± 0.04 mm−1, adj. p < 0.001), b (−0.17 ± 0.04, adj. p < 0.001), tissue water fraction (+7.2 ± 1.1%, adj. p < 0.001) and deoxyhemoglobin [HbR] (1.1 ± 0.3 µM, adj. p < 0.001) were observed using mixed effect model analysis. Discussion Optical scattering signals reveal alterations in tissue structure which possibly correlate with reductions in adipose cell volume, while water and hemoglobin dynamics suggest improved AT perfusion and oxygen extraction. These results suggest that DOSI measurements of NIR optical and physiological properties could be used to enhance understanding of the role of AT in metabolic disorders and provide new strategies for diagnostic monitoring of obesity and weight loss.
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7
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Kanick SC, McClatchy DM, Krishnaswamy V, Elliott JT, Paulsen KD, Pogue BW. Sub-diffusive scattering parameter maps recovered using wide-field high-frequency structured light imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3376-90. [PMID: 25360357 PMCID: PMC4206309 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the hypothesis that structured light reflectance imaging with high spatial frequency patterns [Formula: see text] can be used to quantitatively map the anisotropic scattering phase function distribution [Formula: see text] in turbid media. Monte Carlo simulations were used in part to establish a semi-empirical model of demodulated reflectance ([Formula: see text]) in terms of dimensionless scattering [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], a metric of the first two moments of the [Formula: see text] distribution. Experiments completed in tissue-simulating phantoms showed that simultaneous analysis of [Formula: see text] spectra sampled at multiple [Formula: see text] in the frequency range [0.05-0.5] [Formula: see text] allowed accurate estimation of both [Formula: see text] in the relevant tissue range [0.4-1.8] [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] in the range [1.4-1.75]. Pilot measurements of a healthy volunteer exhibited [Formula: see text]-based contrast between scar tissue and surrounding normal skin, which was not as apparent in wide field diffuse imaging. These results represent the first wide-field maps to quantify sub-diffuse scattering parameters, which are sensitive to sub-microscopic tissue structures and composition, and therefore, offer potential for fast diagnostic imaging of ultrastructure on a size scale that is relevant to surgical applications.
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8
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Nguyen J, Hayakawa CK, Mourant JR, Spanier J. Perturbation Monte Carlo methods for tissue structure alterations. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1946-1963. [PMID: 24156056 PMCID: PMC3799658 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an extension of the perturbation Monte Carlo method to model light transport when the phase function is arbitrarily perturbed. Current perturbation Monte Carlo methods allow perturbation of both the scattering and absorption coefficients, however, the phase function can not be varied. The more complex method we develop and test here is not limited in this way. We derive a rigorous perturbation Monte Carlo extension that can be applied to a large family of important biomedical light transport problems and demonstrate its greater computational efficiency compared with using conventional Monte Carlo simulations to produce forward transport problem solutions. The gains of the perturbation method occur because only a single baseline Monte Carlo simulation is needed to obtain forward solutions to other closely related problems whose input is described by perturbing one or more parameters from the input of the baseline problem. The new perturbation Monte Carlo methods are tested using tissue light scattering parameters relevant to epithelia where many tumors originate. The tissue model has parameters for the number density and average size of three classes of scatterers; whole nuclei, organelles such as lysosomes and mitochondria, and small particles such as ribosomes or large protein complexes. When these parameters or the wavelength is varied the scattering coefficient and the phase function vary. Perturbation calculations give accurate results over variations of ∼15-25% of the scattering parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2715,
USA
| | - Carole K. Hayakawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 916 Engineering Tower, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2575,
USA
| | - Judith R. Mourant
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545,
USA
| | - Jerome Spanier
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., E., University of California, Irvine, CA 92612,
USA
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9
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Xylas J, Quinn KP, Hunter M, Georgakoudi I. Improved Fourier-based characterization of intracellular fractal features. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20. [PMID: 23188308 PMCID: PMC3601639 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.023442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel Fourier-based image analysis method for measuring fractal features is presented which can significantly reduce artifacts due to non-fractal edge effects. The technique is broadly applicable to the quantitative characterization of internal morphology (texture) of image features with well-defined borders. In this study, we explore the capacity of this method for quantitative assessment of intracellular fractal morphology of mitochondrial networks in images of normal and diseased (precancerous) epithelial tissues. Using a combination of simulated fractal images and endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy, our method is shown to more accurately characterize the exponent of the high-frequency power spectral density (PSD) of these images in the presence of artifacts that arise due to cellular and nuclear borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Xylas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02155,
USA
| | - Kyle P. Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02155,
USA
| | - Martin Hunter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02155,
USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02155,
USA
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10
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Pakalniskis MG, Wells WA, Schwab MC, Froehlich HM, Jiang S, Li Z, Tosteson TD, Poplack SP, Kaufman PA, Pogue BW, Paulsen KD. Tumor angiogenesis change estimated by using diffuse optical spectroscopic tomography: demonstrated correlation in women undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive breast cancer? Radiology 2011; 259:365-74. [PMID: 21406632 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if changes in tumor angiogenesis associated with complete pathologic response (pCR) or partial pathologic response (pPR) to treatment can be demonstrated by using diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS All participants in this prospective, HIPAA-compliant, institutional review board-approved study provided written informed consent. Eleven women with invasive breast carcinoma were imaged with DOS tomography prior to, during, and at completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic regimens. By using region of interest (ROI) analysis, the DOS measure of total tissue hemoglobin (Hb(T)) was temporally correlated with quantitative measures of existing (CD31-expressing) and tumor-induced (CD105-expressing) vessels, in pretreatment and posttreatment tissue specimens, to assess change. RESULTS Quantified angiogenesis alone in pretreatment core biopsy specimens did not predict treatment response, but mean vessel density (MVD) and mean vessel area (MVA) of CD105-expressing vessels were significantly decreased in women with pCR (n = 7) (P < .001 and P = .003, respectively). MVA of CD105-expressing vessels was also significantly reduced at comparison of pre- and posttreatment residual tumor for women with pPR (n = 4) (P = .033). A longitudinal analysis showed significant decreases (P = .001) in mean Hb(T) levels during neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast abnormality ROIs for women with pCR but not women with pPR. For women with pCR, but not women with pPR, pretreatment MVD of CD105-expressing vessels correlated with pretreatment Hb(T) (P ≤ .001). CONCLUSION DOS tomographic examinations in women with breast cancer who are receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy show a mean decrease in Hb(T) with time in patients with pCR only. Observed pretreatment and posttreatment correlates with quantified angiogenesis markers confirm the likely biologic origin for this DOS signature and support its potential to predict angiogenic tissue response early in the treatment cycle. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.11100699/-/DC1.
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11
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Laughney AM, Krishnaswamy V, Garcia-Allende PB, Conde OM, Wells WA, Paulsen KD, Pogue BW. Automated classification of breast pathology using local measures of broadband reflectance. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:066019. [PMID: 21198193 PMCID: PMC3032233 DOI: 10.1117/1.3516594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that morphological features pertinent to a tissue's pathology may be ascertained from localized measures of broadband reflectance, with a mesoscopic resolution (100-μm lateral spot size) that permits scanning of an entire margin for residual disease. The technical aspects and optimization of a k-nearest neighbor classifier for automated diagnosis of pathologies are presented, and its efficacy is validated in 29 breast tissue specimens. When discriminating between benign and malignant pathologies, a sensitivity and specificity of 91 and 77% was achieved. Furthermore, detailed subtissue-type analysis was performed to consider how diverse pathologies influence scattering response and overall classification efficacy. The increased sensitivity of this technique may render it useful to guide the surgeon or pathologist where to sample pathology for microscopic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Laughney
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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12
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Taroni P, Pifferi A, Quarto G, Spinelli L, Torricelli A, Abbate F, Villa A, Balestreri N, Menna S, Cassano E, Cubeddu R. Noninvasive assessment of breast cancer risk using time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:060501. [PMID: 21198142 DOI: 10.1117/1.3506043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Breast density is a recognized strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer. We propose the use of time-resolved transmittance spectroscopy to estimate breast tissue density and potentially provide even more direct information on breast cancer risk. Time-resolved optical mammography at seven wavelengths (635 to 1060 nm) is performed on 49 subjects. Average information on breast tissue of each subject is obtained on oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, water, lipids, and collagen content, as well as scattering amplitude and power. All parameters, except for blood volume and oxygenation, correlate with mammographic breast density, even if not to the same extent. A synthetic optical index proves to be quite effective in separating different breast density categories. Finally, the estimate of collagen content as a more direct means for the assessment of breast cancer risk is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Taroni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
Optical contrast based on elastic scattering interactions between light and matter can be used to probe cellular structure, cellular dynamics, and image tissue architecture. The quantitative nature and high sensitivity of light scattering signals to subtle alterations in tissue morphology, as well as the ability to visualize unstained tissue in vivo, has recently generated significant interest in optical-scatter-based biosensing and imaging. Here we review the fundamental methodologies used to acquire and interpret optical scatter data. We report on recent findings in this field and present current advances in optical scatter techniques and computational methods. Cellular and tissue data enabled by current advances in optical scatter spectroscopy and imaging stand to impact a variety of biomedical applications including clinical tissue diagnosis, in vivo imaging, drug discovery, and basic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada N. Boustany
- Corresponding Author: Rutgers University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, Tel: (732) 445-4500 x6320,
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Depts. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bioengineering, Medicine, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, Tel: (217) 244-7479
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, Tel: (847) 491-3536
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14
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Rogers JD, Capoğlu IR, Backman V. Nonscalar elastic light scattering from continuous random media in the Born approximation. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:1891-3. [PMID: 19529738 PMCID: PMC3839346 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A three-parameter model based on the Whittle-Matérn correlation family is used to describe continuous random refractive-index fluctuations. The differential scattering cross section is derived from the index correlation function using nonscalar scattering formulas within the Born approximation. Parameters such as scattering coefficient, anisotropy factor, and spectral dependence are derived from the differential scattering cross section for this general class of functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Rogers
- Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Jiang S, Pogue BW, Carpenter CM, Poplack SP, Wells WA, Kogel CA, Forero JA, Muffly LS, Schwartz GN, Paulsen KD, Kaufman PA. Evaluation of breast tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with tomographic diffuse optical spectroscopy: case studies of tumor region-of-interest changes. Radiology 2009; 252:551-60. [PMID: 19508985 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2522081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate two methods of summarizing tomographic diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) data through region-of-interest (ROI) analysis to differentiate complete from incomplete responses in patients with locally advanced breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant treatment and to estimate the standard deviations of these methods for power analysis of larger study designs in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects participating in the HIPAA-compliant imaging study, approved by the institutional review board, provided written informed consent and were compensated for their examination participation. Seven of 16 cases in women with complete study data were analyzed by using both fixed- and variable-size (full-width-at-half-maximum) ROI measures of the DOS total hemoglobin concentration (Hb(T)), blood oxygen saturation, water fraction, optical scattering amplitude, and scattering power in the ipsilateral and contralateral breasts. Postsurgical histopathologic analysis was used to categorize patients as having a complete or incomplete treatment response. RESULTS Average normalized change in Hb(T) was the only DOS parameter to show significant differences (P < or = .05) in the pathologic complete response (pCR) and pathologic incomplete response (pIR) outcomes in seven patients. Mean values of the changes for fixed-size ROIs were -64.2% +/- 50.8 (standard deviation) and 16.9% +/- 38.2 for the pCR and pIR groups, respectively, and those for variable-size ROIs were -96.7% +/- 91.8, and 14.1% +/- 26.7 for the pCR and pIR groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Tomographic DOS may provide findings predictive of therapeutic response, which could lead to superior individualized patient treatment. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/2522081202/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Subramanian H, Pradhan P, Liu Y, Capoglu IR, Rogers JD, Roy HK, Brand RE, Backman V. Partial-wave microscopic spectroscopy detects subwavelength refractive index fluctuations: an application to cancer diagnosis. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:518-20. [PMID: 19373360 PMCID: PMC2701738 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Existing optical imaging techniques offer us powerful tools to directly visualize the cellular structure at the microscale; however, their capability of nanoscale sensitivity is restricted by the diffraction-limited resolution. We show that the mesoscopic light transport theory analysis of the spectra of partial waves propagating within a weakly disordered medium, such as biological cells [i.e., partial wave spectroscopy (PWS)] quantifies refractive index fluctuations at subdiffractional length scales. We validate this nanoscale sensitivity of PWS using experiments with nanostructured models. We also demonstrate the potential of this technique to detect nanoscale alterations in cells from patients with pancreatic cancer who are otherwise classified as normal by conventional microscopic histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Subramanian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ilinois 60208, USA
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Krishnaswamy V, Hoopes PJ, Samkoe KS, O'Hara JA, Hasan T, Pogue BW. Quantitative imaging of scattering changes associated with epithelial proliferation, necrosis, and fibrosis in tumors using microsampling reflectance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:014004. [PMID: 19256692 PMCID: PMC2813673 DOI: 10.1117/1.3065540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly localized reflectance measurements can be used to directly quantify scatter changes in tissues. We present a microsampling approach that is used to raster scan tumors to extract parameters believed to be related to the tissue ultrastructure. A confocal reflectance imager was developed to examine scatter changes across pathologically distinct regions within tumor tissues. Tissue sections from two murine tumors, AsPC-1 pancreas tumor and the Mat-LyLu Dunning prostate tumor, were imaged. After imaging, histopathology-guided region-of-interest studies of the images allowed analysis of the variations in scattering resulting from differences in tissue ultra-structure. On average, the median scatter power of tumor cells with high proliferation index (HPI) was about 26% less compared to tumor cells with low proliferation index (LPI). Necrosis exhibited the lowest scatter power signature across all the tissue types considered, with about 55% lower median scatter power than LPI tumor cells. Additionally, the level and maturity of the tumor's fibroplastic response was found to influence the scatter signal. This approach to scatter visualization of tissue ultrastructure in situ could provide a unique tool for guiding surgical resection, but this kind of interpretation into what the signal means relative to the pathology is required before proceeding to clinical studies.
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Kawauchi S, Sato S, Ooigawa H, Nawashiro H, Ishihara M, Kikuchi M. Simultaneous measurement of changes in light absorption due to the reduction of cytochrome c oxidase and light scattering in rat brains during loss of tissue viability. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:4164-76. [PMID: 18670575 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.004164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We performed the simultaneous measurement of intrinsic optical signals (IOSs) related to metabolic activity and cellular and subcellular morphological characteristics, i.e., light scattering for a rat global ischemic brain model made by rapidly removing blood by saline infusion. The signals were measured on the basis of multiwavelength diffuse reflectances in which 605 and 830 nm were used to detect the IOSs that are thought to be dominantly affected by redox changes of heme aa(3) and CuA in cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), respectively. For measuring the scattering signal, the wavelength that was found to be most insensitive to the absorption changes, e.g., approximately 620 nm, was used. The measurements suggested that an increase in the absorption due to reduction of heme aa(3) occurred soon after blood clearance, and this was followed by a large triphasic change in light scattering, during which time a decrease in the absorption due to reduction of CuA occurred. Through the triphasic scattering change, scattering signals increased by 5.2 +/- 1.5% (n = 5), and the increase in light scattering showed significant correlation with both the reflectance intensity changes at 605 and 830 nm. This suggests that morphological changes in cells correlate with reductions of heme aa(3) and CuA. Histological analysis of tissue after the triphasic scattering change showed no alteration in either the nuclei or the cytoskeleton, but electron microscopic observation revealed deformed, enlarged mitochondria and expanded dendrites. These findings suggest that the simultaneous measurement of absorption signals related to the redox changes in the CcO and the scattering signal is useful for monitoring tissue viability in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawauchi
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
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He BH, Wei HJ, Chen XM, Wang J. Properties of autofluorescence, absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient spectra for human gastric adenocarcinoma tissues. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:1692-1695. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i15.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the characteristics of autofluorescence, absorption coefficient spectrum and scattering coefficient spectrum for human gastric adenocarcinoma tissues.
METHODS: Twenty-eight samples of human gastric adenocarcinoma taken from tumorous regions and non-tumorous regions were used. Autofluorescence, absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient spectra for gastric wall tissues were measured.
RESULTS: Peak value of autofluorescence spectrum for gastric adenocarcinoma was significantly lower than that for non-tumorous gastric wall tissues and double-peak was present. Absorption coefficient for gastric adenocarcinoma tissues with a spectral range of 300-720 nm wavelength, was significantly lower than that for non-tumorous gastric wall tissues (P < 0.01). Scattering coefficient for gastric adenocarcinoma tissues, with a spectral range of 480-1100 nm wavelength, was significantly lower than that for non-tumorous gastric wall tissues (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Autofluorescence, absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient spectra can differentiate gastric adenocarcinoma tissues from non-tumorous gastric wall tissues effectively.
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Wang X, Pogue BW, Jiang S, Dehghani H, Song X, Srinivasan S, Brooksby BA, Paulsen KD, Kogel C, Poplack SP, Wells WA. Image reconstruction of effective Mie scattering parameters of breast tissue in vivo with near-infrared tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:041106. [PMID: 16965134 DOI: 10.1117/1.2342747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A method for image reconstruction of the effective size and number density of scattering particles is discussed within the context of interpreting near-infrared (NIR) tomography images of breast tissue. An approach to use Mie theory to estimate the effective scattering parameters is examined and applied, given some assumptions about the index of refraction change expected in lipid membrane-bound scatterers. When using a limited number of NIR wavelengths in the reduced scattering spectra, the parameter extraction technique is limited to representing a continuous distribution of scatterer sizes, which is modeled as a simple exponentially decreasing distribution function. In this paper, image formation of effective scatterer size and number density is presented based on the estimation method. The method was evaluated with Intralipid phantom studies to demonstrate particle size estimation to within 9% of the expected value. Then the method was used in NIR patient images, and it indicates that for a cancer tumor, the effective scatterer size is smaller than the background breast values and the effective number density is higher. In contrast, for benign tumor patients, there is not a significant difference in effective scatterer size or number density between tumor and normal tissues. The method was used to interpret magnetic resonance imaging-coupled NIR images of adipose and fibroglandular tissues, and it indicated that the fibroglandular tissue has smaller effective scatterer size and larger effective number density than the adipose tissue does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Dartmouth College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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