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Wu X, Li JR, Fu Y, Chen DY, Nie H, Tang ZP. From static to dynamic: live observation of the support system after ischemic stroke by two photon-excited fluorescence laser-scanning microscopy. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2093-2107. [PMID: 37056116 PMCID: PMC10328295 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.369099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However, treatment efficacy and the progress of research remain unsatisfactory. As the critical support system and essential components in neurovascular units, glial cells and blood vessels (including the blood-brain barrier) together maintain an optimal microenvironment for neuronal function. They provide nutrients, regulate neuronal excitability, and prevent harmful substances from entering brain tissue. The highly dynamic networks of this support system play an essential role in ischemic stroke through processes including brain homeostasis, supporting neuronal function, and reacting to injuries. However, most studies have focused on postmortem animals, which inevitably lack critical information about the dynamic changes that occur after ischemic stroke. Therefore, a high-precision technique for research in living animals is urgently needed. Two-photon fluorescence laser-scanning microscopy is a powerful imaging technique that can facilitate live imaging at high spatiotemporal resolutions. Two-photon fluorescence laser-scanning microscopy can provide images of the whole-cortex vascular 3D structure, information on multicellular component interactions, and provide images of structure and function in the cranial window. This technique shifts the existing research paradigm from static to dynamic, from flat to stereoscopic, and from single-cell function to multicellular intercommunication, thus providing direct and reliable evidence to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms following ischemic stroke in an intact brain. In this review, we discuss exciting findings from research on the support system after ischemic stroke using two-photon fluorescence laser-scanning microscopy, highlighting the importance of dynamic observations of cellular behavior and interactions in the networks of the brain's support systems. We show the excellent application prospects and advantages of two-photon fluorescence laser-scanning microscopy and predict future research developments and directions in the study of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Rui Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dan-Yang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hao Nie
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhou-Ping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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2
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Kakar P, Li Z, Li Y, Cao Y, Chen X. Laser facilitates week-long sustained transdermal drug delivery at high doses. J Control Release 2020; 319:428-437. [PMID: 31923535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional patches are most successful in transdermal delivery of low-dose hydrophobic drugs. Week-long transdermal delivery of high-dose hydrophilic drugs remains a big challenge. This study explored ablative fractional laser (AFL) to assist 3-day to week-long sustained transdermal delivery of powder hydrophilic drugs in murine models. Bulk drug powder was coated into reservoir patches followed by topical application onto AFL-treated skin. Water evaporated from AFL-generated skin microchannels (MCs) gradually dissolve topical drug powder to elicit multi-day sustained drug delivery. Using sulforhodamine b, zidovudine, and bovine serum albumin as model hydrophilic drugs, we found tapped coating could coat 10-20 mg drug per 0.5 cm2 reservoir patch to elicit 3-day sustained delivery, while compression coating could coat ~35-70 mg drug per 0.5 cm2 reservoir patch to elicit week-long sustained delivery. Besides sustained drug delivery, AFL-assisted powder reservoir patch delivery showed a good safety. AFL-generated skin MCs resealed in 1-2 days and completely recovered in 3 days after the week-long sustained delivery. AFL-assisted powder reservoir patch delivery involves no complex powder formulation and only requires incorporation of highly water-soluble mannitol or a similar excipient to elicit the high-efficient delivery. Enlarging reservoir patch size to 10 cm2 can conveniently expand the delivery capacity to gram scale. To our knowledge, this is the first time that high-dose week-long sustained transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs was achieved via a simple laser-based powder delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Kakar
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America
| | - Zhuofan Li
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America
| | - Yibo Li
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America
| | - Yan Cao
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America
| | - Xinyuan Chen
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America.
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3
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Kreimerman I, Reyes AL, Paolino A, Pardo T, Porcal W, Ibarra M, Oliver P, Savio E, Engler H. Biological Assessment of a 18F-Labeled Sulforhodamine 101 in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease as a Potential Astrocytosis Marker. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:734. [PMID: 31379487 PMCID: PMC6646682 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases have mainly been associated with neuronal death. Recent investigations have shown that astroglia may modulate neuroinflammation in the early and late stages of the disease. [11C]Deuterodeprenyl ([11C]DED) is a tracer that has been used for reactive astrocyte detection in Alzheimer’s disease, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, among others, with some limitations. To develop a new radiotracer for detecting astrocytosis and overcoming associated difficulties, we recently reported the synthesis of a sulfonamide derivative of Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), labeled with 18F, namely SR101 N-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl) sulfonamide ([18F]2B-SRF101). The red fluorescent dye SR101 has been used as a specific marker of astroglia in the neocortex of rodents using in vivo models. In the present work we performed a biological characterisation of the new tracer including biodistribution and micro-PET/computed tomography (CT) images. PET/CT studies with [11C]DED were also done to compare with [18F]2B-SRF101 in order to assess its potential as an astrocyte marker. Biodistribution studies with [18F]2B-SRF101 were carried out in C57BL6J black and transgenic (3xTg) mice. A hepatointestinal metabolization as well as the pharmacokinetic profile were determined, showing appropriate characteristics to become a PET diagnostic agent. Dynamic PET/CT studies were carried out with [18F]2B-SRF101 and [11C]DED to evaluate the distribution of both tracers in the brain. A significant difference in [18F]2B-SRF101 uptake was especially observed in the cortex and hippocampus, and it was higher in 3xTg mice than it was in the control group. These results suggested that [18F]2B-SRF101 is a promising candidate for more extensive evaluation as an astrocyte tracer. The difference observed for [18F]2B-SRF101 was not found in the case of [11C]DED. The comparative studies between [18F]2B-SRF101 and [11C]DED suggest that both tracers have different roles as astrocytosis markers in this animal model, and could provide different and complementary information at the same time. In this way, by means of a multitracer approach, useful information could be obtained for the staging of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kreimerman
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Laura Reyes
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Paolino
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tania Pardo
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Williams Porcal
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Manuel Ibarra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Oliver
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Savio
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Henry Engler
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
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4
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Ricard C, Arroyo ED, He CX, Portera-Cailliau C, Lepousez G, Canepari M, Fiole D. Two-photon probes for in vivo multicolor microscopy of the structure and signals of brain cells. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3011-3043. [PMID: 29748872 PMCID: PMC6119111 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imaging the brain of living laboratory animals at a microscopic scale can be achieved by two-photon microscopy thanks to the high penetrability and low phototoxicity of the excitation wavelengths used. However, knowledge of the two-photon spectral properties of the myriad fluorescent probes is generally scarce and, for many, non-existent. In addition, the use of different measurement units in published reports further hinders the design of a comprehensive imaging experiment. In this review, we compile and homogenize the two-photon spectral properties of 280 fluorescent probes. We provide practical data, including the wavelengths for optimal two-photon excitation, the peak values of two-photon action cross section or molecular brightness, and the emission ranges. Beyond the spectroscopic description of these fluorophores, we discuss their binding to biological targets. This specificity allows in vivo imaging of cells, their processes, and even organelles and other subcellular structures in the brain. In addition to probes that monitor endogenous cell metabolism, studies of healthy and diseased brain benefit from the specific binding of certain probes to pathology-specific features, ranging from amyloid-β plaques to the autofluorescence of certain antibiotics. A special focus is placed on functional in vivo imaging using two-photon probes that sense specific ions or membrane potential, and that may be combined with optogenetic actuators. Being closely linked to their use, we examine the different routes of intravital delivery of these fluorescent probes according to the target. Finally, we discuss different approaches, strategies, and prerequisites for two-photon multicolor experiments in the brains of living laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Ricard
- Brain Physiology Laboratory, CNRS UMR 8118, 75006, Paris, France
- Faculté de Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Fédération de Recherche en Neurosciences FR 3636, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Erica D Arroyo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cynthia X He
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Carlos Portera-Cailliau
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Gabriel Lepousez
- Unité Perception et Mémoire, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marco Canepari
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Physics, UMR 5588 CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38402, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
- Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Grenoble, France
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Fiole
- Unité Biothérapies anti-Infectieuses et Immunité, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, BP 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.
- Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du docteur Roux, 75725, Paris Cedex 15, France.
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 38043, Grenoble cedex, France.
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5
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Tóth L, Szöllősi D, Kis-Petik K, Adorján I, Erdélyi F, Kálmán M. The First Postlesion Minutes: An In Vivo Study of Extravasation and Perivascular Astrocytes Following Cerebral Lesions in Various Experimental Mouse Models. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 67:29-39. [PMID: 30047826 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418788390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate alterations following lesions cannot be investigated by using fixed tissues. Here, we employed two-photon microscopy to study the alterations to the permeability of blood-brain barrier and to glio-vascular connections in vivo during the first minutes following cortical lesions in mice. Four models were used: (1) cryogenic lesion, (2) photodisruption using laser pulses, (3) photothrombosis, and (4) bilateral carotid ligation. Sulforhodamine101 was used for supravital labeling of astrocytes and dextran-bound fluorescein isothiocyanate for the assessment of extravasation. Transgenic mice, in which the endothelium and astrocytes expressed a yellow fluorescent protein, were also used. Astrocytic labeling in vivo was verified with postmortem immunostaining against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Summary of results: (1) the glio-vascular connections were stable in the intact brain with no sign of spontaneous dynamic attachment/detachment of glial end-feet; (2) only direct vascular damage (photodisruption or cryogenic) resulted in prompt extravasation; (3) even direct damage failed to provoke a prompt astroglial response. In conclusion, the results indicate that a detachment of the astrocytic end-feet does not precede the breakdown of blood-brain barrier following lesions. Whereas vasogenic edema develops immediately after the lesions, this is not the case with cytotoxic edemas. Time-lapse recordings and three-dimensional reconstructions are presented as supplemental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Katalin Kis-Petik
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - István Adorján
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Mihály Kálmán
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
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6
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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7
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 942] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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8
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Kreimerman I, Porcal W, Olivera S, Oliver P, Savio E, Engler H. Synthesis of [18F]2B-SRF101: A Sulfonamide Derivative of the Fluorescent Dye Sulforhodamine 101. Curr Radiopharm 2017; 10:212-220. [PMID: 28956517 PMCID: PMC5740491 DOI: 10.2174/1874471010666170928112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red fluorescent dye Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) has been used in neuroscience research as a useful tool for staining of astrocytes, since it has been reported as a marker of astroglia in the neocortex of rodents in vivo. The aim of this work is to label SR101 with positron emission radionuclides, in order to provide a radiotracer to study its biological behavior. This is the first attempt to label SR101 by [18F], using a chemical derivatization via a sulfonamidelinker and a commercially available platform. METHODS The synthesis of SR101 N-(3-Bromopropyl) sulfonamide and SR101 N-(3- Fluoropropyl) sulfonamide (2B-SRF101) was carried out. The radiosynthesis of SR101 N-(3- [18F]Fluoropropyl) sulfonamide ([18F]2B-SRF101) was performed in a TRACERlab® FX-FN. Different labeling conditions were tested. Three pilot batches were produced and quality control was performed. Lipophilicity, plasma protein binding and radiochemical stability of [18F]2BSRF101 in final formulation and in plasma were determined. RESULTS SR101 N-(3-Bromopropyl) sulfonamide was synthetized as a precursor for radiolabeling with [18F]. 2B-SRF101 was prepared for analytical purpose. [18F]2B-SRF101 was obtained with radiochemical purity of (97.0 ± 0.6%). The yield of the whole synthesis was (11.9 ± 1.7 %), nondecay corrected. [18F]2B-SRF101 was found to be stable in final formulation and in plasma. The octanol-water partition coefficient was (Log POCT = 1.88 ± 0.14). The product showed a high percentage of plasma protein binding. CONCLUSIONS The derivatization of SR101 via sulfonamide-linker and the first radiosynthesis of [18 F]2B-SRF101 were performed. It was obtained in accordance with quality control specifications. In vitro stability studies verified that [18F]2B-SRF101 was suitable for preclinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kreimerman
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Williams Porcal
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de la República - (UdelaR) Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Olivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas, Clemente Estable, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Patricia Oliver
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Savio
- Ricaldoni 2010, Postal Code 11.600, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Henry Engler
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo. Uruguay
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9
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Yang X, Wang D, Ma Y, Zhao Q, Fallon JK, Liu D, Xu XE, Wang Y, He Z, Liu F. Theranostic nanoemulsions: codelivery of hydrophobic drug and hydrophilic imaging probe for cancer therapy and imaging. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:2773-85. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a theranostic nanoemulsion (TNE) that can codeliver the conjugates of a hydrophobic drug paclitaxel (PTX) and a hydrophilic imaging probe sulforhodamine B (SRB). Materials & methods: The TNE was established using core-matched technology, and can achieve high encapsulation efficiency and synchronized release of the loaded cargo. It has been examined for a correlation between the dynamic uptake of PTX and the intensity of SRB imaging signal in different organs. Results & discussion: Our data demonstrate that the TNE, with improved circulation time, increases therapeutic efficacy and imaging efficiency in both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer. The TNE could not satisfy the demand of visual diagnosis in the living animal because of interference. We therefore formulated a long-circulating theranostic nanoemulsion (LCTNE). Results showed that the LCTNE can meet imaging requirements in vivo. Conclusion: The LCTNE plays a good therapeutic and diagnostic role for subcutaneous tumors in the living animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan Eastern Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7571, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xian Emma Xu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7571, USA
| | - Yongjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7571, USA
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10
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Kharge AB, Wu Y, Perlman CE. Sulforhodamine B interacts with albumin to lower surface tension and protect against ventilation injury of flooded alveoli. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:355-64. [PMID: 25414246 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00818.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the acute respiratory distress syndrome, alveolar flooding by proteinaceous edema liquid impairs gas exchange. Mechanical ventilation is used as a supportive therapy. In regions of the edematous lung, alveolar flooding is heterogeneous, and stress is concentrated in aerated alveoli. Ventilation exacerbates stress concentrations and injuriously overexpands aerated alveoli. Injury degree is proportional to surface tension, T. Lowering T directly lessens injury. Furthermore, as heterogeneous flooding causes the stress concentrations, promoting equitable liquid distribution between alveoli should, indirectly, lessen injury. We present a new theoretical analysis suggesting that liquid is trapped in discrete alveoli by a pressure barrier that is proportional to T. Experimentally, we identify two rhodamine dyes, sulforhodamine B and rhodamine WT, as surface active in albumin solution and investigate whether the dyes lessen ventilation injury. In the isolated rat lung, we micropuncture a surface alveolus, instill albumin solution, and obtain an area with heterogeneous alveolar flooding. We demonstrate that rhodamine dye addition lowers T, reduces ventilation-induced injury, and facilitates liquid escape from flooded alveoli. In vitro we show that rhodamine dye is directly surface active in albumin solution. We identify sulforhodamine B as a potential new therapeutic agent for the treatment of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Banerjee Kharge
- Chemistry, Chemical Biology & Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - You Wu
- Chemistry, Chemical Biology & Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Carrie E Perlman
- Chemistry, Chemical Biology & Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
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Barat E, Boisseau S, Bouyssières C, Appaix F, Savasta M, Albrieux M. Subthalamic nucleus electrical stimulation modulates calcium activity of nigral astrocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41793. [PMID: 22848608 PMCID: PMC3407058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a major output nucleus of the basal ganglia, delivering inhibitory efferents to the relay nuclei of the thalamus. Pathological hyperactivity of SNr neurons is known to be responsible for some motor disorders e.g. in Parkinson's disease. One way to restore this pathological activity is to electrically stimulate one of the SNr input, the excitatory subthalamic nucleus (STN), which has emerged as an effective treatment for parkinsonian patients. The neuronal network and signal processing of the basal ganglia are well known but, paradoxically, the role of astrocytes in the regulation of SNr activity has never been studied. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, we developed a rat brain slice model to study the influence of spontaneous and induced excitability of afferent nuclei on SNr astrocytes calcium activity. Astrocytes represent the main cellular population in the SNr and display spontaneous calcium activities in basal conditions. Half of this activity is autonomous (i.e. independent of synaptic activity) while the other half is dependent on spontaneous glutamate and GABA release, probably controlled by the pace-maker activity of the pallido-nigral and subthalamo-nigral loops. Modification of the activity of the loops by STN electrical stimulation disrupted this astrocytic calcium excitability through an increase of glutamate and GABA releases. Astrocytic AMPA, mGlu and GABA(A) receptors were involved in this effect. SIGNIFICANCE Astrocytes are now viewed as active components of neural networks but their role depends on the brain structure concerned. In the SNr, evoked activity prevails and autonomous calcium activity is lower than in the cortex or hippocampus. Our data therefore reflect a specific role of SNr astrocytes in sensing the STN-GPe-SNr loops activity and suggest that SNr astrocytes could potentially feedback on SNr neuronal activity. These findings have major implications given the position of SNr in the basal ganglia network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Barat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
| | - Sylvie Boisseau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
| | - Céline Bouyssières
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
| | - Florence Appaix
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
| | - Marc Savasta
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, BP217, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - Mireille Albrieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
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Wen CJ, Yen TC, Al-Suwayeh SA, Chang HW, Fang JY. In vivo real-time fluorescence visualization and brain-targeting mechanisms of lipid nanocarriers with different fatty ester:oil ratios. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 6:1545-59. [PMID: 22077462 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objective of the present work was to investigate the influence of the inner cores of lipid nanocarriers on the efficiency of brain targeting. Cetyl palmitate and squalene were respectively chosen as the solid lipid and liquid oil in the inner phase of the nanocarriers. MATERIALS & METHODS Nanoparticulate systems with different cetyl palmitate/squalene ratios were compared by evaluating the size, zeta potential, molecular environment, and mobility of lipids in the systems. RESULTS The particulate diameter ranged from 190 to 210 nm, with systems containing 100% cetyl palmitate in the matrix (solid lipid nanoparticles [SLN]) showing the smallest size, followed by systems with both cetyl palmitate and squalene (nanostructured lipid carriers [NLC]) and with 100% squalene (lipid emulsions [LE]). A cationic surfactant, Forestall, was used to produce a positive surface charge of 40-55 mW. The in vitro release was evaluated using various dyes located in different phases of the nanocarriers. The release of sulforhodamine B occurred in a sustained manner from the shell of the nanocarriers. The in vivo brain distribution of lipid nanosystems after an intravenous injection into rats was monitored by a real-time fluorescence imaging system. LE showed higher brain accumulation than SLN and NLC. NLC only exhibited a slightly higher brain accumulation compared with the aqueous control. Incorporation of sulforhodamine B into LE could prolong its retention in the brain from 20 to 50 min. The results were further confirmed by imaging the entire brain and brain slices. The specific association of lipid nanocarriers with rat brain endothelial cells (bEnd3) was demonstrated using fluorescence microscopy. The cellular uptake of LE and SLN was higher compared with NLC and the aqueous control. LE were observed to be internalized by cells through caveola-mediated and macropinocytotic energy-dependent endocytosis. CONCLUSION The experimental profiles indicated that LE with moderate additives are a promising brain-targeting nanocarrier. The composition of the lipid matrix played a significant role in delivering compounds to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Wen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Masamoto K, Tomita Y, Toriumi H, Aoki I, Unekawa M, Takuwa H, Itoh Y, Suzuki N, Kanno I. Repeated longitudinal in vivo imaging of neuro-glio-vascular unit at the peripheral boundary of ischemia in mouse cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 2012; 212:190-200. [PMID: 22516017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular events evoked at the peripheral boundary of cerebral ischemia is critical for therapeutic outcome against the insult of cerebral ischemia. The present study reports a repeated longitudinal imaging for cellular-scale changes of neuro-glia-vascular unit at the boundary of cerebral ischemia in mouse cerebral cortex in vivo. Two-photon microscopy was used to trace the longitudinal changes of cortical microvasculature and astroglia following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We found that sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), a previously-known marker of astroglia, provide a bright signal in the vessels soon after the intraperitoneal injection, and that intensity was sufficient to detect the microvasculature up to a depth of 0.8 mm. After 5-8 h from the injection of SR101, cortical astroglia was also imaged up to a depth of 0.4 mm. After 1 day from MCAO, some microvessels showed a closure of the lumen space in the occluded MCA territory, leading to a restructuring of microvascular networks up to 7 days after MCAO. At the regions of the distorted microvasculature, an increase in the number of cells labeled with SR101 was detected, which was found as due to labeled neurons. Immunohistochemical results further showed that ischemia provokes neuronal uptake of SR101, which delineate a boundary between dying and surviving cells at the peripheral zone of ischemia in vivo. Finally, reproducibility of the MCAO model was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a different animal group, which showed the consistent infarct volume at the MCA territory over the subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Masamoto
- Center for Frontier Science and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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Appaix F, Girod S, Boisseau S, Römer J, Vial JC, Albrieux M, Maurin M, Depaulis A, Guillemain I, van der Sanden B. Specific in vivo staining of astrocytes in the whole brain after intravenous injection of sulforhodamine dyes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35169. [PMID: 22509398 PMCID: PMC3324425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent staining of astrocytes without damaging or interfering with normal brain functions is essential for intravital microscopy studies. Current methods involved either transgenic mice or local intracerebral injection of sulforhodamine 101. Transgenic rat models rarely exist, and in mice, a backcross with GFAP transgenic mice may be difficult. Local injections of fluorescent dyes are invasive. Here, we propose a non-invasive, specific and ubiquitous method to stain astrocytes in vivo. This method is based on iv injection of sulforhodamine dyes and is applicable on rats and mice from postnatal age to adulthood. The astrocytes staining obtained after iv injection was maintained for nearly half a day and showed no adverse reaction on astrocytic calcium signals or electroencephalographic recordings in vivo. The high contrast of the staining facilitates the image processing and allows to quantify 3D morphological parameters of the astrocytes and to characterize their network. Our method may become a reference for in vivo staining of the whole astrocytes population in animal models of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Appaix
- Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Inserm U836, Grenoble, France.
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Hsu SH, Wen CJ, Al-Suwayeh SA, Chang HW, Yen TC, Fang JY. Physicochemical characterization and in vivo bioluminescence imaging of nanostructured lipid carriers for targeting the brain: apomorphine as a model drug. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:405101. [PMID: 20823498 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/40/405101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were prepared to investigate whether the duration of brain targeting and accumulation of drugs in the brain can be improved by intravenous delivery. NLCs were developed using cetyl palmitate as the lipid matrix, squalene as the cationic surfactant, and Pluronic F68, polysorbate 80 and polyethylene glycol as the interfacial additives. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and lipid emulsions (LEs) were also prepared for comparison. An anti-Parkinson's drug, apomorphine, was used as the model drug. Nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry showed possible interactions between the solid and liquid lipids in the inner core. The lipid nanoparticles with different compositions were characterized by mean size, zeta potential, apomorphine encapsulation and in vitro drug release. NLCs were 370-430 nm in size, which was between the sizes of the SLNs and LEs. A cationic surfactant was used to produce a positive surface charge of 42-50 mV. The base form of apomorphine was successfully entrapped by NLCs with an entrapment percentage of > 60%. The loading of apomorphine in nanoparticles resulted in a slower release behavior compared to the aqueous solution, with LEs showing the lowest release. In vivo real-time bioluminescence imaging of the rat brain revealed that NLCs could be targeted, through certain vessels, to selected brain regions. This effect was further confirmed by imaging the entire brain and brain slices. The results indicated that NLCs with moderate additives are a promising controlled-release and drug-targeting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Weigert R, Sramkova M, Parente L, Amornphimoltham P, Masedunskas A. Intravital microscopy: a novel tool to study cell biology in living animals. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 133:481-91. [PMID: 20372919 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy encompasses various optical microscopy techniques aimed at visualizing biological processes in live animals. In the last decade, the development of non-linear optical microscopy resulted in an enormous increase of in vivo studies, which have addressed key biological questions in fields such as neurobiology, immunology and tumor biology. Recently, few studies have shown that subcellular processes can be imaged dynamically in the live animal at a resolution comparable to that achieved in cell cultures, providing new opportunities to study cell biology under physiological conditions. The overall aim of this review is to give the reader a general idea of the potential applications of intravital microscopy with a particular emphasis on subcellular imaging. An overview of some of the most exciting studies in this field will be presented using resolution as a main organizing criterion. Indeed, first we will focus on those studies in which organs were imaged at the tissue level, then on those focusing on single cells imaging, and finally on those imaging subcellular organelles and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Weigert
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive Room 303A, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA.
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