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Fujino C, Ueshima S, Katsura T. Changes in the expression of drug-metabolising enzymes and drug transporters in mice with collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:758-766. [PMID: 36278306 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2137442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. We investigated the changes in the expression of drug-metabolising enzymes and drug transporters in the liver, small intestine and kidney of mice with collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) to determine whether changes in these expressions affect pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.2. mRNA expression levels of cytochrome P450 (Cyp) 2b10, Cyp2c29 and Cyp3a11 were observed to be lower in the liver and small intestine of CAIA mice than in control mice. Compared with control mice, mRNA expression levels of multidrug resistance 1 b, peptide transporter 2 and organic anion transporter (Oat) 2 were high in the liver of CAIA mice. Changes in these expression levels were different among organs. However, elevated expression of Oat2 mRNA was not associated with an increase in protein expression and transport activity evaluated using [3H]cGMP as a substrate.3. These results suggest that arthritis can change the expression of pharmacokinetics-related genes, but the changes may not necessarily be linked to the pharmacokinetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. On the other hand, we found Oat2 mRNA expression level was positively correlated with plasma interleukin-6 level, indicating that transcriptional activation of Oat2 may occur in inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Fujino
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueshima
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiya Katsura
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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2
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Wang G, Xiao B, Deng J, Gong L, Li Y, Li J, Zhong Y. The Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in COVID-19 Pathogenesis and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:791922. [PMID: 35185562 PMCID: PMC8847594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.791922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a new public health crisis threatening the world. Dysregulated immune responses are the most striking pathophysiological features of patients with severe COVID-19, which can result in multiple-organ failure and death. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) system is the most important drug metabolizing enzyme family, which plays a significant role in the metabolism of endogenous or exogenous substances. Endogenous CYPs participate in the biosynthesis or catabolism of endogenous substances, including steroids, vitamins, eicosanoids, and fatty acids, whilst xenobiotic CYPs are associated with the metabolism of environmental toxins, drugs, and carcinogens. CYP expression and activity are greatly affected by immune response. However, changes in CYP expression and/or function in COVID-19 and their impact on COVID-19 pathophysiology and the metabolism of therapeutic agents in COVID-19, remain unclear. In this analysis, we review current evidence predominantly in the following areas: firstly, the possible changes in CYP expression and/or function in COVID-19; secondly, the effects of CYPs on the metabolism of arachidonic acid, vitamins, and steroid hormones in COVID-19; and thirdly, the effects of CYPs on the metabolism of therapeutic COVID-19 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linmei Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Tao G, Dagher F, Ghose R. Neratinib causes non-recoverable gut injury and reduces intestinal cytochrome P450 3A enzyme in mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:184-194. [PMID: 35237423 PMCID: PMC8882787 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neratinib is a pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor newly approved by FDA in 2017 to treat HER2-positive breast cancer, but the phase III trial of neratinib showed that 96% of the patients taking neratinib experienced diarrhea. So far very few mechanistic studies explore neratinib-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Hereby, we performed toxicity studies in mice to characterize the potential mechanism underlying this adverse effect. C57BL/6 J mice were separated into three groups A, B, C. Group A received vehicle; group B was orally dosed with 100 mg/kg neratinib once daily for 18 days. Group C was dosed with 100 mg/kg neratinib for 12 days and switched to vehicle for 6 days. Intestine and liver were collected for further analysis. Human intestine-derived cells were treated with neratinib in vitro. Our results showed that 12 days treatment of neratinib caused persistent histological damage in mouse GI tract. Both gene expression and activity of Cyp3a11, the major enzyme metabolizing neratinib in mice was reduced in small intestine. The gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines increased throughout the GI tract. Such damages were not recovered after 6 days without neratinib treatment. In addition, in vitro data showed that neratinib was potent in killing human intestine-derived cell lines. Based on such findings, we hypothesized that neratinib downregulates intestinal CYP3A enzyme to cause excessive drug disposition, eventually leading to gut injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Fatima Dagher
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Romi Ghose
- Correspondence address. Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Health Building 2, Room 7045, 4849 Calhoun Rd., 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, USA. Tel: +1-832-842-8343. E-mail:
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4
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Fujino C, Sanoh S, Katsura T. Variation in Expression of Cytochrome P450 3A Isoforms and Toxicological Effects: Endo- and Exogenous Substances as Regulatory Factors and Substrates. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1617-1634. [PMID: 34719640 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The CYP3A subfamily, which includes isoforms CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 in humans, plays important roles in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous substances. Gene and protein expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 show large inter-individual differences, which are caused by many endogenous and exogenous factors. Inter-individual differences can cause negative outcomes, such as adverse drug events and disease development. Therefore, it is important to understand the variations in CYP3A expression caused by endo- and exogenous factors, as well as the variation in the metabolism and kinetics of endo- and exogenous substrates. In this review, we summarize the factors regulating CYP3A expression, such as bile acids, hormones, microRNA, inflammatory cytokines, drugs, environmental chemicals, and dietary factors. In addition, variations in CYP3A expression under pathological conditions, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and liver diseases, are described as examples of the physiological effects of endogenous factors. We also summarize endogenous and exogenous substrates metabolized by CYP3A isoforms, such as cholesterol, bile acids, hormones, arachidonic acid, vitamin D, and drugs. The relationship between the changes in the kinetics of these substrates and the toxicological effects in our bodies are discussed. The usefulness of these substrates and metabolites as endogenous biomarkers for CYP3A activity is also discussed. Notably, we focused on discrimination between CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 to understand inter-individual differences in CYP3A expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Fujino
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Toshiya Katsura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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Li M, Lan L, Zhang S, Xu Y, He W, Xiang D, Liu D, Ren X, Zhang C. IL-6 downregulates hepatic carboxylesterases via NF-κB activation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107920. [PMID: 34217990 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with increased levels of inflammatory factors, which is attributed to the abnormal expression and activity of enzymes and transporters in the liver, affecting drug disposition in vivo. This study aimed to examine the impact of intestinal inflammation on the expression of hepatic carboxylesterases (CESs) in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Two major CESs isoforms, CES1 and CES2, were down-regulated, accompanied by decreases in hepatic microsomal metabolism of clopidogrel and irinotecan. Meanwhile, IL-6 levels significantly increased compared with other inflammatory factors in the livers of UC mice. In contrast, using IL-6 antibody simultaneously reversed the down-regulation of CES1, CES2, pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in the liver. We further confirmed that treatment with NF-κB inhibitor abolished IL-6-induced down-regulation of CES1, CES2, PXR, and CAR in vitro. Thus, it was concluded that IL-6 represses hepatic CESs via the NF-κB pathway in DSS-induced colitis. These findings indicate that caution should be exercised concerning the proper and safe use of therapeutic drugs in patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Lulu Lan
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Yanjiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Wenxi He
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China.
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China.
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China.
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Second- and Third-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs-Influence of Smoking Behavior and Inflammation on Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060514. [PMID: 34071813 PMCID: PMC8230242 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both inflammation and smoking can influence a drug’s pharmacokinetic properties, i.e., its liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Depending on, e.g., pharmacogenetics, these changes may alter treatment response or cause serious adverse drug reactions and are thus of clinical relevance. Antipsychotic drugs, used in the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia, should be closely monitored due to multiple factors (e.g., the narrow therapeutic window of certain psychotropic drugs, the chronicity of most mental illnesses, and the common occurrence of polypharmacotherapy in psychiatry). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aids with drug titration by enabling the quantification of patients’ drug levels. Recommendations on the use of TDM during treatment with psychotropic drugs are presented in the Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology; however, data on antipsychotic drug levels during inflammation or after changes in smoking behavior—both clinically relevant in psychiatry—that can aid clinical decision making are sparse. The following narrative review provides an overview of relevant literature regarding TDM in psychiatry, particularly in the context of second- and third-generation antipsychotic drugs, inflammation, and smoking behavior. It aims to spread awareness regarding TDM (most pronouncedly of clozapine and olanzapine) as a tool to optimize drug safety and provide patient-tailored treatment.
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7
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Second- and Third-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs—Influence of Smoking Behavior and Inflammation on Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ph14060514
expr 938544256 + 801362328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Both inflammation and smoking can influence a drug’s pharmacokinetic properties, i.e., its liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Depending on, e.g., pharmacogenetics, these changes may alter treatment response or cause serious adverse drug reactions and are thus of clinical relevance. Antipsychotic drugs, used in the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia, should be closely monitored due to multiple factors (e.g., the narrow therapeutic window of certain psychotropic drugs, the chronicity of most mental illnesses, and the common occurrence of polypharmacotherapy in psychiatry). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aids with drug titration by enabling the quantification of patients’ drug levels. Recommendations on the use of TDM during treatment with psychotropic drugs are presented in the Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology; however, data on antipsychotic drug levels during inflammation or after changes in smoking behavior—both clinically relevant in psychiatry—that can aid clinical decision making are sparse. The following narrative review provides an overview of relevant literature regarding TDM in psychiatry, particularly in the context of second- and third-generation antipsychotic drugs, inflammation, and smoking behavior. It aims to spread awareness regarding TDM (most pronouncedly of clozapine and olanzapine) as a tool to optimize drug safety and provide patient-tailored treatment.
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8
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Moschny N, Hefner G, Grohmann R, Eckermann G, Maier HB, Seifert J, Heck J, Francis F, Bleich S, Toto S, Meissner C. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Second- and Third-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs-Influence of Smoking Behavior and Inflammation on Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:514. [PMID: 34071813 PMCID: PMC8230242 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060514&set/a 947965394+957477086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Both inflammation and smoking can influence a drug's pharmacokinetic properties, i.e., its liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Depending on, e.g., pharmacogenetics, these changes may alter treatment response or cause serious adverse drug reactions and are thus of clinical relevance. Antipsychotic drugs, used in the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia, should be closely monitored due to multiple factors (e.g., the narrow therapeutic window of certain psychotropic drugs, the chronicity of most mental illnesses, and the common occurrence of polypharmacotherapy in psychiatry). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aids with drug titration by enabling the quantification of patients' drug levels. Recommendations on the use of TDM during treatment with psychotropic drugs are presented in the Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology; however, data on antipsychotic drug levels during inflammation or after changes in smoking behavior-both clinically relevant in psychiatry-that can aid clinical decision making are sparse. The following narrative review provides an overview of relevant literature regarding TDM in psychiatry, particularly in the context of second- and third-generation antipsychotic drugs, inflammation, and smoking behavior. It aims to spread awareness regarding TDM (most pronouncedly of clozapine and olanzapine) as a tool to optimize drug safety and provide patient-tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Moschny
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (H.B.M.); (J.S.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-3656
| | - Gudrun Hefner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vitos Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry, Kloster-Eberbach-Str. 4, 65346 Eltville, Germany;
| | - Renate Grohmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Nussbaum-Str. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Gabriel Eckermann
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hospital Kaufbeuren, Kemnater-Str. 16, 87600 Kaufbeuren, Germany;
| | - Hannah B Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (H.B.M.); (J.S.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Johanna Seifert
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (H.B.M.); (J.S.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Johannes Heck
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Flverly Francis
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (H.B.M.); (J.S.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (H.B.M.); (J.S.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Sermin Toto
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (H.B.M.); (J.S.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Catharina Meissner
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (H.B.M.); (J.S.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (C.M.)
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Lin YS, Thummel KE, Thompson BD, Totah RA, Cho CW. Sources of Interindividual Variability. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:481-550. [PMID: 34272705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of drugs are dependent on numerous factors that influence their disposition. A dose that is efficacious and safe for one individual may result in sub-therapeutic or toxic blood concentrations in others. A significant source of this variability in drug response is drug metabolism, where differences in presystemic and systemic biotransformation efficiency result in variable degrees of systemic exposure (e.g., AUC, Cmax, and/or Cmin) following administration of a fixed dose.Interindividual differences in drug biotransformation have been studied extensively. It is recognized that both intrinsic factors (e.g., genetics, age, sex, and disease states) and extrinsic factors (e.g., diet , chemical exposures from the environment, and the microbiome) play a significant role. For drug-metabolizing enzymes, genetic variation can result in the complete absence or enhanced expression of a functional enzyme. In addition, upregulation and downregulation of gene expression, in response to an altered cellular environment, can achieve the same range of metabolic function (phenotype), but often in a less predictable and time-dependent manner. Understanding the mechanistic basis for variability in drug disposition and response is essential if we are to move beyond the era of empirical, trial-and-error dose selection and into an age of personalized medicine that will improve outcomes in maintaining health and treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne S Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brice D Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rheem A Totah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christi W Cho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Štampar M, Breznik B, Filipič M, Žegura B. Characterization of In Vitro 3D Cell Model Developed from Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cell Line. Cells 2020; 9:E2557. [PMID: 33260628 PMCID: PMC7759933 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In genetic toxicology, there is a trend against the increased use of in vivo models as highlighted by the 3R strategy, thus encouraging the development and implementation of alternative models. Two-dimensional (2D) hepatic cell models, which are generally used for studying the adverse effects of chemicals and consumer products, are prone to giving misleading results. On the other hand, newly developed hepatic three-dimensional (3D) cell models provide an attractive alternative, which, due to improved cell interactions and a higher level of liver-specific functions, including metabolic enzymes, reflect in vivo conditions more accurately. We developed an in vitro 3D cell model from the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. The spheroids were cultured under static conditions and characterised by monitoring their growth, morphology, and cell viability during the time of cultivation. A time-dependent suppression of cell division was observed. Cell cycle analysis showed time-dependent accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, time-dependent downregulation of proliferation markers was shown at the mRNA level. Genes encoding hepatic markers, metabolic phase I/II enzymes, were time-dependently deregulated compared to monolayers. New knowledge on the characteristics of the 3D cell model is of great importance for its further development and application in the safety assessment of chemicals, food products, and complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Štampar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (B.B.); (M.F.)
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (B.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (B.B.); (M.F.)
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (B.B.); (M.F.)
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Chavant A, Gautier-Veyret E, Chhun S, Guilhaumou R, Stanke-Labesque F. [Pharmacokinetic changes related to acute infection. Examples from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic]. Therapie 2020; 76:319-333. [PMID: 33129512 PMCID: PMC7833468 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of factors of pharmacokinetic variability is important in order to personalize pharmacological treatment, particularly for drugs with a narrow therapeutic range for which pharmacological therapeutic monitoring is recommended. Inflammation is a protective response against acute infections and injuries that contributes to intra- and inter-individual variability in drug exposure by modulating the activity of enzymes involved in drug metabolism, and by altering the binding of drugs to plasma proteins. The understanding of the impact of inflammation on drug metabolism and the related clinical consequences allow to better take into consideration the effect of inflammation on the variability of drug exposure. We first summarized the molecular mechanisms by which inflammation contributes to the inhibition of drug metabolism enzymes. We then presented an updated overview of the consequences of the outcome of acute infectious event on pharmacokinetic exposure of drugs with a narrow therapeutic range and that are substrates of cytochrome P450, and the related clinical consequences. Finally, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we reported examples of drug overexposures in COVID- 19 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Chavant
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie-pharmacogénétique-toxicologie, pôle de biologie et pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Elodie Gautier-Veyret
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie-pharmacogénétique-toxicologie, pôle de biologie et pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, HP2, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Chhun
- UFR de médecine Paris centre, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratoire d'immunologie biologique, département médico universitaire BioPhyGen, hôpital universitaire Necker-enfants malades, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Guilhaumou
- Unité de pharmacologie clinique et pharmacovigilance AP-HM, 13354 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS Inst Neurosci Syst, 13354 Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Stanke-Labesque
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie-pharmacogénétique-toxicologie, pôle de biologie et pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, HP2, 38043 Grenoble, France.
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12
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Morgan ET, Skubic C, Lee CM, Cokan KB, Rozman D. Regulation of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and expression by nitric oxide in the context of inflammatory disease. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:455-471. [PMID: 32898444 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1817061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes and their associated drug metabolizing activities are down-regulated in disease states, and much of this has been associated with inflammatory cytokines and their signaling pathways. One such pathway is the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and generation of nitric oxide (NO) in many tissues and cells including the liver and hepatocytes. Experiments in the 1990s demonstrated that NO could bind to and inhibit P450 enzymes, and suggested that inhibition of NOS could attenuate, and NO generation could mimic, the down-regulation by inflammatory stimuli of not only P450 catalytic activities but also of mRNA expression and protein levels of certain P450 enzymes. This review will summarize and examine the evidence that NO functionally inhibits and down-regulates P450 enzymes in vivo and in vitro, with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which these effects are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cene Skubic
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Choon-Myung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaja Blagotinšek Cokan
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Lee CM, Wilderman PR, Park JW, Murphy TJ, Morgan ET. Tyrosine Nitration Contributes to Nitric Oxide-Stimulated Degradation of CYP2B6. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:267-279. [PMID: 32817462 PMCID: PMC7469253 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (P450) CYP2B6 undergoes nitric oxide (NO)-dependent proteasomal degradation in response to the NO donor dipropylenetriamine NONOate (DPTA) and biologic NO in HeLa and HuH7 cell lines. CYP2B6 is also downregulated by NO in primary human hepatocytes. We hypothesized that NO or derivative reactive nitrogen species may generate adducts of tyrosine and/or cysteine residues, causing CYP2B6 downregulation, and selected Tyr and Cys residues for mutation based on predicted solvent accessibility. CYP2B6V5-Y317A, -Y380A, and -Y190A mutant proteins expressed in HuH7 cells were less sensitive than wild-type (WT) enzyme to degradation evoked by DPTA, suggesting that these tyrosines are targets for NO-dependent downregulation. The Y317A or Y380A mutants did not show increases in high molecular mass (HMM) species after treatment with DPTA or bortezomib + DPTA, in contrast to the WT enzyme. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule 2 treatment caused rapid suppression of 2B6 enzyme activity, significant HMM species generation, and ubiquitination of CYP2B6 protein but did not stimulate CYP2B6 degradation. The CYP2B6 inhibitor 4-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazole blocked NO-dependent CYP2B6 degradation, suggesting that NO access to the active site is important. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted that tyrosine nitrations of CYP2B6 would cause significant destabilizing perturbations of secondary structure and remove correlated motions likely required for enzyme function. We propose that cumulative nitrations of Y190, Y317, and Y380 by reactive nitrogen species cause destabilization of CYP2B6, which may act synergistically with heme nitrosylation to target the enzyme for degradation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work provides novel insight into the mechanisms by which nitric oxide, which is produced in hepatocytes in response to inflammation, triggers the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of the cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme CYP2B6. Our data demonstrate that both nitration of specific tyrosine residues and interaction of nitric oxide (NO) with the P450 heme are necessary for NO to trigger ubiquitination and protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Myung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.-m.L., J.W.P., T.J.M., E.T.M.) and University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut (P.R.W.)
| | - P Ross Wilderman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.-m.L., J.W.P., T.J.M., E.T.M.) and University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut (P.R.W.)
| | - Ji Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.-m.L., J.W.P., T.J.M., E.T.M.) and University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut (P.R.W.)
| | - Thomas J Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.-m.L., J.W.P., T.J.M., E.T.M.) and University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut (P.R.W.)
| | - Edward T Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.-m.L., J.W.P., T.J.M., E.T.M.) and University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut (P.R.W.)
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14
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Stanke-Labesque F, Gautier-Veyret E, Chhun S, Guilhaumou R. Inflammation is a major regulator of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters: Consequences for the personalization of drug treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107627. [PMID: 32659304 PMCID: PMC7351663 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an evolutionary process that allows survival against acute infection or injury. Inflammation is also a pathophysiological condition shared by numerous chronic diseases. In addition, inflammation modulates important drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs), thus contributing to intra- and interindividual variability of drug exposure. A better knowledge of the impact of inflammation on drug metabolism and its related clinical consequences would help to personalize drug treatment. Here, we summarize the kinetics of inflammatory mediators and the underlying transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms by which they contribute to the inhibition of important DMETs. We also present an updated overview of the effect of inflammation on the pharmacokinetic parameters of most of the drugs that are DMET substrates, for which therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended. Furthermore, we provide opinions on how to integrate the inflammatory status into pharmacogenetics, therapeutic drug monitoring, and population pharmacokinetic strategies to improve the personalization of drug treatment for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Stanke-Labesque
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, HP2, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratory of Pharmacology-Pharmacogenetics-Toxicology, Pôle de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France.
| | - Elodie Gautier-Veyret
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, HP2, Grenoble 38000, France; Laboratory of Pharmacology-Pharmacogenetics-Toxicology, Pôle de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Stephanie Chhun
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris University, Paris, France; Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France; AP-HP, Paris Centre, Laboratory of Immunology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Romain Guilhaumou
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit, AP-HM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
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15
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The cholesterol synthesis enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase is post-translationally regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH6. Biochem J 2020; 477:541-555. [PMID: 31904814 PMCID: PMC6993871 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol synthesis is a tightly controlled pathway, with over 20 enzymes involved. Each of these enzymes can be distinctly regulated, helping to fine-tune the production of cholesterol and its functional intermediates. Several enzymes are degraded in response to increased sterol levels, whilst others remain stable. We hypothesised that an enzyme at a key branch point in the pathway, lanosterol 14α-demethylase (LDM) may be post-translationally regulated. Here, we show that the preceding enzyme, lanosterol synthase is stable, whilst LDM is rapidly degraded. Surprisingly, this degradation is not triggered by sterols. However, the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 6 (MARCH6), known to control earlier rate-limiting steps in cholesterol synthesis, also control levels of LDM and the terminal cholesterol synthesis enzyme, 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase. Our work highlights MARCH6 as the first example of an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets multiple steps in a biochemical pathway and indicates new facets in the control of cholesterol synthesis.
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16
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Development of in vitro 3D cell model from hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line and its application for genotoxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3321-3333. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Zeng H, Lin Y, Gong J, Lin S, Gao J, Li C, Feng Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li Y, Yu C. CYP3A suppression during diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is independent of PXR regulation. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:185-193. [PMID: 31132328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity is inhibited, and its expression is suppressed during many diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanism is controversial. Here, we report that PXR may not take part in the downregulation of CYP3A during NAFLD. Hepatic CYP3A11 (major subtype of mouse CYP3A) mRNA and protein expression was significantly decreased in both mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and palmitate (PA)-treated mouse primary hepatocytes. Similarly, in HepG2 cells, PA treatment significantly suppressed the CYP3A4 (major subtype of human CYP3A) mRNA level and promoter transcription activity. However, Western blotting analysis found an induction of PXR nuclear translocation during NAFLD in both in vivo and in vitro models. Moreover, immunofluorescence determination also found nuclear translocation effect of PXR by PA stimulation in HepG2 cells. In addition, the siRNA knockdown of PXR did not affect the suppressive effects of PA on the CYP3A4 promoter transcription activity and mRNA levels in HepG2 cells. Similarly, PXR knockdown also did not affect the suppressive effects of PA on CYP3A11 mRNA and protein expression levels in mouse primary hepatoctyes. Taken together, the results showed that the suppressive effect of CYP3A transcription was independent of PXR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yiming Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiande Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Sisi Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianguo Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zemin Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Stevison F, Kosaka M, Kenny JR, Wong S, Hogarth C, Amory JK, Isoherranen N. Does In Vitro Cytochrome P450 Downregulation Translate to In Vivo Drug-Drug Interactions? Preclinical and Clinical Studies With 13-cis-Retinoic Acid. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:350-360. [PMID: 30681285 PMCID: PMC6617839 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
All‐trans‐retinoic acid (atRA) downregulates cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 in several model systems. The aim of this study was to determine whether all active retinoids downregulate CYP2D6 and whether in vitro downregulation translates to in vivo drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The retinoids atRA, 13cisRA, and 4‐oxo‐13cisRA all decreased CYP2D6 mRNA in human hepatocytes in a concentration‐dependent manner. The in vitro data predicted ~ 50% decrease in CYP2D6 activity in humans after dosing with 13cisRA. However, the geometric mean area under plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) ratio for dextromethorphan between treatment and control was 0.822, indicating a weak induction of dextromethorphan clearance following 13cisRA treatment. Similarly, in mice treatment with 4‐oxo‐13cisRA–induced mRNA expression of multiple mouse Cyp2d genes. In comparison, a weak induction of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes translated to a weak in vivo induction of CYP3A4. These data suggest that in vitro CYP downregulation may not translate to in vivo DDIs, and better understanding of the mechanisms of CYP downregulation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Stevison
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mika Kosaka
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Wong
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cathryn Hogarth
- The Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Ou Y, Xu Y, Gore L, Harvey RD, Mita A, Papadopoulos KP, Wang Z, Cutler RE, Pinchasik DE, Tsimberidou AM. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling to predict oprozomib CYP3A drug-drug interaction potential in patients with advanced malignancies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 85:530-539. [PMID: 30428505 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Oprozomib is an oral, second-generation, irreversible proteasome inhibitor currently in clinical development for haematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma and other malignancies. Oprozomib is a rare example of a small molecule drug that demonstrates cytochrome P450 (CYP) mRNA suppression. This unusual property elicits uncertainty regarding the optimal approach for predicting its drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk. The current study aims to understand DDI potential during early clinical development of oprozomib. METHODS To support early development of oprozomib (e.g. inclusion/exclusion criteria, combination study design), we used human hepatocyte data and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling to predict its CYP3A4-mediated DDI potential. Subsequently, a clinical DDI study using midazolam as the substrate was conducted in patients with advanced malignancies. RESULTS The clinical DDI study enrolled a total of 21 patients, 18 with advanced solid tumours. No patient discontinued oprozomib due to a treatment-related adverse event. The PBPK model prospectively predicted oprozomib 300 mg would not cause a clinically relevant change in exposure to CYP3A4 substrates (≤30%), which was confirmed by the results of this clinical DDI study. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate oprozomib has a low potential to inhibit the metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates in humans. The study shows that cultured human hepatocytes are a more reliable system for DDI prediction than human liver microsomes for studying this class of compounds. Developing a PBPK model prior to a clinical DDI study has been valuable in supporting clinical development of oprozomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ou
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Lia Gore
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - R Donald Harvey
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alain Mita
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Richard E Cutler
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., an Amgen subsidiary, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Albertolle ME, Peter Guengerich F. The relationships between cytochromes P450 and H 2O 2: Production, reaction, and inhibition. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 186:228-234. [PMID: 29990746 PMCID: PMC6084448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review we address the relationship between cytochromes P450 (P450) and H2O2. This association can affect biology in three distinct ways. First, P450s produce H2O2 as a byproduct either during catalysis or when no substrate is present. This reaction, known as uncoupling, releases reactive oxygen species that may have implications in disease. Second, H2O2 is used as an oxygen-donating co-substrate in peroxygenase and peroxidase reactions catalyzed by P450s. This activity has proven to be important mainly in reactions involving prokaryotic P450s, and investigators have harnessed this reaction with the aim of adaptation for industrial use. Third, H2O2-dependent inhibition of human P450s has been studied in our laboratory, demonstrating heme destruction and also the inactivating oxidation of the heme-thiolate ligand to a sulfenic acid (-SOH). This reversible oxidative modification of P450s may have implications in the prevention of uncoupling and may give new insights into the oxidative regulation of these enzymes. Research has elucidated many of the chemical mechanisms involved in the relationship between P450 and H2O2, but the application to biology is difficult to evaluate. Further studies are needed reveal both the harmful and protective natures of reactive oxygen species in an organismal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Albertolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States.
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21
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Jonsson-Schmunk K, Schafer SC, Croyle MA. Impact of nanomedicine on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 activity: things to consider during pre-clinical and clinical studies. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Park JW, Byrd A, Lee CM, Morgan ET. Nitric oxide stimulates cellular degradation of human CYP51A1, the highly conserved lanosterol 14α-demethylase. Biochem J 2017; 474:3241-3252. [PMID: 28830911 PMCID: PMC5972552 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is known to down-regulate drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in an enzyme-selective manner. Ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent and -independent pathways have been reported. Here, we studied the regulation of expression of human CYP51A1, the lanosterol 14α-demethylase required for synthesis of cholesterol and other sterols in mammals, which is found in every kingdom of life. In Huh7 human hepatoma cells, treatment with NO donors caused rapid post-translational down-regulation of CYP51A1 protein. Human NO synthase (NOS)-dependent down-regulation was also observed in cultured human hepatocytes treated with a cytokine mixture and in Huh7 cells expressing human NOS2 under control of a doxycycline-regulated promoter. This down-regulation was partially attenuated by proteasome inhibitors, but only trace levels of ubiquitination could be found. Further studies with inhibitors of other proteolytic pathways suggest a possible role for calpains, especially when the proteasome is inhibited. NO donors also down-regulated CYP51A1 mRNA in Huh7 cells, but to a lesser degree, than the down-regulation of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A
| | - Aria Byrd
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A
| | - Choon-Myung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A
| | - Edward T Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A.
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23
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Lee CM, Tripathi S, Morgan ET. Nitric oxide-regulated proteolysis of human CYP2B6 via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:478-486. [PMID: 28427998 PMCID: PMC5507215 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that rat cytochrome P450 CYP2B1 undergoes NO-dependent proteasomal degradation in response to inflammatory stimuli, and that the related human enzyme CYP2B6 is also down-regulated by NO in primary human hepatocytes. To investigate the mechanism of CYP2B6 down-regulation, we made several cell lines (HeLa and HuH7 cells) in which native CYP2B6 or CYP2B6 with a C-terminal V5 tag (CYP2B6V5) are expressed from a lentiviral vector with a cytomegalovirus promoter. Native CYP2B6 protein was rapidly down-regulated in HeLa cells within 3h of treatment with the NO donor (Z)-1-[2-(2-Aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate, while its mRNA level was not down-regulated. Treatment of the cells with the NO donor (Z)-1-[N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-(3-ammoniopropyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate also resulted in rapid down-regulation of CYP2B6 activity, measured as the formation of 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin, as well as 2B6 protein in the CYP2B6 HeLa cell line. CYP2B6V5 was also down-regulated by NO donors in HuH7 cells. Down-regulation was observed in the presence of cycloheximide, demonstrating that this occurs via a post-translational mechanism. We generated a HeLa cell line expressing both CYP2B6V5 and human nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), the latter under positive control by tetracycline. The cellular NO produced by doxycycline treatment also effectively down-regulated CYP2B6 protein, which was blocked by the co-treatment with the NOS2 competitive inhibitor L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). We next investigated the proteolytic enzymes responsible for NO-dependent CYP2B6 degradation. Neither calpain inhibitors (N-Acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-norleucinal, carbobenzoxy-valinyl-phenylalaninal), nor lysosomal protease inhibitors (3-methyladenine and chloroquine) inhibited the NO dependent CYP2B6V5 down-regulation. The proteasome inhibitors MG132 and bortezomib attenuated, but did not completely block the NO-induced down-regulation in the HuH7 cell line. However, when cells were co-treated with NO donor and proteasome inhibitors, high molecular mass species could be detected on native CYP2B6 as well as CYP2B6V5 Western blots. Further investigation demonstrated that CYP2B6 protein was polyubiquitinated and this was dramatically enhanced by co-treatment with NO donor and bortezomib. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CYP2B6 is down-regulated in an NO-dependent manner via ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Myung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Edward T Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Influence of IL-18 and IL-10 Polymorphisms on Tacrolimus Elimination in Chinese Lung Transplant Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:7834035. [PMID: 28246425 PMCID: PMC5299197 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7834035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims. The influence of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics had been described in liver and kidney transplantation. The expression of cytokines varied in different kinds of transplantation. The influence of IL-10 and IL-18 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus remains unclear in lung transplantation. Methods. 51 lung transplant patients at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital were included. IL-18 polymorphisms (rs5744247 and rs1946518), IL-10 polymorphisms (rs1800896, rs1800872, and rs3021097), and CYP3A5 rs776746 were genotyped. Dose-adjusted trough blood concentrations (C/D ratio, mg/kg body weight) in lung transplant patients during the first 4 postoperative weeks were calculated. Results. IL-18 rs5744247 allele C and rs1946518 allele A were associated with fast tacrolimus metabolism. Combined analysis showed that the numbers of low IL-18 mRNA expression alleles had positive correlation with tacrolimus C/D ratios in lung transplant recipients. The influence of IL-18 polymorphisms on tacrolimus C/D ratios was observed in CYP3A5 expresser recipients, but not in CYP3A5 nonexpresser recipients. No clinical significance of tacrolimus C/D ratios difference of IL-10 polymorphisms was found in our data. Conclusions. IL-18 polymorphisms may influence tacrolimus elimination in lung transplantation patients.
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25
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Jakubek LM, Ulinski G, Leite D, Slavsky M, Rajanna S, Morelli J, Kelly M, Dwyer J, Fitzgerald M, Piepenhagen P, Jayyosi Z. Hepatic Spheroids for Long-Term Toxicity Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorin M. Jakubek
- Predictive and Investigative Toxicology, Sanofi US, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Daniela Leite
- CIEnP—Centro de Inovacao e Ensaios Pre Clinicos, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Marina Slavsky
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi US, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Shibhani Rajanna
- Predictive and Investigative Toxicology, Sanofi US, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - James Morelli
- Predictive and Investigative Toxicology, Sanofi US, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Megan Kelly
- Predictive and Investigative Toxicology, Sanofi US, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Jacquelyn Dwyer
- Predictive and Investigative Toxicology, Sanofi US, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Fitzgerald
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi US, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Zaid Jayyosi
- Predictive and Investigative Toxicology, Sanofi US, Framingham, Massachusetts
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26
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Vanhove T, Annaert P, Kuypers DRJ. Clinical determinants of calcineurin inhibitor disposition: a mechanistic review. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:88-112. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2016.1151037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Nagai K, Yoshida N, Kiyama M, Kasahara K, Yamamura A, Konishi H. Decreased elimination clearance of midazolam by doxorubicin through reductions in the metabolic activity of hepatic CYP3A in rats. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:874-80. [PMID: 26053556 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1027971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1. We examined the effects of doxorubicin (DOX) on the expression level and metabolic activity of CYP3A in the liver as well as on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam (MDZ), a probe for CYP3A, in rats. Changes in the hepatic status of DOX-treated rats were confirmed. 2. Serum levels of the biomarkers of hepatic impairment were elevated by the DOX treatment, which was consistent with the results obtained from a histopathological evaluation of the liver. 3. No significant difference was observed in the expression of proteins for hepatic CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 between the DOX and control groups. The metabolic production of 1'-hydroxylated and 4'-hydroxylated MDZ by hepatic microsomes was significantly lower in DOX-treated rats than in control rats. 4. The area under the curve (AUC) and the half-life (t1/2) of intravenously administered MDZ were significantly increased, and the total clearance (CLtot) and the elimination rate constant at the terminal phase (ke) were significantly decreased without significant changes in the volume of distribution at a steady state (Vdss). 5. These results indicated that a DOX-induced depression in the metabolic activity, but not expression level of CYP3A contributed to a decrease in the elimination clearance of MDZ, and also that reduced CYP3A function may be associated with the hepatotoxicity of DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Nagai
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan
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Nguyen TV, Ukairo O, Khetani SR, McVay M, Kanchagar C, Seghezzi W, Ayanoglu G, Irrechukwu O, Evers R. Establishment of a hepatocyte-kupffer cell coculture model for assessment of proinflammatory cytokine effects on metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:774-85. [PMID: 25739975 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines associated with infection and inflammation can modulate cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to potential disease-drug interactions and altered small-molecule drug disposition. We established a human-derived hepatocyte-Kupffer cell (Hep:KC) coculture model to assess the indirect cytokine impact on hepatocytes through stimulation of KC-mediated cytokine release and compared this model with hepatocytes alone. Characterization of Hep:KC cocultures showed an inflammation response after treatment with lipopolysaccharide and interleukin (IL)-6 (indicated by secretion of various cytokines). Additionally, IL-6 exposure upregulated acute-phase proteins (C-reactive protein, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and serum amyloid A2) and downregulated CYP3A4. Compared with hepatocytes alone, Hep:KC cocultures showed enhanced IL-1β-mediated effects but less impact from both IL-2 and IL-23. Hep:KC cocultures treated with IL-1β exhibited a higher release of proinflammatory cytokines, an increased upregulation of acute-phase proteins, and a larger extent of metabolic enzyme and transporter suppression. IC50 values for IL-1β-mediated CYP3A4 suppression were lower in Hep:KC cocultures (98.0-144 pg/ml) compared with hepatocytes alone (IC50 > 5000 pg/ml). Cytochrome suppression was preventable by blocking IL-1β interaction with IL-1R1 using an antagonist cytokine or an anti-IL-1β antibody. Unlike IL-1β, IL-6-mediated effects were comparable between hepatocyte monocultures and Hep:KC cocultures. IL-2 and IL-23 caused a negligible inflammation response and a minimal inhibition of CYP3A4. In both hepatocyte monocultures and Hep:KC cocultures, IL-2RB and IL-23R were undetectable, whereas IL-6R and IL-1R1 levels were higher in Hep:KC cocultures. In summary, compared with hepatocyte monocultures, the Hep:KC coculture system is a more robust in vitro model for studying the impact of proinflammatory cytokines on metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa V Nguyen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Okechukwu Ukairo
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Michael McVay
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Chitra Kanchagar
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Wolfgang Seghezzi
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Gulesi Ayanoglu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Onyi Irrechukwu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Raymond Evers
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
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Fan J, Zhang X, Ren L, Chen D, Wu S, Guo F, Qin S, Wang Z, Lin Z, Xing T, Sun X, Peng Z. Donor IL-18 rs5744247 polymorphism as a new biomarker of tacrolimus elimination in Chinese liver transplant patients during the early post-transplantation period: results from two cohort studies. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:239-50. [PMID: 25712187 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study evaluated the relationships between IL-18 polymorphisms and tacrolimus elimination in Chinese liver transplant patients. Patients & methods: Eighty-four liver transplant patients from Shanghai (training set) and 50 patients from Shandong (validating set) were inculded. IL-18 polymorphisms (rs5744247, rs7106524, rs549908, rs187238 and rs1946518) and CYP3A5 rs776746 were genotyped. Results: In training set, daily drug dose, total bilirubin, donor CYP3A5 rs776746 and IL-18 rs5744247 genotypes were screened to construct prediction model for tacrolimus elimination. This model was confirmed in validating set (p < 0.001). Donor IL-18 rs5744247 polymorphism was an independent predictor of tacrolimus elimination in the first week after transplantation in both training (p = 0.008) and validating cohorts (p = 0.033). Conclusion: Donor IL-18 rs5744247 polymorphism may influence on tacrolimus elimination. Original submitted 16 July 2014; Revision submitted 12 November 2014
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaowen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tonghai Xing
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihai Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Association between interleukin-18 promoter variants and tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in Chinese renal transplant patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 71:191-8. [PMID: 25487141 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-014-1785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine thought to down-regulate cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activities. This study aimed to assess the potential influence of two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-18 promoter region on the tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in Chinese renal transplant patients. METHODS We enrolled 96 renal allograft recipients receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regiments. Two functional SNPs in the IL-18 gene promoter region at the positions -137G/C (rs187283) and -607A/C (rs1946518) and one SNP (rs776746) of CYP3A5 were genotyped using a Mass ARRAY platform. Tacrolimus daily doses (mg/day) and trough tacrolimus concentration (ng/ml) were continuously recorded for 1 month after transplantation. RESULTS The tacrolimus C/D ratio was significantly associated with the IL-18 rs1946518 gene polymorphism in the first month after transplantation (P = 0.0225). We studied the influence of its polymorphism on tacrolimus C/D ratios in subjects with different CYP3A5 genotype backgrounds, and among patients with CYP3A5 expressers, the difference among the three genotypes was even more striking (P < 0.001). We did not find significant differences in tacrolimus C/D ratios between the IL-18 rs187238 genotypes, either nominally or according to the CYP3A5 genotype. In a simple linear regression model, age, hemoglobin (Hb), CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms, and IL-18 A-607C gene polymorphisms were associated with log-transformed tacrolimus C/D ratios (P < 0.05). In the final multiple linear regression model, CYP3A5 polymorphisms were the most important variant, accounting for 19.5 % of total variation involved in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a combined analysis of CYP3A5 and IL-18 promoter polymorphisms may help clinicians develop individualized tacrolimus treatment, which is based on determining CYP3A5 genotype.
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Bing Y, Zhu S, Jiang K, Dong G, Li J, Yang Z, Yang J, Yue J. Reduction of thyroid hormones triggers down-regulation of hepatic CYP2B through nuclear receptors CAR and TR in a rat model of acute stroke. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 87:636-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kajikawa N, Doi M, Kusaba JI, Aiba T. Effect of Carrageenan-induced Acute Peripheral Inflammation on the Pharmacokinetics and Hepatic Metabolism of Midazolam in Rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:400-6. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-14-rg-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of drugs are dependent on numerous factors that influence their disposition. A dose that is efficacious and safe for one individual may result in sub-therapeutic or toxic blood concentrations in other individuals. A major source of this variability in drug response is drug metabolism, where differences in pre-systemic and systemic biotransformation efficiency result in variable degrees of systemic exposure (e.g., AUC, C max, and/or C min) following administration of a fixed dose.Interindividual differences in drug biotransformation have been studied extensively. It is well recognized that both intrinsic (such as genetics, age, sex, and disease states) and extrinsic (such as diet, chemical exposures from the environment, and even sunlight) factors play a significant role. For the family of cytochrome P450 enzymes, the most critical of the drug metabolizing enzymes, genetic variation can result in the complete absence or enhanced expression of a functional enzyme. In addition, up- and down-regulation of gene expression, in response to an altered cellular environment, can achieve the same range of metabolic function (phenotype), but often in a less reliably predictable and time-dependent manner. Understanding the mechanistic basis for drug disposition and response variability is essential if we are to move beyond the era of empirical, trial-and-error dose selection and into an age of personalized medicine that brings with it true improvements in health outcomes in the therapeutic treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Mimche SM, Nyagode BA, Merrell MD, Lee CM, Prasanphanich NS, Cummings RD, Morgan ET. Hepatic cytochrome P450s, phase II enzymes and nuclear receptors are downregulated in a Th2 environment during Schistosoma mansoni infection. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:134-40. [PMID: 24163175 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and infection downregulate the activity and expression of cytochrome P450s (P450s) and other drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) involved in hepatic drug clearance. Schistosoma mansoni infection was reported to cause a downregulation of hepatic P450-dependent activities in mouse liver, but little is known about the specific enzymes affected or whether phase II DMEs are also affected. Here we describe the effect of murine schistosomiasis on the expression of hepatic P450s, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (Cpr), phase II drug metabolizing enzymes, and nuclear receptors at 30 and 45 days postinfection (dpi). Although the hepatic expression of some of these genes was altered at 30 dpi, we observed substantial changes in the expression of the majority of P450 mRNAs and proteins measured, Cpr protein, as well as many of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases at 45 dpi. S. mansoni infection also altered nuclear receptor expression, inducing mRNA levels at 30 dpi and depressing levels at 45 dpi. S. mansoni evoked a T helper 2 (Th2) inflammatory response at 45 dpi, as indicated by the induction of hepatic Th2 cytokine mRNAs [interleukins 4, 5, and 13], whereas the hepatic proinflammatory response was relatively weak. Thus, chronic schistosomiasis markedly and selectively alters the expression of multiple DMEs, which may be associated with Th2 cytokine release. This would represent a novel mechanism of DME regulation in disease states. These findings have important implications for drug testing in infected mice, whereas the relevance to humans with schistosomiasis needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie M Mimche
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.M.M., B.A.N., M.D.M., C.-M.L., E.T.M.) and Biochemistry (N.S.P., R.D.C.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Lee CM, Lee BS, Arnold SL, Isoherranen N, Morgan ET. Nitric oxide and interleukin-1β stimulate the proteasome-independent degradation of the retinoic acid hydroxylase CYP2C22 in primary rat hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 348:141-52. [PMID: 24144795 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.209841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2C22 was recently described as a retinoic acid-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzyme whose transcription is induced by all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) in hepatoma cells (Qian L, Zolfaghari R, and Ross AC (2010) J Lipid Res 51:1781-1792). We identified CYP2C22 as a putative nitric oxide (NO)-regulated protein in a proteomic screen and raised specific polyclonal antibodies to CYP2C22 to study its protein expression. We found that CYP2C22 is a liver-specific protein that was not significantly induced by activators of the pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, but was downregulated to <25% of control by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist β-naphthoflavone in cultured rat hepatocytes. CYP2C22 protein and its mRNA both were induced by atRA in hepatocytes, with EC50 of 100-300 nM, whereas the maximal extent of mRNA induction was twice that of the protein. CYP2C22 protein, but not its mRNA, was rapidly downregulated in hepatocytes by interleukin-1 (IL-1) or NO-donating compounds, and the downregulation by IL-1 was blocked by inhibition of NO synthases. The NO donor (Z)-1-[N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-(3-ammoniopropyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate reduced the half-life of CYP2C22 from 8.7 to 3.4 hours in the presence of cycloheximide, demonstrating that NO-dependent downregulation is due to stimulated proteolysis. No intermediate degradation products were detected. However, this degradation was insensitive to inhibitors of calpains or the canonical proteasomal or lysosomal pathways, indicating that NO-dependent degradation of CYP2C22 proceeds via a novel pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-myung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.-m.L., B.-s.L., E.T.M.); and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.L.A., N.I.)
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Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling of monoclonal antibodies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 52:83-124. [PMID: 23299465 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-012-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their functional derivatives represents a growing segment of the development pipeline in the pharmaceutical industry. More than 25 mAbs and derivatives have been approved for a variety of therapeutic applications. In addition, around 500 mAbs and derivatives are currently in different stages of development. mAbs are considered to be large molecule therapeutics (in general, they are 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than small chemical molecule therapeutics), but they are not just big chemicals. These compounds demonstrate much more complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour than small molecules. Because of their large size and relatively poor membrane permeability and instability in the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, parenteral administration is the most usual route of administration. The rate and extent of mAb distribution is very slow and depends on extravasation in tissue, distribution within the particular tissue, and degradation. Elimination primarily happens via catabolism to peptides and amino acids. Although not definitive, work has been published to define the human tissues mainly involved in the elimination of mAbs, and it seems that many cells throughout the body are involved. mAbs can be targeted against many soluble or membrane-bound targets, thus these compounds may act by a variety of mechanisms to achieve their pharmacological effect. mAbs targeting soluble antigen generally exhibit linear elimination, whereas those targeting membrane-bound antigen often exhibit non-linear elimination, mainly due to target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD). The high-affinity interaction of mAbs and their derivatives with the pharmacological target can often result in non-linear pharmacokinetics. Because of species differences (particularly due to differences in target affinity and abundance) in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mAbs, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of mAbs has been used routinely to expedite the development of mAbs and their derivatives and has been utilized to help in the selection of appropriate dose regimens. Although modelling approaches have helped to explain variability in both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs, there is a clear need for more complex models to improve understanding of pharmacokinetic processes and pharmacodynamic interactions of mAbs with the immune system. There are different approaches applied to physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling of mAbs and important differences between the models developed. Some key additional features that need to be accounted for in PBPK models of mAbs are neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn; an important salvage mechanism for antibodies) binding, TMDD and lymph flow. Several models have been described incorporating some or all of these features and the use of PBPK models are expected to expand over the next few years.
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Evers R, Dallas S, Dickmann LJ, Fahmi OA, Kenny JR, Kraynov E, Nguyen T, Patel AH, Slatter JG, Zhang L. Critical Review of Preclinical Approaches to Investigate Cytochrome P450–Mediated Therapeutic Protein Drug-Drug Interactions and Recommendations for Best Practices: A White Paper. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1598-609. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Iwanaga K, Honjo T, Miyazaki M, Kakemi M. Time-dependent changes in hepatic and intestinal induction of cytochrome P450 3A after administration of dexamethasone to rats. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:765-73. [PMID: 23339625 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.761741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the dose of and the number of times an inducer was administered and the duration of induction of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in rats using dexamethasone 21-phosphate (DEX-P) and midazolam (MDZ) as an inducer and a substrate to CYP3A, respectively. The number of times DEX-P was administered was not a significant factor in the induction of either hepatic or intestinal CYP3A; however, administration of DEX-P multiple times markedly decreased the bioavailability of DEX-P by self-induction of CYP3A. CYP3A induction in the liver increased depending on the dose of DEX-P, whereas that in intestine showed a mild increase, but the induction level was almost constant regardless of the dose of DEX-P. Administration of a single dose of DEX-P showed a temporal increase in CYP3A activity in both tissues and the induction ratios reached maximum values at 12 h after DEX-P administration. On the other hand, a mild increase of CYP3A activity, which lasted for at least 48 h, was observed in both tissues after administration of multiple doses. Some physiological compounds such as cytokines might be involved in decreasing the CYP3A activity to maintain homeostasis of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Iwanaga
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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Wenger M, Krasnov A, Skugor S, Goldschmidt-Clermont E, Sattler U, Afanasyev S, Segner H. Estrogen modulates hepatic gene expression and survival of rainbow trout infected with pathogenic bacteria Yersinia ruckeri. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:530-543. [PMID: 22825393 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the aquatic environment, fish are exposed to various stimuli at once and have developed different response mechanisms to deal with these multiple stimuli. The current study assessed the combined impacts of estrogens and bacterial infection on the physiological status of fish. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to two different concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) (2 or 20 mg/kg feed) and then infected with three concentrations of Yersinia ruckeri, a bacterial pathogen causing massive losses in wild and farmed salmonid populations. Organism-level endpoints to assess the impact of the single and combined treatments included hepatic vitellogenin transcript expression to evaluate the E2 exposure efficiency and survival rate of pathogen-challenged fish. The two E2 doses increased vitellogenin levels within the physiological range. Infection with Y. ruckeri caused mortality of trout, and this effect was significantly enhanced by a simultaneous exposure to high E2 dose. The hormone reduced survival at intermediate and high (10(4) and 10(6) colony forming units, cfu) bacterial concentrations, but not for a low one (10(2) cfu). Analysis of hepatic gene expression profiles by a salmonid 2 k cDNA microarray chip revealed complex regulations of pathways involved in immune responses, stress responses, and detoxicification pathways. E2 markedly reduced the expression of several genes implicated in xenobiotic metabolism. The results suggest that the interaction between pathogen and E2 interfered with the fish's capability of clearing toxic compounds. The findings of the current study add to our understanding of multiple exposure responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wenger
- Neuro-Endocrine Immune Interactions Research Group, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Nitric oxide-dependent CYP2B degradation is potentiated by a cytokine-regulated pathway and utilizes the immunoproteasome subunit LMP2. Biochem J 2012; 445:377-82. [PMID: 22612225 PMCID: PMC3557507 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CYP2B proteins in rat hepatocytes undergo NO-dependent proteolytic degradation, but the mechanisms and the reasons for the specificity towards only certain P450 (cytochrome P450) enzymes are yet unknown. In the present study we found that down-regulation of CYP2B proteins by the NO donor NOC-18 is accelerated by pretreatment of the hepatocytes with IL-1 (interleukin-1β) in the presence of an NO synthase inhibitor, suggesting that an NO-independent action of IL-1 contributes to the lability of CYP2B proteins. The immunoproteasome subunit LMP2 (large multifunctional peptidase 2) was significantly expressed in hepatocytes under basal conditions, and IL-1 induced LMP2 within 6-12 h of treatment. CYP2B protein degradation in response to IL-1 was attenuated by the selective LMP2 inhibitor UK-101, but not by the LMP7 inhibitor IPSI. The results show that LMP2 contributes to the NO-dependent degradation of CYP2B proteins, and suggest that induction of LMP2 may be involved in the potentiation of this degradation by IL-1.
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Dickmann LJ, Patel SK, Rock DA, Wienkers LC, Slatter JG. Effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody on drug-metabolizing enzymes in human hepatocyte culture. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1415-22. [PMID: 21555507 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine-mediated suppression of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by inflammatory disease and the relief of this suppression by successful disease treatment have recently become an issue in the development of drug interaction labels for new biological products. This study examined the effects of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) on drug-metabolizing enzymes in human hepatocyte culture and the abrogation of these effects by a monoclonal antibody directed against IL-6. Treatment of human hepatocytes with IL-6 (n = 9 donors) revealed pan-suppression of mRNA of 10 major cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, but with EC(50) values that differed by isoenzyme. Some EC(50) values were above the range of clinically relevant serum concentrations of IL-6. Marker activities for CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzyme were similarly suppressed by IL-6 in both freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes. IL-6 suppressed induction of CYP1A2 enzyme activity by omeprazole and CYP3A4 enzyme activity by rifampicin but only at supraphysiological concentrations of IL-6. Glycosylated and nonglycosylated IL-6 did not significantly differ in their ability to suppress CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzyme activity. A monoclonal antibody directed against IL-6 abolished or partially blocked IL-6-mediated suppression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzyme activity, respectively. These data indicate that experimentation with IL-6 and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies in human hepatocyte primary culture can quantitatively measure cytochrome P450 suppression and desuppression and determine EC(50) values for IL-6 against individual cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. However, the complex biology of inflammatory disease may not allow for quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of these simple in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Dickmann
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, USA.
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Fan J, Liu G, Peng Z. Impact of interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms on tacrolimus dosing requirements in Chinese liver transplant patients during the early posttransplantation period. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67:803-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-0993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lee CM, Kumar V, Riley RI, Morgan ET. Metabolism and action of proteasome inhibitors in primary human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2166-72. [PMID: 20837660 PMCID: PMC2993455 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors are important tools for studying the roles of the proteasome in cellular processes. In this study, we observed that the proteasome inhibitors N-benzoyloxycarbonyl (Z)-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG132), epoxomicin, and lactacystin were ineffective and bortezomib was completely effective in inhibiting cytokine-stimulated nitric oxide production in primary cultures of human hepatocytes that had been treated with the cytochrome P450 inducer phenobarbital. The inefficacy of MG132 was due to its metabolism by CYP3A enzymes, as deduced from its rapid, ketoconazole-sensitive clearance by pooled human liver microsomes and cultured hepatocytes. The efficacy of MG132 was increased by inclusion of ketoconazole in the hepatocyte incubations and decreased by prior treatment of the cultures with the CYP3A inducers phenobarbital or rifampicin. Epoxomicin was also rapidly metabolized by CYP3A, whereas bortezomib and lactacystin were much more stable metabolically in human liver microsomes or hepatocyte cultures. Thus, bortezomib is a better choice than MG132, epoxomicin, or lactacystin in cells with high activities of CYP3A enzymes. The reason for the lack of efficacy of lactacystin in human hepatocytes has yet to be determined, but it too should not be used for studies of proteasome function in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Myung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 5119 Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Shi D, Yang D, Yan B. Dexamethasone transcriptionally increases the expression of the pregnane X receptor and synergistically enhances pyrethroid esfenvalerate in the induction of cytochrome P450 3A23. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1274-83. [PMID: 20599767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is recognized as a key regulator for the induction of a large number of genes in drug metabolism and transport. The transactivation of PXR is enhanced by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone and the enhancement is linked to the induction of PXR in humans and rats. The present study was undertaken to determine the mechanism for the induction and ascertain the synergistic effect on the expression of CYP3A23, a rat PXR target. In primary hepatocytes, significant induction of PXR was detected as early as 2h after the treatment and the maximal induction occurred at 1 microM dexamethasone. Similar induction kinetics was observed in the hepatoma line H4-II-E-C3. The induction was abolished by actinomycin D and dexamethasone efficaciously stimulated the rat PXR promoter. In addition, dexamethasone synergized esfenvalerate (an insecticide and a PXR activator) in inducing CYP3A23 and stimulating the CYP3A23 promoter. The full promoter of CYP3A23 (-1445/+74) was activated in a similar pattern as the changes in PXR mRNA in response to dexamethasone, esfenvalerate and co-treatment. In contrast, different responding patterns were detected on the stimulation of the CYP3A23 proximal promoter. Synergistic stimulation was also observed on the CYP3A4-DP-Luc reporter, the human counterpart of CYP3A23. These findings establish that transactivation is responsible for the induction of rat PXR and the induction presents potential interactions with insecticides in a species-conserved manner. The different responding patterns among CYP3A23 reporters point to an involvement of multiple transcriptional events in the regulation of CYP3A23 expression by dexamethasone, esfenvalerate and both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshi Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Croyle MA. Long-term virus-induced alterations of CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism: a look at the virology, immunology and molecular biology of a multi-faceted problem. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:1189-211. [PMID: 19732028 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903136748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections are on the rise. Although the first description of CYP expression during virus infection was recorded 50 years ago, mechanistic studies of this phenomenon only began to appear in the last decade due to breakthroughs in molecular biology, genomic and transgenic technology. This review describes the relationship(s) among CYP-mediated drug metabolism, virus infection and the immune response and evaluates in vitro and in vivo models for mechanistic studies. The first studies that assessed CYP expression during infection focused on inflammatory mediators and the innate immune response at early time points. Recent studies assessing virus infection and its effect on hepatic CYP expression noted more long-term effects. An obvious approach toward understanding how viruses affect hepatic CYP3A expression and function would be to assess key regulators of CYP during infection. Improvements in techniques to identify post-translational modifications of CYP and systems that focus on virus-receptor interactions which allow subtraction and addition of immunological and regulatory elements that drive CYP will demonstrate that long-term changes in drug metabolism start from the time the virus enters the circulation, are reinforced by virus binding to cellular targets and further solidified by changes in cellular processes long after the virus is cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Croyle
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, PHR 4.214D, 2409 W University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712-1074, USA.
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Sugawara M, Okamoto K, Kadowaki T, Kusano K, Fukamizu A, Yoshimura T. Inoculation of Human Tumor Cells Alters the Basal Expression but Not the Inducibility of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Tumor-Bearing Mouse Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2244-54. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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