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Basardeh E, Piri-Gavgani S, Moradi HR, Azizi M, Mirzabeigi P, Nazari F, Ghanei M, Mahboudi F, Rahimi-Jamnani F. Anti-Acinetobacter Baumannii single-chain variable fragments provide therapeutic efficacy in an immunocompromised mouse pneumonia model. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:55. [PMID: 38341536 PMCID: PMC10858608 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of carbapenem-resistant and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii as well as inadequate effective antibiotics calls for an urgent effort to find new antibacterial agents. The therapeutic efficacy of two human scFvs, EB211 and EB279, showing growth inhibitory activity against A. baumannii in vitro, was investigated in immunocompromised mice with A. baumannii pneumonia. RESULTS The data revealed that infected mice treated with EB211, EB279, and a combination of the two scFvs showed better survival, reduced bacterial load in the lungs, and no marked pathological abnormalities in the kidneys, liver, and lungs when compared to the control groups receiving normal saline or an irrelevant scFv. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that the scFvs with direct growth inhibitory activity could offer promising results in the treatment of pneumonia caused by XDR A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilnaz Basardeh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Piri-Gavgani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moradi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azizi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Mirzabeigi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Nazari
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Rahimi-Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Knauf G, Groover KE, O’Donnell AC, Davies BW. Generation of Synthetic Acinetobacter baumannii-Specific Nanobodies. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1190-1195. [PMID: 37162304 PMCID: PMC10262196 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is a leading cause of drug-resistant infections. Here, we investigated the potential of developing nanobodies that can recognize A. baumannii over other Gram-negative bacteria. Through generation and panning of a synthetic nanobody library, we identified several potential lead candidates. We demonstrate how incorporation of next-generation sequencing analysis can aid in the selection of lead candidate nanobodies. Using monoclonal phage display, we validated the binding of lead nanobodies to A. baumannii. Subsequent purification and biochemical characterization revealed one particularly robust nanobody that specifically bound select A. baumannii strains compared to other common drug-resistant pathogens. These findings support the potential for nanobodies to selectively target A. baumannii and the identification of lead candidates for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
A. Knauf
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Kyra E. Groover
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Angela C. O’Donnell
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- John
Ring LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Bryan W. Davies
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- John
Ring LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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3
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Shashkov AS, Kasimova AA, Arbatsky NP, Senchenkova SN, Perepelov AV, Dmitrenok AS, Chizhov AO, Knirel YA, Shneider MM, Popova AV, Kenyon JJ. Complete chemical structure of the K135 capsular polysaccharide produced by Acinetobacter baumannii RES-546 that contains 5,7-di-N-acetyl-8-epipseudaminic acid. Carbohydr Res 2023; 523:108726. [PMID: 36446189 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A structurally diverse capsular polysaccharide (CPS) in the outer cell envelope plays an important role in the virulence of the important bacterial pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii. More than 75 different CPS structures have been determined for the species to date, and many CPSs include isomers of a higher sugar, namely 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxynon-2-ulosonic acid. Recently, a novel isomer having the d-glycero-l-manno configuration (5,7-di-N-acetyl-8-epipseudaminic acid; 8ePse5Ac7Ac) has been identified in the CPS from A. baumannii clinical isolate RES-546 [Carbohydr. Res. 513 (2022) 108,531]. Here, the complete chemical structure of this CPS, designated K135, was elucidated. The CPS was found to have a branched tetrasaccharide K unit and to include the higher sugar as part of a 8ePse5Ac7Ac-(2 → 6)-α-Gal disaccharide branching from a →3)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1 → 3)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ main chain. Assignment of glycosyltransferases encoded by the CPS biosynthesis gene cluster in the RES-546 genome enabled the first sugar of the K unit, and hence the topology of the K135 CPS, to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Shashkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya A Kasimova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay P Arbatsky
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sof'ya N Senchenkova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei S Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Shneider
- M.M. Shemyakin & Y. A Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Popova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow, Region, Russia
| | - Johanna J Kenyon
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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4
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Yu L, Shang Z, Jin Q, Chan SY, Hong W, Li N, Li P. Antibody-Antimicrobial Conjugates for Combating Antibiotic Resistance. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202207. [PMID: 36300640 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As the development of new antibiotics lags far behind the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, alternative strategies to resolve this dilemma are urgently required. Antibody-drug conjugate is a promising therapeutic platform to delivering cytotoxic payloads precisely to target cells for efficient disease treatment. Antibody-antimicrobial conjugates (AACs) have recently attracted considerable interest from researchers as they can target bacteria in the target sites and improve the effectiveness of drugs (i.e., reduced drug dosage and adverse effects), abating the upsurge of antimicrobial resistance. In this review, the selection and progress of three essential blocks that compose the AACs: antibodies, antimicrobial payloads, and linkers are discussed. The commonly used conjugation strategies and the latest applications of AACs in recent years are also summarized. The challenges and opportunities of this booming technology are also discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luofeng Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zifang Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518026, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qizhe Jin
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Weilin Hong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Nan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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5
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Buchhorn de Freitas S, Hartwig DD. Promising targets for immunotherapeutic approaches against Acinetobacter baumannii. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Kasimova AA, Dudnik AG, Shashkov AS, Shneider MM, Christofferson A, Shelenkov AA, Mikhailova YV, Kenyon JJ, Knirel YA. The K218 capsular polysaccharide produced by Acinetobacter baumannii isolate 52-249 includes 5,7-di-N-acetylpseudaminic acid linked by a KpsS3 glycosyltransferase. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:310-316. [PMID: 35872309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two acylated forms of the higher sugar, 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-non-2-ulosonic acid called pseudaminic acid, Pse5Ac7Ac and Pse5Ac7RHb where R indicates (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl, have been found to occur in many capsular polysaccharide (CPS) types produced by isolates of an important human pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii. The presence of either a psaABCEDF or psaABCGHF gene module at the K locus (KL) for CPS biosynthesis determines the type of the variant produced. Here, an A. baumannii clinical isolate 52-249, recovered in 2015 in Moscow, Russia, was found to include a novel psaABCIJF gene module in the KL218 sequence at the K locus. The CPS from 52-249 was extracted and studied by sugar analysis and partial acid hydrolysis along with one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. A branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit was identified, which included a →3)-α-d-Galp-(1→6)-α-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-GalpNAc-(1→ main chain and Pse5Ac7Ac attached as a side branch, indicating that the psaABCIJF gene module is associated with synthesis of this variant. The K218 CPS was found to be structurally related to the K46 CPS of A. baumannii, and a comparison of the two structures enabled the assignment of glycosyltransferases. A KpsS3 protein for the α-(2→6) linkage of the Pse5Ac7Ac residue to D-Galp in K218 was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya A Kasimova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra G Dudnik
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Shneider
- M. M. Shemyakin & Y. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex Christofferson
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Johanna J Kenyon
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Bacterial Disease: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Treatment. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00054-21. [PMID: 33558319 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00054-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral disease has been demonstrated for infections caused by flaviviruses and influenza viruses; however, antibodies that enhance bacterial disease are relatively unknown. In recent years, a few studies have directly linked antibodies with exacerbation of bacterial disease. This ADE of bacterial disease has been observed in mouse models and human patients with bacterial infections. This antibody-mediated enhancement of bacterial infection is driven by various mechanisms that are disparate from those found in viral ADE. This review aims to highlight and discuss historic evidence, potential molecular mechanisms, and current therapies for ADE of bacterial infection. Based on specific case studies, we report how plasmapheresis has been successfully used in patients to ameliorate infection-related symptomatology associated with bacterial ADE. A greater understanding and appreciation of bacterial ADE of infection and disease could lead to better management of infections and inform current vaccine development efforts.
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8
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Ma C, Chen W. Where are we and how far is there to go in the development of an Acinetobacter vaccine? Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:281-295. [PMID: 33554671 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1887735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are becoming alarming worldwide. However, the pipeline of new antibiotics is very limited. Vaccination is one of the most cost effective and promising strategies to prevent infections and can play an important role in combat multidrug resistance A. baumannii and prevent the development of new drug resistance. AREA COVERED This review gives an overview of the research and development of A. baumannii vaccines during the past five years (2015-2020), discusses the key progresses and current challenges of the field, and speculates on the future of A. baumannii vaccine development. EXPERT OPINION Moderate progresses have been made in the research and development of A. baumannii vaccine in the last five years, in particular in the areas of identification of new protein targets, development of multicomponent vaccines, and use of vaccines and antibodies as adjuncts for antibiotics therapies. However, substantial scientific and logistic challenges, such as selection of lead vaccine candidates and formulation, vaccine clinical trials and targeted population, and financial incentives, remain. Thus, innovative strategies will be needed before an A. baumannii vaccine candidate can be brought into late stage of preclinical development in next five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Ma
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center (HHT), National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center (HHT), National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada.,Department of Biology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario Canada
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9
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Specific egg yolk immunoglobulin as a promising non-antibiotic biotherapeutic product against Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1914. [PMID: 33479293 PMCID: PMC7820402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a serious health threat with a high mortality rate. We have already reported prophylactic effects of IgYs raised against OmpA and Omp34 as well as against inactivated whole-cell (IWC) of A. baumannii in a murine pneumonia model. However, the infection was exacerbated in the mice group that received IgYs raised against the combination of OmpA and Omp34. The current study was conducted to propose reasons for the observed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in addition to the therapeutic effect of specific IgYs in the murine pneumonia model. This phenomenon was hypothetically attributed to topologically inaccessible similar epitopes of OmpA and Omp34 sharing similarity with peptides of mice proteins. In silico analyses revealed that some inaccessible peptides of OmpA shared similarity with peptides of Omp34 and Mus musculus. Specific anti-OmpA and anti-Omp34 IgYs cross-reacted with Omp34 and OmpA respectively. Specific IgYs showed different protectivity against A. baumannii AbI101 in the murine pneumonia model. IgYs triggered against OmpA or IWC of A. baumannii were the most protective antibodies. IgY triggered against Omp34 is ranked next after those against OmpA. The lowest protection was observed in mice received IgYs raised against the combination of rOmpA and rOmp34. In conclusion, specific IgYs against OmpA, Omp34, and IWC of A. baumannii could serve as novel biotherapeutics against A. baumannii pneumonia.
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10
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Su XZ, Zhang C, Joy DA. Host-Malaria Parasite Interactions and Impacts on Mutual Evolution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:587933. [PMID: 33194831 PMCID: PMC7652737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.587933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most deadly parasitic disease, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Malaria parasites have been associated with their hosts for millions of years. During the long history of host-parasite co-evolution, both parasites and hosts have applied pressure on each other through complex host-parasite molecular interactions. Whereas the hosts activate various immune mechanisms to remove parasites during an infection, the parasites attempt to evade host immunity by diversifying their genome and switching expression of targets of the host immune system. Human intervention to control the disease such as antimalarial drugs and vaccination can greatly alter parasite population dynamics and evolution, particularly the massive applications of antimalarial drugs in recent human history. Vaccination is likely the best method to prevent the disease; however, a partially protective vaccine may have unwanted consequences that require further investigation. Studies of host-parasite interactions and co-evolution will provide important information for designing safe and effective vaccines and for preventing drug resistance. In this essay, we will discuss some interesting molecules involved in host-parasite interactions, including important parasite antigens. We also discuss subjects relevant to drug and vaccine development and some approaches for studying host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cui Zhang
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deirdre A Joy
- Parasitology and International Programs Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Butler DA, Biagi M, Tan X, Qasmieh S, Bulman ZP, Wenzler E. Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Resistance by Any Other Name Would Still be Hard to Treat. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2019; 21:46. [PMID: 31734740 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-019-0706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) is an infamous nosocomial pathogen with a seemingly limitless capacity for antimicrobial resistance, leading to few treatment options and poor clinical outcomes. The debatably low pathogenicity and virulence of AB are juxtaposed by its exceptionally high rate of infection-related mortality, likely due to delays in time to effective antimicrobial therapy secondary to its predilection for resistance to first-line agents. Recent studies of AB and its infections have led to a burgeoning understanding of this critical microbial threat and provided clinicians with new ammunition for which to target this elusive pathogen. This review will provide an update on the virulence, resistance, diagnosis, and treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) AB. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in bacterial genomics have led to a deeper understanding of the unique mechanisms of resistance often present in MDR AB and how they may be exploited by new antimicrobials or optimized combinations of existing agents. Further, improvements in rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and their more pervasive use in combination with antimicrobial stewardship interventions have allowed for more rapid diagnosis of AB and decreases in time to effective therapy. Unfortunately, there remains a paucity of high-quality clinical data for which to inform the optimal treatment of MDR AB infections. In fact, recently completed studies have failed to identify a combination regimen that is consistently superior to monotherapy, despite the benefits demonstrated in vitro. Encouragingly, new and updated guidelines offer strategies for the treatment of MDR AB and may help to harmonize the use of high toxicity agents such as the polymyxins. Finally, new antimicrobial agents such as eravacycline and cefiderocol have promising in vitro activity against MDR AB but their place in therapy for these infections remains to be determined. Notwithstanding available clinical trial data, polymyxin-based combination therapies with either a carbapenem, minocycline, or eravacycline remain the treatment of choice for MDR, particularly carbapenem-resistant, AB. Incorporating antimicrobial stewardship intervention with RDTs relevant to MDR AB can help avoid potentially toxic combination therapies and catalyze the most important modifiable risk factor for mortality-time to effective therapy. Further research efforts into pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-based dose optimization and clinical outcomes data for MDR AB continue to be desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Butler
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Room 164 (M/C 886), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mark Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Room 164 (M/C 886), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Xing Tan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Room 164 (M/C 886), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Samah Qasmieh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Room 164 (M/C 886), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Zackery P Bulman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Room 164 (M/C 886), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Eric Wenzler
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Room 164 (M/C 886), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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