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Evans TE, Knol MJ, Schwingenschuh P, Wittfeld K, Hilal S, Ikram MA, Dubost F, van Wijnen KMH, Katschnig P, Yilmaz P, de Bruijne M, Habes M, Chen C, Langer S, Völzke H, Ikram MK, Grabe HJ, Schmidt R, Adams HHH, Vernooij MW. Determinants of Perivascular Spaces in the General Population: A Pooled Cohort Analysis of Individual Participant Data. Neurology 2023; 100:e107-e122. [PMID: 36253103 PMCID: PMC9841448 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Perivascular spaces (PVS) are emerging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), but research on their determinants has been hampered by conflicting results from small single studies using heterogeneous rating methods. In this study, we therefore aimed to identify determinants of PVS burden in a pooled analysis of multiple cohort studies using 1 harmonized PVS rating method. METHODS Individuals from 10 population-based cohort studies with adult participants from the Uniform Neuro-Imaging of Virchow-Robin Spaces Enlargement consortium and the UK Biobank were included. On MRI scans, we counted PVS in 4 brain regions (mesencephalon, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and centrum semiovale) according to a uniform and validated rating protocol, both manually and automated using a deep learning algorithm. As potential determinants, we considered demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, APOE genotypes, and other imaging markers of CSVD. Negative binomial regression models were used to examine the association between these determinants and PVS counts. RESULTS In total, 39,976 individuals were included (age range 20-96 years). The average count of PVS in the 4 regions increased from the age 20 years (0-1 PVS) to 90 years (2-7 PVS). Men had more mesencephalic PVS (OR [95% CI] = 1.13 [1.08-1.18] compared with women), but less hippocampal PVS (0.82 [0.81-0.83]). Higher blood pressure, particularly diastolic pressure, was associated with more PVS in all regions (ORs between 1.04-1.05). Hippocampal PVS showed higher counts with higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (1.02 [1.01-1.02]), glucose levels (1.02 [1.01-1.03]), and APOE ε4-alleles (1.02 [1.01-1.04]). Furthermore, white matter hyperintensity volume and presence of lacunes were associated with PVS in multiple regions, but most strongly with the basal ganglia (1.13 [1.12-1.14] and 1.10 [1.09-1.12], respectively). DISCUSSION Various factors are associated with the burden of PVS, in part regionally specific, which points toward a multifactorial origin beyond what can be expected from PVS-related risk factor profiles. This study highlights the power of collaborative efforts in population neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavia E Evans
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria J Knol
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Petra Schwingenschuh
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Saima Hilal
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Florian Dubost
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kimberlin M H van Wijnen
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Petra Katschnig
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pinar Yilmaz
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marleen de Bruijne
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mohamad Habes
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher Chen
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sönke Langer
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry Völzke
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hans J Grabe
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- From the Departments of Clinical Genetics (T.E.E., M.J.K., H.H.H.A.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.E.E., F.D., K.M.H.W., P.Y., M.B., H.H.H.A., M.W.V.), Epidemiology (M.J.K., M.A.I., P.Y., M.K.I., M.W.V.), and Neurology (M.K.I.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.S., P.K., R.S.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (K.W., M.H., H.J.G.), Site Rostock/Greifswald; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.W., H.J.G.) and Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.L.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (S.H., C.C.), National University of Singapore; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC) (S.H., C.C., M.K.I.), National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.H.), National University of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences (F.D.), Stanford University, CA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (P.Y.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; The Machine Learning Section (M.B.), Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC) (M.H.), Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX; and Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) (H.H.H.A.), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Zhang LN, Li MJ, Shang YH, Zhao FF, Huang HC, Lao FX. Independent and Correlated Role of Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Genotype and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:15-31. [PMID: 32804091 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in individuals infected by Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE-ɛ4 reduces the levels of neuronal cholesterol, interferes with the transportation of cholesterol, impairs repair of synapses, decreases the clearance of neurotoxic peptide amyloid-β (Aβ), and promotes the deposition of amyloid plaque, and eventually may cause development of AD. HSV-1 enters host cells and can infect the olfactory system, trigeminal ganglia, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, and may cause AD-like pathological changes. The lifecycle of HSV-1 goes through a long latent phase. HSV-1 induces neurotropic cytokine expression with pro-inflammatory action and inhibits antiviral cytokine production in AD. It should be noted that interferons display antiviral activity in HSV-1-infected AD patients. Reactivated HSV-1 is associated with infectious burden in cognitive decline and AD. Finally, HSV-1 DNA has been confirmed as present in human brains and is associated with APOEɛ4 in AD. HSV-1 and APOEɛ4 increase the risk of AD and relate to abnormal autophagy, higher concentrations of HSV-1 DNA in AD, and formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Fan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xue Lao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
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3
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Sullivan P. Influence of Western diet and APOE genotype on Alzheimer's disease risk. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Zulfiqar S, Garg P, Nieweg K. Contribution of astrocytes to metabolic dysfunction in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1113-1127. [PMID: 31188740 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Historically considered as accessory cells to neurons, there is an increasing interest in the role of astrocytes in normal and pathological conditions. Astrocytes are involved in neurotransmitter recycling, antioxidant supply, ion buffering and neuroinflammation, i.e. a lot of the same pathways that go astray in Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD remains the leading cause of dementia in the elderly, one for which there is still no cure. Efforts in AD drug development have largely focused on treating neuronal pathologies that appear relatively late in the disease. The neuroenergetic hypothesis, however, focuses on the early event of glucose hypometabolism in AD, where astrocytes play a key role, caused by an imbalanced neuron-astrocyte lactate shuttle. This further results in a state of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, thereby compromising the integrity of astrocyte-neuron interaction. Compromised astrocytic energetics also enhance amyloid generation, further increasing the severity of the disease. Additionally, apolipoprotein E (APOE), the major genetic risk factor for AD, is predominantly secreted by astrocytes and plays a critical role in amyloid clearance and regulates glucose metabolism in an amyloid-independent manner. Thus, boosting the neuroprotective properties of astrocytes has potential applications in delaying the onset and progression of AD. This review explores how the metabolic dysfunction arising from astrocytes acts as a trigger for the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadaan Zulfiqar
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University, Karl-von-Frisch Strasse, Marburg D-35043, Germany.,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pretty Garg
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University, Karl-von-Frisch Strasse, Marburg D-35043, Germany.,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Neuro and Sensory Physiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Katja Nieweg
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University, Karl-von-Frisch Strasse, Marburg D-35043, Germany.,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Moderate protective effect of Kyotorphin against the late consequences of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer's disease. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1501-1513. [PMID: 31520285 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The established decrease in the level of endogenous kyotorphin (KTP) into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with an advanced stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the found neuroprotective activity of KTP suggested its participation in the pathophysiology of the disease. We aimed to study the effects of subchronic intracerebroventricular (ICV) treatment (14 days) with KTP on the behavioral, biochemical and histological changes in rats with streptozotocin (STZ-ICV)-induced model of sporadic AD (sAD). Three months after the administration of STZ-ICV, rats developed increased locomotor activity, decreased level of anxiety, impaired spatial and working memory. Histological data from the STZ-ICV group demonstrated decreased number of neurons in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. The STZ-ICV group was characterized with a decrease of total protein content in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex as well as increased levels of the carbonylated proteins in the hippocampus. KTP treatment of STZ-ICV rats normalized anxiety level and regained object recognition memory. KTP abolished the protein loss in prefrontal cortex and decrease the neuronal loss in the CA3 subfield of the hippocampus. STZ-ICV rats, treated with KTP, did not show significant changes in the levels of the carbonylated proteins in specific brain structures or in motor activity and spatial memory compared to the saline-treated STZ-ICV group. Our data show a moderate and selective protective effect of a subchronic ICV administration of the dipeptide KTP on the pathological changes induced by an experimental model of sAD in rats.
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Liu PP, Xie Y, Meng XY, Kang JS. History and progress of hypotheses and clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:29. [PMID: 31637009 PMCID: PMC6799833 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in activities of daily life. Its main pathological features are cerebral atrophy, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of patients. There are various descriptive hypotheses regarding the causes of AD, including the cholinergic hypothesis, amyloid hypothesis, tau propagation hypothesis, mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, calcium homeostasis hypothesis, neurovascular hypothesis, inflammatory hypothesis, metal ion hypothesis, and lymphatic system hypothesis. However, the ultimate etiology of AD remains obscure. In this review, we discuss the main hypotheses of AD and related clinical trials. Wealthy puzzles and lessons have made it possible to develop explanatory theories and identify potential strategies for therapeutic interventions for AD. The combination of hypometabolism and autophagy deficiency is likely to be a causative factor for AD. We further propose that fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has the potential to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Liu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yi Xie
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Xiao-Yan Meng
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jian-Sheng Kang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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Shahid M, Kim J, Leaver K, Hendershott T, Zhu D, Cholerton B, Henderson VW, Tian L, Poston KL. An increased rate of longitudinal cognitive decline is observed in Parkinson's disease patients with low CSF Aß42 and an APOE ε4 allele. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:278-286. [PMID: 30826425 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta (Aβ-42) are associated with increased risk of cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease (PD). We sought to determine whether APOE genotype modifies the rate of cognitive decline in PD patients with low CSF Aβ-42 compared to patients with normal levels. METHODS The Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative is a longitudinal, ongoing study of de novo PD participants, which includes APOE genotyping, CSF Aβ-42 determinations, and neuropsychological assessments. We used linear mixed effects models in three PD groups (PD participants with low CSF Aβ at baseline, PD participants with normal CSF Aβ, and both groups combined). Having at least one copy of the APOE ɛ4 allele, time, and the interaction of APOE ɛ4 and time were predictor variables for cognitive change, adjusting for age, gender and education. RESULTS 423 de novo PD participants were followed up to 5 years with annual cognitive assessments. 103 participants had low baseline CSF Aβ-42 (39 APOE ε4+, 64 APOE ε4-). Compared to participants with normal CSF Aβ-42, those with low CSF Aβ-42 declined faster on most cognitive tests. Within the low CSF Aβ-42 group, APOE ε4+ participants had faster rates of decline on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (primary outcome; 0.57 points annual decline, p = .005; 5-year standardized change of 1.2) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (1.4 points annual decline, p = .002; 5-year standardized change of 0.72). DISCUSSION PD patients with low CSF Aβ-42 and APOE ε4+ showed a higher rate of cognitive decline early in the disease. Tests of global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test) were the most sensitive to early cognitive decline. Results suggest that CSF Aβ-42 and APOE ε4 might interact to promote early cognitive changes in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Shahid
- Stanford University, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, 300 Pasteur Dr. Room H3144, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- Stanford University, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, 300 Pasteur Dr. Room H3144, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Katherine Leaver
- Stanford University, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, 300 Pasteur Dr. Room H3144, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America; Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Department of Neurology, 10 Union Square East, New York, NY 10003, United States of America
| | - Taylor Hendershott
- Stanford University, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, 300 Pasteur Dr. Room H3144, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Delphine Zhu
- Stanford University, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, 300 Pasteur Dr. Room H3144, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Brenna Cholerton
- Stanford University, Department of Pathology, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm L235, MC 5324, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Victor W Henderson
- Stanford University, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, 300 Pasteur Dr. Room H3144, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America; Stanford University, Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology), 259 Campus Drive, MC 5405, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Lu Tian
- Stanford University, Department of Biomedical Data Science, 150 Governor's Lane, Room T160C, MC 5464, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Stanford University, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, 300 Pasteur Dr. Room H3144, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America; Stanford University, Department of Neurosurgery, 300 Pasteur Dr. Room H3144, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America.
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Li L, Liu MS, Li GQ, Tang J, Liao Y, Zheng Y, Guo TL, Kang X, Yuan MT. Relationship between Apolipoprotein Superfamily and Parkinson's Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:2616-2623. [PMID: 29067960 PMCID: PMC5678263 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.217092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is featured with motor disorder and nonmotor manifestations including psychological symptoms, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and paresthesia, which results in great inconvenience to the patients’ life. The apolipoprotein (Apo) superfamily, as a group of potentially modifiable biomarkers in clinical practice, is of increasing significance in the diagnosis, evaluation, and prognosis of PD. The present review summarized the current understanding and emerging findings of the relationship between Apo superfamily and PD. Data Sources: All literatures were identified by systematically searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane electronic databases with terms “Parkinson disease,” “apolipoprotein,” and their synonyms until May 2017. Study Selection: We have thoroughly examined titles and abstracts of all the literatures that met our search strategy and the full text if the research is identified or not so definite. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also scrutinized for additional relevant studies. Results: The levels of plasma ApoA1 are inversely correlated with the risk of PD and the lower levels of ApoA1 trend toward association with poorer motor performance. Higher ApoD expression in neurons represents more puissant protection against PD, which is critical in delaying the neurodegeneration process of PD. It is suggested that APOE alleles are related to development and progression of cognitive decline and age of PD onset, but conclusions are not completely identical, which may be attributed to different ApoE isoforms. APOJ gene expressions are upregulated in PD patients and it is possible that high ApoJ level is an indicator of PD dementia and correlates with specific phenotypic variations in PD. Conclusions: The Apo superfamily has been proved to be closely involved in the initiation, progression, and prognosis of PD. Apos and their genes are of great value in predicting the susceptibility of PD and hopeful to become the target of medical intervention to prevent the onset of PD or slow down the progress. Therefore, further large-scale studies are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of Apos in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ming-Su Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guang-Qin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tong-Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mao-Ting Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Tharmaratnam T, Iskandar MA, Tabobondung TC, Tobbia I, Gopee-Ramanan P, Tabobondung TA. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Professional American Football Players: Where Are We Now? Front Neurol 2018; 9:445. [PMID: 29971037 PMCID: PMC6018081 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive head trauma provides a favorable milieu for the onset of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. The result of long-lasting head trauma is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a disease process well-recognized in boxers, military personnel, and more recently, in American football players. CTE is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with hallmarks of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregates and intercellular lesions of neurofibrillary tangles. The criteria for CTE diagnosis requires at least 1-2 focal perivascular lesions of p-tau in the cerebral cortex, at the depth of the sulci. These pathognomonic lesions aggregate within neurons and glial cells such as astrocytes, and cell processes within the vicinity of small blood vessels. CTE presents in a distinct topographical distribution pattern compared to other tauopathies such as AD and other age-related astrogliopathies. CTE also has an insidious onset, years after repetitive head trauma. The disease course of CTE is characterized by cognitive dysfunction, behavioral changes, and can progress to altered motor function with parkinsonian-like manifestations in later stages. This short review aims to summarize CTE in professional football, epidemiology, diagnosis based on neuroanatomical abnormalities, cognitive degeneration, and adverse mental health effects, as well as gaps in the literature and future directions in diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharmegan Tharmaratnam
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Al Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Mina A. Iskandar
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tyler C. Tabobondung
- Department of Family Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Brantford General Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Iqdam Tobbia
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Prasaanthan Gopee-Ramanan
- Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Department of Radiology, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor A. Tabobondung
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Harris SA, Harris EA. Molecular Mechanisms for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Pathogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:48. [PMID: 29559905 PMCID: PMC5845560 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on research in the areas of epidemiology, neuropathology, molecular biology and genetics that implicates herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a causative agent in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Molecular mechanisms whereby HSV-1 induces AD-related pathophysiology and pathology, including neuronal production and accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, and impaired autophagy, are discussed. HSV-1 causes additional AD pathologies through mechanisms that promote neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. The AD susceptibility genes apolipoprotein E (APOE), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), complement receptor 1 (CR1) and clusterin (CLU) are involved in the HSV lifecycle. Polymorphisms in these genes may affect brain susceptibility to HSV-1 infection. APOE, for example, influences susceptibility to certain viral infections, HSV-1 viral load in the brain, and the innate immune response. The AD susceptibility gene cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is upregulated in the AD brain and is involved in the antiviral immune response. HSV-1 interacts with additional genes to affect cognition-related pathways and key enzymes involved in Aβ production, Aβ clearance, and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins. Aβ itself functions as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) against various pathogens including HSV-1. Evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that Aβ is produced as an AMP in response to HSV-1 and other brain infections, leading to Aβ deposition and plaque formation in AD. Epidemiologic studies associating HSV-1 infection with AD and cognitive impairment are discussed. Studies are reviewed supporting subclinical chronic reactivation of latent HSV-1 in the brain as significant in the pathogenesis of AD. Finally, the rationale for and importance of clinical trials treating HSV-1-infected MCI and AD patients with antiviral medication is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Harris
- St. Vincent Medical Group, Northside Internal Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Harris
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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11
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Chen GF, Xu TH, Yan Y, Zhou YR, Jiang Y, Melcher K, Xu HE. Amyloid beta: structure, biology and structure-based therapeutic development. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1205-1235. [PMID: 28713158 PMCID: PMC5589967 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 942] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is produced through the proteolytic processing of a transmembrane protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β- and γ-secretases. Aβ accumulation in the brain is proposed to be an early toxic event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common form of dementia associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. Currently, it is unclear what the physiological and pathological forms of Aβ are and by what mechanism Aβ causes dementia. Moreover, there are no efficient drugs to stop or reverse the progression of Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we review the structures, biological functions, and neurotoxicity role of Aβ. We also discuss the potential receptors that interact with Aβ and mediate Aβ intake, clearance, and metabolism. Additionally, we summarize the therapeutic developments and recent advances of different strategies for treating Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we will report on the progress in searching for novel, potentially effective agents as well as selected promising strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These prospects include agents acting on Aβ, its receptors and tau protein, such as small molecules, vaccines and antibodies against Aβ; inhibitors or modulators of β- and γ-secretase; Aβ-degrading proteases; tau protein inhibitors and vaccines; amyloid dyes and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Fang Chen
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ting-Hai Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Yan
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Ren Zhou
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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12
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El Gaamouch F, Jing P, Xia J, Cai D. Alzheimer's Disease Risk Genes and Lipid Regulators. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 53:15-29. [PMID: 27128373 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain lipid homeostasis plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Aggregation of amyloid-β peptide is one of the major events in AD. The complex interplay between lipids and amyloid-β accumulation has been intensively investigated. The proportions of lipid components including phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol are roughly similar across different brain regions under physiological conditions. However, disruption of brain lipid homeostasis has been described in AD and implicated in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, studies suggest that analysis of lipid composition in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid could improve our understanding of the disease development and progression, which could potentially serve as disease biomarkers and prognostic indicators for AD therapies. Here, we summarize the functional roles of AD risk genes and lipid regulators that modulate brain lipid homeostasis including different lipid species, lipid complexes, and lipid transporters, particularly their effects on amyloid processing, clearance, and aggregation, as well as neuro-toxicities that contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida El Gaamouch
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ping Jing
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, China
| | | | - Dongming Cai
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,The Central Hospital of Wuhan, China
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13
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Dell'Acqua F, Khan W, Gottlieb N, Giampietro V, Ginestet C, Bouls D, Newhouse S, Dobson R, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Conrod P, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Lemaítre H, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Rietschel M, Smolka MN, Ströhle A, Gallinat J, Westman E, Schumann G, Lovestone S, Simmons A. Tract Based Spatial Statistic Reveals No Differences in White Matter Microstructural Organization between Carriers and Non-Carriers of the APOE ɛ4 and ɛ2 Alleles in Young Healthy Adolescents. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:977-84. [PMID: 26401776 DOI: 10.3233/jad-140519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele is the best established genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been previously associated with alterations in structural gray matter and changes in functional brain activity in healthy middle-aged individuals and older non-demented subjects. In order to determine the neural mechanism by which APOE polymorphisms affect white matter (WM) structure, we investigated the diffusion characteristics of WM tracts in carriers and non-carriers of the APOE ɛ4 and ɛ2 alleles using an unbiased whole brain analysis technique (Tract Based Spatial Statistics) in a healthy young adolescent (14 years) cohort. A large sample of healthy young adolescents (n = 575) were selected from the European neuroimaging-genetics IMAGEN study with available APOE status and accompanying diffusion imaging data. MR Diffusion data was acquired on 3T systems using 32 diffusion-weighted (DW) directions and 4 non-DW volumes (b-value = 1,300 s/mm² and isotropic resolution of 2.4×2.4×2.4 mm). No significant differences in WM structure were found in diffusion indices between carriers and non-carriers of the APOE ɛ4 and ɛ2 alleles, and dose-dependent effects of these variants were not established, suggesting that differences in WM structure are not modulated by the APOE polymorphism. In conclusion, our results suggest that microstructural properties of WM structure are not associated with the APOE ɛ4 and ɛ2 alleles in young adolescence, suggesting that the neural effects of these variants are not evident in 14-year-olds and may only develop later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Dell'Acqua
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wasim Khan
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie Gottlieb
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Cedric Ginestet
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Bouls
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Newhouse
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Dobson
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Patricia Conrod
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Hervé Lemaítre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gunther Schumann
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Simmons
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
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14
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Konar A, Singh P, Thakur MK. Age-associated Cognitive Decline: Insights into Molecular Switches and Recovery Avenues. Aging Dis 2016; 7:121-9. [PMID: 27114845 PMCID: PMC4809604 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated cognitive decline is an inevitable phenomenon that predisposes individuals for neurological and psychiatric disorders eventually affecting the quality of life. Scientists have endeavored to identify the key molecular switches that drive cognitive decline with advancing age. These newly identified molecules are then targeted as recovery of cognitive aging and related disorders. Cognitive decline during aging is multi-factorial and amongst several factors influencing this trajectory, gene expression changes are pivotal. Identifying these genes would elucidate the neurobiological underpinnings as well as offer clues that make certain individuals resilient to withstand the inevitable age-related deteriorations. Our laboratory has focused on this aspect and investigated a wide spectrum of genes involved in crucial brain functions that attribute to senescence induced cognitive deficits. We have recently identified master switches in the epigenome regulating gene expression alteration during brain aging. Interestingly, these factors when manipulated by chemical or genetic strategies successfully reverse the age-related cognitive impairments. In the present article, we review findings from our laboratory and others combined with supporting literary evidences on molecular switches of brain aging and their potential as recovery targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Konar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Padmanabh Singh
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Mahendra K Thakur
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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15
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Lenka A, Arumugham SS, Christopher R, Pal PK. Genetic substrates of psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease: A critical review. J Neurol Sci 2016; 364:33-41. [PMID: 27084212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) may develop several non-motor symptoms such as psychosis, depression, cognitive impairment, autonomic disturbances and sleep disturbances. Psychosis is one of the common non-motor symptoms, which commonly manifests as visual hallucinations and minor hallucinations such as sense of passage and presence. Though long-term dopaminergic therapy, longer duration of PD and cognitive impairment have been described as risk factors for emergence of psychosis in PD, predicting psychosis in PD remains challenging. Multiple studies have explored the genetic basis of psychosis in PD by studying polymorphisms of several genes. Most of the studies have focused on apolipoprotein E polymorphism followed by polymorphisms in cholecystokinin (CCK) system, dopamine receptors and transporters, HOMER gene, serotonin, catechol-o-methyltransferase, angiotensin converting enzyme and tau. Other than the studies on polymorphisms of CCK, most of the studies have reported conflicting results regarding association with psychosis in PD. Three out of four studies on CCK polymorphism have reported significant association of -45C>T polymorphism with the presence of hallucinations. The discrepancies in the results across the studies reviewed are possibly due to racial differences as well as differences in the patient characteristics. This review critically analyzes the published studies on genetic polymorphisms in patients with PD and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Lenka
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India; Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Shyam Sundar Arumugham
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
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16
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Effects of shenque moxibustion on behavioral changes and brain oxidative state in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:804804. [PMID: 25793004 PMCID: PMC4352425 DOI: 10.1155/2015/804804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. To determine whether moxibustion influences the learning and memory behavior of ApoE−/− male mice, and investigate the mechanism of moxibustion on the alteration of oxidized proteins (glial fibrillary acidic protein, β-amyloid) in hippocampus. Methods. Thirty-three ApoE−/− mice were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 11/group): moxibustion, sham moxibustion, and no treatment control. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice (n = 13) were used for normal control. Moxibustion was performed with Shenque (RN8) moxibustion for 20 minutes per day, 6 days/week for 12 weeks. In sham control, the procedure was similar except burning of the moxa stick. Behavioral tests (step-down test and Morris water maze task) were conducted in the 13th week. The mice were then sacrificed and the tissues were harvested for immune-histochemical staining. Results. In the step-down test, the moxibustion group had shorter reaction time in training record and committed less mistakes compared to sham control. In immune-histochemical study, the moxibustion group expressed lower level of GFAP and less aggregation of β-amyloid in the hippocampus than the sham control. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that moxibustion may enhance learning capability of ApoE−/− mice. The mechanism may be via inhibiting oxidized proteins (GFAP and β-amyloid) in astrocytes.
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17
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Nguyen PT, Andraka N, De Carufel CA, Bourgault S. Mechanistic Contributions of Biological Cofactors in Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Amyloidogenesis. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:515307. [PMID: 26576436 PMCID: PMC4630397 DOI: 10.1155/2015/515307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus is associated with the deposition of fibrillar aggregates in pancreatic islets. The major protein component of islet amyloids is the glucomodulatory hormone islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Islet amyloid fibrils are virtually always associated with several biomolecules, including apolipoprotein E, metals, glycosaminoglycans, and various lipids. IAPP amyloidogenesis has been originally perceived as a self-assembly homogeneous process in which the inherent aggregation propensity of the peptide and its local concentration constitute the major driving forces to fibrillization. However, over the last two decades, numerous studies have shown a prominent role of amyloid cofactors in IAPP fibrillogenesis associated with the etiology of type II diabetes. It is increasingly evident that the biochemical microenvironment in which IAPP amyloid formation occurs and the interactions of the polypeptide with various biomolecules not only modulate the rate and extent of aggregation, but could also remodel the amyloidogenesis process as well as the structure, toxicity, and stability of the resulting fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Trang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaqam, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Canada
| | - Nagore Andraka
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaqam, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Canada
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carole Anne De Carufel
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaqam, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaqam, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Canada
- *Steve Bourgault:
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18
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Lim WLF, Martins IJ, Martins RN. The involvement of lipids in Alzheimer's disease. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:261-74. [PMID: 24894353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, will affect approximately 81 million individuals by 2040. To date, the actual cause and cascade of events in the progression of this disease have not been fully determined. Furthermore, there is currently no definitive blood test or simple diagnostic method for AD. Considerable efforts have been put into proteomic approaches to develop a diagnostic blood test, but to date these efforts have not been successful. More recently, there has been a stronger focus on lipidomic studies in the hope of increasing our understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to AD and developing an AD blood test. It is well known that the strongest genetic risk factor for AD is the ε4 variant of apolipoprotein E (APOE). Evidence suggests that the ApoE protein, a major lipid transporter, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD, and its role in both normal and aberrant lipid metabolism warrants further extensive investigation. Here, we review ApoE-lipid interactions, as well as the roles that lipids may play in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling Florence Lim
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia; Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Ian James Martins
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia; Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Ralph Nigel Martins
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia; Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Joondalup 6027, Australia; McCusker Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease Research Inc., Suite 22, Hollywood Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
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19
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Gu B, Zhao YC, Yang ZW, Li HT, Yu FP. HindIII polymorphism in the lipoprotein lipase gene and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in the Chinese Han population. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:1275-81. [PMID: 24462462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between the HindIII polymorphism and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HIH) and lipid metabolism. METHODS A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay and the chain termination DNA sequencing method were used to determine the HindIII genotypes of 267 subjects, which included 120 cerebral hemorrhagic patients and 147 controls. The fasting levels of lipids and glucose in the plasma were used to measure the effect of genotype on HIH risk factors. RESULTS The frequency of the T allele of the HindIII polymorphism in the HIH group was 90.8%. The frequency of the G allele was 9.2%. In the control group, the frequencies were 82.3% T and 17.7% G, which indicated that the proportion of the G allele in the HIH patient group was significantly lower than in the control group (P<.05). The frequency of GG+GT genotypes in HIH patients (P<.05) and the plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in these patients (P<.05) were also lower than in the control group. The levels of plasma TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure in the HIH group were higher than in the controls (P<.05). After controlling for risk factors related to HIH, the HindIII G allele was negatively correlated with the incidence of HIH (odds ratio=.417, 95% confidence interval: .193-.901). CONCLUSIONS The HindIII G allele may be a protective factor against the development of HIH among the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shanghai Songjiang Central Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shanghai Songjiang Central Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Wen Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shanghai Songjiang Central Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shanghai Songjiang Central Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Ping Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shanghai Songjiang Central Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Chen Q, Huang CQ, Hu XY, Li SB, Zhang XM. Functional CLOCK gene rs1554483 G/C polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease in the Chinese population. J Int Med Res 2014; 41:340-6. [PMID: 23781009 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513476430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between the circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) gene rs1554483 G/C polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease in Chinese people. METHODS This case-control study determined apolipoprotein E (APOE) and CLOCK rs1554483 G/C genotypes using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Unrelated patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 130) and healthy controls (n = 188) were analysed for an association between the CLOCK gene rs1554483 G/C polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. In the whole sample and in APOE ε4 isoform noncarriers, the prevalence of CLOCK gene rs1554483 G allele carriers was significantly higher in patients with Alzheimer's disease than in controls. Among APOE ε4 carriers, the prevalence of CLOCK rs1554483 G allele carriers was not significantly different between patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls. CONCLUSION Among APOE ε4 noncarriers, but not APOE ε4 carriers, the CLOCK rs1554483 G allele was associated with increased susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China
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21
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Martins IJ, Creegan R. Links between Insulin Resistance, Lipoprotein Metabolism and Amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s Disease. Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.612190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Castellano J, Badimon L, Llorente-Cortés V. Amyloid-β increases metallo- and cysteine protease activities in human macrophages. J Vasc Res 2013; 51:58-67. [PMID: 24335416 DOI: 10.1159/000356334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Macrophages are a source of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cysteine proteases and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the vascular wall. The aims of this study were to analyze the capacity of Aβ peptide (1-40) (Aβ40), Aβ peptide (1-42) (Aβ42) and fibrillar Aβ42 (fAβ42) to modulate the expression and activity of MMP-9, MMP-2 and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1) in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM). Additionally, we analyzed whether Aβ internalization alters the secretion of cathepsin S (CatS) and TGF-β1 by macrophages. METHODS HMDM were exposed to native and fibrillar Aβ. MMPs and TIMP-1 expression was analyzed by real-time PCR, and MMP abundance by zymography. Protein levels of precursor and active forms of CatS were analyzed by Western blot and TGF-β1 levels by ELISA. RESULTS Aβ40, Aβ42 and especially fAβ42 strongly induced MMP-9/MMP-2 levels. Moreover, we showed enhanced active CatS and reduced TGF-β1 protein levels in the secretome of Aβ42 and fAβ42-exposed macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Aβ can regulate the proinflammatory state of human macrophages by inducing metallo- and cysteine protease levels and by reducing TGF-β1 secretion. These effects may be crucial in atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Castellano
- Cardiovascular Research Center CSIC-ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Suri S, Heise V, Trachtenberg AJ, Mackay CE. The forgotten APOE allele: a review of the evidence and suggested mechanisms for the protective effect of APOE ɛ2. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2878-86. [PMID: 24183852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing efforts to improve survival, and enhance quality of life have led biomedical research to focus on disease and the mechanisms that increase risk for disease. The other side of that coin may be as important, i.e. examining the protective factors that allow some individuals to enjoy long, healthy lives. One of the best examples of a gene that positively influences cognitive health is the apolipoprotein (APOE) ɛ2 allele. The APOE ɛ4 allele is a well-established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has thus dominated the APOE literature, with the putative protective role of ɛ2 receiving little attention. This review describes the effects of APOE ɛ2 on the structure and function of the brain. With a focus on neurodegeneration, we discuss evidence for APOE ɛ2's protective effects, explore some key mechanisms through which this protection may be conferred, and address a few inconsistencies in the literature. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the association between APOE ɛ2, cognition and longevity may provide new targets for research on promoting life-long health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom; FMRIB Centre (Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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24
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Impact of genetic variants of apolipoprotein E on lipid profile in patients with Parkinson's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:641515. [PMID: 24175296 PMCID: PMC3794554 DOI: 10.1155/2013/641515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) seems to involve genetic susceptibility to neurodegeneration. APOE gene has been considered a risk factor for PD. This study aimed to evaluate the association of APOE polymorphism with PD and its influence on lipid profile. We studied 232 PD patients (PD) and 169 individuals without the disease. The studied polymorphism was analyzed by PCR/RFLP. The Fisher's exact test, chi-square, ANOVA, and t-test (P < 0.05) were applied. The APOE3/3 genotype was prevalent in PD patients and Controls (P = 0.713) followed by APOE3/4 (P = 0.772). Both groups showed recommended values for lipid profile, with increase in the values of total cholesterol and LDLc, as well as decreased values of triglycerides in PD patients compared with Controls (P < 0.05 for all of them). Increased levels of HDLc, in PD patients, were associated with the APOE3/3 versus APOE-/4 genotypes (P = 0.012). The APOE polymorphism does not distinguish PD patients from Controls, as opposed to the lipid profile alone or in association with APOE. Furthermore, a relationship between increase of HDLc levels and APOE3 in homozygous was found in PD patients only.
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25
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Lim WLF, Lam SM, Shui G, Mondal A, Ong D, Duan X, Creegan R, Martins IJ, Sharman MJ, Taddei K, Verdile G, Wenk MR, Martins RN. Effects of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet on brain lipid profiles in apolipoprotein E ɛ3 and ɛ4 knock-in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2217-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Genetics of Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:254954. [PMID: 23984328 PMCID: PMC3741956 DOI: 10.1155/2013/254954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is the only top 10 cause of death in the United States that lacks disease-altering treatments. It is a complex disorder with environmental and genetic components. There are two major types of Alzheimer's disease, early onset and the more common late onset. The genetics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease are largely understood with variants in three different genes leading to disease. In contrast, while several common alleles associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease, including APOE, have been identified using association studies, the genetics of late-onset Alzheimer's disease are not fully understood. Here we review the known genetics of early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Ługowska A, Musielak M, Jamroz E, Pyrkosz A, Kmieć T, Tylki-Szymańska A, Bednarska-Makaruk M. Apolipoprotein E genotype and LRP1 polymorphisms in patients with different clinical types of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Gene 2013; 526:176-81. [PMID: 23701968 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a severe, neurodegenerative, metabolic disease which is caused by deficient activity of arylsulfatase A (ARSA). Sulfatides and other substrates of ARSA are stored in central and peripheral nervous systems, and in some other organs. Accumulated sulfatides are especially toxic to oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells leading to progressive demyelination. The kind of apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoform is of essential significance for the modulation of sulfatide quantity in the brain as apoE4 contains more sulfatides than apoE3. Taking into consideration the fact that apoE4 leads to the loss of sulfatides in CSF of Alzheimer's disease patients, we examined if apoE isoforms display any impact on clinical outcome in patients with different forms of MLD in whom sulfatides accumulate. The significant association of age at the onset of MLD symptoms with APOE ε2/ε3/ε4 and LRP1 c.766C>T polymorphisms was shown in multivariate stepwise regression analysis, in which other factors known to affect age at onset of the disease, i.e. clinical type of MLD, family connection of the patient and sex were also analyzed. As expected, the clinical type of MLD explained about 80% of the variance of the dependent variable. The impact of both polymorphisms on age of onset of the disease was considerably lower: 2.0% in the case of APOE polymorphism and 1.0% in the case of LRP1 polymorphism. Thus, the clinical outcome in MLD patients is related principally to the genotype of the ARSA gene, while the polymorphisms in the APOE and LRP1 genes are only slightly modifying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ługowska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
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28
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Watanabe T, von der Kammer H, Wang X, Shintani Y, Horiguchi T. Neuronal Expression of F-Box and Leucine-Rich-Repeat Protein 2 Decreases over Braak Stages in the Brains of Alzheimers Disease Patients. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 11:1-12. [DOI: 10.1159/000336016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Shevchenko G, Wetterhall M, Bergquist J, Höglund K, Andersson LI, Kultima K. Longitudinal characterization of the brain proteomes for the tg2576 amyloid mouse model using shotgun based mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:6159-74. [PMID: 23050487 DOI: 10.1021/pr300808h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are often defined pathologically by the presence of protein aggregates, such as amyloid plaques composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease. Such aggregates are the result of abnormal protein accumulation and may lead to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. In this study, APPSWE transgenic mice (Tg2576), which overexpress the Swedish mutated form of human amyloid precursor protein (APP), were used to study the brain proteome associated with amyloid plaque deposition. The major aim of the study was to map and compare the Tg2576 model brain proteome profiles during pathology progression using a shotgun approach based on label free quantification with mass spectrometry. Overall, 1085 proteins were identified and longitudinally quantified. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the appearance of the pathology onset between twelve and fifteen months, correlating with sharp amyloid plaque accumulation within the same ages. Cluster analysis followed by protein-protein interaction analysis revealed an age-dependent decrease in mitochondrial protein expression. We identified 57 significantly affected mitochondrial proteins, several of which have been reported to alter expression in neurological diseases. We also found ten proteins that are upregulated early in the amyloid driven pathology progression with high confidence, some of which are directly involved in the onset of mitochondrial apoptosis and may represent potential markers for use in human neurological diseases prognosis. Our results further contribute to identifying common pathological pathways involved in both aging and progressive neurodegenerative disorders enhancing the understanding of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Shevchenko
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, and Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Academic Hospital, Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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30
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Dumanis SB, DiBattista AM, Miessau M, Moussa CEH, Rebeck GW. APOE genotype affects the pre-synaptic compartment of glutamatergic nerve terminals. J Neurochem 2012; 124:4-14. [PMID: 22862561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype affects outcomes of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions of brain damage. Using APOE knock-in mice, we have previously shown that APOE-ε4 Targeted Replacement (TR) mice have fewer dendritic spines and reduced branching in cortical neurons. As dendritic spines are post-synaptic sites of excitatory neurotransmission, we used APOE TR mice to examine whether APOE genotype affected the various elements of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. We found that levels of glutamine synthetase and glutamate uptake transporters were unchanged among the APOE genotypes. However, compared with APOE-ε3 TR mice, APOE-ε4 TR mice had decreased glutaminase levels (18%, p < 0.05), suggesting decreased conversion of glutamine to glutamate. APOE-ε4 TR mice also had increased levels of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (20%, p < 0.05), suggesting that APOE genotype affects pre-synaptic terminal composition. To address whether these changes affected normal neurotransmission, we examined the production and metabolism of glutamate and glutamine at 4-5 months and 1 year. Using high-frequency (13)C/(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we found that APOE-ε4 TR mice have decreased production of glutamate and increased levels of glutamine. These factors may contribute to the increased risk of neurodegeneration associated with APOE-ε4, and also act as surrogate markers for Alzheimer's disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya B Dumanis
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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31
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Omalu B, Hammers JL, Bailes J, Hamilton RL, Kamboh MI, Webster G, Fitzsimmons RP. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an Iraqi war veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder who committed suicide. Neurosurg Focus 2012; 31:E3. [PMID: 22044102 DOI: 10.3171/2011.9.focus11178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following his discovery of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in football players in 2002, Dr. Bennet Omalu hypothesized that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans may belong to the CTE spectrum of diseases. The CTE surveillance at the Brain Injury Research Institute was therefore expanded to include deceased military veterans diagnosed with PTSD. The authors report the case of a 27-year-old United States Marine Corps (USMC) Iraqi war veteran, an amphibious assault vehicle crewman, who committed suicide by hanging after two deployments to Fallujah and Ramadi. He experienced combat and was exposed to mortar blasts and improvised explosive device blasts less than 50 m away. Following his second deployment he developed a progressive history of cognitive impairment, impaired memory, behavioral and mood disorders, and alcohol abuse. Neuropsychiatric assessment revealed a diagnosis of PTSD with hyperarousal (irritability and insomnia) and numbing. He committed suicide approximately 8 months after his honorable discharge from the USMC. His brain at autopsy appeared grossly unremarkable except for congestive brain swelling. There was no atrophy or remote focal traumatic brain injury such as contusional necrosis or hemorrhage. Histochemical and immunohistochemical brain tissue analysis revealed CTE changes comprising multifocal, neocortical, and subcortical neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic threads (ranging from none, to sparse, to frequent) with the skip phenomenon, accentuated in the depths of sulci and in the frontal cortex. The subcortical white matter showed mild rarefaction, sparse perivascular and neuropil infiltration by histiocytes, and mild fibrillary astrogliosis. Apolipoprotein E genotype was 3/4. The authors report this case as a sentinel case of CTE in an Iraqi war veteran diagnosed with PTSD to possibly stimulate new lines of thought and research in the possible pathoetiology and pathogenesis of PTSD in military veterans as part of the CTE spectrum of diseases, and as chronic sequelae and outcomes of repetitive traumatic brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennet Omalu
- Brain Injury Research Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
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32
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Kitazawa M, Medeiros R, Laferla FM. Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease: developing a better model as a tool for therapeutic interventions. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:1131-47. [PMID: 22288400 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799315786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia among elderly. Currently, no effective treatment is available for AD. Analysis of transgenic mouse models of AD has facilitated our understanding of disease mechanisms and provided valuable tools for evaluating potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of current mouse models of AD and the contribution towards understanding the pathological mechanisms and developing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kitazawa
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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Federoff M, Jimenez-Rolando B, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. A large study reveals no association between APOE and Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:389-92. [PMID: 22349451 PMCID: PMC3323723 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research focusing on the role of APOE in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been largely inconclusive, creating a broad discrepancy in association studies. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of APOE alleles in PD risk by studying a large sample size and controlling for population substructure. PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 3465 case and control samples were genotyped, obtained from the NINDS Neurogenetics repository. RESULTS No significant differences in ε4 dosages exist between PD cases and controls. The frequency of ε4 carriers differed slightly between cases and controls at 24% (580/2412) and 26% (270/1053), respectively. Likewise, mean dosages of APOE ε2 were not significantly different between cases and controls. APOE ε2 carriers were observed at a frequency of 13.6% (329/2412) among cases and 15% (158/1053) among controls. Logistic regression models evaluating PD as possibly associated with ε4 or ε2 carrier status and allele dosages yielded no significant results. The mean MMSE score among all PD cases was 28.35 (SD = 2.58) and memory loss was reported in only 11.9% (105/879) of cases. Linear regression models comparing MMSE scores as predicted by ε4 or ε2 carrier status and allele dosages were not significant. CONCLUSIONS There is no association between APOE epsilon alleles and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Federoff
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Belen Jimenez-Rolando
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Saridaki T, Zampagni M, Mannini B, Evangelisti E, Taddei N, Cecchi C, Chiti F. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) suppress the toxicity of HypF-N prefibrillar aggregates. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:616-30. [PMID: 22326346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A group of diverse human pathologies is associated with proteins unable to retain their native state and convert into prefibrillar and fibrillar amyloid aggregates that are then deposited in the extracellular space. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been found to physically associate with these deposits and also to promote their formation in vitro. However, the effect of GAGs on the toxicity of these aggregates has been investigated in only one protein system, the amyloid β peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we investigate whether GAGs affect the toxicity of the N-terminal domain of Escherichia coli HypF (HypF-N) oligomers on Chinese hamster ovarian cells and the mechanism by which such suppression is mediated. The results show that heparin and other GAGs inhibit the toxicity observed by HypF-N oligomers in a dose-dependent manner. GAGs were not found to bind preformed HypF-N oligomers, change their morphological and structural characteristics or disaggregate them. Nevertheless, they were found to bind to the cells' surface and prevent the interaction of the oligomers with the cells. Overall, the results indicate that GAGs have a generic ability to inhibit the toxicity of aberrant protein oligomers and that such toxicity suppression can occur through different mechanisms, such as through binding to the oligomers with consequent loss of interaction of the oligomers to the GAGs present on the cell surface, as proposed previously for amyloid β aggregates, or through mechanisms independent of direct GAG-oligomer binding, as shown here for HypF-N aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Saridaki
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Keene CD, Cudaback E, Li X, Montine KS, Montine TJ. Apolipoprotein E isoforms and regulation of the innate immune response in brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 21:920-8. [PMID: 21907569 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The largest genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) resides at the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) locus, which has three common alleles (ɛ2, ɛ3, ɛ4) that encode three isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, apoE4). The very strong association of the APOE ɛ4 allele with AD risk and its role in the accumulation of amyloid β in brains of people and animal models solidify the biological relevance of apoE isoforms but do not provide mechanistic insight. The innate immune response is consistently observed in AD and is a likely contributor to neuronal injury and response to injury. Here we review emerging data showing that apoE isoform regulation of multiple facets of the innate immune response in the brain may alter AD not only through amyloid β-dependent mechanisms, but also through other, amyloid β-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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León R, Garcia AG, Marco-Contelles J. Recent advances in the multitarget-directed ligands approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:139-89. [PMID: 21793014 DOI: 10.1002/med.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With 27 million cases worldwide documented in 2006, Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes an overwhelming health, social, economic, and political problem to nations. Unless a new medicine capable to delay disease progression is found, the number of cases will reach 107 million in 2050. So far, the therapeutic paradigm one-compound-one-target has failed. This could be due to the multiple pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD including amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation to form plaques, τ hyperphosphorylation to disrupt microtubule to form neurofibrillary tangles, calcium imbalance, enhanced oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, apoptotic neuronal death, and deterioration of synaptic transmission, particularly at cholinergic neurons. Approximately 100 compounds are presently been investigated directed to single targets, namely inhibitors of β and γ secretase, vaccines or antibodies that clear Aβ, metal chelators to inhibit Aβ aggregation, blockers of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, enhancers of mitochondrial function, antioxidants, modulators of calcium-permeable channels such as voltage-dependent calcium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for glutamate, or enhancers of cholinergic neurotransmission such as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase. In view of this complex pathogenic mechanisms, and the successful treatment of chronic diseases such as HIV or cancer, with multiple drugs having complementary mechanisms of action, the concern is growing that AD could better be treated with a single compound targeting two or more of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to neuronal death. This review summarizes the current therapeutic strategies based on the paradigm one-compound-various targets to treat AD. A treatment that delays disease onset and/or progression by 5 years could halve the number of people requiring institutionalization and/or dying from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael León
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Lensfield road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
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Seo JS, Lee KW, Kim TK, Baek IS, Im JY, Han PL. Behavioral stress causes mitochondrial dysfunction via ABAD up-regulation and aggravates plaque pathology in the brain of a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1526-35. [PMID: 21382475 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Basic and clinical studies have reported that behavioral stress worsens the pathology of Alzheimer disease (AD), but the underlying mechanism has not been clearly understood. In this study, we determined the mechanism by which behavioral stress affects the pathogenesis of AD using Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, a murine model of AD. Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mice that were restrained for 2h daily for 16 consecutive days (2-h/16-day stress) from 6.5months of age had significantly increased Aβ(1-42) levels and plaque deposition in the brain. The 2-h/16-day stress increased oxidative stress and induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain. Treatment with glucocorticoid (corticosterone) and Aβ in SH-SY5Y cells increased the expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (ABAD), mitochondrial dysfunction, and levels of ROS, whereas blockade of ABAD expression by siRNA-ABAD in SH-SY5Y cells suppressed glucocorticoid-enhanced mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS accumulation. The 2-h/16-day stress up-regulated ABAD expression in mitochondria in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Moreover, all visible Aβ plaques were costained with anti-ABAD in the brains of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Together, these results suggest that behavioral stress aggravates plaque pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction via up-regulation of ABAD in the brain of a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seon Seo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Women's University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative illness affecting over 35 million people worldwide. Solanezumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to β-amyloid (Aβ), a protein that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. The drug is currently being investigated in Phase III trials as a disease-modifying treatment for AD. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews literature on solanezumab that is available in PubMed from 2008 to 2010, other treatment trials in clinicaltrials.gov and published abstracts from conferences. The article also provides a discussion of the early trials of AN1792 and an overview of the immunotherapies currently in development. The authors provide the reader with a critical appraisal of the to-date clinical trial data on solanezumab and its implications for the broader field of immunotherapies for AD. EXPERT OPINION Solanezumab can neutralize soluble Aβ peptides, which may represent the more neurotoxic of the Aβ species. Phase II findings support the compound's safety, which has been a concern for some Aβ immunotherapies. Cerebrospinal and plasma biomarker changes with solanezumab treatment are encouraging. Results of the ongoing Phase III trials will be instrumental in determining the drug's clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Samadi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 760 Westwood Plaza RM C8-193, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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Kiyohara C, Miyake Y, Koyanagi M, Fujimoto T, Shirasawa S, Tanaka K, Fukushima W, Sasaki S, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Miki T, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M. APOE and CYP2E1 polymorphisms, alcohol consumption, and Parkinson’s disease in a Japanese population. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:1335-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Omalu B, Bailes J, Hamilton RL, Kamboh MI, Hammers J, Case M, Fitzsimmons R. Emerging Histomorphologic Phenotypes of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in American Athletes. Neurosurgery 2011; 69:173-83; discussion 183. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318212bc7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bennet Omalu
- University of California, Davis, California
- Brain Injury Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Julian Bailes
- Brain Injury Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Brain Injury Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Brain Injury Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Hammers
- Brain Injury Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- New York University, New York, New York
| | - Mary Case
- Brain Injury Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert Fitzsimmons
- Brain Injury Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Fitzsimmons Law Offices, Wheeling, West Virginia
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Apolipoprotein E: isoform specific differences in tertiary structure and interaction with amyloid-β in human Alzheimer brain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14586. [PMID: 21297948 PMCID: PMC3031506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied a novel application of FLIM-FRET to in situ measurement and quantification of protein interactions to explore isoform specific differences in Aβ-ApoE interaction and ApoE tertiary conformation in senile plaques in human Alzheimer brain. ApoE3 interacts more closely with Aβ than ApoE4, but a greater proportion of Aβ molecules within plaques are decorated with ApoE4 than ApoE3, lending strong support to the hypothesis that isoform specific differences in ApoE are linked with Aβ deposition. We found an increased number of ApoE N-terminal fragments in ApoE4 plaques, consistent with the observation that ApoE4 is more easily cleaved than ApoE3. In addition, we measured a small but significant isoform specific difference in ApoE domain interaction. Based on our in situ data, supported by traditional biochemical data, we propose a pathway by which isoform specific conformational differences increase the level of cleavage at the hinge region of ApoE4, leading to a loss of ApoE function to mediate clearance of Aβ and thereby increase the risk of AD for carriers of the APOEε4 allele.
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Singh S, Thakur MK. Gonadal steroids do not affect apolipoprotein E expression in aging mouse cerebral cortex. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 31:401-5. [PMID: 21152970 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The allelic variant of apolipoprotein (Apo) E4 is a known risk factor for the development of most common late onset form of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As aging is associated with reduced circulating level of gonadal steroid hormones, hormone replacement therapies have been used for the possible treatment of AD. Both estrogen and testosterone have beneficial effects on brain due to interaction with apoE, but the underlying mechanism is still not clear. In this article, we report the effects of gonadectomy and hormone supplementation on apoE protein level in male and female mouse cerebral cortex during normal aging. We could not get any effect of gonadectomy and estradiol or testosterone treatment in adult and old mice of either sex. This suggests that during normal aging apoE protein level is not affected due to steroid hormone withdrawal or supplementation in the mouse cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Department of Zoology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Paz-y-Miño C, Carrera C, López-Cortés A, Muñoz MJ, Cumbal N, Castro B, Cabrera A, Sánchez ME. Genetic polymorphisms in apolipoprotein E and glutathione peroxidase 1 genes in the Ecuadorian population affected with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med Sci 2010; 340:373-7. [PMID: 20724907 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3181e93475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of apolipoprotein E (Apo E) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) polymorphisms and their influence on the development of Alzheimer disease (AD) in the Ecuadorian population. METHODS The authors performed an analytic transversal case-control study. The study group (n = 39) consisted of patients with AD and dementia. The control group (n = 39) comprised elderly adults who have not been diagnosed with dementia and have the same age and education as the study group. Their inclusion period was from 2007 to 2008. Later on, after obtaining informed consent and after finishing a structural interview; the next step forward was to collect blood and extract DNA by standardized protocols. Besides, the authors performed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique to determine the genotype of each individual. RESULTS The authors found a positive association between ε4 and ε2 alleles of Apo E. The GPX1 gene shows an association of leu allele, whereas pro allele shows a negative association. The odds ratio test shows no significant relative risk. CONCLUSIONS Apo E is not a risk factor, nor a protective one for AD, whereas the leu allele of GPX1 is a possible risk factor for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Paz-y-Miño
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.
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Tamboli IY, Barth E, Christian L, Siepmann M, Kumar S, Singh S, Tolksdorf K, Heneka MT, Lütjohann D, Wunderlich P, Walter J. Statins promote the degradation of extracellular amyloid {beta}-peptide by microglia via stimulation of exosome-associated insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) secretion. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37405-14. [PMID: 20876579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that intake of statins decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer disease. Cellular and in vivo studies suggested that statins might decrease the generation of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) from the β-amyloid precursor protein. Here, we show that statins potently stimulate the degradation of extracellular Aβ by microglia. The statin-dependent clearance of extracellular Aβ is mainly exerted by insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) that is secreted in a nonconventional pathway in association with exosomes. Stimulated IDE secretion and Aβ degradation were also observed in blood of mice upon peripheral treatment with lovastatin. Importantly, increased IDE secretion upon lovastatin treatment was dependent on protein isoprenylation and up-regulation of exosome secretion by fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. These data demonstrate a novel pathway for the nonconventional secretion of IDE via exosomes. The modulation of this pathway could provide a new strategy to enhance the extracellular clearance of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Y Tamboli
- Departments of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Aderinwale OG, Ernst HW, Mousa SA. Current therapies and new strategies for the management of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2010; 25:414-24. [PMID: 20601643 PMCID: PMC10845420 DOI: 10.1177/1533317510372372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that currently affects millions of Americans. There is no cure at present and no real long-term hope for patients with AD. While partially effective in improving symptoms, currently available treatments approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not halt progression of AD, or address the underlying mechanism of the disease, in part because the etiology of AD is still an active area of investigation. Identification of risk factors and the pathogenic mechanism of AD hold the promise of bringing forth novel treatments and perhaps even a cure. In this review, we will summarize some of the risk factors for AD, AD diagnosis, and current treatments. Novel therapeutic strategies such as inhibition of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta), tau-mediated pathogenesis, and receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), as well as neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory approaches and the impact of cholesterol-lowering, botanical, and nutritional agents are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olapeju G Aderinwale
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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Ang ET, Tai YK, Lo SQ, Seet R, Soong TW. Neurodegenerative diseases: exercising toward neurogenesis and neuroregeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:25. [PMID: 20725635 PMCID: PMC2917219 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is still no effective therapy for neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) despite intensive research and on-going clinical trials. Collectively, these diseases account for the bulk of health care burden associated with age-related neurodegenerative disorders. There is therefore an urgent need to further research into the molecular pathogenesis, histological differentiation, and clinical management of NDD. Importantly, there is also an urgency to understand the similarities and differences between these two diseases so as to identify the common or different upstream and downstream signaling pathways. In this review, the role iron play in NDD will be highlighted, as iron is key to a common underlying pathway in the production of oxidative stress. There is increasing evidence to suggest that oxidative stress predisposed cells to undergo damage to DNA, protein and lipid, and as such a common factor involved in the pathogenesis of AD and PD. The challenge then is to minimize elevated and uncontrolled oxidative stress levels while not affecting basal iron metabolism, as iron plays vital roles in sustaining cellular function. However, overload of iron results in increased oxidative stress due to the Fenton reaction. We discuss evidence to suggest that sustained exercise and diet restriction may be ways to slow the rate of neurodegeneration, by perhaps promoting neurogenesis or antioxidant-related pathways. It is also our intention to cover NDD in a broad sense, in the context of basic and clinical sciences to cater for both clinician's and the scientist's needs, and to highlight current research investigating exercise as a therapeutic or preventive measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Tat Ang
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
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Buttini M, Masliah E, Yu GQ, Palop JJ, Chang S, Bernardo A, Lin C, Wyss-Coray T, Huang Y, Mucke L. Cellular source of apolipoprotein E4 determines neuronal susceptibility to excitotoxic injury in transgenic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:563-9. [PMID: 20595630 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The lipid transport protein apolipoprotein E (apoE) is abundantly expressed in the brain. Its main isoforms in humans are apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. ApoE4 is the major known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and also contributes to the pathogenesis of various other neurological conditions. In the central nervous system, apoE is synthesized by glial cells and neurons, but it is unclear whether the cellular source affects its biological activities. To address this issue, we induced excitotoxic injury by systemic kainic acid injection in transgenic Apoe knockout mice expressing human apoE isoforms in astrocytes or neurons. Regardless of its cellular source, apoE3 expression protected neuronal synapses and dendrites against the excitotoxicity seen in apoE-deficient mice. Astrocyte-derived apoE4, which has previously been shown to have detrimental effects in vitro, was as excitoprotective as apoE3 in vivo. In contrast, neuronal expression of apoE4 was not protective and resulted in loss of cortical neurons after excitotoxic challenge, indicating that neuronal apoE4 promotes excitotoxic cell death. Thus, an imbalance between astrocytic (excitoprotective) and neuronal (neurotoxic) apoE4 expression may increase susceptibility to diverse neurological diseases involving excitotoxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Buttini
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158-2261, USA.
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48
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Cheng H, Zhou Y, Holtzman DM, Han X. Apolipoprotein E mediates sulfatide depletion in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 31:1188-96. [PMID: 18762354 PMCID: PMC2873070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we tested a recently proposed working model of apolipoprotein E (apoE)-mediated sulfatide metabolism/trafficking/homeostasis with two well-characterized amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic (Tg) animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (i.e., APP(V717F) and APPsw) on a wild-type murine apoE background or after being bred onto an Apoe(-/-) background. As anticipated, lipidomics analysis demonstrated that the sulfatide levels in brain tissues were reduced beginning at approximately 6 months of age in APP(V717F) Tg, Apoe(+/+) mice and at 9 months of age in APPsw Tg, Apoe(+/+) mice relative to their respective non-APP Tg littermates. This reduction increased in both APP Tg mice as they aged. In contrast, sulfatide depletion did not occur in APP Tg, Apoe(-/-) animals relative to the Apoe(-/-) littermates. The lack of sulfatide depletion in APP Tg, Apoe(-/-) mice strongly supports the role of apoE in the deficient sulfatide content in APP Tg, Apoe(+/+) mice. Collectively, through different animal models of AD, this study provides evidence for an identified biochemical mechanism that may be responsible for the sulfatide depletion at the earliest stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cheng
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Yunhua Zhou
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Biology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Age-Dependent Expression of Apolipoprotein E in Mouse Cerebral Cortex. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:251-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Han X. The pathogenic implication of abnormal interaction between apolipoprotein E isoforms, amyloid-beta peptides, and sulfatides in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:97-106. [PMID: 20052565 PMCID: PMC2877150 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the aging population. Prior work has shown that the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE4) is a major risk factor for "sporadic" AD, which accounts for >99% of AD cases without a defined underlying mechanism. Recently, we have demonstrated that sulfatides are substantially and specifically depleted at the very early stage of AD. To identify the mechanism(s) of sulfatide loss concurrent with AD onset, we have found that: (1) sulfatides are specifically associated with apoE-associated particles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); (2) apoE modulates cellular sulfatide levels; and (3) the modulation of sulfatide content is apoE isoform dependent. These findings not only lead to identification of the potential mechanisms underlying sulfatide depletion at the earliest stages of AD but also serve as mechanistic links to explain the genetic association of apoE4 with AD. Moreover, our recent studies further demonstrated that (1) apoE mediates sulfatide depletion in amyloid-beta precursor protein transgenic mice; (2) sulfatides enhance amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides binding to apoE-associated particles; (3) Abeta42 content notably correlates with sulfatide content in CSF; (4) sulfatides markedly enhance the uptake of Abeta peptides; and (5) abnormal sulfatide-facilitated Abeta uptake results in the accumulation of Abeta in lysosomes. Collectively, our studies clearly provide a link between apoE, Abeta, and sulfatides in AD and establish a foundation for the development of effective therapeutic interventions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Han
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8020, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,
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