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Ardasheva R, Prissadova N, Turiyski V, Tolekova A, Krastev A, Pencheva M, Popov V. Effects of Electron Radiation on Serotonin Signaling and Reactivity of Rat Gastric Smooth Muscle. TOXICS 2023; 11:603. [PMID: 37505568 PMCID: PMC10383043 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation in radiotherapy can disrupt cellular functions based on radiation type, energy, and dose. However, investigations on the effects of accelerated electrons, particularly on serotonin mediation, are limited. This study aimed to investigate changes in serotonin signal transduction (targeting 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors) in gastric smooth muscle (SM) samples isolated from rats irradiated with accelerated electrons (linear accelerator Siemens Primus S/N 3561) and their effects on serotonin-induced reactions. The radiation effects were examined in samples prepared five days after the procedure. The contractile activity of smooth muscle samples was measured using an isometric method. The expression of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors was determined by immunohistochemical assay. Increased contractile reactivity to exogenous serotonin (1.10-8-1.10-4 mol/L) was observed in irradiated samples compared to controls. The expression of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors was significantly increased in the irradiated tissue. By selecting appropriate time intervals between equimolar (1.10-6 mol/L) sequential serotonin exposures, a process of desensitization associated with agonist-induced internalization was established in control samples, which was absent in irradiated samples. In conclusion, irradiation with accelerated electrons affects the agonist-induced receptor internalization of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors and increases their expression in rat gastric SM, which alters their contractile reactivity to exogenous serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina Ardasheva
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Natalia Prissadova
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Valentin Turiyski
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Tolekova
- Medical College, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Athanas Krastev
- Medical College, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Mina Pencheva
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Veselin Popov
- Department of Clinical Oncology (Section of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine), Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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2
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Zeghal M, Laroche G, Freitas JD, Wang R, Giguère PM. Profiling of basal and ligand-dependent GPCR activities by means of a polyvalent cell-based high-throughput platform. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3684. [PMID: 37407564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Representing the most attractive and successful druggable receptors of the proteome, GPCRs regulate a myriad of physiological and pathophysiological functions. Although over half of present pharmaceuticals target GPCRs, the advancement of drug discovery is hampered by a lack of adequate screening tools, the majority of which are limited to probing agonist-induced G-protein and β-arrestin-2-mediated events as a measure of receptor activation. Here, we develop Tango-Trio, a comprehensive cell-based high-throughput platform comprising cumate-inducible expression of transducers, capable of the parallelized profiling of both basal and agonist-dependent GPCR activities. We capture the functional diversity of GPCRs, reporting β-arrestin-1/2 couplings, selectivities, and receptor internalization signatures across the GPCRome. Moreover, we present the construction of cumate-induced basal activation curves at approximately 200 receptors, including over 50 orphans. Overall, Tango-Trio's robustness is well-suited for the functional characterization and screening of GPCRs, especially for parallel interrogation, and is a valuable addition to the pharmacological toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Zeghal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Julia Douglas Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Rebecca Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Patrick M Giguère
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada.
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada.
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3
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Kotliar IB, Ceraudo E, Kemelmakher-Liben K, Oren DA, Lorenzen E, Dodig-Crnković T, Horioka-Duplix M, Huber T, Schwenk JM, Sakmar TP. Itch receptor MRGPRX4 interacts with the receptor activity-modifying proteins. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104664. [PMID: 37003505 PMCID: PMC10165273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic itch is a severe and debilitating symptom in liver diseases with limited treatment options. The class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Mas-related GPCR subtype X4 (MRGPRX4) has been identified as a receptor for bile acids, which are potential cholestatic pruritogens. An increasing number of GPCRs have been shown to interact with receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), which can modulate different aspects of GPCR biology. Using a combination of multiplexed immunoassay and proximity ligation assay, we show that MRGPRX4 interacts with RAMPs. The interaction of MRGPRX4 with RAMP2, but not RAMP1 or 3, causes attenuation of basal and agonist-dependent signaling, which correlates with a decrease of MRGPRX4 cell surface expression as measured using a quantitative NanoBRET pulse-chase assay. Finally, we use AlphaFold Multimer to predict the structure of the MRGPRX4-RAMP2 complex. The discovery that RAMP2 regulates MRGPRX4 may have direct implications for future drug development for cholestatic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Kotliar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emilie Ceraudo
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Kemelmakher-Liben
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deena A Oren
- Structural Biology Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily Lorenzen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tea Dodig-Crnković
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mizuho Horioka-Duplix
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Section for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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4
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G-Protein Phosphorylation: Aspects of Binding Specificity and Function in the Plant Kingdom. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126544. [PMID: 35742988 PMCID: PMC9224535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant survival depends on adaptive mechanisms that constantly rely on signal recognition and transduction. The predominant class of signal discriminators is receptor kinases, with a vast member composition in plants. The transduction of signals occurs in part by a simple repertoire of heterotrimeric G proteins, with a core composed of α-, β-, and γ-subunits, together with a 7-transmembrane Regulator G Signaling (RGS) protein. With a small repertoire of G proteins in plants, phosphorylation by receptor kinases is critical in regulating the active state of the G-protein complex. This review describes the in vivo detected phosphosites in plant G proteins and conservation scores, and their in vitro corresponding kinases. Furthermore, recently described outcomes, including novel arrestin-like internalization of RGS and a non-canonical phosphorylation switching mechanism that drives G-protein plasticity, are discussed.
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Jean-Alphonse FG, Sposini S. Confocal and TIRF microscopy based approaches to visualize arrestin trafficking in living cells. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:179-203. [PMID: 34752332 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins are key proteins that serve as versatile scaffolds to control and mediate G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) activity. Arrestin control of GPCR functions involves their recruitment from the cytosol to plasma membrane-localized GPCRs and to endosomal compartments, where they mediate internalization, sorting and signaling of GPCRs. Several methods can be used to monitor trafficking of arrestins; however, live fluorescence imaging remains the method of choice to both assess arrestin recruitment to ligand-activated receptors and to monitor its dynamic subcellular localization. Here, we present two approaches based on Total Internal Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and confocal microscopy to visualize arrestin trafficking in live cells in real time and to assess their co-localization with the GPCR of interest and their localization at specific subcellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gaëtan Jean-Alphonse
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inria, Inria Saclay-Île-de-France, Palaiseau, France
| | - Silvia Sposini
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France.
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GPR34 activation potentially bridges lymphoepithelial lesion to genesis of salivary gland MALT lymphoma. Blood 2021; 139:2186-2197. [PMID: 34086889 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR34 translocation and mutation are specifically associated with salivary gland MALT lymphoma (SG-MALT-Lymphoma). Majority of GPR34 mutations are clustered in its C-terminus, resulting in truncated proteins lacking the phosphorylation motif important for receptor desensitization. It is unclear why GPR34 genetic changes associate with SG-MALT-Lymphoma and how these mutations contribute to the lymphoma development. We generated isogenic Flp-InTRex293 cell lines that stably expressed a single copy of GPR34 or its various mutants, and performed a range of in vitro assays. We showed that the GPR34 Q340X truncation, but not R84H and D151A mutants conferred a significantly increased resistance to apoptosis, and greater transforming potential than the GPR34 wild type. The GPR34 truncation mutant had a significantly delayed internalization than the wild type following ligand (lysophosphatidylserine) stimulation. Among 9 signaling pathways examined, the GPR34 Q340X truncation, to a lesser extent the D151A mutant, significantly activated CRE, NFkB and AP1 reporter activities, particularly in the presence of ligand stimulation. We further demonstrated enhanced activities of phospholipase-A1/2 in the culture supernatant of Flp-InTRex293 cells that expressed the GPR34 Q340X mutant, and their potential to catalyze the synthesis of lysophosphatidylserine from phosphatidylserine. Importantly, phospholipase-A1 was abundantly expressed in the duct epithelium of salivary glands and those involved in lymphoepithelial lesions (LELs). Our findings advocate a model of paracrine stimulation of malignant B-cells via GPR34, in which PLA is released by LELs, and hydrolyzes the phosphatidylserine exposed on apoptotic cells, generating lysophosphatidylserine, the ligand for GPR34. Thus, GPR34 activation potentially bridges LELs to genesis of SG-MALT-Lymphoma.
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Krzysztynska-Kuleta OI, Olchawa MM, Sarna TJ. Melanopsin Signaling Pathway in HEK293 Cell Line with Stable Expression of Human Melanopsin: Possible Participation of Phospholipase C beta 4 and Diacylglycerol. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1136-1144. [PMID: 33977551 DOI: 10.1111/php.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin, a member of the G protein-coupled receptors family, is involved in non-image-forming functions including circadian rhythm, sleep regulation and pupil response. In spite of significant research efforts, the signaling cascade involving melanopsin photoactivation remains poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed the effects of photoactivation of melanopsin on phospholipase C (PLC) and diacylglycerol. As an in vitro model, HEK293 cells with stable expression of human melanopsin were used. Although both the PLCβ1 and PLCβ4 subtypes were activated by the cell exposure to blue light, only PLCβ4 appeared to play a significant role in the studied melanopsin signaling pathway. We have demonstrated, for the first time, that cells expressing human melanopsin and enriched with 11-cis-retinal exhibited significantly increased diacylglycerol level. To determine the role of phospholipase C and involvement of diacylglycerols, two approaches were employed: inhibition of the G protein and phospholipase C (using the BIM-46187 and U73122 inhibitors, respectively), and gene silencing using siRNA of PLCβ1 and PLCβ4 . While silencing the PLCβ4 gene and using U73122 inhibited the diacylglycerol and calcium ion responses, the FOS gene expression level was only partially reduced. These results may facilitate a better understanding of the role of phospholipase C and diacylglycerols in the melanopsin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Krzysztynska-Kuleta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Magdalena M Olchawa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Tadeusz J Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
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8
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Differential Involvement of ACKR3 C-Tail in β-Arrestin Recruitment, Trafficking and Internalization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030618. [PMID: 33799570 PMCID: PMC8002179 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike classical GPCRs, this receptor does not activate G proteins in most cell types but recruits β-arrestins upon activation. ACKR3 plays an important role in cancer and vascular diseases. As recruitment of β-arrestins is triggered by phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of GPCRs, we studied the role of different potential phosphorylation sites within the ACKR3 C-tail to further delineate the molecular mechanism of internalization and trafficking of this GPCR. Methods: We used various bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based sensors and techniques in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293T cells expressing WT or phosphorylation site mutants of ACKR3 to measure CXCL12-induced recruitment of β-arrestins and G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), receptor internalization and trafficking. Results: Upon CXCL12 stimulation, ACKR3 recruits both β-arrestin 1 and 2 with equivalent kinetic profiles. We identified interactions with GRK2, 3 and 5, with GRK2 and 3 being important for β-arrestin recruitment. Upon activation, ACKR3 internalizes and recycles back to the cell membrane. We demonstrate that β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor is mainly determined by a single cluster of phosphorylated residues on the C-tail of ACKR3, and that residue T352 and in part S355 are important residues for β-arrestin1 recruitment. Phosphorylation of the C-tail appears essential for ligand-induced internalization and important for differential β-arrestin recruitment. GRK2 and 3 play a key role in receptor internalization. Moreover, ACKR3 can still internalize when β-arrestin recruitment is impaired or in the absence of β-arrestins, using alternative internalization pathways. Our data indicate that distinct residues within the C-tail of ACKR3 differentially regulate CXCL12-induced β-arrestin recruitment, ACKR3 trafficking and internalization.
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Grzmil M, Qin Y, Schleuniger C, Frank S, Imobersteg S, Blanc A, Spillmann M, Berger P, Schibli R, Behe M. Pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 increases CCKBR-specific tumor uptake of radiolabeled minigastrin analogue [ 177Lu]Lu-PP-F11N. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:10861-10873. [PMID: 33042258 PMCID: PMC7532663 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: A high tumor-to-healthy-tissue uptake ratio of radiolabeled ligands is an essential prerequisite for safe and effective peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). In the present study, we searched for novel opportunities to increase tumor-specific uptake of the radiolabeled minigastrin analogue [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-(DGlu)6-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2 ([177Lu]Lu-PP-F11N), that targets the cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR) in human cancers. Methods: A kinase inhibitor library screen followed by proliferation and internalization assays were employed to identify compounds which can increase uptake of [177Lu]Lu-PP-F11N in CCKBR-transfected human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells and natural CCKBR-expressing rat pancreatic acinar AR42J cells. Western blot (WB) analysis verified the inhibition of the signaling pathways and the CCKBR level, whereas the cell-based assay analyzed arrestin recruitment. Biodistribution and SPECT imaging of the A431/CCKBR xenograft mouse model as well as histological analysis of the dissected tumors were used for in vivo validation. Results: Our screen identified the inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which increased cell uptake of [177Lu]Lu-PP-F11N. Pharmacological mTORC1 inhibition by RAD001 and metformin increased internalization of [177Lu]Lu-PP-F11N in A431/CCKBR and in AR42J cells. Analysis of protein lysates from RAD001-treated cells revealed increased levels of CCKBR (2.2-fold) and inhibition of S6 phosphorylation. PP-F11N induced recruitment of β-arrestin1/2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In A431/CCKBR-tumor bearing nude mice, 3 or 5 days of RAD001 pretreatment significantly enhanced tumor-specific uptake of [177Lu]Lu-PP-F11N (ratio [RAD001/Control] of 1.56 or 1.79, respectively), whereas metformin treatment did not show a significant difference. Quantification of SPECT/CT images confirmed higher uptake of [177Lu]Lu-PP-F11N in RAD001-treated tumors with ratios [RAD001/Control] of average and maximum concentration reaching 3.11 and 3.17, respectively. HE staining and IHC of RAD001-treated tumors showed a significant increase in necrosis (1.4% control vs.10.6% of necrotic area) and the reduction of proliferative (80% control vs. 61% of Ki67 positive cells) and mitotically active cells (1.08% control vs. 0.75% of mitotic figures). No significant difference in the tumor vascularization was observed after five-day RAD001 or metformin treatment. Conclusions: Our data demonstrates, that increased CCKBR protein level by RAD001 pretreatment has the potential to improve tumor uptake of [177Lu]Lu-PP-F11N and provides proof-of-concept for the development of molecular strategies aimed at enhancing the level of the targeted receptor, to increase the efficacy of PRRT and nuclear imaging.
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Legros C, Dupré C, Brasseur C, Bonnaud A, Bruno O, Valour D, Shabajee P, Giganti A, Nosjean O, Kenakin TP, Boutin JA. Characterization of the various functional pathways elicited by synthetic agonists or antagonists at the melatonin MT 1 and MT 2 receptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00539. [PMID: 31893123 PMCID: PMC6935685 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that translates the circadian rhythm to the peripheral organs through a series of binding sites identified as G protein-coupled receptors MT1 and MT2. Due to minute amounts of receptor proteins in target organs, the main tool of studies of the melatoninergic system is recombinant expression of the receptors in cellular hosts. Although a number of studies exist on these receptors, studies of several signaling pathways using a large number of melatoninergic compounds are rather limited. We chose to fill this gap to better describe a panel of compounds that have been only partially characterized in terms of functionality. First, we characterized HEK cells expressing MT1 or MT2, and several signaling routes with melatonin itself to validate the approach: GTPγS, cAMP production, internalization, β-arrestin recruitment, and cell morphology changes (CellKey ® ). Second, we chose 21 compounds from our large melatoninergic chemical library and characterized them using this panel of signaling pathways. Notably, antagonists were infrequent, and their functionality depended largely on the pathway studied. This will permit redefining the availability of molecular tools that can be used to better understand the in situ activity and roles of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Legros
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Clémence Dupré
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Chantal Brasseur
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Anne Bonnaud
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Olivier Bruno
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Damien Valour
- Pôle d’Expetise Méthodologie et Valorisation des DonnéesInstitut de Recherches Internationales ServierSuresnesFrance
| | - Preety Shabajee
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Adeline Giganti
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Olivier Nosjean
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
- Present address:
Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIERSuresnesFrance
| | - Terrence P. Kenakin
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Jean A. Boutin
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
- Present address:
Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIERSuresnesFrance
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11
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Bauer A, Madela J, Berg C, Daugvilaite V, Gurka S, Mages HW, Kroczek RA, Rosenkilde MM, Voigt S. Rat cytomegalovirus-encoded γ-chemokine vXCL1 is a highly adapted, species-specific agonist for rat XCR1-positive dendritic cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs.236190. [PMID: 31649144 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the chemokine receptor XCR1 are specialized in antigen cross-presentation to control infections with intracellular pathogens. XCR1-positive (XCR1+) DCs are attracted by XCL1, a γ-chemokine secreted by activated CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. Rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) is the only virus known to encode a viral XCL1 analog (vXCL1) that competes for XCR1 binding with the endogenous chemokine. Here we show that vXCL1 from two different RCMV strains, as well as endogenous rat XCL1 (rXCL1) bind to and induce chemotaxis exclusively in rat XCR1+ DCs. Whereas rXCL1 activates the XCR1 Gi signaling pathway in rats and humans, both of the vXCL1s function as species-specific agonists for rat XCR1. In addition, we demonstrate constitutive internalization of XCR1 in XCR1-transfected HEK293A cells and in splenic XCR1+ DCs. This internalization was independent of β-arrestin 1 and 2 and was enhanced after binding of vXCL1 and rXCL1; however, vXCL1 appeared to be a stronger agonist. These findings suggest a decreased surface expression of XCR1 during DC cultivation at 37°C, and subsequent impairment of chemotactic activity and XCR1+ DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Madela
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Berg
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Gurka
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Werner Mages
- Centre for biological threats and special pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany .,Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Tennakoon M, Kankanamge D, Senarath K, Fasih Z, Karunarathne A. Statins Perturb G βγ Signaling and Cell Behavior in a G γ Subtype Dependent Manner. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:361-375. [PMID: 30765461 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) facilitate the transduction of external signals to the cell interior, regulate most eukaryotic signaling, and thus have become crucial disease drivers. G proteins largely function at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) using covalently attached lipid anchors. Both small monomeric and heterotrimeric G proteins are primarily prenylated, either with a 15-carbon farnesyl or a 20-carbon geranylgeranyl polyunsaturated lipid. The mevalonate [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase] pathway synthesizes lipids for G-protein prenylation. It is also the source of the precursor lipids for many biomolecules, including cholesterol. Consequently, the rate-limiting enzymes of the mevalonate pathway are major targets for cholesterol-lowering medications and anticancer drug development. Although prenylated G protein γ (Gγ) is essential for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling, how mevalonate pathway inhibitors, statins, influence subcellular distribution of Gβγ dimer and Gαβγ heterotrimer, as well as their signaling upon GPCR activation, is poorly understood. The present study shows that clinically used statins not only significantly disrupt PM localization of Gβγ but also perturb GPCR-G protein signaling and associated cell behaviors. The results also demonstrate that the efficiency of prenylation inhibition by statins is Gγ subtype-dependent and is more effective toward farnesylated Gγ types. Since Gγ is required for Gβγ signaling and shows a cell- and tissue-specific subtype distribution, the present study can help understand the mechanisms underlying clinical outcomes of statin use in patients. This work also reveals the potential of statins as clinically usable drugs to control selected GPCR-G protein signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Tennakoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Dinesh Kankanamge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Kanishka Senarath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Zehra Fasih
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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13
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Xu J, Tan P, Li H, Cui Y, Qiu Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Li J, Zhu L, Zhou W, Chen H. Direct SUMOylation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor increases its ligand-binding affinity and signal transduction. FASEB J 2018; 33:3237-3251. [PMID: 30407877 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800936r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a significant post-translational modification (PTM) by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO). Increasing evidence shows SUMOylation regulates GPCR signaling; however, very few GPCRs have been shown to be SUMOylation targets to date. In this study, we identified M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR), a member of the GPCRs, as a new SUMO substrate. When the mAChR was activated by the agonist carbachol, the colocalization of the M1 mAChR and SUMO-1 protein markedly decreased in immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. SUMOylation of the M1 mAChR played an important role in increasing the ligand-binding affinity to M1 mAChR, signaling efficiencies, and receptor endocytosis. Through the site-directed mutagenesis approach, K327 was identified as the SUMOylation site of the M1 mAChR. Mutation of the consensus SUMOylation site of the M1 mAChR reduces not only the colocalization of SUMO-1, but also the ligand-binding affinity and signal transduction. The function of M1 mAChR was regulated by SUMOylation through the stabilization of active-state conformation revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Our results provide evidence that M1 SUMOylation is an important PTM involved in regulation of the affinity for agonists and for activation of signaling pathways.-Xu, J., Tan, P., Li, H., Cui, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, X., Li, J., Zhu, L., Zhou, W., Chen, H. Direct SUMOylation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor increases its ligand-binding affinity and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Panpan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Wang J, Xu J, Peng Y, Xiao Y, Zhu H, Ding ZM, Hua H. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase as a biomarker for cannabinoid receptor 2 activation. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00909. [PMID: 30450437 PMCID: PMC6226583 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) is a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases; its activation by agonists provides important clinical information, but there are currently no methods to quantify CB2R activation in humans. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells and mouse and human whole blood cells were used for experiments. CB2R was activated in cells by treatment with the agonist CP55,940. Cells were also pretreated with proprietary Compound A and B (experimental agonists). We developed our method based on the finding that CB2R ligand binding and activation stimulates acute-phase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in human and rodent immune cells, after which CB2R becomes unresponsive to stimulation by a second CB2R agonist CP55940 for a certain time period. We detected ERK phosphorylation as a measure of target engagement in mouse and human whole blood cells by flow cytometry. In cells overexpressing human or mouse CB2R, pretreatment with Compound A dose-dependently inhibited ERK phosphorylation for 2 h, prolonging the time window for measuring ERK phosphorylation. Our method enables measurement of CB2R activation by its agonists in human blood cells based on detection of ERK phosphorylation, which is useful for therapeutic drug monitoring and other clinical applications.
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15
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Stachurska A, Sarna T. Regulation of Melanopsin Signaling: Key Interactions of the Nonvisual Photopigment. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:83-94. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachurska
- Labolatory of Imaging and Force Spectroscopy; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
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16
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Dietis N, Niwa H, Tose R, McDonald J, Ruggieri V, Filaferro M, Vitale G, Micheli L, Ghelardini C, Salvadori S, Calo G, Guerrini R, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG. In vitro and in vivo characterization of the bifunctional μ and δ opioid receptor ligand UFP-505. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2881-2896. [PMID: 29524334 PMCID: PMC6016625 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Targeting more than one opioid receptor type simultaneously may have analgesic advantages in reducing side-effects. We have evaluated the mixed μ opioid receptor agonist/ δ opioid receptor antagonist UFP-505 in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We measured receptor density and function in single μ, δ and μ /δ receptor double expression systems. GTPγ35 S binding, cAMP formation and arrestin recruitment were measured. Antinociceptive activity was measured in vivo using tail withdrawal and paw pressure tests following acute and chronic treatment. In some experiments, we collected tissues to measure receptor densities. KEY RESULTS UFP-505 bound to μ receptors with full agonist activity and to δ receptors as a low efficacy partial agonist At μ, but not δ receptors, UFP-505 binding recruited arrestin. Unlike morphine, UFP-505 treatment internalized μ receptors and there was some evidence for internalization of δ receptors. Similar data were obtained in a μ /δ receptor double expression system. In rats, acute UFP-505 or morphine, injected intrathecally, was antinociceptive. In tissues harvested from these experiments, μ and δ receptor density was decreased after UFP-505 but not morphine treatment, in agreement with in vitro data. Both morphine and UFP-505 induced significant tolerance. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In this study, UFP-505 behaved as a full agonist at μ receptors with variable activity at δ receptors. This bifunctional compound was antinociceptive in rats after intrathecal administration. In this model, dual targeting provided no advantages in terms of tolerance liability. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dietis
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - H Niwa
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - R Tose
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - J McDonald
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - V Ruggieri
- Department of Oncology Haematology and Respiratory DiseasesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - M Filaferro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neuro‐SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - G Vitale
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - L Micheli
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - C Ghelardini
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - S Salvadori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - G Calo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - R Guerrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - D J Rowbotham
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - D G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
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17
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Gupta MK, Mohan ML, Naga Prasad SV. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Resensitization Paradigms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:63-91. [PMID: 29776605 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responses to extracellular milieu/environment are driven by cell surface receptors that transmit the signal into the cells resulting in a synchronized and measured response. The ability to provide such exquisite responses to changes in external environment is mediated by the tight and yet, deliberate regulation of cell surface receptor function. In this regard, the seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors that regulate responses like cardiac contractility, vision, and olfaction including platelet activation. GPCRs regulate these plethora of events through GPCR-activation, -desensitization, and -resensitization. External stimuli (ligands or agonists) activate GPCR initiating downstream signals. The activated GPCR undergoes inactivation or desensitization by phosphorylation and binding of β-arrestin resulting in diminution of downstream signals. The desensitized GPCRs are internalized into endosomes, wherein they undergo dephosphorylation or resensitization by protein phosphatase to be recycled back to the cell membrane as naïve GPCR ready for the next wave of stimuli. Despite the knowledge that activation, desensitization, and resensitization shoulder an equal role in maintaining GPCR function, major advances have been made in understanding activation and desensitization compared to resensitization. However, increasing evidence shows that resensitization is exquisitely regulated process, thereby contributing to the dynamic regulation of GPCR function. In recognition of these observations, in this chapter we discuss the key advances on the mechanistic underpinning that drive and regulate GPCR function with a focus on resensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Gupta
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Maradumane L Mohan
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sathyamangla V Naga Prasad
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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18
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T, Gutiérrez-Sagal R, Dias JA. Intracellular Trafficking of Gonadotropin Receptors in Health and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:1-39. [PMID: 29063275 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin receptors belong to the highly conserved subfamily of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, the so-called Rhodopsin-like family (class A), which is the largest class of GPCRs and currently a major drug target. Both the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptor (LHCGR) are mainly located in the gonads where they play key functions associated to essential reproductive functions. As any other protein, gonadotropin receptors must be properly folded into a mature tertiary conformation compatible with quaternary assembly and endoplasmic reticulum export to the cell surface plasma membrane. Several primary and secondary structural features, including presence of particular amino acid residues and short motifs and in addition, posttranslational modifications, regulate intracellular trafficking of gonadotropin receptors to the plasma membrane as well as internalization and recycling of the receptor back to the cell surface after activation by agonist. Inactivating mutations of gonadotropin receptors may derive from receptor misfolding and lead to absent or reduced plasma membrane expression of the altered receptor, thereby manifesting an array of phenotypical abnormalities mostly characterized by reproductive failure and/or abnormal or absence of development of secondary sex characteristics. In this chapter we review the structural requirements necessary for intracellular trafficking of the gonadotropin receptors, and describe how mutations in these receptors may lead to receptor misfolding and disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico.
| | - Teresa Zariñán
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Rubén Gutiérrez-Sagal
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - James A Dias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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19
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Ghosh E, Srivastava A, Baidya M, Kumari P, Dwivedi H, Nidhi K, Ranjan R, Dogra S, Koide A, Yadav PN, Sidhu SS, Koide S, Shukla AK. A synthetic intrabody-based selective and generic inhibitor of GPCR endocytosis. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:1190-1198. [PMID: 28967893 PMCID: PMC5722207 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Beta-arrestins (βarrs) critically mediate desensitization, endocytosis and signalling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and they scaffold a large number of interaction partners. However, allosteric modulation of their scaffolding abilities and direct targeting of their interaction interfaces to modulate GPCR functions selectively have not been fully explored yet. Here we identified a series of synthetic antibody fragments (Fabs) against different conformations of βarrs from phage display libraries. Several of these Fabs allosterically and selectively modulated the interaction of βarrs with clathrin and ERK MAP kinase. Interestingly, one of these Fabs selectively disrupted βarr-clathrin interaction, and when expressed as an intrabody, it robustly inhibited agonist-induced endocytosis of a broad set of GPCRs without affecting ERK MAP kinase activation. Our data therefore demonstrate the feasibility of selectively targeting βarr interactions using intrabodies and provide a novel framework for fine-tuning GPCR functions with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mithu Baidya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Punita Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Hemlata Dwivedi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Kumari Nidhi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Shalini Dogra
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Akiko Koide
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
| | - Prem N Yadav
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario MSS1A8, Canada
| | - Shohei Koide
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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20
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Montpas N, St-Onge G, Nama N, Rhainds D, Benredjem B, Girard M, Hickson G, Pons V, Heveker N. Ligand-specific conformational transitions and intracellular transport are required for atypical chemokine receptor 3-mediated chemokine scavenging. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:893-905. [PMID: 29180449 PMCID: PMC5777261 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 contributes to chemotaxis by binding, internalizing, and degrading the chemokines CXCL11 and CXCL12 to shape and terminate chemotactic gradients during development and immune responses. Although unable to trigger G protein activation, both ligands activate G protein-independent ACKR3 responses and prompt arrestin recruitment. This offers a model to specifically study ligand-specific receptor conformations leading to G protein-independent signaling and to functional parameters such as receptor transport and chemokine degradation. We here show chemokine specificity in arrestin recruitment, by different effects of single amino acid substitutions in ACKR3 on arrestin in response to CXCL12 or CXCL11. Chemokine specificity in receptor transport was also observed, as CXCL11 induced faster receptor internalization, slower recycling, and longer intracellular sojourn of ACKR3 than CXCL12. Internalization and recycling rates of the ACKR3 R1423.50A substitution in response to each chemokine were similar; however, ACKR3 R1423.50A degraded only CXCL12 and not CXCL11. This suggests that ligand-specific intracellular receptor transport is required for chemokine degradation. Remarkably, the failure of ACKR3 R1423.50A to degrade CXCL11 was not caused by the lack of arrestin recruitment; rather, arrestin was entirely dispensable for scavenging of either chemokine. This suggests the involvement of another, yet unidentified, ACKR3 effector in scavenging. In summary, our study correlates ACKR3 ligand-specific conformational transitions with chemokine-dependent receptor transport dynamics and points toward unexpected ligand specificity in the mechanisms of chemokine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montpas
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,the Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Geneviève St-Onge
- the Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nassr Nama
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,the Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - David Rhainds
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,the Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Besma Benredjem
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,the Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Mélanie Girard
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,the Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Gilles Hickson
- the Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada, and
| | - Véronique Pons
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada, .,the Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
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21
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Pavlos NJ, Friedman PA. GPCR Signaling and Trafficking: The Long and Short of It. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:213-226. [PMID: 27889227 PMCID: PMC5326587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Emerging findings disclose unexpected components of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and cell biology. Select GPCRs exhibit classical signaling, that is restricted to cell membranes, as well as newly described persistent signaling that depends on internalization of the GPCR bound to β-arrestins. Termination of non-canonical endosomal signaling requires intraluminal acidification and sophisticated protein trafficking machineries. Recent studies reveal the structural determinants of the trafficking chaperones. This review summarizes advances in GPCR signaling and trafficking with a focus on the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) as a prototype, and on the actin-sorting nexin 27 (SNX27)-retromer tubule (ASRT) complex, an endosomal sorting hub responsible for recycling and preservation of cell surface receptors. The findings are integrated into a model of PTHR trafficking with implications for signal transduction, bone growth, and mineral ion metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Pavlos
- Cellular Orthopaedic Laboratory, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter A Friedman
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Structural Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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22
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Kumari P, Srivastava A, Ghosh E, Ranjan R, Dogra S, Yadav PN, Shukla AK. Core engagement with β-arrestin is dispensable for agonist-induced vasopressin receptor endocytosis and ERK activation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1003-1010. [PMID: 28228552 PMCID: PMC5391177 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exhibit highly conserved activation and signaling mechanisms by which agonist stimulation leads to coupling of heterotrimeric G proteins and generation of second messenger response. This is followed by receptor phosphorylation, primarily in the carboxyl terminus but also in the cytoplasmic loops, and subsequent binding of arrestins. GPCRs typically recruit arrestins through two different sets of interactions, one involving phosphorylated receptor tail and the other mediated by the receptor core. The engagement of both set of interactions (tail and core) is generally believed to be necessary for arrestin-dependent functional outcomes such as receptor desensitization, endocytosis, and G protein-independent signaling. Here we demonstrate that a vasopressin receptor (V2R) mutant with truncated third intracellular loop (V2RΔICL3) can interact with β-arrestin 1 (βarr1) only through the phosphorylated tail without engaging the core interaction. Of interest, such a partially engaged V2RΔICL3-βarr1 complex can efficiently interact with clathrin terminal domain and ERK2 MAPK in vitro. Furthermore, this core interaction-deficient V2R mutant exhibits efficient endocytosis and ERK activation upon agonist stimulation. Our data suggest that core interaction with βarr is dispensable for V2R endocytosis and ERK activation and therefore provide novel insights into refining the current understanding of functional requirements in biphasic GPCR-βarr interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eshan Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Shalini Dogra
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India
| | - Prem N Yadav
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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Bhattacharyya S. Inside story of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 77:205-12. [PMID: 26987586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous system. Among the eight subtypes, mGluR1 and mGluR5 belong to the group I family. These receptors play important roles in the brain and are believed to be involved in multiple forms of experience dependent synaptic plasticity including learning and memory. In addition, group I mGluRs also have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders like Fragile X syndrome, autism etc. The normal signaling depends on the precise location of these receptors in specific region of the neuron and the process of receptor trafficking plays a crucial role in controlling this localization. Intracellular trafficking could also regulate the desensitization, resensitization, down-regulation and intracellular signaling of these receptors. In this review I focus on the current understanding of group I mGluR regulation in the central nervous system and also their role in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarjit Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, PO: 140306, Punjab, India.
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24
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Dergai M, Iershov A, Novokhatska O, Pankivskyi S, Rynditch A. Evolutionary Changes on the Way to Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis in Animals. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:588-606. [PMID: 26872775 PMCID: PMC4824007 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic pathways constitute an evolutionarily ancient system that significantly contributed to the eukaryotic cell architecture and to the diversity of cell type-specific functions and signaling cascades, in particular of metazoans. Here we used comparative proteomic studies to analyze the universal internalization route in eukaryotes, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), to address the issues of how this system evolved and what are its specific features. Among 35 proteins crucially required for animal CME, we identified a subset of 22 proteins common to major eukaryotic branches and 13 gradually acquired during evolution. Based on exploration of structure-function relationship between conserved homologs in sister, distantly related and early diverged branches, we identified novel features acquired during evolution of endocytic proteins on the way to animals: Elaborated way of cargo recruitment by multiple sorting proteins, structural changes in the core endocytic complex AP2, the emergence of the Fer/Cip4 homology domain-only protein/epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15/intersectin functional complex as an additional interaction hub and activator of AP2, as well as changes in late endocytic stages due to recruitment of dynamin/sorting nexin 9 complex and involvement of the actin polymerization machinery. The evolutionary reconstruction showed the basis of the CME process and its subsequent step-by-step development. Documented changes imply more precise regulation of the pathway, as well as CME specialization for the uptake of specific cargoes and cell type-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Dergai
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anton Iershov
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olga Novokhatska
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Pankivskyi
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla Rynditch
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
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25
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Robers MB, Binkowski BF, Cong M, Zimprich C, Corona C, McDougall M, Otto G, Eggers CT, Hartnett J, Machleidt T, Fan F, Wood KV. A luminescent assay for real-time measurements of receptor endocytosis in living cells. Anal Biochem 2015; 489:1-8. [PMID: 26278171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-mediated endocytosis is a key autoregulatory mechanism governing the duration and intensity of signals emanating from cell surface receptors. Due to the mechanistic complexity of endocytosis and its emerging relevance in disease, simple methods capable of tracking this dynamic process in cells have become increasingly desirable. We have developed a bioluminescent reporter technology for real-time analysis of ligand-mediated receptor endocytosis using genetic fusions of NanoLuc luciferase with various G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This method is compatible with standard microplate formats, which should decrease work flows for high-throughput screens. This article also describes the application of this technology to endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), demonstrating potential applicability of the method beyond GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mei Cong
- Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | | | | | | | - George Otto
- Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | | | | | | | - Frank Fan
- Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
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26
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Lohse MJ, Hofmann KP. Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Signaling by G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:572-8. [PMID: 26184590 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by G-protein-coupled receptors is often considered a uniform process, whereby a homogeneously activated proportion of randomly distributed receptors are activated under equilibrium conditions and produce homogeneous, steady-state intracellular signals. While this may be the case in some biologic systems, the example of rhodopsin with its strictly local single-quantum mode of function shows that homogeneity in space and time cannot be a general property of G-protein-coupled systems. Recent work has now revealed many other systems where such simplicity does not prevail. Instead, a plethora of mechanisms allows much more complex patterns of receptor activation and signaling: different mechanisms of protein-protein interaction; temporal changes under nonequilibrium conditions; localized receptor activation; and localized second messenger generation and degradation-all of which shape receptor-generated signals and permit the creation of multiple signal types. Here, we review the evidence for such pleiotropic receptor signaling in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Lohse
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rudolf Virchow Center, and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.J.L.); Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.P.H.); and Zentrum für Biophysik und Bioinformatik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.P.H.)
| | - Klaus Peter Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rudolf Virchow Center, and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.J.L.); Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.P.H.); and Zentrum für Biophysik und Bioinformatik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.P.H.)
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27
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de Munnik SM, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Modulation of cellular signaling by herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:40. [PMID: 25805993 PMCID: PMC4353375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are widespread infectious pathogens that have been associated with proliferative and inflammatory diseases. During viral evolution, HHVs have pirated genes encoding viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs), which are expressed on infected host cells. These vGPCRs show highest homology to human chemokine receptors, which play a key role in the immune system. Importantly, vGPCRs have acquired unique properties such as constitutive activity and the ability to bind a broad range of human chemokines. This allows vGPCRs to hijack human proteins and modulate cellular signaling for the benefit of the virus, ultimately resulting in immune evasion and viral dissemination to establish a widespread and lifelong infection. Knowledge on the mechanisms by which herpesviruses reprogram cellular signaling might provide insight in the contribution of vGPCRs to viral survival and herpesvirus-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M de Munnik
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
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28
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Fediuk J, Sikarwar A, Lizotte P, Hinton M, Nolette N, Dakshinamurti S. Hypoxia increases pulmonary arterial thromboxane receptor internalization independent of receptor sensitization. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 30:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hattori M, Ozawa T. Bioluminescent tools for the analysis of G-protein-coupled receptor and arrestin interactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New protein-based bioluminescent probes for monitoring GPCR interaction with β-arrestin are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Hattori
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
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30
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Fahrenkrug J, Falktoft B, Georg B, Hannibal J, Kristiansen SB, Klausen TK. Phosphorylation of rat melanopsin at Ser-381 and Ser-398 by light/dark and its importance for intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs) cellular Ca2+ signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35482-93. [PMID: 25378407 PMCID: PMC4271233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.586529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled light-sensitive receptor melanopsin is involved in non-image-forming light responses including circadian timing. The predicted secondary structure of melanopsin indicates a long cytoplasmic tail with many potential phosphorylation sites. Using bioinformatics, we identified a number of amino acids with a high probability of being phosphorylated. We generated antibodies against melanopsin phosphorylated at Ser-381 and Ser-398, respectively. The antibody specificity was verified by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining of HEK-293 cells expressing rat melanopsin mutated in Ser-381 or Ser-398. Using the antibody recognizing phospho-Ser-381 melanopsin, we demonstrated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining in HEK-293 cells expressing rat melanopsin that the receptor is phosphorylated in this position during the dark and dephosphorylated when light is turned on. On the contrary, we found that melanopsin at Ser-398 was unphosphorylated in the dark and became phosphorylated after light stimulation. The light-induced changes in phosphorylation at both Ser-381 and Ser-398 were rapid and lasted throughout the 4-h experimental period. Furthermore, phosphorylation at Ser-381 and Ser-398 was independent of each other. The changes in phosphorylation were confirmed in vivo by immunohistochemical staining of rat retinas during light and dark. We further demonstrated that mutation of Ser-381 and Ser-398 in melanopsin-expressing HEK-293 cells affected the light-induced Ca2+ response, which was significantly reduced as compared with wild type. Examining the light-evoked Ca2+ response in a melanopsin Ser-381 plus Ser-398 double mutant provided evidence that the phosphorylation events were independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fahrenkrug
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark and
| | - Birgitte Falktoft
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark and
| | - Birgitte Georg
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark and
| | - Jens Hannibal
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark and
| | - Sarah B Kristiansen
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark and
| | - Thomas K Klausen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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31
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Castaldo C, Benicchi T, Otrocka M, Mori E, Pilli E, Ferruzzi P, Valensin S, Diamanti D, Fecke W, Varrone M, Porcari V. CXCR4 Antagonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:859-69. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114526283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a widely expressed G protein–coupled receptor implicated in several diseases. In cancer, an increased number of surface CXCR4 receptors, in parallel with aberrant signaling, have been reported to influence several aspects of malignancy progression. CXCR4 activation by the specific ligand C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) induces several intracellular signaling pathways that have been selectively related to malignancy depending on the tissue or cell type. We developed a panel of CXCR4 screening assays investigating Gαi-mediated cyclic adenosine monophosphate modulation, β-arrestin recruitment, and receptor internalization. All of the assays were set up in recombinant cells and were used to test four reported CXCR4 antagonists. Consequently, a set of hit compounds, deriving from a screening campaign of a 30,000-small-molecule internal library, was profiled with the different assays. We identified several compounds showing a pathway-selective activity: antagonists on a Gαi-dependent pathway; antagonists on both the β-arrestin and Gαi-dependent pathways, some of which induce receptor internalization; and compounds with an antagonist behavior in all of the readouts. The identified biased antagonists induce different functional states on CXCR4 and preferentially affect specific downstream responses from the activated receptor, thus providing an improved therapeutic profile for correction of CXCR4 abnormal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Castaldo
- Department of Pharmacology, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Siena, Italy
| | - T. Benicchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Siena, Italy
- TES Pharma S.r.l., Corciano, Italy
| | - M. Otrocka
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Siena, Italy
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - E. Pilli
- Department of Pharmacology, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Siena, Italy
| | - P. Ferruzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Siena, Italy
| | - S. Valensin
- Department of Pharmacology, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Siena, Italy
| | - D. Diamanti
- Department of Pharmacology, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Siena, Italy
| | - W. Fecke
- Department of Primary Pharmacology, UCB Pharma, Slough, UK
| | - M. Varrone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Siena, Italy
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Neural Pathways DP Neurosciences TAU, Singapore
| | - V. Porcari
- Department of Pharmacology, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Siena, Italy
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32
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Presynaptic α2-adrenoceptors control the inhibitory action of presynaptic CB1 cannabinoid receptors on prefrontocortical norepinephrine release in the rat. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:784-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Yu JZ, Rasenick MM. Receptor signaling and the cell biology of synaptic transmission. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:9-35. [PMID: 22608613 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This volume describes a series of psychiatric and neuropsychiatric disorders, connects some aspects of somatic and psychiatric medicine, and describes various current and emerging therapies. The purpose of this chapter is to set the stage for the volume by developing the theoretical basis of synaptic transmission and introducing the various neurotransmitters and their receptors involved in the process. The intent is to provide not only a historical context through which to understand neurotransmitters, but a current contextual basis for understanding neuronal signal transduction and applying this knowledge to facilitate treatment of maladies of the brain and mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Zhou Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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34
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Dalrymple MB, Jaeger WC, Eidne KA, Pfleger KDG. Temporal profiling of orexin receptor-arrestin-ubiquitin complexes reveals differences between receptor subtypes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16726-33. [PMID: 21378163 PMCID: PMC3089514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.223537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexin G protein-coupled receptors (OxRs) and their cognate agonists have been implicated in a number of disorders since their recent discovery, ranging from narcolepsy to formation of addictive behavior. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays of agonist-occupied OxRs provided evidence for a strong dose-dependent interaction with both trafficking proteins β-arrestin 1 and 2 that required unusually high agonist concentrations compared with inositol phosphate signaling. This appears to be reflected in functional differences in potency with respect to orexin A (OxA) and OxR2-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation after 90 min compared with 2 min, potentially consistent with β-arrestin-mediated versus G protein-mediated signaling, respectively. Furthermore, extended bioluminescence resonance energy transfer kinetic data monitoring OxA-dependent receptor-β-arrestin and β-arrestin-ubiquitin proximity suggested subtype-specific differences in receptor trafficking, with OxR2 activation resulting in more sustained receptor-β-arrestin-ubiquitin complex formation than elicited by OxR1 activation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data also revealed that OxR1 underwent significantly more rapid recycling compared with OxR2. Finally, we have observed sustained OxA-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the presence of OxR2 compared with OxR1. Although both OxR subtypes could be classified as class B receptors for β-arrestin usage based on the initial strength of interaction with both β-arrestins, our temporal profiling revealed tangible differences between OxR subtypes. Consequently, OxR1 appears to fit uneasily into the commonly used β-arrestin classification scheme. More importantly, it is hoped that this improved profiling capability, enabling the subtleties of protein complex formation, stability, and duration to be assessed in live cells, will help unlock the therapeutic potential of targeting these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Dalrymple
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology-G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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35
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te Boekhorst BCM, Bovens SM, Rodrigues-Feo J, Sanders HMHF, van de Kolk CWA, de Kroon AIPM, Cramer MJM, Doevendans PAFM, ten Hove M, Pasterkamp G, van Echteld CJA. Characterization and in vitro and in vivo testing of CB2-receptor- and NGAL-targeted paramagnetic micelles for molecular MRI of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 12:635-51. [PMID: 20376565 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atherosclerotic plaque macrophages express the peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2-R) and promote fibrous cap degradation by secretion of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 2 (NGAL). In this study, we report the preparation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo testing of double-labeled (MR and fluorescent) CB2-R- and NGAL-targeted micelles. PROCEDURES/RESULTS Specific CB2-R agonists or antibodies directed to 24p3 (mouse homolog of NGAL) were incorporated into di-oleoyl-polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine 1000 (DOPE-PEG1000) micelles or di-stearoyl-polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine 2000 (DSPE-PEG2000) micelles. The hydrodynamic diameter, determined by dynamic light scattering, was 16.5 and 19.0 nm for CB2-R-targeted DOPE-PEG1000 and DSPE-PEG2000 micelles, respectively, and 23.0 nm for Ab-conjugated DSPE-PEG2000 micelles. In vitro and in vivo MRI and fluorescence microscopy showed specific binding of CB2-R-targeted and 24p3-targeted micelles to in vitro systems and to aortic plaque in apoE(-/-)/eNOS(-/-) mice, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CB2-R- and NGAL-targeted micelles show promise as tools for in vivo characterization of vulnerable plaque.
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Saenz del Burgo L, Milligan G. Heterodimerisation of G protein-coupled receptors: implications for drug design and ligand screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:461-74. [PMID: 22823130 DOI: 10.1517/17460441003720467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In recent times many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to dimerise/oligomerise and, in some cases, such structural organization has been found to be essential for receptor function or to play a modulatory role in living cells. The fact that these complexes may display differential pharmacology through, for example, the formation of a new binding pocket or signalling properties, as well as different functions or regulation in physiological tissues, offers novel opportunities for drug discovery. As a consequence, it seems necessary to develop new approaches suitable for GPCR heterodimer identification and selective ligand screening. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review gives an overview of new strategies that have been developed in an effort to incorporate the possibilities added by GPCR hetero-oligomerisation on the screening of compounds as drug candidates. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain a wider knowledge about how the current understanding of GPCR oligomeric structure and function has mandated that hetero-oligomeric receptors must be considered as novel targets in the identification of future lead compounds. TAKE HOME MESSAGE For the improvement of novel drug discovery, more structural and functional information on the process of receptor oligomerisation is needed, and the realisation that the function of GPCRs can be greatly influenced by other interacting receptors or proteins also demands consideration in the lead-compound developing process in order to achieve better therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Saenz del Burgo
- University of Glasgow, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Wolfson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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37
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Mundell SJ, Matharu AL, Nisar S, Palmer TM, Benovic JL, Kelly E. Deletion of the distal COOH-terminus of the A2B adenosine receptor switches internalization to an arrestin- and clathrin-independent pathway and inhibits recycling. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:518-33. [PMID: 20128803 PMCID: PMC2828017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have investigated the effect of deletions of a postsynaptic density, disc large and zo-1 protein (PDZ) motif at the end of the COOH-terminus of the rat A(2B) adenosine receptor on intracellular trafficking following long-term exposure to the agonist 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)-adenosine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The trafficking of the wild type A(2B) adenosine receptor and deletion mutants expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells was studied using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in combination with immunofluorescence microscopy. KEY RESULTS The wild type A(2B) adenosine receptor and deletion mutants were all extensively internalized following prolonged treatment with NECA. The intracellular compartment through which the Gln(325)-stop receptor mutant, which lacks the Type II PDZ motif found in the wild type receptor initially trafficked was not the same as the wild type receptor. Expression of dominant negative mutants of arrestin-2, dynamin or Eps-15 inhibited internalization of wild type and Leu(330)-stop receptors, whereas only dominant negative mutant dynamin inhibited agonist-induced internalization of Gln(325)-stop, Ser(326)-stop and Phe(328)-stop receptors. Following internalization, the wild type A(2B) adenosine receptor recycled rapidly to the cell surface, whereas the Gln(325)-stop receptor did not recycle. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Deletion of the COOH-terminus of the A(2B) adenosine receptor beyond Leu(330) switches internalization from an arrestin- and clathrin-dependent pathway to one that is dynamin dependent but arrestin and clathrin independent. The presence of a Type II PDZ motif appears to be essential for arrestin- and clathrin-dependent internalization, as well as recycling of the A(2B) adenosine receptor following prolonged agonist addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Mundell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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38
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Zhao X, Jones A, Olson KR, Peng K, Wehrman T, Park A, Mallari R, Nebalasca D, Young SW, Xiao SH. A homogeneous enzyme fragment complementation-based beta-arrestin translocation assay for high-throughput screening of G-protein-coupled receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:737-47. [PMID: 18660457 DOI: 10.1177/1087057108321531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest gene families in the human genome and have long been regarded as valuable targets for small-molecule drugs. The authors describe a new functional assay that directly monitors GPCR activation. It is based on the interaction between beta-arrestin and ligand-activated GPCRs and uses enzyme fragment complementation technology. In this format, a GPCR of interest is fused to a small (approximately 4 kDa), optimized alpha fragment peptide (termed ProLink) derived from beta-galactosidase, and beta-arrestin is fused to an N-terminal deletion mutant of beta-galactosidase (termed the enzyme acceptor [EA]). Upon activation of the receptor, the beta-arrestin-EA fusion protein binds the activated GPCR. This interaction drives enzyme fragment complementation, resulting in an active beta-galactosidase enzyme, and thus GPCR activation can be determined by quantifying beta-galactosidase activity. In this report, the authors demonstrate the utility of this technology to monitor GPCR activation and validate the approach using a Galphai-coupled GPCR, somatostatin receptor 2. Potential application to high-throughput screens in both agonist and antagonist screening modes is exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhao
- Lead Discovery Department, Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Hammer MM, Wehrman TS, Blau HM. A novel enzyme complementation-based assay for monitoring G-protein-coupled receptor internalization. FASEB J 2007; 21:3827-34. [PMID: 17942829 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8777com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is involved in a wide range of physiological processes and diseases, and around one-half of currently used drugs target GPCRs. Assays for the signaling of GPCRs have suffered from drawbacks, including low signal-to-noise, temporally transient signals, and difficulty in applying a single assay to a wide range of GPCRs. We have developed a set of assays for G-protein-coupled receptor signaling based on beta-galactosidase enzyme complementation in live mammalian cells. We previously described an assay for GPCR activation by monitoring the binding of beta-arrestin to the receptor. Here we describe a second assay that monitors the internalization of GPCRs to endosomes, an event that follows receptor activation and is critical in desensitizing and resensitizing the receptor. We show that both assays display high signal-to-noise ratios with low variability and are quantitative for a wide range of GPCRs. EC50s obtained with these assays closely match results reported in the literature. Finally, we show that these assays are readily adapted to high-throughput chemical screens. Thus, these two assays for monitoring G-protein-coupled receptor activation and internalization should prove valuable in basic biological studies as well as in high-throughput screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Hammer
- Baxter Laboratory in Genetic Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5175, USA
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Traub LM, Lukacs GL. Decoding ubiquitin sorting signals for clathrin-dependent endocytosis by CLASPs. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:543-53. [PMID: 17287393 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cargo selectivity is a hallmark of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. A wide range of structurally unrelated internalization signals specify the preferential clustering of transmembrane cargo into clathrin coats forming on the plasma membrane. Intriguingly, the classical endocytic adaptor AP-2 appears to recognize only a subset of these endocytic sorting signals. New data now reveal the molecular basis for recognition of other internalization signals, including post-translationally appended ubiquitin, by clathrin-coat-associated sorting proteins (CLASPs). Curiously, structurally related ubiquitin-recognition modules are shared by select CLASPs and the 26S proteasome, and recent work indicates that both display similar requirements for ubiquitin binding. During endocytosis, these modules engage oligoubiquitylated cargo in the form of polyubiquitin chains and/or multiple single ubiquitin molecules appended to different acceptor lysines. Functional separation between clathrin-mediated endocytosis and proteasome-dependent proteolysis is probably ensured by temporally regulated, local assembly of ubiquitin-tagged membrane cargo at sorting stations on the cell surface, shielding ubiquitin sorting signals from the proteasome. Thus, an expanded repertoire of CLASPs couples the process of clathrin-coat assembly with high-fidelity incorporation of assorted, cargo-specific sorting signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linton M Traub
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA, and Program in Cell and Lung Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Mundell SJ, Luo J, Benovic JL, Conley PB, Poole AW. Distinct clathrin-coated pits sort different G protein-coupled receptor cargo. Traffic 2006; 7:1420-31. [PMID: 16899088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation, many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) internalize by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and are subsequently sorted to undergo recycling or lysosomal degradation. Here we observe that sorting can take place much earlier than previously thought, by entry of different GPCRs into distinct populations of clathrin-coated pit (CCP). These distinct populations were revealed by analysis of two purinergic GPCRs, P2Y(1) and P2Y(12), which enter two populations of CCPs in a mutually exclusive manner. The mechanisms underlying early GPCR sorting involve differential kinase-dependent processes because internalization of P2Y(12) is mediated by GPCR kinases (GRKs) and arrestin, whereas P2Y(1) internalization is GRK- and arrestin-independent but requires protein kinase C. Importantly, the beta(2) adrenoceptor which also internalizes in a GRK-dependent manner also traffics exclusively to P2Y(12)-containing CCPs. Our data therefore reveal distinct populations of CCPs that sort GPCR cargo at the plasma membrane using different kinase-dependent mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Arrestin/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Clathrin/metabolism
- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/metabolism
- Endocytosis/physiology
- Humans
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Mundell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Abstract
The defining characteristic of G protein-coupled receptor homologous desensitization is that the receptor must be occupied by an agonist or in an activated conformation that mimics an agonist-induced state. In most instances, the mechanistic basis for this characteristic is the high selectivity of G protein-coupled receptor kinases for the activated receptor. In this issue, Rankin et al. (p. 759) demonstrate that under some conditions, at least, the G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK4 does not display a preference for the agonist-occupied D1 dopamine receptor. Coexpression of GRK4 and the D1 receptor in a heterologous system induces phosphorylation of the receptor in the absence of agonist, causing constitutive desensitization and internalization of the receptor. Lacking the normal rapid feedback mechanisms associated with homologous desensitization, a system incorporating constitutively active GRK4 will be prone to dysregulation, perhaps explaining the generally low expression of GRK4. Indeed, considerable evidence suggests that just such dysregulation resulting from mutationally activated GRK4 contributes to the heritable component of human essential hypertension (Physiol Genomics 19:223-246, 2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Neve
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.
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Jones BW, Hinkle PM. β-Arrestin Mediates Desensitization and Internalization but Does Not Affect Dephosphorylation of the Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38346-54. [PMID: 16183993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502918200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor is phosphorylated and binds to beta-arrestin after agonist exposure. To define the importance of receptor phosphorylation and beta-arrestin binding in desensitization, and to determine whether beta-arrestin binding and receptor endocytosis are required for receptor dephosphorylation, we expressed TRH receptors in fibroblasts from mice lacking beta-arrestin-1 and/or beta-arrestin-2. Apparent affinity for [(3)H]MeTRH was increased 8-fold in cells expressing beta-arrestins, including a beta-arrestin mutant that did not permit receptor internalization. TRH caused extensive receptor endocytosis in the presence of beta-arrestins, but receptors remained primarily on the plasma membrane without beta-arrestin. beta-Arrestins strongly inhibited inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production within 10 s. At 30 min, endogenous beta-arrestins reduced TRH-stimulated inositol phosphate production by 48% (beta-arrestin-1), 71% (beta-arrestin-2), and 84% (beta-arrestins-1 and -2). In contrast, receptor phosphorylation, detected by the mobility shift of deglycosylated receptor, was unaffected by beta-arrestins. Receptors were fully phosphorylated within 15 s of TRH addition. Receptor dephosphorylation was identical with or without beta-arrestins and almost complete 20 min after TRH withdrawal. Blocking endocytosis with hypertonic sucrose did not alter the rate of receptor phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. Expressing receptors in cells lacking Galpha(q) and Galpha(11) or inhibiting protein kinase C pharmacologically did not prevent receptor phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. Overexpression of dominant negative G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2), however, retarded receptor phosphorylation. Receptor activation caused translocation of endogenous GRK2 to the plasma membrane. The results show conclusively that receptor dephosphorylation can take place on the plasma membrane and that beta-arrestin binding is critical for desensitization and internalization.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Animals
- Arrestins/chemistry
- Arrestins/metabolism
- Arrestins/physiology
- CHO Cells
- COS Cells
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endocytosis
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Inositol Phosphates/chemistry
- Inositol Phosphates/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Phosphates/chemistry
- Phosphorylation
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone/chemistry
- Receptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology
- Sucrose/chemistry
- Sucrose/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases/metabolism
- beta-Arrestin 1
- beta-Arrestin 2
- beta-Arrestins
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Hamdan FF, Audet M, Garneau P, Pelletier J, Bouvier M. High-throughput screening of G protein-coupled receptor antagonists using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer 1-based beta-arrestin2 recruitment assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:463-75. [PMID: 16093556 DOI: 10.1177/1087057105275344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the authors developed HEK293 cell lines that stably coexpressed optimal amounts of beta-arrestin2-Rluc and VENUS fusions of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belonging to both class A and class B receptors, which include receptors that interact transiently or stably with beta-arrestins. This allowed the use of a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) 1- beta-arrestin2 translocation assay to quantify receptor activation or inhibition. One of the developed cell lines coexpressing CCR5-VENUS and beta-arrestin2- Renilla luciferase was then used for high-throughput screening (HTS) for antagonists of the chemokine receptor CCR5, the primary co-receptor for HIV. A total of 26,000 compounds were screened for inhibition of the agonist-promoted beta-arrestin2 recruitment to CCR5, and 12 compounds were found to specifically inhibit the agonist-induced beta-arrestin2 recruitment to CCR5. Three of the potential hits were further tested using other functional assays, and their abilities to inhibit CCR5 agonist-promoted signaling were confirmed. This is the 1st study describing a BRET1-beta-arrestin recruitment assay in stable mammalian cells and its successful application in HTS for GPCRs antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi F Hamdan
- University of Montreal, Department of Biochemistry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Feng YH, Ding Y, Ren S, Zhou L, Xu C, Karnik SS. Unconventional homologous internalization of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor induced by G-protein-independent signals. Hypertension 2005; 46:419-25. [PMID: 15998700 PMCID: PMC1266297 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000172621.68061.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Internalization of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is essential to the desensitization, endocytosis, and signal transduction of the receptor. It has been the general view that conventional homologous internalization of a GPCR requires activation of the G-protein(s) coupled to the receptor. However, whether and how GPCR-mediated G-protein-independent signals trigger receptor internalization remains unknown, although G-protein-independent internalization has been reported. Here we show that an angiotensin II (Ang II) type-1 (AT1) receptor mutant incapable of activating any G-protein still undergoes normal internalization. Substitution of Asp125 with Ala and Arg126 with Leu at the highly conserved DRY motif of the AT1 receptor disabled the ability of the receptor to activate G-proteins, as shown by various Ang II binding studies, GDP-GTP exchange, and inositol phosphate production assays. Surprisingly, the mutant internalized normally in the presence of Ang II and transactivated the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Similar to the wild-type receptor, overexpression of a dominant-negative K220R mutant GRK2 diminished the internalization of D125A-R126L but not the transactivation of EGFR. These data indicate that G-protein-independent specific signals may also trigger homologous internalizations of the AT1 receptor through beta-arrestin-dependent and -independent pathways, suggesting a possible mechanism for G-protein-independent activation of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). This may represent a general mechanism for triggering GPCR internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hong Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Gripentrog JM, Miettinen HM. Activation and nuclear translocation of ERK1/2 by the formyl peptide receptor is regulated by G protein and is not dependent on beta-arrestin translocation or receptor endocytosis. Cell Signal 2005; 17:1300-11. [PMID: 16038804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit diverse cellular signals in response to a large number of stimuli such as chemoattractants, lipids, neurotransmitters, odorants and light. The classical signaling pathway is through heterotrimeric G proteins, but GPCRs can also transmit signals through mechanisms that are not dependent on G proteins. In mammalian cells, the key component for this type of signaling is the family of scaffolding molecules called beta-arrestins. They can function as scaffolds for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). In this study we examined the role of G protein and beta-arrestin in formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-mediated activation of chemotaxis, receptor endocytosis and ERK1/2 activation using wild type and mutant receptors. Our findings suggest that, unlike certain other GPCRs that can activate ERK1/2 without the involvement of G protein, FPR requires signaling through a G protein-mediated pathway. Previous observations have shown that ERK1/2, activated through G protein, translocates to the nucleus where it stimulates transcription factors. In contrast, the scaffolding protein beta-arrestin retains the activated ERK1/2 in the cytoplasm to allow phosphorylation of cytoplasmic targets. Our experimental data show that both wild-type FPR and a mutant FPR, defective in beta-arrestin binding, induce nuclear translocation of activated ERK1/2 with similar ligand concentration dependence as seen for activation of cytosolic ERK1/2. We propose that FPR-mediated activation of ERK1/2 takes place primarily through G protein and is physiologically important to ensure transcriptional activation of myeloid immunomodulators, such as cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie M Gripentrog
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717-3520, USA
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Jala VR, Shao WH, Haribabu B. Phosphorylation-independent beta-arrestin translocation and internalization of leukotriene B4 receptors. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:4880-7. [PMID: 15561704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) activates the G-protein-coupled receptor leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) to mediate a diverse array of cellular responses in leukocytes including chemotaxis, calcium mobilization, degranulation, and gene expression. To determine the role of phosphorylation in BLT1 regulation, we generated mutants of BLT1 in which all of the serine/threonine residues in the C-tail are converted to alanine or to aspartate/glutamate. These mutants expressed in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells bound LTB4 with similar affinity and activated all of the known functional activities of BLT1, albeit at different levels. The conversion of phosphorylation sites to alanine resulted in enhanced G-protein-mediated activities, whereas conversion to aspartate/glutamate resulted in reduced responses and a right shift in dose response, indicating that receptor phosphorylation is a critical regulator of G-protein-mediated pathways. Surprisingly, translocation of beta-arrestin and receptor internalization was completely independent of BLT1 phosphorylation. Real-time analysis of beta-arrestin translocation and receptor internalization using digital fluorescence video microscopy in cells expressing a red fluorescent protein labeled BLT1 and a green fluorescent protein-tagged beta-arrestin confirmed phosphorylation-independent beta-arrestin translocation and internalization of BLT1. In beta-arrestin-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts, the BLT1 receptors failed to display endosomal localization upon stimulation. In these cells, co-expression of beta-arrestin-green fluorescent protein with BLT1-red fluorescent protein resulted in co-localization of BLT1 and beta-arrestin upon activation. Thus, receptor phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms regulate G-protein-mediated pathways; however, phosphorylation-independent mechanisms regulate beta-arrestin association and internalization of BLT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatakrishna R Jala
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center and The Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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