1
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Li S, Zhang L, Wang L, Ji J, He J, Zheng X, Cao L, Li K. BiMPADR: A Deep Learning Framework for Predicting Adverse Drug Reactions in New Drugs. Molecules 2024; 29:1784. [PMID: 38675604 PMCID: PMC11051887 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Detecting the unintended adverse reactions of drugs (ADRs) is a crucial concern in pharmacological research. The experimental validation of drug-ADR associations often entails expensive and time-consuming investigations. Thus, a computational model to predict ADRs from known associations is essential for enhanced efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Here, we propose BiMPADR, a novel model that integrates drug gene expression into adverse reaction features using a message passing neural network on a bipartite graph of drugs and adverse reactions, leveraging publicly available data. By combining the computed adverse reaction features with the structural fingerprints of drugs, we predict the association between drugs and adverse reactions. Our models obtained high AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) values ranging from 0.861 to 0.907 in an external drug validation dataset under differential experiment conditions. The case study on multiple BET inhibitors also demonstrated the high accuracy of our predictions, and our model's exploration of potential adverse reactions for HWD-870 has contributed to its research and development for market approval. In summary, our method would provide a promising tool for ADR prediction and drug safety assessment in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Cao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (S.L.); (L.Z.); (L.W.); (J.J.); (J.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (S.L.); (L.Z.); (L.W.); (J.J.); (J.H.); (X.Z.)
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2
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Peslalz P, Grieshober M, Kraus F, Bleisch A, Izzo F, Lichtenstein D, Hammer H, Vorbach A, Momoi K, Zanger UM, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Braeuning A, Plietker B, Stenger S. Unnatural Endotype B PPAPs as Novel Compounds with Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15073-15083. [PMID: 37822271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Pre-SARS-CoV-2, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death by a single pathogen. Repetitive exposure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) supported the development of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant strains, demanding novel drugs. Hyperforin, a natural type A polyprenylated polycyclic acylphloroglucinol from St. John's wort, exhibits antidepressant and antibacterial effects also against Mtb. Yet, Hyperforin's instability limits the utility in clinical practice. Here, we present photo- and bench-stable type B PPAPs with enhanced antimycobacterial efficacy. PPAP22 emerged as a lead compound, further improved as the sodium salt PPAP53, drastically enhancing solubility. PPAP53 inhibits the growth of virulent extracellular and intracellular Mtb without harming primary human macrophages. Importantly, PPAP53 is active against drug-resistant strains of Mtb. Furthermore, we analyzed the in vitro properties of PPAP53 in terms of CYP induction and the PXR interaction. Taken together, we introduce type PPAPs as a new class of antimycobacterial compounds, with remarkable antibacterial activity and favorable biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Peslalz
- Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Bergstr. 66, Dresden01069 ,Germany
| | - Mark Grieshober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Frank Kraus
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart,Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Anton Bleisch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Bergstr. 66, Dresden01069 ,Germany
| | - Flavia Izzo
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart,Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Dajana Lichtenstein
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Helen Hammer
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstr. 55, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Andreas Vorbach
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Kyoko Momoi
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Auerbachstr. 112, University of Tübingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Auerbachstr. 112, University of Tübingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Bernd Plietker
- Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Bergstr. 66, Dresden01069 ,Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart,Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
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3
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Konstandi M, Johnson EO. Age-related modifications in CYP-dependent drug metabolism: role of stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1143835. [PMID: 37293497 PMCID: PMC10244505 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1143835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating clinical evidence indicates extensive inter-individual variations in the effectiveness and adverse effects of standard treatment protocols, which are largely attributed to the multifactorial regulation of the hepatic CYP-dependent drug metabolism that is connected with either transcriptional or post-translational modifications. Age and stress belong to the most important factors in CYP gene regulation. Alterations in neuroendocrine responses to stress, which are associated with modified hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function, usually accompany ageing. In this light, ageing followed by a decline of the functional integrity of organs, including liver, a failure in preserving homeostasis under stress, increased morbidity and susceptibility to stress, among others, holds a determinant role in the CYP-catalyzed drug metabolism and thus, in the outcome and toxicity of pharmacotherapy. Modifications in the drug metabolizing capacity of the liver with age have been reported and in particular, a decline in the activity of the main CYP isoforms in male senescent rats, indicating decreased metabolism and higher levels of the drug-substrates in their blood. These factors along with the restricted experience in the use of the most medicines in childhood and elderly, could explain at an extent the inter-individual variability in drug efficacy and toxicity outcomes, and underscore the necessity of designing the treatment protocols, accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Konstandi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elizabeth O Johnson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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4
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Casey A, Köcher T, Caygill S, Champion C, Bonnot C, Dolan L. Transcriptome changes in chlorsulfuron-treated plants are caused by acetolactate synthase inhibition and not induction of a herbicide detoxification system in Marchantia polymorpha. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:105370. [PMID: 36963939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A sensing mechanism in mammals perceives xenobiotics and induces the transcription of genes encoding proteins that detoxify these molecules. However, it is unclear if plants sense xenobiotics, and activate an analogous signalling system leading to their detoxification. Using the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, we tested the hypothesis that there is a sensing system in plants that perceives herbicides resulting in the increased transcription of genes encoding proteins that detoxify these herbicides. Consistent with the hypothesis, we show that chlorsulfuron-treatment induces changes in the M. polymorpha transcriptome. However, these transcriptome changes do not occur in chlorsulfuron (CS)-treated target site resistant mutants, where the gene encoding the target carries a mutation that confers resistance to chlorsulfuron. Instead, we show that inactivation of the chlorsulfuron target, acetolactate synthase (ALS) (also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)), is required for the transcriptome response. These data demonstrate that the transcriptome changes in chlorsulfuron-treated plants are caused by disrupted amino acid synthesis and metabolism resulting from acetolactate synthase inhibition, and indicate that the transcriptome changes are not caused by a herbicide sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Casey
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom; Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Köcher
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities GmbH, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Samuel Caygill
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom; Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Clément Champion
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Clémence Bonnot
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom; Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 3, Vienna 1030, Austria.
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5
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Constitutive androstane receptor-responsive elements for mouse Cyp1a2 transcriptional activation induced by constitutive androstane receptor ligands. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:100485. [PMID: 36740553 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mouse cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1a2) gene is one of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) activator-inducible genes, and the regions involved in induction were examined herein. A reporter gene assay indicated the involvement of the -0.2-kb region in the induction of transcriptional activation by the mouse CAR agonist ligand 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP). Some putative nuclear receptor-binding elements were identified in this region, and mutations in the elements located at -160/-155 or -153/-148 abolished this induction. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that a fragment comprised of three elements was capable of binding to the CAR/retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) heterodimer. The three elements comprise the two elements indicated above and one located at -146/-141. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed CAR binding to the region including these elements in chromatin after treatment with TCPOBOP. These results indicate that mouse Cyp1a2 is the direct target of CAR, and binding of the CAR/RXRα heterodimer to the newly identified region in the promoter may be involved in transcriptional activation. Binding motifs were estimated as ER1 (everted repeat with a spacing of 1 nucleotide, -160/-155 and -153/-148) and ER8 (everted repeat with a spacing of 8 nucleotides, formed with -160/-155 and -146/-141).
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6
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Reis-Mendes A, Carvalho F, Remião F, Sousa E, de Lourdes Bastos M, Costa VM. Autophagy (but not metabolism) is a key event in mitoxantrone-induced cytotoxicity in differentiated AC16 cardiac cells. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:201-216. [PMID: 36216988 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitoxantrone (MTX) is an antineoplastic agent used to treat advanced breast cancer, prostate cancer, acute leukemia, lymphoma and multiple sclerosis. Although it is known to cause cumulative dose-related cardiotoxicity, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. This study aims to compare the cardiotoxicity of MTX and its' pharmacologically active metabolite naphthoquinoxaline (NAPHT) in an in vitro cardiac model, human-differentiated AC16 cells, and determine the role of metabolism in the cardiotoxic effects. Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity was observed after MTX exposure, affecting mitochondrial function and lysosome uptake. On the other hand, the metabolite NAPHT only caused concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in the MTT reduction assay. When assessing the effect of different inhibitors/inducers of metabolism, it was observed that metyrapone (a cytochrome P450 inhibitor) and phenobarbital (a cytochrome P450 inducer) slightly increased MTX cytotoxicity, while 1-aminobenzotriazole (a suicide cytochrome P450 inhibitor) decreased fairly the MTX-triggered cytotoxicity in differentiated AC16 cells. When focusing in autophagy, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine exacerbated the cytotoxicity caused by MTX and NAPHT, while the autophagy blocker, chloroquine, partially reduced the cytotoxicity of MTX. In addition, we observed a decrease in p62, beclin-1, and ATG5 levels and an increase in LC3-II levels in MTX-incubated cells. In conclusion, in our in vitro model, neither metabolism nor exogenously given NAPHT are major contributors to MTX toxicity as seen by the residual influence of metabolism modulators used on the observed cytotoxicity and by NAPHT's low cytotoxicity profile. Conversely, autophagy is involved in MTX-induced cytotoxicity and MTX seems to act as an autophagy inducer, possibly through p62/LC3-II involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Reis-Mendes
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biological Sciences, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biological Sciences, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biological Sciences, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biological Sciences, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Biological Sciences, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Wang J, Lu P, Xie W. Atypical functions of xenobiotic receptors in lipid and glucose metabolism. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2022; 2:611-624. [PMID: 36785576 PMCID: PMC9912049 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic receptors are traditionally defined as xenobiotic chemical-sensing receptors, the activation of which transcriptionally regulates the expression of enzymes and transporters involved in the metabolism and disposition of xenobiotics. Emerging evidence suggests that "xenobiotic receptors" also have diverse endobiotic functions, including their effects on lipid metabolism and energy metabolism. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, stroke, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Understanding the molecular mechanism by which transcriptional factors, including the xenobiotic receptors, regulate lipid homeostasis will help to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches. This review describes recent advances in our understanding the atypical roles of three xenobiotic receptors: aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), in metabolic disorders, with a particular focus on their effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. Collectively, the literatures suggest the potential values of AhR, PXR and CAR as therapeutic targets for the treatment of NAFLD, NASH, obesity and diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peipei Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Zhang Y, Lin Z, Wang L, Guo X, Hao Z, Li Z, Johnston LJ, Dong B. Cooperative Interaction of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids Contained in Activated Charcoal with Herb Extracts, Involving Cholesterol, Bile Acid, and FXR/PXR Activation in Broilers Fed with Mycotoxin-Containing Diets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2200. [PMID: 36358572 PMCID: PMC9686537 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The charcoal-herb extract complex (CHC) is a product of activated charcoal sorption of herb extracts that contain phenolic acids and flavonoids. The effective dose of CHC to promote animal growth is about one tenth of effective dosage of activated charcoal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential cooperative interactions between activated charcoal and herb extracts. Two feeding experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, a responsive dose of CHC to broiler growth was determined to be 250 mg/kg of the diet. In Experiment 2, CHC increased growth performance and improved meat quality, but decreased indices of oxidative stress and inflammation as compared with similar doses of activated charcoal or herb extracts. CHC also increased concentrations of serum cholesterol, bile acid in the gallbladder, and bile acid in feces. The herb extracts present in CHC were largely represented by phenolic acids (PAs, caffeic acid, and vanillin) and flavonoids (FVs, daidzein, and quercetin-D-glucoside) in the detoxification activity of CHC in a mouse rescue test when the mice were gavaged with T-2 mycotoxin. PAs and FVs significantly increased the expression of CYP7A1, PXR, CYP3A37, Slco1B3, and Bsep in chicken primary hepatocytes. In conclusion, CHC integrated the cooperative interactions of activated charcoal and herb extracts via the FXR/RXR-PXR pathway to detoxify mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zishen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lixue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lee J. Johnston
- Swine Nutrition and Production, West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267, USA
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Bautista-Olivier CD, Elizondo G. PXR as the tipping point between innate immune response, microbial infections, and drug metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115147. [PMID: 35714683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenosensor that acts as a transcription factor in the cell nucleus to protect cells from toxic insults. In response to exposure to several chemical agents, PXR induces the expression of enzymes and drug transporters that biotransform xenobiotic and endobiotic and eliminate metabolites. Recently, PXR has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects that involve cross-communication with molecular pathways in innate immunity cells. Conversely, several inflammatory factors regulate PXR signaling. This review examines the crosstalk between PXR and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and inflammasome components. Discussions of the consequences of these interactions on immune responses to infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are included together with a review of the effects of microorganisms on PXR-associated drug metabolism. This paper aims to encourage researchers to pursue studies that will better elucidate the relationship between PXR and the immune system and thus inform treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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10
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Rana A, Samtiya M, Dhewa T, Mishra V, Aluko RE. Health benefits of polyphenols: A concise review. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14264. [PMID: 35694805 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce polyphenols, which are considered highly essential functional foods in our diet. They are classified into several groups according to their diverse chemical structures. Flavanoids, lignans, stilbenes, and phenolic acids are the four main families of polyphenols. Several in vivo and in vitro research have been conducted so far to evaluate their health consequences. Polyphenols serve a vital function in the protection of the organism from external stimuli and in eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are instigators of several illnesses. Polyphenols are present in tea, chocolate, fruits, and vegetables with the potential to positively influence human health. For instance, cocoa flavan-3-ols have been associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and diabetes. Polyphenols in the diet also help to improve lipid profiles, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation. Quercetin, a flavonoid, and resveratrol, a stilbene, have been linked to improved cardiovascular health. Dietary polyphenols potential to elicit therapeutic effects might be attributed, at least in part, to a bidirectional association with the gut microbiome. This is because polyphenols are known to affect the gut microbiome composition in ways that lead to better human health. Specifically, the gut microbiome converts polyphenols into bioactive compounds that have therapeutic effects. In this review, the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and anti-diabetic actions of polyphenols are described based on findings from in vivo and in vitro experimental trials. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The non-communicable diseases (NCDs) burden has been increasing worldwide due to the sedentary lifestyle and several other factors such as smoking, junk food, etc. Scientific literature evidence supports the use of plant-based food polyphenols as therapeutic agents that could help to alleviate NCD's burden. Thus, consuming polyphenolic compounds from natural sources could be an effective solution to mitigate NCDs concerns. It is also discussed how natural antioxidants from medicinal plants might help prevent or repair damage caused by free radicals, such as oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Rana
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, India
| | - Mrinal Samtiya
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Tejpal Dhewa
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Vijendra Mishra
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, India
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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11
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Induction by Phenobarbital of Phase I and II Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Bovine Liver: An Overall Catalytic and Immunochemical Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073564. [PMID: 35408925 PMCID: PMC8998613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In cattle, phenobarbital (PB) upregulates target drug-metabolizing enzyme (DME) mRNA levels. However, few data about PB's post-transcriptional effects are actually available. This work provides the first, and an almost complete, characterization of PB-dependent changes in DME catalytic activities in bovine liver using common probe substrates and confirmatory immunoblotting investigations. As expected, PB increased the total cytochrome P450 (CYP) content and the extent of metyrapone binding; moreover, an augmentation of protein amounts and related enzyme activities was observed for known PB targets such as CYP2B, 2C, and 3A, but also CYP2E1. However, contradictory results were obtained for CYP1A, while a decreased catalytic activity was observed for flavin-containing monooxygenases 1 and 3. The barbiturate had no effect on the chosen hydrolytic and conjugative DMEs. For the first time, we also measured the 26S proteasome activity, and the increase observed in PB-treated cattle would suggest this post-translational event might contribute to cattle DME regulation. Overall, this study increased the knowledge of cattle hepatic drug metabolism, and further confirmed the presence of species differences in DME expression and activity between cattle, humans, and rodents. This reinforced the need for an extensive characterization and understanding of comparative molecular mechanisms involved in expression, regulation, and function of DMEs.
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12
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Konstandi M, Johnson EO, Lang MA. Stress as a Potential Regulatory Factor in the Outcome of Pharmacotherapy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:737716. [PMID: 35401076 PMCID: PMC8984175 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.737716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Konstandi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elizabeth O Johnson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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13
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Yoshinari K, Shizu R. Distinct roles of the sister nuclear receptors PXR and CAR in liver cancer development. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1019-1026. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Wu Y, Li M, Guo Y, Liu T, Zhong L, Huang C, Ye C, Liu Q, Ren Z, Wang Y. The Effects of AT-533 and AT-533 gel on Liver Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:345-352. [PMID: 35137361 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES AT-533 is a novel heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, which exhibits various biological activities in vitro and in vivo. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver are involved in the biotransformation of drugs and considered to be essential indicators of liver toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of AT-533, either as active pharmaceutical ingredient or in gel form, on liver CYP enzymes. METHODS The effect of AT-533 or AT-533 gel on rat liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, was analyzed using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS AT-533 and AT-533 gel did not significantly increase or reduce the enzymatic activity of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 at any treatment dose. CONCLUSIONS AT-533 and AT-533 gel did not have any effect on CYP activity and may be considered safe for external use in gel form, as an alternative to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, Whampoa Road West, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghe Li
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, Whampoa Road West, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, Whampoa Road West, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lishan Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, Whampoa Road West, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, Whampoa Road West, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuifang Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, Whampoa Road West, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuying Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, Whampoa Road West, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, Whampoa Road West, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, Whampoa Road West, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cell Biology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cell Biology, Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Su X, Zhang M, Qi H, Gao Y, Yang Y, Yun H, Zhang Q, Yang X, Zhang Y, He J, Fan Y, Wang Y, Guo P, Zhang C, Yang R. Gut microbiota-derived metabolite 3-idoleacetic acid together with LPS induces IL-35 + B cell generation. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:13. [PMID: 35074011 PMCID: PMC8785567 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-35-producing Bregs and Treg cells critically regulate chronic illnesses worldwide via mechanisms related to disrupting the gut microbiota composition. However, whether the gut microbiota regulates these IL-35+ cells remains elusive. We herein investigated the regulatory effects of the gut microbiota on IL-35+ cells by using genetically modified mouse models of obesity. RESULTS We first found that gut Reg4 promoted resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity. Using 16S rRNA sequencing combined with LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry)/MS, we demonstrated that gut Reg4 associated with bacteria such as Lactobacillus promoted the generation of IL-35+ B cells through 3-idoleacetic acid (IAA) in the presence of LPS. HuREG4IECtg mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited marked IL-35+ cell accumulation in not only their adipose tissues but also their colons, whereas decreased IL-35+ cell accumulation was observed in the adipose and colon tissues of Reg4 knockout (KO) mice. We also found that Reg4 mediated HFD-induced obesity resistance via IL-35. Lower levels of IAA were also detected in the peripheral blood of individuals with obesity compared with nonobese subjects. Mechanistically, IAA together with LPS mediated IL-35+ B cells through PXR and TLR4. KO of PXR or TLR4 impaired the generation of IL-35+ B cells. CONCLUSION Together, IAA and LPS induce the generation of IL-35+ B cells through PXR and TLR4. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Su
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Minying Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Houbao Qi
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunhuan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yazheng Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Huan Yun
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qianjing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiangshan He
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yaqi Fan
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuxue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chunze Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Rongcun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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16
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Discrepancy in interactions and conformational dynamics of pregnane X receptor (PXR) bound to an agonist and a novel competitive antagonist. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3004-3018. [PMID: 35782743 PMCID: PMC9218138 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Lv Y, Luo YY, Ren HW, Li CJ, Xiang ZX, Luan ZL. The role of pregnane X receptor (PXR) in substance metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:959902. [PMID: 36111293 PMCID: PMC9469194 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.959902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics in mammals. The tissue distribution of PXR is parallel to its function with high expression in the liver and small intestine and moderate expression in the kidney, stomach, skin, and blood-brain barrier, which are organs and tissues in frequent contact with xenobiotics. PXR was first recognized as an exogenous substance receptor regulating metabolizing enzymes and transporters and functioning in detoxification and drug metabolism in the liver. However, further research revealed that PXR acts as an equally important endogenous substance receptor in the metabolism and homeostasis of endogenous substances. In this review, we summarized the functions of PXR in metabolism of different substances such as glucose, lipid, bile acid, vitamin, minerals, and endocrines, and also included insights of the application of PXR ligands (drugs) in specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lv
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Yang Luo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui-Wen Ren
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Xiang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Lin Luan,
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18
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Salehipourshirazi G, Bruinsma K, Ratlamwala H, Dixit S, Arbona V, Widemann E, Milojevic M, Jin P, Bensoussan N, Gómez-Cadenas A, Zhurov V, Grbic M, Grbic V. Rapid specialization of counter defenses enables two-spotted spider mite to adapt to novel plant hosts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2608-2622. [PMID: 34618096 PMCID: PMC8644343 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic adaptation, occurring over a long evolutionary time, enables host-specialized herbivores to develop novel resistance traits and to efficiently counteract the defenses of a narrow range of host plants. In contrast, physiological acclimation, leading to the suppression and/or detoxification of host defenses, is hypothesized to enable broad generalists to shift between plant hosts. However, the host adaptation mechanisms used by generalists composed of host-adapted populations are not known. Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM; Tetranychus urticae) is an extreme generalist herbivore whose individual populations perform well only on a subset of potential hosts. We combined experimental evolution, Arabidopsis thaliana genetics, mite reverse genetics, and pharmacological approaches to examine mite host adaptation upon the shift of a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)-adapted population to Arabidopsis. We showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are required for mite adaptation to Arabidopsis. We identified activities of two tiers of P450s: general xenobiotic-responsive P450s that have a limited contribution to mite adaptation to Arabidopsis and adaptation-associated P450s that efficiently counteract Arabidopsis defenses. In approximately 25 generations of mite selection on Arabidopsis plants, mites evolved highly efficient detoxification-based adaptation, characteristic of specialist herbivores. This demonstrates that specialization to plant resistance traits can occur within the ecological timescale, enabling the TSSM to shift to novel plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Huzefa Ratlamwala
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Sameer Dixit
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, E-12071, Spain
| | - Emilie Widemann
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Maja Milojevic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Pengyu Jin
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bensoussan
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, E-12071, Spain
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino (CSIC, UR, Gobiernode La Rioja), Logrono 26006, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
- Author for communication:
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19
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Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Drug Metabolism in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312808. [PMID: 34884615 PMCID: PMC8657965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, as membrane-bound hemoproteins, play important roles in the detoxification of drugs, cellular metabolism, and homeostasis. In humans, almost 80% of oxidative metabolism and approximately 50% of the overall elimination of common clinical drugs can be attributed to one or more of the various CYPs, from the CYP families 1–3. In addition to the basic metabolic effects for elimination, CYPs are also capable of affecting drug responses by influencing drug action, safety, bioavailability, and drug resistance through metabolism, in both metabolic organs and local sites of action. Structures of CYPs have recently provided new insights into both understanding the mechanisms of drug metabolism and exploiting CYPs as drug targets. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic changes in CYP genes and environmental factors may be responsible for interethnic and interindividual variations in the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. In this review, we summarize and highlight the structural knowledge about CYPs and the major CYPs in drug metabolism. Additionally, genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as several intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to interindividual variation in drug response are also reviewed, to reveal the multifarious and important roles of CYP-mediated metabolism and elimination in drug therapy.
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20
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Martynov VI, Pakhomov AA. BODIPY derivatives as fluorescent reporters of molecular activities in living cells. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fluorescent compounds have become indispensable tools for imaging molecular activities in the living cell. 4,4-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) is currently one of the most popular fluorescent reporters due to its unique photophysical properties. This review provides a general survey and presents a summary of recent advances in the development of new BODIPY-based cellular biomarkers and biosensors. The review starts with the consideration of the properties of BODIPY derivatives required for their application as cellular reporters. Then review provides examples of the design of sensors for different biologically important molecules, ions, membrane potential, temperature and viscosity defining the live cell status. Special attention is payed to BODPY-based phototransformable reporters.
The bibliography includes 339 references.
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21
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Ramanjulu JM, Williams SP, Lakdawala AS, DeMartino MP, Lan Y, Marquis RW. Overcoming the Pregnane X Receptor Liability: Rational Design to Eliminate PXR-Mediated CYP Induction. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1396-1404. [PMID: 34531948 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates expression of proteins responsible for all three phases required for the detoxification mechanism, which include CYP450 enzymes, phase II enzymes, and multidrug efflux pumps. Therefore, PXR is a prominent receptor that is responsible for xenobiotic excretion and drug-drug interactions. Pyrimidinone 1 is an antagonist of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and a strong activator of PXR. Repeat oral administration revealed diminished exposures over time, which prohibited further progression. A medicinal chemistry campaign was initiated to understand and abolish activation of PXR in order to increase systemic exposures. Rational structure-activity relationship investigations utilizing cocrystal structures and a de novo pharmacophore model resulted in compounds devoid of PXR activation. These studies culminated in the first orally active CaSR antagonist 8 suitable for progression. Cocrystallography, the pharmacophore model employed, and additional observations reported herein supported rational elimination of PXR activation and have applicability across diverse chemical classes to help erase PXR-driven drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshi M. Ramanjulu
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Shawn P. Williams
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ami S. Lakdawala
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Michael P. DeMartino
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Yunfeng Lan
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Robert W. Marquis
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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22
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Shizu R, Nishiguchi H, Tashiro S, Sato T, Sugawara A, Kanno Y, Hosaka T, Sasaki T, Yoshinari K. Helix 12 stabilization contributes to basal transcriptional activity of PXR. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100978. [PMID: 34284062 PMCID: PMC8390552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an important role in xenobiotic metabolism. While ligand binding induces PXR-dependent gene transcription, PXR shows constitutive transcriptional activity in the absence of ligands when expressed in cultured cells. This constitutive activity sometimes hampers investigation of PXR activation by compounds of interest. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of PXR activation. In the reported crystal structures of unliganded PXR, helix 12 (H12), including a coactivator binding motif, was stabilized, while it is destabilized in the unliganded structures of other nuclear receptors, suggesting a role for H12 stabilization in the basal activity of PXR. Since Phe420, located in the loop between H11 and H12, is thought to interact with Leu411 and Ile414 to stabilize H12, we substituted alanine at Phe420 (PXR-F420A) and separately inserted three alanine residues directly after Phe420 (PXR-3A) and investigated their influence on PXR-mediated transcription. Reporter gene assays demonstrated that the mutants showed drastically reduced basal activity and enhanced responses to various ligands, which was further enhanced by coexpression of the coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α. Mutations of both Leu411 and Ile414 to alanine also suppressed basal activity. Mammalian two-hybrid assays showed that PXR-F420A and PXR-3A bound to corepressors and coactivators in the absence and presence of ligands, respectively. We conclude that the intramolecular interactions of Phe420 with Leu411 and Ile414 stabilize H12 to recruit coactivators even in the absence of ligands, contributing to the basal transcriptional activity of PXR. We propose that the generated mutants might be useful for PXR ligand screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shizu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Nishiguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sarii Tashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takumi Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sugawara
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kanno
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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23
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Song Y, Li C, Liu G, Liu R, Chen Y, Li W, Cao Z, Zhao B, Lu C, Liu Y. Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Have Multifarious Influences on Treatment Outcomes. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:585-601. [PMID: 33723723 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolism is a critical process for the removal of unwanted substances from the body. In humans, approximately 80% of oxidative metabolism and almost 50% of the overall elimination of commonly used drugs can be attributed to one or more of various cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes from CYP families 1-3. In addition to the basic metabolic effects for elimination, CYP enzymes in vivo are capable of affecting the treatment outcomes in many cases. Drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes are mainly expressed in the liver and intestine, the two principal drug oxidation and elimination organs, where they can significantly influence the drug action, safety, and bioavailability by mediating phase I metabolism and first-pass metabolism. Furthermore, CYP-mediated local drug metabolism in the sites of action may also have the potential to impact drug response, according to the literature in recent years. This article underlines the ability of CYP enzymes to influence treatment outcomes by discussing CYP-mediated diversified drug metabolism in primary metabolic sites (liver and intestine) and typical action sites (brain and tumors) according to their expression levels and metabolic activity. Moreover, intrinsic and extrinsic factors of personal differential CYP phenotypes that contribute to interindividual variation of treatment outcomes are also reviewed to introduce the multifarious pivotal role of CYP-mediated metabolism and clearance in drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guangzhi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhiwen Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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24
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Shizu R, Ishimura M, Nobusawa S, Hosaka T, Sasaki T, Kakizaki S, Yoshinari K. The influence of the long-term chemical activation of the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) on liver carcinogenesis in mice. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1089-1102. [PMID: 33398415 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are nuclear receptors that are highly expressed in the liver and activated by numerous chemicals. While CAR activation by its activators, such as phenobarbital (PB), induces hepatocyte proliferation and liver carcinogenesis in rodents, it remains unclear whether PXR activation drives liver cancer. To investigate the influence of PXR activation on liver carcinogenesis, we treated mice with the PXR activator pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) with or without PB following tumor initiation with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). After 20 weeks of treatment, preneoplastic lesions detected by immunostaining with an anti-KRT8/18 antibody were observed in PB-treated but not PCN-treated mice, and PCN cotreatment augmented the formation of preneoplastic lesions by PB. After 35 weeks of treatment, macroscopic observations indicated that PB-treated and PB/PCN-cotreated mice had increased numbers of liver tumors compared to control and PCN-treated mice. In the pathological analyses of liver sections, all the mice in the PB and PB/PCN groups developed carcinoma and/or eosinophilic adenoma, but in the PB/PCN group, the multiplicity of carcinoma and eosinophilic adenoma was significantly reduced and the size of carcinoma showed a tendency to decrease. No mouse in the control or PCN-treated group developed such tumors. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) and gene set enrichment analyses in combination with RNA sequencing suggested the increased expression of genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mice cotreated with PCN and PB compared to those treated with PB alone. Changes in the hepatic mRNA levels of epithelial marker genes supported the results of the transcriptome analyses. In conclusion, the present results suggest that PXR activation does not promote hepatocarcinogenesis in contrast to CAR and rather attenuates CAR-mediated liver cancer development by suppressing the EMT of liver cancer cells in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shizu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mai Ishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satoru Kakizaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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Li X, Lu Y, Ou X, Zeng S, Wang Y, Qi X, Zhu L, Liu Z. Changes and sex- and age-related differences in the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes in a KRAS-mutant mouse model of lung cancer. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10182. [PMID: 33240601 PMCID: PMC7680056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to systematically profile the alterations and sex- and age-related differences in the drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in a KRAS-mutant mouse model of lung cancer (KRAS mice). Methodology In this study, the LC-MS/MS approach and a probe substrate method were used to detect the alterations in 21 isoforms of DMEs, as well as the enzymatic activities of five isoforms, respectively. Western blotting was applied to study the protein expression of four related receptors. Results The proteins contents of CYP2C29 and CYP3A11, were significantly downregulated in the livers of male KRAS mice at 26 weeks (3.7- and 4.4-fold, respectively, p < 0.05). SULT1A1 and SULT1D1 were upregulated by 1.8- to 7.0- fold at 20 (p = 0.015 and 0.017, respectively) and 26 weeks (p = 0.055 and 0.031, respectively). There were positive correlations between protein expression and enzyme activity for CYP2E1, UGT1A9, SULT1A1 and SULT1D1 (r2 ≥ 0.5, p < 0.001). Western blotting analysis revealed the downregulation of AHR, FXR and PPARα protein expression in male KRAS mice at 26 weeks. For sex-related differences, CYP2E1 was male-predominant and UGT1A2 was female-predominant in the kidney. UGT1A1 and UGT1A5 expression was female-predominant, whereas UGT2B1 exhibited male-predominant expression in liver tissue. For the tissue distribution of DMEs, 21 subtypes of DMEs were all expressed in liver tissue. In the intestine, the expression levels of CYP2C29, CYP27A1, UGT1A2, 1A5, 1A6a, 1A9, 2B1, 2B5 and 2B36 were under the limitation of quantification. The subtypes of CYP7A1, 1B1, 2E1 and UGT1A1, 2A3, 2B34 were detected in kidney tissue. Conclusions This study, for the first time, unveils the variations and sex- and age-related differences in DMEs in C57 BL/6 (WT) mice and KRAS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Lu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Ou
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sijing Zeng
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Wang J, Bwayi M, Florke Gee RR, Chen T. PXR-mediated idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: mechanistic insights and targeting approaches. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:711-722. [PMID: 32500752 PMCID: PMC7429329 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1779701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human liver is the center for drug metabolism and detoxification and is, therefore, constantly exposed to toxic chemicals. The loss of liver function as a result of this exposure is referred to as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is the primary regulator of the hepatic drug-clearance system, which plays a critical role in mediating idiosyncratic DILI. AREAS COVERED This review is focused on common mechanisms of PXR-mediated DILI and on in vitro and in vivo models developed to predict and assess DILI. It also provides an update on the development of PXR antagonists that may manage PXR-mediated DILI. EXPERT OPINION DILI can be caused by many factors, and PXR is clearly linked to DILI. Although emerging data illustrate how PXR mediates DILI and how PXR activity can be modulated, many questions concerning the development of effective PXR modulators remain. Future research should be focused on determining the mechanisms regulating PXR functions in different cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Monicah Bwayi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Shizu R, Yoshinari K. Nuclear receptor CAR-mediated liver cancer and its species differences. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:343-351. [PMID: 32202166 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1746268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The nuclear receptor CAR plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic responses to xenobiotic exposure, including the induction of hepatocyte proliferation and chemical carcinogenesis. Phenobarbital, a well-known liver cancer promoter, has been found to promote hepatocyte proliferation via CAR activation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CAR induces liver carcinogenesis remain unknown. In addition, it is believed that CAR-mediated liver carcinogenesis shows a species difference; phenobarbital treatment induces hepatocyte proliferation and liver cancer in rodents but not in humans. However, the mechanisms are also unknown.Areas covered: Several reports indicate that the key oncogenic signaling pathways Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo/YAP are involved in CAR-mediated liver carcinogenesis. We introduce current data about the possible molecular mechanisms involved in CAR-mediated liver carcinogenesis and species differences by focusing on these two signaling pathways.Expert opinion: CAR may activate both the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo/YAP signaling pathways. The synergistic activation of both signaling pathways seems to be important for CAR-mediated liver cancer development. Low homology between the ligand binding domains of human CAR and rodent CAR might cause species differences in the interactions with proteins that control the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo/YAP pathways as well as liver cancer induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shizu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Valodara AM, SR KJ. Sexual Dimorphism in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1154-1166. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191021094906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:Sex and gender-based differences are observed well beyond the sex organs and affect several physiological and biochemical processes involved in the metabolism of drug molecules. It is essential to understand not only the sex and gender-based differences in the metabolism of the drug but also the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of drug metabolism for avoiding sex-related adverse effects of drugs in the human.Method:The articles on the sex and gender-based differences in the metabolism of drug molecules were retrieved from the Pub Med database. The articles were classified into the metabolism of the drug molecule, gene expression regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes, the effect of sex hormones on the metabolism of drug, expression of drugmetabolizing enzymes, etc.Result:Several drug molecules are known, which are metabolized differently in males and females. These differences in metabolism may be due to the genomic and non-genomic action of sex hormones. Several other drug molecules still require further evaluation at the molecular level regarding the sex and gender-based differences in their metabolism. Attention is also required at the effect of signaling cascades associated with the metabolism of drug molecules.Conclusion:Sex and gender-based differences in the metabolism of drugs exist at various levels and it may be due to the genomic and non-genomic action of sex hormones. Detailed understanding of the effect of sex and related condition on the metabolism of drug molecules will help clinicians to determine the effective therapeutic doses of drugs dependingon the condition of patient and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Askhi M. Valodara
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology and Human Genetics, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kaid Johar SR
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology and Human Genetics, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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Foster JR, Semino-Beninel G, Melching-Kollmuss S. The Cumulative Risk Assessment of Hepatotoxic Chemicals: A Hepatic Histopathology Perspective. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:397-410. [PMID: 31933429 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319895481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The increased concern on the consequence of exposure to multiple chemical combinations has led national regulatory authorities to develop different concepts to conduct risk assessments on chemical mixtures. Pesticide residues were identified as "problem formulation" in the respective European regulations and in this context, the European Food and Safety Authority has suggested to group pesticidal active ingredients (AIs) into cumulative assessment groups (CAGs) based on the toxicological properties of each AI. One proposed CAG, on the liver, currently consists of 15 subgroups, each representing a specific hepatotoxic effect observed in toxicity studies. Dietary cumulative risk assessments would then have to be conducted assuming dose additivity of all members of each CAG subgroup. The purpose of this publication is to group AIs based upon the knowledge of the pathogenesis of liver effects to discriminate between primary end points (direct consequence of chemical interaction with a biological target) and secondary end points (which are a consequence of, or that arise out of, a previous pathological change). Focusing on the relevant primary end points strengthens and simplifies the selection of compounds for cumulative risk assessment regarding the liver and better rationalizes the basis for chemical grouping. Relevant dose additivity is to be expected at the level of the primary/leading pathological end points and not at the level of the secondary end points. We recognize, however, that special consideration is needed for substances provoking neoplasia, and this category is included in the group of primary end points for which chemicals inducing them are grouped for risk assessment. Using the pathological basis for defining the respective CAGs, 6 liver subgroups and 2 gallbladder/bile duct groups are proposed. This approach simplifies the cumulative assessment calculation without obviously affecting consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Foster
- Regulatory Science Associates, Kip Marina, Inverkip, Renfrewshire, United Kingdom
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Xie Y, Ke S, Chen J, Ouyang N, Tian Y. Epigenetic sensitization of pregnane X receptor-regulated gene expression by dimethyl sulfoxide. Toxicol Lett 2019; 321:131-137. [PMID: 31877331 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prior exposures to chemicals/agents may alter epigenome in such a way that subsequent exposure to the same or different xenobiotic would produce different responses. Understanding the mechanism for this "priming" effect is of clinical significance in avoiding adverse drug-drug interactions. Here we reported a dramatic priming effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated gene regulations and analyzed the underpinning epigenetic mechanism. We showed that DMSO (1.25-2.5 %) pretreatment has a profound effect in enhancing the expression of PXR target genes. This priming effect persisted up to 48 h. Mechanistically, DMSO pretreatment reduced H4K12 acetylation and therefore enhanced the subsequent rifampicin stimulated histone H4R3 methylation on the regulatory region of PXR target gene CYP3A4. We showed that protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), which methylates H4R3, was important for priming by DMSO. Inhibition of methyltransferase by the pharmacological inhibitor adenosine dialehyde (AdoX), or RNAi knockdown of PRMT1, abolished the DMSO priming effects. On the other hand, Trichostation A (TSA) pretreatment, which increases histone acetylation and therefore suppresses H4R3 methylation, also abolished the DMSO priming effects. Based on the above observation, we proposed a model of sequential order of histone methylation and acetylation on the transcription "relay".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Sui Ke
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jingshu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Nengtai Ouyang
- Cellular & Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510288, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Dai D, Pan Y, Zeng C, Liu S, Yan Y, Wu X, Xu Z, Zhang L. Activated FXR promotes xenobiotic metabolism of T-2 toxin and attenuates oxidative stress in broiler chicken liver. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 316:108912. [PMID: 31830458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of T-2 toxin and its metabolites into the edible tissues of poultry has potential effects on human health. The bile acid and xenobiotic system composes an intricate physiological network of chemoprotective and transporter-related functions, which ensures the detoxification and removal of harmful xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds from the body. This study revealed that cholic acid (CA), as one of the bile acids, promoted the metabolism of T-2 toxin in vivo by inducing the xenobiotic metabolism enzymes expression, thereby increasing the stress resistance and attenuating the oxidative stress. This study also indicated that dietary supplementation of 1% CA alleviated the mortality caused by T-2 toxin. Liver histology results demonstrated that CA supplementation significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, sinusoidal expansion and congestion. Biochemistry results showed that the elevations of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and the increase in concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in liver induced by the T-2 toxin were decreased by dietary supplementation of 1% CA. Additionally, CA supplementation led to the increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but the decrease in catalase (CAT) activity in broiler chicken livers. Based on these findings, we propose that activation of FXR promotes T-2 toxin xenobiotic metabolism, and FXR plays a hepatoprotection role in liver injury induced by T-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - CuiPing Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shenghui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zaiyan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Vahed M, Ishihara JI, Takahashi H. DIpartite: A tool for detecting bipartite motifs by considering base interdependencies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220207. [PMID: 31469855 PMCID: PMC6716629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is extremely important to identify transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). Some TFBSs are proposed to be bipartite motifs known as two-block motifs separated by gap sequences with variable lengths. While position weight matrix (PWM) is commonly used for the representation and prediction of TFBSs, dinucleotide weight matrix (DWM) enables expression of the interdependencies of neighboring bases. By incorporating DWM into the detection of bipartite motifs, we have developed a novel tool for ab initio motif detection, DIpartite (bipartite motif detection tool based on dinucleotide weight matrix) using a Gibbs sampling strategy and the minimization of Shannon’s entropy. DIpartite predicts the bipartite motifs by considering the interdependencies of neighboring positions, that is, DWM. We compared DIpartite with other available alternatives by using test datasets, namely, of CRP in E. coli, sigma factors in B. subtilis, and promoter sequences in humans. We have developed DIpartite for the detection of TFBSs, particularly bipartite motifs. DIpartite enables ab initio prediction of conserved motifs based on not only PWM, but also DWM. We evaluated the performance of DIpartite by comparing it with freely available tools, such as MEME, BioProspector, BiPad, and AMD. Taken the obtained findings together, DIpartite performs equivalently to or better than these other tools, especially for detecting bipartite motifs with variable gaps. DIpartite requires users to specify the motif lengths, gap length, and PWM or DWM. DIpartite is available for use at https://github.com/Mohammad-Vahed/DIpartite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vahed
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Ghanem CI, Manautou JE. Modulation of Hepatic MRP3/ABCC3 by Xenobiotics and Pathophysiological Conditions: Role in Drug Pharmacokinetics. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1185-1223. [PMID: 29473496 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180221142315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver transporters play an important role in the pharmacokinetics and disposition of pharmaceuticals, environmental contaminants, and endogenous compounds. Among them, the family of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters is the most important due to its role in the transport of endo- and xenobiotics. The ABCC sub-family is the largest one, consisting of 13 members that include the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR/ABCC7); the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1/ABCC8 and SUR2/ABCC9) and the multidrug resistanceassociated proteins (MRPs). The MRP-related proteins can collectively confer resistance to natural, synthetic drugs and their conjugated metabolites, including platinum-containing compounds, folate anti-metabolites, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, among others. MRPs can be also catalogued into "long" (MRP1/ABCC1, -2/C2, -3/C3, -6/C6, and -7/C10) and "short" (MRP4/C4, -5/C5, -8/C11, -9/C12, and -10/C13) categories. While MRP2/ABCC2 is expressed in the canalicular pole of hepatocytes, all others are located in the basolateral membrane. In this review, we summarize information from studies examining the changes in expression and regulation of the basolateral hepatic transporter MPR3/ABCC3 by xenobiotics and during various pathophysiological conditions. We also focus, primarily, on the consequences of such changes in the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and/or toxicity of different drugs of clinical use transported by MRP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Ghanem
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacologicas (ININFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. CONICET. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Catedra de Fisiopatologia. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jose E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Erasmus E, Steffens FE, van Reenen M, Vorster BC, Reinecke CJ. Biotransformation profiles from a cohort of chronic fatigue women in response to a hepatic detoxification challenge. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216298. [PMID: 31075116 PMCID: PMC6510445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic fatigue, in its various manifestations, frequently co-occur with pain, sleep disturbances and depression and is a non-communicable condition which is rapidly becoming endemic worldwide. However, it is handicapped by a lack of objective definitions and diagnostic measures. This has prompted the World Health Organization to develop an international instrument whose intended purpose is to improve quality of life (QOL), with energy and fatigue as one domain of focus. To complement this objective, the interface between detoxification, the exposome, and xenobiotic-sensing by nuclear receptors that mediate induction of biotransformation-linked genes, is stimulating renewed attention to a rational development of strategies to identify the metabolic profiles in complex multifactorial conditions like fatigue. Here we present results from a seven-year study of a cohort of 576 female patients suffering from low to high levels of chronic fatigue, in which phase I and phase II biotransformation was assessed. The biotransformation profiles used were based on hepatic detoxification challenge tests through oral caffeine, acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid ingestion coupled with oxidative stress analyses. The interventions indicated normal phase I but increased phase II glucuronidation and glycination conjugation. Complementarity was indicated between a fatigue scale, medical symptoms and associated energy-related parameters by application of Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) analysis. The presented study provides a cluster of data from which we propose that multidisciplinary inputs from the combination of a fatigue scale, medical symptoms and biotransformation profiles provide the rationale for the development of a comprehensive laboratory instrument for improved diagnostics and personalized interventions in patients with chronic fatigue with a view to improving their QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elardus Erasmus
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), South Africa
| | | | - Mari van Reenen
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), South Africa
| | - B. Chris Vorster
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), South Africa
| | - Carolus J. Reinecke
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), South Africa
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35
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Dempsey JL, Cui JY. Regulation of Hepatic Long Noncoding RNAs by Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor Agonists in Mouse Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:329-339. [PMID: 30593543 PMCID: PMC6382996 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) by environmental chemicals modulates the expression of xenobiotic biotransformation-related genes and may serve as therapeutic targets and novel biomarkers of exposure. The pregnane X receptor (PXR/NR1I2) is a critical xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of many drug-processing genes, and it has similar target-gene profiles and DNA-binding motifs with another xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor, namely, constitutive andronstrane receptor (CAR/Nr1i3). To test our hypothesis that lncRNAs are regulated by PXR in concert with protein-coding genes (PCGs) and to compare the PXR-targeted lncRNAs with CAR-targeted lncRNAs, RNA-Seq was performed from livers of adult male C57BL/6 mice treated with corn oil, the PXR agonist PCN, or the CAR agonist 1, 4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP). Among 125,680 known lncRNAs, 3843 were expressed in liver, and 193 were differentially regulated by PXR (among which 40% were also regulated by CAR). Most PXR- or CAR-regulated lncRNAs were mapped to the introns and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of PCGs, as well as intergenic regions. Combining the RNA-Seq data with a published PXR chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing; cytochrome P450 (P450; ChIP-Seq) data set, we identified 774 expressed lncRNAs with direct PXR-DNA binding sites, and 26.8% of differentially expressed lncRNAs had changes in PXR-DNA binding after PCN exposure. De novo motif analysis identified colocalization of PXR with liver receptor homolog (LRH-1), which regulates bile acid synthesis after PCN exposure. There was limited overlap of PXR binding with an epigenetic mark for transcriptional activation (histone-H3K4-di-methylation, H3K4me2) but no overlap with epigenetic marks for transcriptional silencing [H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) and DNA methylation]. Among differentially expressed lncRNAs, 264 were in proximity of PCGs, and the lncRNA-PCG pairs displayed a high coregulatory pattern by PXR and CAR activation. This study was among the first to demonstrate that lncRNAs are regulated by PXR and CAR activation and that they may be important regulators of PCGs involved in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Li X, Wang Z, Klaunig JE. Modulation of xenobiotic nuclear receptors in high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Toxicology 2018; 410:199-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nuclear Receptor Metabolism of Bile Acids and Xenobiotics: A Coordinated Detoxification System with Impact on Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113630. [PMID: 30453651 PMCID: PMC6274770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional studies have provided numerous insights over the past years on how members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily tightly regulate the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Besides the role of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the transcriptional control of bile acid transport and metabolism, this review provides an overview on how this metabolic sensor prevents the accumulation of toxic byproducts derived from endogenous metabolites, as well as of exogenous chemicals, in coordination with the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Decrypting this network should provide cues to better understand how these metabolic nuclear receptors participate in physiologic and pathologic processes with potential validation as therapeutic targets in human disabilities and cancers.
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Valencia-Cervantes J, Huerta-Yepez S, Aquino-Jarquín G, Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Martínez-Fong D, Arias-Montaño JA, Dávila-Borja VM. Hypoxia increases chemoresistance in human medulloblastoma DAOY cells via hypoxia‑inducible factor 1α‑mediated downregulation of the CYP2B6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 enzymes and inhibition of cell proliferation. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:178-190. [PMID: 30320358 PMCID: PMC6278548 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas are among the most frequently diagnosed pediatric solid tumors, and drug resistance remains as the principal cause of treatment failure. Hypoxia and the subsequent activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) are considered key factors in modulating drug antitumor effectiveness, but the underlying mechanisms in medulloblastomas have not yet been clearly understood. The aim of the present study was to determine whether hypoxia induces resistance to cyclophosphamide (CPA) and ifosfamide (IFA) in DAOY medulloblastoma cells, whether the mechanism is dependent on HIF-1α, and whether involves the modulation of the expression of cytochromes P450 (CYP)2B6, 3A4 and 3A5 and the control of cell proliferation. Monolayer cultures of DAOY medulloblastoma cells were exposed for 24 h to moderate (1% O2) or severe (0.1% O2) hypoxia, and protein expression was evaluated by immunoblotting. Cytotoxicity was studied with the MTT assay and by Annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was determined by the trypan-blue exclusion assay and cell cycle by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Hypoxia decreased CPA and IFA cytotoxicity in medulloblastoma cells, which correlated with a reduction in the protein levels of CYP2B6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 and inhibition of cell proliferation. These responses were dependent on hypoxia-induced HIF-1α activation, as evidenced by chemical inhibition of its transcriptional activity with 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), which enhanced the cytotoxic activity of CPA and IFA and increased apoptosis. Our results indicate that by stimulating HIF-1α activity, hypoxia downregulates the expression of CYP2B6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, that in turn leads to decreased conversion of CPA and IFA into their active forms and thus to diminished cytotoxicity. These results support that the combination of HIF-1α inhibitors and canonical antineoplastic agents provides a potential therapeutic alternative against medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Valencia-Cervantes
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Oncology Disease Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Mexico 'Federico Gomez', Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Aquino-Jarquín
- Laboratory of Research on Genomics, Genetics and Bioinformatics, Haemato‑Oncology Building, Children's Hospital of Mexico 'Federico Gomez', Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Department of Biochemistry,National Institute of Cardiology 'Ignacio Chavez', Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Daniel Martínez-Fong
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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Thøgersen R, Petrat-Melin B, Zamaratskaia G, Grevsen K, Young JF, Rasmussen MK. In vitro effects of rebaudioside A, stevioside and steviol on porcine cytochrome p450 expression and activity. Food Chem 2018; 258:245-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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40
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Klaunig JE, Li X, Wang Z. Role of xenobiotics in the induction and progression of fatty liver disease. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:664-680. [PMID: 30090613 PMCID: PMC6062016 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a major cause of chronic liver pathology in humans. Fatty liver disease involves the accumulation of hepatocellular fat in hepatocytes that can progress to hepatitis. Steatohepatitis is categorized into alcoholic (ASH) or non-alcoholic (NASH) steatohepatitis based on the etiology of the insult. Both pathologies involve an initial steatosis followed by a progressive inflammation of the liver and eventual hepatic fibrosis (steatohepatitis) and cirrhosis. The involvement of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals in the initiation and progression of fatty liver disease has received increased study. This review will examine not only how xenobiotics initiate hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis but also how the presence of fatty liver may modify the metabolism and pathologic effects of xenobiotics. The feeding of a high fat diet results in changes in the expression of nuclear receptors that are involved in adaptive and adverse liver effects following xenobiotic exposure. High fat diets also modulate cellular and molecular pathways involved in inflammation, metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation and cell growth. Understanding the role of hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis on the sequelae of toxic and pathologic changes seen following xenobiotic exposure has importance in defining proper and meaningful human risk characterization of the drugs and other chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Klaunig
- Indiana University , School of Public Health , Bloomington , Indiana , USA .
| | - Xilin Li
- Indiana University , School of Public Health , Bloomington , Indiana , USA .
| | - Zemin Wang
- Indiana University , School of Public Health , Bloomington , Indiana , USA .
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41
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Tebbens JD, Azar M, Friedmann E, Lanzendörfer M, Pávek P. Mathematical Models in the Description of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR)-Regulated Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061785. [PMID: 29914136 PMCID: PMC6032247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a drug/xenobiotic-activated transcription factor of crucial importance for major cytochrome P450 xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYP) expression and regulation in the liver and the intestine. One of the major target genes regulated by PXR is the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A4), which is the most important human drug-metabolizing enzyme. In addition, PXR is supposed to be involved both in basal and/or inducible expression of many other CYPs, such as CYP2B6, CYP2C8, 2C9 and 2C19, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP2A6. Interestingly, the dynamics of PXR-mediated target genes regulation has not been systematically studied and we have only a few mechanistic mathematical and biologically based models describing gene expression dynamics after PXR activation in cellular models. Furthermore, few indirect mathematical PKPD models for prediction of CYP3A metabolic activity in vivo have been built based on compartmental models with respect to drug–drug interactions or hormonal crosstalk. Importantly, several negative feedback loops have been described in PXR regulation. Although current mathematical models propose these adaptive mechanisms, a comprehensive mathematical model based on sufficient experimental data is still missing. In the current review, we summarize and compare these models and address some issues that should be considered for the improvement of PXR-mediated gene regulation modelling as well as for our better understanding of the quantitative and spatial dynamics of CYPs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen Duintjer Tebbens
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Malek Azar
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Elfriede Friedmann
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Mathematikon, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Lanzendörfer
- Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Mackowiak B, Hodge J, Stern S, Wang H. The Roles of Xenobiotic Receptors: Beyond Chemical Disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1361-1371. [PMID: 29759961 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the ability of the xenobiotic receptors to coordinate an array of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli has been extensively characterized and well documented. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) are the xenobiotic receptors that have received the most attention since they regulate the expression of numerous proteins important to drug metabolism and clearance and formulate a central defensive mechanism to protect the body against xenobiotic challenges. However, accumulating evidence has shown that these xenobiotic sensors also control many cellular processes outside of their traditional realms of xenobiotic metabolism and disposition, including physiologic and/or pathophysiologic responses in energy homeostasis, cell proliferation, inflammation, tissue injury and repair, immune response, and cancer development. This review will highlight recent advances in studying the noncanonical functions of xenobiotic receptors with a particular focus placed on the roles of CAR and PXR in energy homeostasis and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Mackowiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica Hodge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sydney Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wei H, Zhou T, Tan B, Zhang L, Li M, Xiao Z, Xu F. Impact of chronic unpredicted mild stress-induced depression on repaglinide fate via glucocorticoid signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44351-44365. [PMID: 28574832 PMCID: PMC5546485 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression could alter the pharmacokinetics of many drugs in rats, however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this work we studied the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide, and explored the role of glucocorticoid and adrenergic signaling pathway in regulating drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in GK rats and BRL 3A cells. The plasma cortisol and epinephrine levels were increased, meanwhile the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide were altered significantly in depression model rats. Forty-nine genes in liver of model rats displayed significant difference comparing to control rats. The differentially expressed genes enriched in the drug metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway significantly, and Nr1i3 matched 335 connectivity genes. CAR and Ugt1a1 protein expression were enhanced significantly in liver of model rats. The mRNA expression of Ugt1a1 and Nr1i2 were increased 2 and 4 times respectively with dexamethasone (DEX) and 8-Br-cAMP co-treatment in BRL 3A cells. The protein expression of PXR was up-regulated, too. However, RU486 reversed the up-regulated effect. The adrenergic receptor agonists had little impact on the DMEs in BRL 3A. Our data suggested that CUMS-induced depression might up-regulate DMEs expression via glucocorticoid signaling pathway, and accelerate the fate of the repaglinide in spontaneous diabetes rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wei
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyu Tan
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Joint Research Center for Translation Medicine, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Xiao
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Joint Research Center for Translation Medicine, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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44
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Virtual screening, Docking, ADMET and System Pharmacology studies on Garcinia caged Xanthone derivatives for Anticancer activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5524. [PMID: 29615704 PMCID: PMC5883056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Caged xanthones are bioactive compounds mainly derived from the Garcinia genus. In this study, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) of caged xanthones and their derivatives for anticancer activity against different cancer cell lines such as A549, HepG2 and U251 were developed through quantitative (Q)-SAR modeling approach. The regression coefficient (r2), internal cross-validation regression coefficient (q2) and external cross-validation regression coefficient (pred_r2) of derived QSAR models were 0.87, 0.81 and 0.82, for A549, whereas, 0.87, 0.84 and 0.90, for HepG2, and 0.86, 0.83 and 0.83, for U251 respectively. These models were used to design and screened the potential caged xanthone derivatives. Further, the compounds were filtered through the rule of five, ADMET-risk and synthetic accessibility. Filtered compounds were then docked to identify the possible target binding pocket, to obtain a set of aligned ligand poses and to prioritize the predicted active compounds. The scrutinized compounds, as well as their metabolites, were evaluated for different pharmacokinetics parameters such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity. Finally, the top hit compound 1G was analyzed by system pharmacology approaches such as gene ontology, metabolic networks, process networks, drug target network, signaling pathway maps as well as identification of off-target proteins that may cause adverse reactions.
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45
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McMillan JM, Cobb DA, Lin Z, Banoub MG, Dagur RS, Branch Woods AA, Wang W, Makarov E, Kocher T, Joshi PS, Quadros RM, Harms DW, Cohen SM, Gendelman HE, Gurumurthy CB, Gorantla S, Poluektova LY. Antiretroviral Drug Metabolism in Humanized PXR-CAR-CYP3A-NOG Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:272-280. [PMID: 29476044 PMCID: PMC5878674 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral drug (ARV) metabolism is linked largely to hepatic cytochrome P450 activity. One ARV drug class known to be metabolized by intestinal and hepatic CYP3A are the protease inhibitors (PIs). Plasma drug concentrations are boosted by CYP3A inhibitors such as cobisistat and ritonavir (RTV). Studies of such drug-drug interactions are limited since the enzyme pathways are human specific. While immune-deficient mice reconstituted with human cells are an excellent model to study ARVs during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, they cannot reflect human drug metabolism. Thus, we created a mouse strain with the human pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and CYP3A4/7 genes on a NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug/JicTac background (hCYP3A-NOG) and used them to evaluate the impact of human CYP3A metabolism on ARV pharmacokinetics. In proof-of-concept studies we used nanoformulated atazanavir (nanoATV) with or without RTV. NOG and hCYP3A-NOG mice were treated weekly with 50 mg/kg nanoATV alone or boosted with nanoformulated ritonavir (nanoATV/r). Plasma was collected weekly and liver was collected at 28 days post-treatment. Plasma and liver atazanavir (ATV) concentrations in nanoATV/r-treated hCYP3A-NOG mice were 2- to 4-fold higher than in replicate NOG mice. RTV enhanced plasma and liver ATV concentrations 3-fold in hCYP3A-NOG mice and 1.7-fold in NOG mice. The results indicate that human CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism is reduced compared with mouse and that RTV differentially affects human gene activity. These differences can affect responses to PIs in humanized mouse models of HIV-1 infection. Importantly, hCYP3A-NOG mice reconstituted with human immune cells can be used for bench-to-bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllyn M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Denise A Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mary G Banoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Raghubendra S Dagur
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Amanda A Branch Woods
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Edward Makarov
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ted Kocher
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Poonam S Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Rolen M Quadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Donald W Harms
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Serrano-Mendioroz I, Sampedro A, Alegre M, Enríquez de Salamanca R, Berraondo P, Fontanellas A. An Inducible Promoter Responsive to Different Porphyrinogenic Stimuli Improves Gene Therapy Vectors for Acute Intermittent Porphyria. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:480-491. [PMID: 28990424 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) gene therapy represents a promising therapeutic option for acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) patients suffering recurrent acute attacks. A first-in-human Phase I clinical trial confirmed the safety and tolerability of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-AAT-PBGD gene therapy, but higher doses and/or more efficient vectors are needed to achieve therapeutic expression of the transgene. This study assayed the insertion into the promoter of a short enhancer element able to induce transgene expression during exposure to endogenous and exogenous stimuli related to the pathology of the disease. The inclusion in tandem of two elements of the minimal functional sequence of human δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase drug-responsive enhancing sequence (ADRES) positioned upstream of the promoter strongly induced transgene expression in the presence of estrogens, starvation, and certain drugs known to trigger attacks in porphyria patients. The inclusion of two ADRES motives in an AAV vector improved therapeutic efficacy, reducing 10-fold the effective dose in AIP mice. In conclusion, the inclusion of specific enhancer elements in the promoter of gene therapy vectors for AIP was able to overexpress the therapeutic transgene when it is most needed, at the time when porphyrinogenic factors increase the demand for hepatic heme and precipitate acute porphyria attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Sampedro
- 1 Hepatology Program, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Alegre
- 2 Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Centre for Applied Medical Research and University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Berraondo
- 4 Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain .,5 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain .,6 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Antonio Fontanellas
- 1 Hepatology Program, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain .,5 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain .,7 CIBEREHD. University Clinic Navarra , Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
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47
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de Boussac H, Gondeau C, Briolotti P, Duret C, Treindl F, Römer M, Fabre JM, Herrero A, Ramos J, Maurel P, Templin M, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Daujat-Chavanieu M. Epidermal Growth Factor Represses Constitutive Androstane Receptor Expression in Primary Human Hepatocytes and Favors Regulation by Pregnane X Receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 46:223-236. [PMID: 29269410 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors have key roles in liver physiology and pathology, particularly by promoting cell proliferation and growth. Recently, it has been shown that in mouse hepatocytes, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a crucial role in the activation of the xenosensor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) by the antiepileptic drug phenobarbital. Due to the species selectivity of CAR signaling, here we investigated epidermal growth factor (EGF) role in CAR signaling in primary human hepatocytes. Primary human hepatocytes were incubated with CITCO, a human CAR agonist, or with phenobarbital, an indirect CAR activator, in the presence or absence of EGF. CAR-dependent gene expression modulation and PXR involvement in these responses were assessed upon siRNA-based silencing of the genes that encode CAR and PXR. EGF significantly reduced CAR expression and prevented gene induction by CITCO and, to a lower extent, by phenobarbital. In the absence of EGF, phenobarbital and CITCO modulated the expression of 144 and 111 genes, respectively, in primary human hepatocytes. Among these genes, only 15 were regulated by CITCO and one by phenobarbital in a CAR-dependent manner. Conversely, in the presence of EGF, CITCO and phenobarbital modulated gene expression only in a CAR-independent and PXR-dependent manner. Overall, our findings suggest that in primary human hepatocytes, EGF suppresses specifically CAR signaling mainly through transcriptional regulation and drives the xenobiotic response toward a pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues de Boussac
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Claire Gondeau
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Philippe Briolotti
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Cédric Duret
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Fridolin Treindl
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Michael Römer
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Jean-Michel Fabre
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Astrid Herrero
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Jeanne Ramos
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Patrick Maurel
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Markus Templin
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France (H.d.B., C.G., P.B., C.D., P.M., S.G.-C., M.D.-C.); CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France (C.G., C.D., M.D.-C.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany (F.T., M.T.); Centre of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.R.); Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-M.F.); Departments of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (A.H.); and Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Guy de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.R.)
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48
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Mbatchi LC, Brouillet JP, Evrard A. Genetic variations of the xenoreceptors NR1I2 and NR1I3 and their effect on drug disposition and response variability. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 19:61-77. [PMID: 29199543 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NR1I2 (PXR) and NR1I3 (CAR) are nuclear receptors that are classified as xenoreceptors. Upon activation by various xenobiotics, including marketed drugs, they regulate the transcription level of major drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters and facilitate the elimination of xenobiotics from the body. The modulation of the activity of these two xenoreceptors by various ligands is a major source of pharmacokinetic variability of environmental origin. NR1I2 and NR1I3 genetic polymorphisms can affect the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response to many drugs, such as irinotecan, tacrolimus and atazanavir. This review provides an overview of NR1I2 and NR1I3 pharmacogenetic studies in various therapeutic fields (oncology, immunomodulation and infectiology) and discusses the implementation of NR1I2 and NR1I3 genetic polymorphism testing in the clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litaty Céphanoée Mbatchi
- Laboratoire de biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Nîmes, Hôpital Carémeau, Nîmes, France.,IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, INSERM, U1194 France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Paul Brouillet
- Laboratoire de biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Nîmes, Hôpital Carémeau, Nîmes, France.,IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, INSERM, U1194 France
| | - Alexandre Evrard
- Laboratoire de biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Nîmes, Hôpital Carémeau, Nîmes, France.,IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, INSERM, U1194 France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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49
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Rioja C, Zhurov V, Bruinsma K, Grbic M, Grbic V. Plant-Herbivore Interactions: A Case of an Extreme Generalist, the Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:935-945. [PMID: 28857675 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0168-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions evolved over long periods of time, resulting in an elaborate arms race between interacting species. While specialist herbivores evolved specific strategies to cope with the defenses of a limited number of hosts, our understanding of how generalist herbivores deal with the defenses of a plethora of diverse host plants is largely unknown. Understanding the interaction between a plant host and a generalist herbivore requires an understanding of the plant's mechanisms aimed at defending itself and the herbivore's mechanisms intended to counteract diverse defenses. In this review, we use the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) as an example of a generalist herbivore, as this chelicerate pest has a staggering number of plant hosts. We first establish that the ability of TSSM to adapt to marginal hosts underlies its polyphagy and agricultural pest status. We then highlight our understanding of direct plant defenses against spider mite herbivory and review recent advances in uncovering mechanisms of spider mite adaptations to them. Finally, we discuss the adaptation process itself, as it allows TSSM to overcome initially effective plant defenses. A high-quality genome sequence and developing genetic tools, coupled with an ease of mite experimental selection to new hosts, make TSSM an outstanding system to study the evolution of host range, mechanisms of pest xenobiotic resistance and plant-herbivore interactions. In addition, knowledge of plant defense mechanisms that affect mite fitness are of practical importance, as it can lead to development of new control strategies against this important agricultural pest. In parallel, understanding mechanisms of mite counter adaptations to these defenses is required to maintain the efficacy of these control strategies in agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rioja
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
- 2 University of La Rioja, Logrono, 26006, Spain
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
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50
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Choi S, Neequaye P, French SW, Gonzalez FJ, Gyamfi MA. Pregnane X receptor promotes ethanol-induced hepatosteatosis in mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1-17. [PMID: 29123032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor that modulates the metabolic response to drugs and toxic agents. Both PXR activation and deficiency promote hepatic triglyceride accumulation, a hallmark feature of alcoholic liver disease. However, the molecular mechanism of PXR-mediated activation of ethanol (EtOH)-induced steatosis is unclear. Here, using male wildtype (WT) and Pxr-null mice, we examined PXR-mediated regulation of chronic EtOH-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and hepatotoxicity. EtOH ingestion for 8 weeks significantly (1.8-fold) up-regulated Pxr mRNA levels in WT mice. The EtOH exposure also increased mRNAs encoding hepatic constitutive androstane receptor (3-fold) and its target, Cyp2b10 (220-fold), in a PXR-dependent manner. Furthermore, WT mice had higher serum EtOH levels and developed hepatic steatosis characterized by micro- and macrovesicular lipid accumulation. Consistent with the development of steatosis, lipogenic gene induction was significantly increased in WT mice, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c target gene fatty-acid synthase (3.0-fold), early growth response-1 (3.2-fold), and TNFα (3.0-fold), whereas the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α target genes was suppressed. Of note, PXR deficiency suppressed these changes and steatosis. Protein levels, but not mRNAs levels, of EtOH-metabolizing enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenase 1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1, and catalase, as well as the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, involved in regulating lipid output were higher in Pxr-null than in WT mice. These findings establish that PXR signaling contributes to ALD development and suggest that PXR antagonists may provide a new approach for ALD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Choi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Prince Neequaye
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Maxwell A Gyamfi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707.
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