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Halle S, Hirshberg O, Manzi F, Wolinska J, Ben-Ami F. Coinfection frequency in water flea populations is a mere reflection of parasite diversity. Commun Biol 2024; 7:559. [PMID: 38734859 PMCID: PMC11088698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In nature, parasite species often coinfect the same host. Yet, it is not clear what drives the natural dynamics of coinfection prevalence. The prevalence of coinfections might be affected by interactions among coinfecting species, or simply derive from parasite diversity. Identifying the relative impact of these parameters is crucial for understanding patterns of coinfections. We studied the occurrence and likelihood of coinfections in natural populations of water fleas (Daphnia magna). Coinfection prevalence was within the bounds expected by chance and parasite diversity had a strong positive effect on the likelihood of coinfections. Additionally, coinfection prevalence increased over the season and became as common as a single infection. Our results demonstrate how patterns of coinfection, and particularly their temporal variation, are affected by overlapping epidemics of different parasites. We suggest that monitoring parasite diversity can help predict where and when coinfection prevalence will be high, potentially leading to increased health risks to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snir Halle
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ofir Hirshberg
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Florent Manzi
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frida Ben-Ami
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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2
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Ceylan O, Ma Z, Ceylan C, Culha MH, Galon EM, Ji S, Li H, Zafar I, Mohanta UK, Xuan X, Sevinc F. Wide bovine tick-borne pathogen spectrum: Predominancy of Theileria annulata and the first molecular detection of Ehrlichia minasensis in Turkey. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1037-1059. [PMID: 38072901 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases indulge in severe economic losses in the livestock industry by adversely affecting cattle breeding in tropical and subtropical zone countries, including Turkey, encompassing a wide land area representing diverse climatic conditions. This study aimed to investigate significant bovine tick-borne piroplasm, rickettsia, and some other bacterial agents by genus- or species-specific PCR and nested PCR techniques in Turkey. A total of 210 cattle blood samples were collected from sixteen provinces in different geographical regions of Turkey. PCR analyses were performed targeting the detection of Babesia/Theileria/Hepatozoon sp. 18S rRNA, Babesia/Theileria sp. 18S rRNA (V4), B. bigemina RAP-1a, B. bovis SBP-4, B. ovata AMA-1, B. naoaki AMA-1, T. annulata Tams-1, T. orientalis MPSP, T. mutans 18S rRNA, Anaplasma/Ehrlichia sp. 16S rRNA, A. marginale MSP4, A. bovis 16S rRNA, A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA, A. capra 16S rRNA, E. ruminantium pSC20, Mycoplasma sp. 16S rRNA, and Coxiella burnetii 16S rRNA genes. Overall, 133 (63.3%) cattle were found to be infected with at least one of the following protozoan or bacterial pathogens; B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. occultans, T. annulata, T. orientalis, A. marginale, A. phagocytophilum, and Mycoplasma sp. The total prevalence of pathogens was determined as follows; 0.5% B. bovis, 0.5% B. bigemina, 1.4% B. occultans, 41.0% T. annulata, 1.4% T. orientalis, 10.5% A. marginale, 13.8% A. phagocytophilum, 0.5% A. bovis, 2.9% Uncultured Anaplasma sp., 0.5% E. minasensis, 0.5% Uncultured Ehrlichia sp., and 23.3% Mycoplasma sp. Moreover, large part of the total infection (n:133) was composed of single infections (63.9%); however, double (24.8%), triple (7.5%), quadruple (2.3%), and quintuple (1.5%) co-infections were also encountered. In addition to some bovine pathogens such as B. occultans, T. orientalis, A. bovis, M. wenyonii, and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, which were rarely reported in Turkey, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed the first detection of Uncultured Ehrlichia sp. (0.5%), and E. minasensis (0.5%) with 100% nucleotide sequence identities. The study also indicates that the spectrum of pathogens harbored by Turkish cattle is quite wide, and these pathogens cause multiple co-infections with various combinations, and T. annulata stands out as the primary bovine pathogen among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Ceylan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkey.
| | - Zhuowei Ma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ceylan Ceylan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Siirt University, Siirt, 56000, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Hudai Culha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkey
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Iqra Zafar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Uday Kumar Mohanta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Faculty of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Ferda Sevinc
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkey
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3
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Morrison LJ, Steketee PC, Tettey MD, Matthews KR. Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence 2023; 14:2150445. [PMID: 36419235 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei, and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mabel D Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Ahedor B, Otgonsuren D, Zhyldyz A, Guswanto A, Ngigi NMM, Valinotti MFR, Kothalawala H, Kalaichelvan N, Silva SSP, Kothalawala H, Acosta TJ, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N. Development and evaluation of specific polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting Theileria equi genotypes. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:435. [PMID: 38007442 PMCID: PMC10675911 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theileria equi causes equine piroplasmosis, an economically significant disease that affects horses and other equids worldwide. Based on 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA sequences), T. equi can be classified into five genotypes: A, B, C, D, and E. These genotypes have implications for disease management and control. However, no conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are available to differentiate the genotypes of T. equi. To overcome this limitation, we developed and evaluated PCR assays specific for the detection of each T. equi genotype. METHODS A pair of forward and reverse primers, specifically targeting the 18S rRNA sequence of each genotype, was designed. The genotype-specific PCR assays were evaluated for their specificity using plasmids containing inserts of the 18S rRNA sequence of each genotype. Subsequently, the assays were tested on 270 T. equi-positive equine blood DNA samples (92 from donkeys in Sri Lanka and 178 from horses in Paraguay). 18S rRNA sequences derived from the PCR amplicons were analyzed phylogenetically. RESULTS Each genotype-specific PCR assay accurately targeted the intended genotype, and did not produce any amplicons when 18S rRNA from other T. equi genotypes or genomic DNA of Babesia caballi or uninfected horse blood was used as the template. Previous studies employing PCR sequencing methods identified T. equi genotypes C and D in the Sri Lankan samples, and genotypes A and C in the Paraguayan samples. In contrast, our PCR assay demonstrated exceptional sensitivity by detecting four genotypes (A, C, D, and E) in the Sri Lankan samples and all five genotypes in the Paraguayan samples. All the Sri Lankan samples and 93.3% of the Paraguayan samples tested positive for at least one genotype, further emphasizing the sensitivity of our assays. The PCR assays also had the ability to detect co-infections, where multiple genotypes in various combinations were detected in 90.2% and 22.5% of the Sri Lankan and Paraguayan samples, respectively. Furthermore, the sequences obtained from PCR amplicons clustered in the respective phylogenetic clades for each genotype, validating the specificity of our genotype-specific PCR assays. CONCLUSIONS The genotype-specific PCR assays developed in the present study are reliable tools for the differential detection of T. equi genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Believe Ahedor
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Davaajav Otgonsuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Atambekova Zhyldyz
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Azirwan Guswanto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noel Muthoni Mumbi Ngigi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | | | | | - Nizanantha Kalaichelvan
- Department of Farm Animal Production and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Tomás Javier Acosta
- Universidad Nacional de Canendiyu, Salto del Guaira, Paraguay
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Equine Piroplasmosis, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Borlase A, Prada JM, Crellen T. Modelling morbidity for neglected tropical diseases: the long and winding road from cumulative exposure to long-term pathology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220279. [PMID: 37598702 PMCID: PMC10440174 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the morbidities caused by neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is a central aim of ongoing disease control programmes. The broad spectrum of pathogens under the umbrella of NTDs lead to a range of negative health outcomes, from malnutrition and anaemia to organ failure, blindness and carcinogenesis. For some NTDs, the most severe clinical manifestations develop over many years of chronic or repeated infection. For these diseases, the association between infection and risk of long-term pathology is generally complex, and the impact of multiple interacting factors, such as age, co-morbidities and host immune response, is often poorly quantified. Mathematical modelling has been used for many years to gain insights into the complex processes underlying the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases; however, long-term morbidities associated with chronic or cumulative exposure are generally not incorporated into dynamic models for NTDs. Here we consider the complexities and challenges for determining the relationship between cumulative pathogen exposure and morbidity at the individual and population levels, drawing on case studies for trachoma, schistosomiasis and foodborne trematodiasis. We explore potential frameworks for explicitly incorporating long-term morbidity into NTD transmission models, and consider the insights such frameworks may bring in terms of policy-relevant projections for the elimination era. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenges and opportunities in the fight against neglected tropical diseases: a decade from the London Declaration on NTDs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borlase
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Joaquin M. Prada
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Thomas Crellen
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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6
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Piloto-Sardiñas E, Foucault-Simonin A, Wu-Chuang A, Mateos-Hernández L, Marrero-Perera R, Abuin-Denis L, Roblejo-Arias L, Díaz-Corona C, Zając Z, Kulisz J, Woźniak A, Moutailler S, Corona-González B, Cabezas-Cruz A. Dynamics of Infections in Cattle and Rhipicephalus microplus: A Preliminary Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:998. [PMID: 37623958 PMCID: PMC10458817 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) pose a significant threat to livestock, including bovine species. This study aimed to investigate TBPs in cattle and ticks across four sampling points, utilizing real-time microfluidic PCR. The results revealed that Rhipicephalus microplus ticks were found infesting all animals. Among the detected TBPs in cattle, Anaplasma marginale was the most frequently identified, often as a single infection, although mixed infections involving Rickettsia felis, uncharacterized Rickettsia sp., and Anaplasma sp. were also observed. In ticks, A. marginale was predominant, along with R. felis, Rickettsia sp., and Ehrlichia sp. It is noteworthy that although A. marginale consistently infected all cattle during various sampling times, this pathogen was not detected in all ticks. This suggests a complex dynamic of pathogen acquisition by ticks. A phylogenetic analysis focused on the identification of Anaplasma species using amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments revealed the presence of A. marginale and Anaplasma platys strains in bovines. These findings underscore the presence of multiple TBPs in both cattle and ticks, with A. marginale being the most prevalent. Understanding the dynamics and phylogenetics of TBPs is crucial for developing effective control strategies to mitigate tick-borne diseases in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elianne Piloto-Sardiñas
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Angélique Foucault-Simonin
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Alejandra Wu-Chuang
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Roxana Marrero-Perera
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Lianet Abuin-Denis
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Lisset Roblejo-Arias
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Cristian Díaz-Corona
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Zbigniew Zając
- Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (Z.Z.); (J.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Joanna Kulisz
- Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (Z.Z.); (J.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Aneta Woźniak
- Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (Z.Z.); (J.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Sara Moutailler
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Belkis Corona-González
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
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7
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Makgabo SM, Brayton KA, Biggs L, Oosthuizen MC, Collins NE. Temporal Dynamics of Anaplasma marginale Infections and the Composition of Anaplasma spp. in Calves in the Mnisi Communal Area, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020465. [PMID: 36838430 PMCID: PMC9966339 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginale, is one of the most important tick-borne diseases of cattle. Anaplasma marginale is known to be present in the Mnisi community, Mpumalanga Province, with frequent cases of anaplasmosis reported. This study investigated the infection dynamics in calves (n = 10) in two habitats in the study area over 12 months. A duplex real-time PCR assay targeting the msp1β gene of A. marginale and the groEL gene of A. centrale confirmed the presence of A. marginale in five calves in a peri-urban area from the first month, but in only two calves at the wildlife-livestock interface and only after six months. These results were confirmed by 16S rRNA microbiome analysis. Over 50 A. marginale msp1α genotypes were detected in the calves along with five novel Msp1a repeats. Calves in the peri-urban area were more likely to be infected with A. marginale than calves in the wildlife-livestock interface. Cattle management, acaricide treatment, and cattle density could explain differences in infection prevalence in the two areas. Our results revealed that most calves were superinfected by distinct A. marginale strains within the study period, indicating continuous challenge with multiple strains that should lead to robust immunity in the calves and endemic stability in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Marcus Makgabo
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: (S.M.M.); (N.E.C.)
| | - Kelly A. Brayton
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Louise Biggs
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Marinda C. Oosthuizen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Nicola E. Collins
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: (S.M.M.); (N.E.C.)
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8
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Ringo AE, Nonga HE, Galon EM, Ji S, Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Mohanta UK, Ma Z, Chikufenji B, Do TT, Xuan X. Molecular Investigation of Tick-Borne Haemoparasites Isolated from Indigenous Zebu Cattle in the Tanga Region, Tanzania. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223171. [PMID: 36428398 PMCID: PMC9686548 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a major hindrance to livestock production in pastoral communities of Africa. Although information on tick-borne infections is necessary for setting up control measures, this information is limited in the pastoral communities of Tanzania. Therefore, this study aimed to provide an overview of the tick-borne infections in the indigenous cattle of Tanzania. A total of 250 blood samples were collected from the indigenous zebu cattle in the Tanga region, Tanzania. Then, we conducted a molecular survey using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing to detect and identify the selected tick-borne pathogens. The PCR was conducted using assays, based on Theileria spp. (18S rRNA), Theileria parva (p104), Theileria mutans and T. taurotragi (V4 region of the 18S rRNA), Babesia bigemina (RAP-1a), B. bovis (SBP-2), Anaplasma marginale (heat shock protein groEL) and Ehrlichia ruminantium (pCS20). The PCR screening revealed an overall infection rate of (120/250, 48%) for T. mutans, (64/250, 25.6%) for T. parva, (52/250, 20.8%) for T. taurotragi, (33/250, 13.2%) for B. bigemina and (81/250, 32.4%) for A. marginale. Co-infections of up to four pathogens were revealed in 44.8% of the cattle samples. A sequence analysis indicated that T. parva p104 and A. marginale groEL genes were conserved among the sampled animals with sequence identity values of 98.92−100% and 99.88−100%, respectively. Moreover, the B. bigemina RAP-1a gene and the V4 region of the 18S rRNA of T. mutans genes were diverse among the sampled cattle, indicating the sequence identity values of 99.27−100% and 22.45−60.77%, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the T. parva (p104) and A. marginale (groEL) gene sequences of this study were clustered in the same clade. In contrast, the B. bigemina (RAP-1a) and the T. mutans V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene sequences appeared in the different clades. This study provides important basement data for understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases and will serve as a scientific basis for planning future control strategies in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Edmond Ringo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Zanzibar Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, Natural Resources and Livestock, Zanzibar P.O. Box 159, Tanzania
| | - Hezron Emanuel Nonga
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Government City Mtumba, Dodoma P.O. Box 2870, Tanzania
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- Department of Internal medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Uday Kumar Mohanta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Zhuowei Ma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Boniface Chikufenji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Thanh Thom Do
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(155)-495-648
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Chatanga E, Maganga E, Mohamed WMA, Ogata S, Pandey GS, Abdelbaset AE, Hayashida K, Sugimoto C, Katakura K, Nonaka N, Nakao R. High infection rate of tick-borne protozoan and rickettsial pathogens of cattle in Malawi and the development of a multiplex PCR for Babesia and Theileria species identification. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106413. [PMID: 35307457 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Malawi has an estimated cattle population of 1,884,803 heads, the indigenous Malawi zebu breed accounts for 91.2%, while the exotic and crossbred accounts for the remaining 8.8%. Although ticks and tick-borne diseases are widespread in Malawi, no molecular study has been conducted to investigate the tick-borne Anaplasmataceae and piroplasms infecting cattle. To provide an insight into the current status of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) of cattle, a molecular survey was conducted in the central and southern regions of Malawi. A total of 191 cattle of which 132 were Malawi zebu, 44 were Holstein Friesian and 15 were Holstein-Friesian/ Malawi zebu crosses were screened for Anaplasmataceae and piroplasms using the heat shock protein groEL gene and 18S rDNA, respectively. A new 18S rDNA multiplex PCR assay was designed for Babesia and Theileria species identification without sequencing. Overall, 92.3% (n = 177) of the examined animals were infected with at least one TBP. Anaplasmataceae-positive rate was 57.6% (n = 110) while for piroplasms it was 80.1% (n = 153). The detected Anaplasmataceae were Anaplasma bovis 2.6% (n = 5), Anaplasma marginale 24.6% (n = 47), Anaplasma platys-like 13.6% (n = 26), uncharacterized Anaplasma sp. 14.1% (n = 27), and uncharacterized Ehrlichia sp. 16.2% (n = 31). The detected piroplasms were Babesia bigemina 2.6% (n = 5), Theileria mutans 73.8% (n = 141), Theileria parva 33.0% (n = 63), Theileria taurotragi 12.6% (n = 24), and Theileria velifera 53.4% (n = 102). Mixed infection rate was found in 79.6% (n = 152) of the samples analyzed. This study has shown a high burden of TBPs among cattle in Malawi which highlights the need to conceive new methods to control ticks and TBPs in order to improve animal health and productivity. The newly developed multiplex PCR assay would be a useful tool especially in resource limited settings where sequencing is not available and when mixed infections are expected.
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10
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Malaria and Helminthic Co-Infection during Pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095444. [PMID: 35564842 PMCID: PMC9101176 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria and helminthic co-infection during pregnancy causes fetomaternal haemorrhage and foetal growth retardation. This study determined the pooled burden of pregnancy malaria and helminthic co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa. CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were used to retrieve data from the literature, without restricting language and publication year. The Joanna Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal tool for prevalence studies was used for quality assessment. STATA Version 14.0 was used to conduct the meta-analysis. The I2 statistics and Egger’s test were used to test heterogeneity and publication bias. The random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence at a 95% confidence interval (CI). The review protocol has been registered in PROSPERO, with the number CRD42019144812. In total, 24 studies (n = 14,087 participants) were identified in this study. The pooled analysis revealed that 20% of pregnant women were co-infected by malaria and helminths in sub-Saharan Africa. The pooled prevalence of malaria and helminths were 33% and 35%, respectively. The most prevalent helminths were Hookworm (48%), Ascaris lumbricoides (37%), and Trichuris trichiura (15%). Significantly higher malaria and helminthic co-infection during pregnancy were observed. Health systems in sub-Saharan Africa must implement home-grown innovative solutions to underpin context-specific policies for the early initiation of effective intermittent preventive therapy.
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11
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Chiuya T, Villinger J, Masiga DK, Ondifu DO, Murungi MK, Wambua L, Bastos ADS, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. Molecular prevalence and risk factors associated with tick-borne pathogens in cattle in western Kenya. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:363. [PMID: 34838023 PMCID: PMC8627057 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are of global importance, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where they represent a major constraint to livestock production. Their association with human disease is also increasingly recognized, signalling their zoonotic importance. It is therefore crucial to investigate TBPs prevalence in livestock populations and the factors associated with their presence. We set out to identify TBPs present in cattle and to determine associated risk factors in western Kenya, where smallholder livestock production is important for subsistence and market-driven income. Results Tick-borne pathogen infections in blood samples collected from cattle at livestock markets and slaughterhouses between May 2017 and January 2019 were identified by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products of genus-specific primers. Of the 422 cattle sampled, 30.1% (127/422) were infected with at least one TBP, while 8.8% (37/422) had dual infections. Anaplasma spp. (19.7%) were the most prevalent, followed by Theileria (12.3%), Ehrlichia (6.6%), and Babesia (0.2%) spp. Sequence analysis of the TBPs revealed them to be Anaplasma platys-like organisms (13.5%), Theileria velifera (7.4%), Anaplasma marginale (4.9%), Theileria mutans (3.1%), Theileria parva (1.6%), and Babesia bigemina (0.2%). Ehrlichia ruminantium, Rickettsia spp., and arboviruses were not detected. Exotic breeds of cattle were more likely to be infected with A. marginale compared to local breeds (OR: 7.99, 95% CI: 3.04–22.02, p < 0.001). Presence of ticks was a significant predictor for Anaplasma spp. (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.32–3.69, p = 0.003) and Ehrlichia spp. (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.22–7.23, p = 0.022) infection. Cattle sampled at slaughterhouses were more likely to be positive for Anaplasma spp. (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.01–2.70, p = 0.048) and A. marginale (OR: 3.84, 95% CI: 1.43–12.21, p = 0.012), compared to those sampled at livestock markets. Conclusion This study reports TBP prevalence and associated risk factors in western Kenya, factors which are key to informing surveillance and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Chiuya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dickens O Ondifu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurice K Murungi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Lillian Wambua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Armanda D S Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Laura C Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya. .,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
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12
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Al-Hamidhi S, Elshafie EI, Yaghfoori S, Morrison WI, Johnson EH, Babiker HA. A comparative study of single Theileria lestoquardi and mixed infections with Theileria ovis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:370. [PMID: 34284816 PMCID: PMC8290529 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological surveys in Oman have revealed a high prevalence of the co-occurrence of the pathogenic Theileria lestoquardi and the non-pathogenic Theileria ovis among sheep in the Barka region, Oman. Our most recent data illustrated an interaction and reduced mortality risk in animals co-infected with T. lestoquardi and T. ovis, suggesting that the latter confers protection against pathogenicity of T. lestoquardi. The present study extends the above findings and examines disease outcomes; clinical markers, hematological parameters, and parasite density in mixed and single T. lestoquardi infections. Methods A total of 390 blood samples were collected from 16 sheep pens located in Barka, Oman between July and November 2019. Theileria spp. were detected and quantified using qPCR assay targeting 18S rRNA, and the extent of genetic diversity was estimated by a panel of T. lestoquardi specific micro- and mini-satellites. The association of some disease markers with the presence of Theileria spp. and genetic diversity was tested. Results Theileria spp. were detected in 75 (19.2%) sheep; of these 65 (86.7%) had mixed infections (T. lestoquardi plus T. ovis), 8 (10.6%) were infected with T. lestoquardi alone, and 2 (2.7%) with only T. ovis. Exotic breeds had a higher risk for Theileria spp. infection. The density (18S rRNA gene copies) of both parasites was higher in single infection against mixed infection, and there was a relatively lower density of T. lestoquardi in mixed infections. However, there was no difference in hematological indices between single T. lestoquardi and mixed infections. High genetic diversity was observed among T. lestoquardi in Barka, with no differences of T. lestoquardi in single and mixed infections. The extent of diversity seen in Barka was higher (He = 0.772) than that reported in Oman in 2019 (He = 0.582), with distinct T. lestoquardi genotypes. Conclusion The lower density of T. lestoquardi as mixed infection with T. ovis compared to single infection supports the hypothesis that T. ovis confers protection against lethal T. lestoquardi infection. However, there were no differences in disease correlations (clinical markers, hematological parameters, and density of parasites) or the extent of diversity of T. lestoquardi between the two types of infection. The presence of distinct T. lestoquardi genotypes in Barka, compared to that reported earlier in Oman, likely reflects movement of carrier animals and highlights the need for further analysis of the parasite populations to inform novel approaches for controlling malignant ovine theileriosis. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama Al-Hamidhi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, PO Box 35, Muscat, Oman
| | - Elshafie I Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Central Veterinary Research Laboratories, Al Amarat, P.O. Box 8067, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - W Ivan Morrison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eugene H Johnson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hamza A Babiker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, PO Box 35, Muscat, Oman. .,Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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13
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Natural resistance to worms exacerbates bovine tuberculosis severity independently of worm coinfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015080118. [PMID: 33431676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015080118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen interactions arising during coinfection can exacerbate disease severity, for example when the immune response mounted against one pathogen negatively affects defense of another. It is also possible that host immune responses to a pathogen, shaped by historical evolutionary interactions between host and pathogen, may modify host immune defenses in ways that have repercussions for other pathogens. In this case, negative interactions between two pathogens could emerge even in the absence of concurrent infection. Parasitic worms and tuberculosis (TB) are involved in one of the most geographically extensive of pathogen interactions, and during coinfection worms can exacerbate TB disease outcomes. Here, we show that in a wild mammal natural resistance to worms affects bovine tuberculosis (BTB) severity independently of active worm infection. We found that worm-resistant individuals were more likely to die of BTB than were nonresistant individuals, and their disease progressed more quickly. Anthelmintic treatment moderated, but did not eliminate, the resistance effect, and the effects of resistance and treatment were opposite and additive, with untreated, resistant individuals experiencing the highest mortality. Furthermore, resistance and anthelmintic treatment had nonoverlapping effects on BTB pathology. The effects of resistance manifested in the lungs (the primary site of BTB infection), while the effects of treatment manifested almost entirely in the lymph nodes (the site of disseminated disease), suggesting that resistance and active worm infection affect BTB progression via distinct mechanisms. Our findings reveal that interactions between pathogens can occur as a consequence of processes arising on very different timescales.
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14
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Barrett LG, Zala M, Mikaberidze A, Alassimone J, Ahmad M, McDonald BA, Sánchez-Vallet A. Mixed infections alter transmission potential in a fungal plant pathogen. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2315-2330. [PMID: 33538383 PMCID: PMC8248022 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections by more than one strain of a pathogen predominate under natural conditions. Mixed infections can have significant, though often unpredictable, consequences for overall virulence, pathogen transmission and evolution. However, effects of mixed infection on disease development in plants often remain unclear and the critical factors that determine the outcome of mixed infections remain unknown. The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici forms genetically diverse infections in wheat fields. Here, for a range of pathogen traits, we experimentally decompose the infection process to determine how the outcomes and consequences of mixed infections are mechanistically realized. Different strains of Z. tritici grow in close proximity and compete in the wheat apoplast, resulting in reductions in growth of individual strains and in pathogen reproduction. We observed different outcomes of competition at different stages of the infection. Overall, more virulent strains had higher competitive ability during host colonization, and less virulent strains had higher transmission potential. We showed that within‐host competition can have a major effect on infection dynamics and pathogen population structure in a pathogen and host genotype‐specific manner. Consequently, mixed infections likely have a major effect on the development of septoria tritici blotch epidemics and the evolution of virulence in Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G Barrett
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO BOX 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Marcello Zala
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Mikaberidze
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Julien Alassimone
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.,Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Nyabongo L, Kanduma EG, Bishop RP, Machuka E, Njeri A, Bimenyimana AV, Nkundwanayo C, Odongo DO, Pelle R. Prevalence of tick-transmitted pathogens in cattle reveals that Theileria parva, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale are endemic in Burundi. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:6. [PMID: 33402225 PMCID: PMC7786990 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) constitute a major constraint for livestock development in sub-Saharan Africa, with East Coast fever (ECF) being the most devastating TBD of cattle. However, in Burundi, detailed information is lacking on the current prevalence of TBDs and on the associated economic losses from mortality and morbidity in cattle as well as the costs associated with TBD control and treatment. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the prevalence and spatial distribution of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in cattle across the major agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Burundi. METHODS In a cross-sectional study conducted in ten communes spanning the five main AEZs in Burundi, blood samples were taken from 828 cattle from 305 farms between October and December 2017. Evidence of Theileria parva infection was assessed by antibody level, measured using a polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by a T. parva-specific p104 gene-based nested PCR. Antibodies against Theileria mutans infection were detected using the 32-kDa antigen-based indirect ELISA, while the 200-kDa antigen and the major surface protein 5 (MSP5)-based indirect ELISA were used to detect antibodies against Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of T. parva across the ten communes sampled ranged from 77.5 to 93.1% and from 67.8 to 90.0% based on the ELISA and PCR analysis, respectively. A statistically significant difference in infection was observed between calves and adult cattle; however, T. parva infection levels were not significantly associated with sex and breed. The seroprevalence indicating exposure to T. mutans, B. bigemina and A. marginale ranged from 30 to 92.1%, 33.7 to 90% and 50 to 96.2%, respectively. Mixed infections of TBPs were detected in 82.91% of cattle sampled, with 11 different combinations of pathogen species detected . CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that T. parva, A. marginale and B. bigemina infections are endemic in Burundi. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of TBPs will facilitate the design of effective targeted strategies to control these diseases. There is a need for further investigations of the distribution of tick vectors and the population structure of TBPs in order to identify the key epidemiological factors contributing to TBD outbreaks in Burundi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Nyabongo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi (UoN), Nairobi, Kenya. .,Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya. .,National Veterinary Laboratory, Bujumbura, Burundi.
| | - Esther G Kanduma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard P Bishop
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (VMP), Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Eunice Machuka
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Njeri
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alain V Bimenyimana
- Programme National pour la Sécurité Alimentaire et le Développement Rural de l'Imbo et du Moso (PNSADR-IM), Bujumbura, Burundi
| | | | - David O Odongo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi (UoN), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
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16
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Chiuya T, Masiga DK, Falzon LC, Bastos ADS, Fèvre EM, Villinger J. Tick-borne pathogens, including Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, at livestock markets and slaughterhouses in western Kenya. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2429-2445. [PMID: 33142046 PMCID: PMC8359211 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vectors of emerging infectious diseases have expanded their distributional ranges in recent decades due to increased global travel, trade connectivity and climate change. Transboundary range shifts, arising from the continuous movement of humans and livestock across borders, are of particular disease control concern. Several tick-borne diseases are known to circulate between eastern Uganda and the western counties of Kenya, with one fatal case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) reported in 2000 in western Kenya. Recent reports of CCHF in Uganda have highlighted the risk of cross-border disease translocation and the importance of establishing inter-epidemic, early warning systems to detect possible outbreaks. We therefore carried out surveillance of tick-borne zoonotic pathogens at livestock markets and slaughterhouses in three counties of western Kenya that neighbour Uganda. Ticks and other ectoparasites were collected from livestock and identified using morphological keys. The two most frequently sampled tick species were Rhipicephalus decoloratus (35%) and Amblyomma variegatum (30%); Ctenocephalides felis fleas and Haematopinus suis lice were also present. In total, 486 ticks, lice and fleas were screened for pathogen presence using established molecular workflows incorporating high-resolution melting analysis and identified through sequencing of PCR products. We detected CCHF virus in Rh. decoloratus and Rhipicephalus sp. cattle ticks, and 82 of 96 pools of Am. variegatum were positive for Rickettsia africae. Apicomplexan protozoa and bacteria of veterinary importance, such as Theileria parva, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, were primarily detected in rhipicephaline ticks. Our findings show the presence of several pathogens of public health and veterinary importance in ticks from livestock at livestock markets and slaughterhouses in western Kenya. Confirmation of CCHF virus, a Nairovirus that causes haemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate in humans, highlights the risk of under-diagnosed zoonotic diseases and calls for continuous surveillance and the development of preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Chiuya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laura C Falzon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Armanda D S Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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17
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Squarre D, Nakamura Y, Hayashida K, Kawai N, Chambaro H, Namangala B, Sugimoto C, Yamagishi J. Investigation of the piroplasm diversity circulating in wildlife and cattle of the greater Kafue ecosystem, Zambia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:599. [PMID: 33256809 PMCID: PMC7708252 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Piroplasms are vector-borne intracellular hemoprotozoan parasites that infect wildlife and livestock. Wildlife species are reservoir hosts to a diversity of piroplasms and play an important role in the circulation, maintenance and evolution of these parasites. The potential for likely spillover of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic piroplasm parasites from wildlife to livestock is underlined when a common ecological niche is shared in the presence of a competent vector. Method To investigate piroplasm diversity in wildlife and the cattle population of the greater Kafue ecosystem, we utilized PCR to amplify the 18S rRNA V4 hyper-variable region and meta-barcoding strategy using the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform and amplicon sequence variant (ASV)-based bioinformatics pipeline to generate high-resolution data that discriminate sequences down to a single nucleotide difference. Results A parasite community of 45 ASVs corresponding to 23 species consisting of 4 genera of Babesia, Theileria, Hepatozoon and Colpodella, were identified in wildlife and the cattle population from the study area. Theileria species were detected in buffalo, impala, hartebeest, sable antelope, sitatunga, wild dog and cattle. In contrast, Babesia species were only observed in cattle and wild dog. Our results demonstrate possible spillover of these hemoprotozoan parasites from wildlife, especially buffalo, to the cattle population in the wildlife-livestock interface. Conclusion We demonstrated that the deep amplicon sequencing of the 18S rRNA V4 hyper-variable region for wildlife was informative. Our results illustrated the diversity of piroplasma and the specificity of their hosts. They led us to speculate a possible ecological cycle including transmission from wildlife to domestic animals in the greater Kafue ecosystem. Thus, this approach may contribute to the establishment of appropriate disease control strategies in wildlife-livestock interface areas.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- David Squarre
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Wildlife Veterinary Unit, Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Chilanga, Zambia.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yukiko Nakamura
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawai
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Herman Chambaro
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Boniface Namangala
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. .,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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18
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Anaplasma and Theileria Pathogens in Cattle of Lambwe Valley, Kenya: A Case for Pro-Active Surveillance in the Wildlife-Livestock Interface. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111830. [PMID: 33233713 PMCID: PMC7699859 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are major constraints to livestock production and a threat to public health in Africa. This cross-sectional study investigated the risk of infection with TBPs in cattle of Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Blood samples of 680 zebu cattle from 95 herds in six geospatial clusters within 5 km of Ruma National Park were screened for bacterial and protozoan TBPs by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products. We detected Anaplasma bovis (17.4%), Anaplasma platys (16.9%), Anaplasma marginale (0.6%), Theileria velifera (40%), and Theileria mutans (25.7%), as well as an Anaplasma sp. (11.6%) that matched recently reported Anaplasma sp. sequences from Ethiopia. Babesia, Rickettsia, and Ehrlichia spp. were not detected. The animal and herd-level prevalences for TBPs were 78.5% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 75.3, 81.5) and 95.8% (95% CI: 91.8, 99.8), respectively. About 31.6% of cattle were co-infected with 13 combinations of TBPs. The prevalence of TBPs differed between clusters and age, but the risk of infection was not associated with sex, herd size, or the distance of homesteads from Ruma. This study adds insight into the epidemiology of TBPs around Ruma and highlights the need for proactive surveillance of TBPs in livestock–wildlife interfaces.
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19
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Awad H, Gadalla AAH, Postigo M, Al-Hamidhi S, Tageldin MH, Skariah S, Sultan AA, Johnson EH, Shiels B, Pain A, Thompson J, Babiker HA. Dynamics and within-host interaction of Theileria lestoquardi and T. ovis among naive sheep in Oman. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19802. [PMID: 33188233 PMCID: PMC7666211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed species infections of Theileria spp. are common in nature. Experimental and epidemiological data suggest that mixed species infections elicit cross-immunity that can modulate pathogenicity and disease burden at the population level. The present study examined within-host interactions, over a period of 13 months during natural infections with two Theileria spp., pathogenic (T. lestoquardi) and non-pathogenic (T. ovis), amongst a cohort of naive sheep in Oman. In the first two months after exposure to infection, a high rate of mortality was seen among sheep infected with T. lestoquardi alone. However, subsequently mixed-infections of T. lestoquardi and T. ovis prevailed, and no further death occurred. The overall densities of both parasite species were significantly higher as single infection vs mixed infection and the higher relative density of pathogenic T. lestoquardi indicated a competitive advantage over T. ovis in mixed infection. The density of both species fluctuated significantly over time, with no difference in density between the very hot (May to August) and warm season (September to April). A high degree of genotype multiplicity was seen among T. lestoquardi infections, which increased with rising parasite density. Our results illustrate a potential competitive interaction between the two ovine Theileria spp., and a substantial reduction in the risk of mortality in mixed parasite infections, indicating that T. ovis confers heterologous protection against lethal T. lestoquardi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyam Awad
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amal A H Gadalla
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Milagros Postigo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salama Al-Hamidhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed H Tageldin
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sini Skariah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eugene H Johnson
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Brian Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arnab Pain
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Diversion, King Abdullah, University for Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,GI-CoRE, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joanne Thompson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hamza A Babiker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, Muscat, Oman.
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20
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Ringo AE, Rizk MA, Adjou Moumouni PF, Liu M, Galon EM, Li Y, Ji S, Tumwebaze M, Byamukama B, Thekisoe O, Xuan X. Molecular detection and characterization of tick-borne haemoparasites among cattle on Zanzibar Island, Tanzania. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105598. [PMID: 32592686 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are serious constraints to livestock production in Tanzania and other tropical and subtropical countries and impact the livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities in the region. In Tanzania, detailed studies on tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in cattle using sensitive molecular detection methods are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and species composition of bovine TBPs in cattle kept in Zanzibar Island. A total of 236 blood samples were randomly collected in cattle population in June and July 2019. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing to detect and identify pathogens. PCR screening of all 236 samples revealed that 64.5% of animals were infected by TBPs, including Theileria parva (34.3%), T. mutans (38.1%), T. taurotragi (30.9%), Anaplasma marginale (10.2%), Babesia bigemina (5.1%), T. velifera (3.4%) and B. bovis (2.1%). Overall a total of 86 animals (36.4%) were co-infected with up to five pathogens including T. parva, T. mutans, T. taurotragi, A. marginale and B. bigemina. The pathogens mostly involved in the co-infection were T. parva, T. taurotragi and T. mutans. Sequence analysis indicated that T. parva p104 and B. bigemina RAP1a genes are diverse among the sampled animals in Zanzibar Island, with 99.64%-100% and 99.51%-100% nucleotide sequence identity value respectively. In contrast, the A. marginale MSP-5, T. mutans 18S rRNA V4 region and B. bovis SBP-2 genes are conserved, with 100%, 99.05%-100% and 99.66%-100% nucleotide sequence identity values respectively. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that T. parva p104 and B. bigemina RAP1a gene sequences showed significant differences of genotypes, as they appear in different clades. Meanwhile, A. marginale MSP-5, T. mutans 18S rRNA V4 region and B. bovis SBP-2 gene sequences appear in the same clade with other sequences extracted from the NCBI GenBank. The epidemiological findings revealed in this study will provide important information on tick-borne diseases in Tanzania and will be used as scientific basis for planning future control strategies.
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21
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Capture-based enrichment of Theileria parva DNA enables full genome assembly of first buffalo-derived strain and reveals exceptional intra-specific genetic diversity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008781. [PMID: 33119590 PMCID: PMC7654785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria parva is an economically important, intracellular, tick-transmitted parasite of cattle. A live vaccine against the parasite is effective against challenge from cattle-transmissible T. parva but not against genotypes originating from the African Cape buffalo, a major wildlife reservoir, prompting the need to characterize genome-wide variation within and between cattle- and buffalo-associated T. parva populations. Here, we describe a capture-based target enrichment approach that enables, for the first time, de novo assembly of nearly complete T. parva genomes derived from infected host cell lines. This approach has exceptionally high specificity and sensitivity and is successful for both cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva parasites. De novo genome assemblies generated for cattle genotypes differ from the reference by ~54K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the 8.31 Mb genome, an average of 6.5 SNPs/kb. We report the first buffalo-derived T. parva genome, which is ~20 kb larger than the genome from the reference, cattle-derived, Muguga strain, and contains 25 new potential genes. The average non-synonymous nucleotide diversity (πN) per gene, between buffalo-derived T. parva and the Muguga strain, was 1.3%. This remarkably high level of genetic divergence is supported by an average Wright’s fixation index (FST), genome-wide, of 0.44, reflecting a degree of genetic differentiation between cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva parasites more commonly seen between, rather than within, species. These findings present clear implications for vaccine development, further demonstrated by the ability to assemble nearly all known antigens in the buffalo-derived strain, which will be critical in design of next generation vaccines. The DNA capture approach used provides a clear advantage in specificity over alternative T. parva DNA enrichment methods used previously, such as those that utilize schizont purification, is less labor intensive, and enables in-depth comparative genomics in this apicomplexan parasite. An estimated 50 million cattle in sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of the deadly livestock disease East coast fever (ECF), caused by the parasite Theileria parva, which imposes tremendous economic hardship on smallholder farmers. An existing ECF vaccine protects against strains circulating among cattle, but not against T. parva derived from African Cape buffalo, its main wildlife carrier. Understanding this difference in protective efficacy requires characterization of the genetic diversity in T. parva strains associated with each mammalian host, a goal that has been hindered by the proliferation of T. parva in nucleated host cells, with much larger genomes. Here we adapted a sequence capture approach to target the whole parasite genome, enabling enrichment of parasite DNA over that of the host. Choices in protocol development resulted in nearly 100% parasite genome specificity and sensitivity, making this approach the most successful yet to generate T. parva genome sequence data in a high-throughput manner. The analyses uncovered a degree of genetic differentiation between cattle- and buffalo-derived genotypes that is akin to levels more commonly seen between species. This approach, which will enable an in-depth T. parva population genomics study from cattle and buffalo in the endemic regions, can easily be adapted to other intracellular pathogens.
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22
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Silatsa BA, Simo G, Githaka N, Kamga R, Oumarou F, Keambou Tiambo C, Machuka E, Domelevo JB, Odongo D, Bishop R, Kuiate JR, Njiokou F, Djikeng A, Pelle R. First detection of Theileria parva in cattle from Cameroon in the absence of the main tick vector Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67 Suppl 1:68-78. [PMID: 32174039 PMCID: PMC7216920 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A major risk factor for the spread of livestock diseases and their vectors is the uncontrolled transboundary movement of live animals for trade and grazing. Such movements constrain effective control of tick-transmitted pathogens, including Theileria parva. Only limited studies have been undertaken to identify ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) affecting cattle in central African countries, including Cameroon. We hereby report the collection of baseline data on the prevalence of T. parva in Cameroon through a countrywide cross-sectional survey, conducted in 2016, involving collection of blood samples from cattle from 63 sites across the five agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of the country. ELISA-based surveillance of infected cattle was performed on 479 randomly selected samples and revealed specific antibodies to T. parva in 22.7% and T. mutans in 41.1% of cattle. Screening of 1,340 representative DNA samples for the presence of T. parva identified 25 (1.86%) positives using a p104 antigen gene-based nested PCR assay. The positives were distributed across agro-ecological zones I, II, III and V. None of the p104 positive cattle exhibited clinical symptoms of East Coast fever (ECF). Using reverse line blot (RLB), 58 (4.3%) and 1,139 (85%) of the samples reacted with the T. parva and T. mutans oligonucleotide probes, respectively. This represents the first report of T. parva from Cameroon. Surprisingly, no Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks, the main vector of T. parva, were identified in a parallel study involving comprehensive morphological and molecular survey of tick species present in the country. Only two of the 25 p104 positive cattle were PCR-positive for the CD8+ T-cell target schizont-expressed antigen gene Tp1. Cloning and sequencing of Tp1 amplicons revealed sequence identity with the reference T. parva Muguga. This new finding raises serious concerns of a potential spread of ECF into the central African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barberine A Silatsa
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rolin Kamga
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Farikou Oumarou
- Special Mission for Eradication of Tsetse Flies, Regional tsetse Division of Adamawa, MINEPIA, Adamawa, Cameroon
| | - Christian Keambou Tiambo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eunice Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean-Baka Domelevo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Odongo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Bishop
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (VMP), Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jules-Roger Kuiate
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
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23
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IDEAL, the Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock project open access database and biobank. Sci Data 2020; 7:224. [PMID: 32647128 PMCID: PMC7347598 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock (IDEAL) project was a longitudinal cohort study of calf health which was conducted in Western Kenya between 2007–2010. A total of 548 East African shorthorn zebu calves were recruited at birth and followed at least every 5 weeks during the first year of life. Comprehensive clinical and epidemiological data, blood and tissue samples were collected at every visit. These samples were screened for over 100 different pathogens or infectious exposures, using a range of diagnostic methods. This manuscript describes this comprehensive dataset and bio-repository, and how to access it through a single online site (http://data.ctlgh.org/ideal/). This provides extensive filtering and searching capabilities. These data are useful to illustrate outcomes of multiple infections on health, investigate patterns of morbidity and mortality due to parasite infections, and to study genotypic determinants of immunity and disease. Measurement(s) | Health • disease • genotype • Phenotypic variability | Technology Type(s) | Examination • single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Bos indicus | Sample Characteristic - Environment | farm | Sample Characteristic - Location | Kenya |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12459737
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24
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Reflections on IDEAL: What we have learnt from a unique calf cohort study. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105062. [PMID: 32615453 PMCID: PMC7456772 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The year 2020 marks a decade since the final visit was made in the ‘Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock’ (IDEAL) project. However, data generation from samples obtained during this ambitious longitudinal study still continues. As the project launches its extensive open-access database and biobank to the scientific community, we reflect on the challenges overcome, the knowledge gained, and the advantages of such a project. We discuss the legacy of the IDEAL project and how it continues to generate evidence since being adopted by the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH). We also examine the impact of the IDEAL project, from the authors perspective, for each of the stakeholders (the animal, the farmer, the consumer, the policy maker, the funding body, and the researcher and their institution) involved in the project and provide recommendations for future researchers who are interested in running longitudinal field studies.
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Bishop RP, Kappmeyer LS, Onzere CK, Odongo DO, Githaka N, Sears KP, Knowles DP, Fry LM. Equid infective Theileria cluster in distinct 18S rRNA gene clades comprising multiple taxa with unusually broad mammalian host ranges. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:261. [PMID: 32430015 PMCID: PMC7236219 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine theileriosis, a tick-transmitted disease caused by the hemoprotozoan parasites Theileria equi and Theileria haneyi, affects equids throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a significant regulatory concern in non-endemic countries, where testing for equine theileriosis is required prior to horse import to prevent parasite entry. Within endemic areas, infection causes significant morbidity and mortality, leading to economic losses. No vaccine for equine theileriosis is available, and current drug treatment protocols are inconsistent and associated with significant side effects. Recent work has revealed substantial genetic variability among equine theileriosis organisms, and analysis of ribosomal DNA from affected animals around the world indicates that the organisms can be grouped into five distinct clades. As these diverse parasites are capable of infecting a wide range of both tick and mammalian hosts, movement of different equine Theileria species between endemic countries, and eventually into non-endemic countries, is a significant concern. Furthermore, the substantial genetic variability of these organisms will likely render currently utilized importation diagnostic tests unable to detect all equine Theileria spp. To this end, more complete characterization of these diverse parasites is critical to the continued global control of equine theileriosis. This review discusses current knowledge of equine Theileria spp. in this context, and highlights new opportunities and challenges for workers in this field.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Lowell S Kappmeyer
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Cynthia K Onzere
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - David O Odongo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Kelly P Sears
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA. .,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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Tretina K, Haidar M, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Sakura T, Mfarrej S, Fry L, Chaussepied M, Pain A, Knowles DP, Nene VM, Ginsberg D, Daubenberger CA, Bishop RP, Langsley G, Silva JC. Theileria parasites subvert E2F signaling to stimulate leukocyte proliferation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3982. [PMID: 32132598 PMCID: PMC7055300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved intricate mechanisms to subvert host cell signaling pathways and ensure their own propagation. A lineage of the protozoan parasite genus Theileria infects bovine leukocytes and induces their uncontrolled proliferation causing a leukemia-like disease. Given the importance of E2F transcription factors in mammalian cell cycle regulation, we investigated the role of E2F signaling in Theileria-induced host cell proliferation. Using comparative genomics and surface plasmon resonance, we identified parasite-derived peptides that have the sequence-specific ability to increase E2F signaling by binding E2F negative regulator Retinoblastoma-1 (RB). Using these peptides as a tool to probe host E2F signaling, we show that the disruption of RB complexes ex vivo leads to activation of E2F-driven transcription and increased leukocyte proliferation in an infection-dependent manner. This result is consistent with existing models and, together, they support a critical role of E2F signaling for Theileria-induced host cell proliferation, and its potential direct manipulation by one or more parasite proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Tretina
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Malak Haidar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - Takaya Sakura
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lindsay Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA, 99164-7030, USA
| | - Marie Chaussepied
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Molecular Cell Biology Department, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | | | - Doron Ginsberg
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Molecular Cell Biology Department, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Claudia A Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard P Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Joana C Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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27
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Gondard M, Delannoy S, Pinarello V, Aprelon R, Devillers E, Galon C, Pradel J, Vayssier-Taussat M, Albina E, Moutailler S. Upscaling the Surveillance of Tick-borne Pathogens in the French Caribbean Islands. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030176. [PMID: 32121571 PMCID: PMC7157729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high burden of vector-borne disease in (sub)tropical areas, few information are available regarding the diversity of tick and tick-borne pathogens circulating in the Caribbean. Management and control of vector-borne disease require actual epidemiological data to better assess and anticipate the risk of (re)emergence of tick-borne diseases in the region. To simplify and reduce the costs of such large-scale surveys, we implemented a high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR system suitable for the screening of the main bacterial and parasitic genera involved in tick-borne disease and potentially circulating in the area. We used the new screening tool to perform an exploratory epidemiological study on 132 adult specimens of Amblyomma variegatum and 446 of Rhipicephalus microplus collected in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Not only the system was able to detect the main pathogens of the area-Ehrlichia ruminantium, Rickettsia africae, Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis-but the system also provided evidence of unsuspected microorganisms in Caribbean ticks, belonging to the Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Borrelia and Leishmania genera. Our study demonstrated how high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR technology can assist large-scale epidemiological studies, providing a rapid overview of tick-borne pathogen and microorganism diversity, and opening up new research perspectives for the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gondard
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- IdentyPath Platform, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France;
| | - Valérie Pinarello
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Rosalie Aprelon
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Devillers
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Clémence Galon
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Jennifer Pradel
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-49-77-46-50
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28
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Glidden CK, Koehler AV, Hall RS, Saeed MA, Coppo M, Beechler BR, Charleston B, Gasser RB, Jolles AE, Jabbar A. Elucidating cryptic dynamics of Theileria communities in African buffalo using a high-throughput sequencing informatics approach. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:70-80. [PMID: 31988717 PMCID: PMC6972817 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing access to next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is revolutionizing the life sciences. In disease ecology, NGS-based methods have the potential to provide higher-resolution data on communities of parasites found in individual hosts as well as host populations.Here, we demonstrate how a novel analytical method, utilizing high-throughput sequencing of PCR amplicons, can be used to explore variation in blood-borne parasite (Theileria-Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) communities of African buffalo at higher resolutions than has been obtained with conventional molecular tools.Results reveal temporal patterns of synchronized and opposite fluctuations of prevalence and relative abundance of Theileria spp. within the host population, suggesting heterogeneous transmission across taxa. Furthermore, we show that the community composition of Theileria spp. and their subtypes varies considerably between buffalo, with differences in composition reflected in mean and variance of overall parasitemia, thereby showing potential to elucidate previously unexplained contrasts in infection outcomes for host individuals.Importantly, our methods are generalizable as they can be utilized to describe blood-borne parasite communities in any host species. Furthermore, our methodological framework can be adapted to any parasite system given the appropriate genetic marker.The findings of this study demonstrate how a novel NGS-based analytical approach can provide fine-scale, quantitative data, unlocking opportunities for discovery in disease ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anson V. Koehler
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesMelbourne Veterinary SchoolUniversity of MelbourneWerribeeVic.Australia
| | - Ross S. Hall
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesMelbourne Veterinary SchoolUniversity of MelbourneWerribeeVic.Australia
| | - Muhammad A. Saeed
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesMelbourne Veterinary SchoolUniversity of MelbourneWerribeeVic.Australia
| | - Mauricio Coppo
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesMelbourne Veterinary SchoolUniversity of MelbourneWerribeeVic.Australia
| | | | | | - Robin B. Gasser
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Anna E. Jolles
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesMelbourne Veterinary SchoolUniversity of MelbourneWerribeeVic.Australia
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29
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Galen SC, Speer KA, Perkins SL. Evolutionary lability of host associations promotes phylogenetic overdispersion of co‐infecting blood parasites. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1936-1949. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C. Galen
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History New York NY USA
- Richard Gilder Graduate School American Museum of Natural History New York NY USA
| | - Kelly A. Speer
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History New York NY USA
- Richard Gilder Graduate School American Museum of Natural History New York NY USA
| | - Susan L. Perkins
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History New York NY USA
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30
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Hakimi H, Sarani A, Takeda M, Kaneko O, Asada M. Epidemiology, risk factors, and co-infection of vector-borne pathogens in goats from Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218609. [PMID: 31220153 PMCID: PMC6586321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several vector-borne pathogens restrict livestock farming and have significant economic impact worldwide. In endemic areas livestock are exposed to different tick species carrying various pathogens which could result in co-infection with several tick-borne pathogens in a single host. Although the co-infection of and the interaction among pathogens are critical factors to determine the disease outcome, pathogen interactions in the vector and the host are poorly understood. In this study, we surveyed the presence of Babesia ovis, Theileria ovis, Theileria lestoquardi, Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Anaplasma marginale in 200 goats from 3 different districts in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Species-specific diagnostic PCRs and sequence analysis revealed that 1.5%, 12.5%, and 80% of samples were positive for T. lestoquardi, T. ovis, and A. ovis, respectively. Co-infections of goats with up to 3 pathogens were seen in 22% of the samples. We detected a significant association between T. ovis infection and age, T. ovis infection and location (Zabol), and A. ovis infection and location (Sarbaz) by multivariate logistic regression analysis. In addition, by analyzing the data with respect to Plasmodium caprae infection in these goats, a negative correlation was found between P. caprae and A. ovis infection. This study contributes to understanding the epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens and their interplay in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hakimi
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ali Sarani
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Zabol, Veterinary Faculty, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mika Takeda
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Asada
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Motta P, Porphyre T, Handel IG, Hamman SM, Ngu Ngwa V, Tanya VN, Morgan KL, Bronsvoort BMDC. Characterizing Livestock Markets, Primary Diseases, and Key Management Practices Along the Livestock Supply Chain in Cameroon. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:101. [PMID: 31024939 PMCID: PMC6467964 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Live animal markets are common hotspots for the dispersal of multiple infectious diseases in various production systems globally. In Cameroon livestock trade occurs predominantly via a system of livestock markets. Improving the understanding of the risks associated with livestock trade systems and markets is, therefore, key to design targeted and evidence-based interventions. In the current study, official transaction records for a 12-month period were collected from 62 livestock markets across Central and Southern Cameroon, in combination with a questionnaire-based survey with the livestock markets stakeholders. The available information collected at these markets was used to characterize their structural and functional organization. Based on trade volume, cattle price and the intensity of stakeholder attendance, four main classes of livestock markets were identified. Despite an evident hierarchical structure of the system, a relatively limited pool of infectious diseases was consistently reported as predominant across market classes, highlighting homogeneous disease risks along the livestock supply chain. Conversely, the variable livestock management practices reported (e.g., traded species, husbandry practices, and transhumance habits) highlighted diverse potential risks for disease dissemination among market classes. Making use of readily available commercial information at livestock markets, this study describes a rapid approach for market characterization and classification. Simultaneously, this study identifies primary diseases and management practices at risk and provides the opportunity to inform evidence-based and strategic communication, surveillance and control approaches aiming at mitigating these risks for diseases dissemination through the livestock supply chain in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Motta
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom.,Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Saidou M Hamman
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Regional Centre of Wakwa, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Victor Ngu Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | | | - Kenton L Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - B Mark de C Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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32
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Osakunor DNM, Sengeh DM, Mutapi F. Coinfections and comorbidities in African health systems: At the interface of infectious and noninfectious diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006711. [PMID: 30235205 PMCID: PMC6147336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a disease epidemiological transition occurring in Africa, with increasing incidence of noninfectious diseases, superimposed on a health system historically geared more toward the management of communicable diseases. The persistence and sometimes emergence of new pathogens allows for the occurrence of coinfections and comorbidities due to both infectious and noninfectious diseases. There is therefore a need to rethink and restructure African health systems to successfully address this transition. The historical focus of more health resources on infectious diseases requires revision. We hypothesise that the growing burden of noninfectious diseases may be linked directly and indirectly to or further exacerbated by the existence of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and other infectious diseases within the population. Herein, we discuss the health burden of coinfections and comorbidities and the challenges to implementing effective and sustainable healthcare in Africa. We also discuss how existing NTD and infectious disease intervention programs in Africa can be leveraged for noninfectious disease intervention. Furthermore, we explore the potential for new technologies-including artificial intelligence and multiplex approaches-for diagnosis and management of chronic diseases for improved health provision in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Nii Mensah Osakunor
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisca Mutapi
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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33
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Ringo AE, Adjou Moumouni PF, Lee SH, Liu M, Khamis YH, Gao Y, Guo H, Zheng W, Efstratiou A, Galon EM, Li J, Tiwananthagorn S, Inoue N, Suzuki H, Thekisoe O, Xuan X. Molecular detection and characterization of tick-borne protozoan and rickettsial pathogens isolated from cattle on Pemba Island, Tanzania. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1437-1445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Discovery of a novel species, Theileria haneyi n. sp., infective to equids, highlights exceptional genomic diversity within the genus Theileria: implications for apicomplexan parasite surveillance. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:679-690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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35
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Allen AR, Skuce RA, Byrne AW. Bovine Tuberculosis in Britain and Ireland - A Perfect Storm? the Confluence of Potential Ecological and Epidemiological Impediments to Controlling a Chronic Infectious Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:109. [PMID: 29951489 PMCID: PMC6008655 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful eradication schemes for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) have been implemented in a number of European and other countries over the last 50 years. However, the islands of Britain and Ireland remain a significant aberration to this trend, with the recent exception of Scotland. Why have eradication schemes failed within these countries, while apparently similar programs have been successful elsewhere? While significant socio-economic and political factors have been discussed elsewhere as key determinants of disease eradication, here we review some of the potential ecological and epidemiological constraints that are present in these islands relative to other parts of Europe. We argue that the convergence of these potential factors may interact additively to diminish the potential of the present control programs to achieve eradication. Issues identified include heterogeneity of diagnostic testing approaches, the presence of an abundant wildlife reservoir of infection and the challenge of sustainably managing this risk effectively; the nature, size, density and network structure of cattle farming; potential effects of Mycobacterium bovis strain heterogeneity on disease transmission dynamics; possible impacts of concurrent endemic infections on the disclosure of truly infected animals; climatological differences and change coupled with environmental contamination. We further argue that control and eradication of this complex disease may benefit from an ecosystem level approach to management. We hope that this perspective can stimulate a new conversation about the many factors potentially impacting bTB eradication schemes in Britain and Ireland and possibly stimulate new research in the areas identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. A. Skuce
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
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36
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Carlsson AM, Albon SD, Coulson SJ, Ropstad E, Stien A, Wilson K, Loe LE, Veiberg V, Irvine RJ. Little impact of over‐winter parasitism on a free‐ranging ungulate in the high Arctic. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Morven Carlsson
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster University Lancaster UK
- The James Hutton Institute Aberdeen UK
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Centre in Svalbard Longyearbyen Norway
| | | | - Stephen J. Coulson
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Centre in Svalbard Longyearbyen Norway
| | - Erik Ropstad
- School of Veterinary ScienceNorwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Audun Stien
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)Fram Centre Tromsø Norway
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Leif Egil Loe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA)Norwegian University of Life Sciences Åas Norway
| | - Vebjørn Veiberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
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37
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Mohamed SB, Alagib A, AbdElkareim TB, Hassan MM, Johnson WC, Hussein HE, Taus NS, Ueti MW. Molecular detection and characterization of Theileria spp. infecting cattle in Sennar State, Sudan. Parasitol Res 2018. [PMID: 29516215 PMCID: PMC5978925 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tropical theileriosis is a serious animal disease transmitted by tick vectors. The agents of theileriosis are obligate intracellular parasites that cause mild to severe disease in the mammalian host. Tropical theileriosis has been recognized as a burden to the development of the dairy industry in Sudan and causes major economic losses. However, knowledge about the distribution of Theileria spp. in Sudan and the extent of sequence variation within the 18S rRNA gene is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of Theileria spp. using 18S rRNA-based PCR to detect parasites in cattle followed by cloning and sequencing. We observed an overall prevalence rate of 63% hemoparasite infection in cattle from Sennar state. A subset of samples was used for cloning and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. Nineteen of 44 animals were co-infected with more than one species of Theilera. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three Theileria spp. that were predominant in cattle including pathogenic T. annulata and apathogenic T. velifera and T. mutans. The present study provides information regarding the prevalence of theileriosis in Sudan and will help to design strategies to control it. Additionally, more study is needed to determine tick vector competence and degree of coinfection with multiple Theileria spp. in Sudan. This represents the first molecular phylogeny report to identify Theileria spp. in cattle from Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia B Mohamed
- National University Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan.,Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Atif Alagib
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mohamed M Hassan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Zaiem Al Azhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Hala E Hussein
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - Naomi S Taus
- USDA-ARS-Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - Massaro W Ueti
- USDA-ARS-Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA.
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38
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Olds CL, Mason KL, Scoles GA. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks transmit Theileria parva from persistently infected cattle in the absence of detectable parasitemia: implications for East Coast fever epidemiology. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:126. [PMID: 29499743 PMCID: PMC5834894 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background East Coast fever (ECF) is a devastating disease of cattle and a significant constraint to improvement of livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. The protozoan parasite causing ECF, Theileria parva, undergoes obligate sexual stage development in its tick vector Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Tick-borne acquisition and transmission occurs transstadially; larval and nymphal ticks acquire infection while feeding and transmit to cattle when they feed after molting to the next stage. Much of the current knowledge relating to tick-borne acquisition and transmission of T. parva has been derived from studies performed during acute infections where parasitemia is high. In contrast, tick-borne transmission during the low-level persistent infections characteristic of endemic transmission cycles is rarely studied. Methods Cattle were infected with one of two stocks of T. parva (Muguga or Marikebuni). Four months post-infection when parasites were no longer detectable in peripheral blood by PCR, 500 R. appendiculatus nymphs were fed to repletion on each of the cattle. After they molted to the adult stage, 20 or 200 ticks, respectively, were fed on two naïve cattle for each of the parasite stocks. After adult ticks fed to repletion, cattle were tested for T. parva infection by nested PCR and dot blot hybridization. Results Once they had molted to adults the ticks that had fed as nymphs on Muguga and Marikebuni infected cattle successfully transmitted Theileria parva to all naïve cattle, even though T. parva infection was not detectable by nested PCR on salivary gland genomic DNA of a sample of individual ticks. However, a salivary gland homogenate from a single Marikebuni infected tick was able to infect primary bovine lymphocytes. Infection was detected by nested p104 PCR in 3 of 4 calves and detected in all 4 calves by T. parva 18S nested PCR/dot blot hybridization. Conclusion We show that R. appendiculatus ticks are able to acquire T. parva parasites from infected cattle even in the absence of detectable parasitemia. Although infection was undetectable in a sample of individual ticks, cumulatively as few as 20 ticks were able to transmit T. parva to naïve cattle. These results have important implications for our understanding of T. parva transmission by R. appendiculatus in ECF endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Olds
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Present Address: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Kathleen L Mason
- USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Glen A Scoles
- USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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39
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Occurrence of tick-borne haemoparasites in cattle in the Mungwi District, Northern Province, Zambia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:707-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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King'ori EM, Obanda V, Ndambiri EM, Runo SM, Chiyo PI. Adding injury to infection: The relationship between injury status and genetic diversity of Theileria infecting plains zebra, Equus quagga. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 58:269-278. [PMID: 29337258 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Asymptomatic tick-borne infections are a common feature in wild herbivores. In human-dominated habitats, snare injuries to wild herbivores are common and are likely to co-occur with enzootic infections. The influence of injury on pattern, course and outcome of enzootic infection in wild herbivores is unknown. We identified Theileria species infecting zebra and assessed the relationship between host injury-status and parasitaemia, parasite diversity and selection regimes. We also determined host leucocyte differential as this can reveal mechanisms by which injuries influence infections. Theileria infecting zebra was identified using PCR and sequencing of the V4 region of the 18 s rRNA gene and confirmed with phylogenetic analyses. The influence of injury status on parasite infection patterns, genetic diversity and selection were assessed using population genetic tools. Parasitaemia estimated from prevalence and leucocyte differential were determined from microscopic examination of Giemsa stained thin blood smears. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses revealed that the zebra population studied was infected with three Theileria equi haplotypes. Parasitaemia was lower among injured compared to non-injured animals and lower during dry than wet season. Mean (±SD) genetic diversity was 0.386 (±0.128) in injured and 0.513 (±0.144) in non-injured zebra (P = .549). Neutrality tests indicated that T. equi is under strong purifying selection in injured females (Li & Fu's D* = -2.037) and demographic expansion in all zebra during the wet season (Tajima D = -1.904). Injured zebras had a higher median per cent of neutrophils (64% vs 37%) a lower median per cent of basophils (0% vs 1%) and eosinophils (2% vs 4.5%) than non-injured animals, suggesting a heightened immune response and a shift from a Th2 to Th1 T-Cell response favoring the elimination of intracellular parasites in injured animals. This study demonstrates the utility of population genetics in revealing factors influencing parasite diversity and infection patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M King'ori
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Steven M Runo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick I Chiyo
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Kenya.
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Molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in cattle from Southwestern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188248. [PMID: 29155863 PMCID: PMC5695778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) cause significant losses among livestock and impact the livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities worldwide. In Ethiopia, detailed studies on the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in cattle using sensitive molecular detection methods are scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and species composition of bovine TBPs of veterinary significance in local cattle populations. A comprehensive cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in cattle populations of Illubabor zone in Southwestern Ethiopia from June to August 2013. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 392 cattle. A combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a Reverse Line Blot (RLB) hybridization assay was employed for the detection of TBPs in these samples. The PCR/RLB results of the 392 blood samples indicated a high overall prevalence of 96.9% for TBPs, including Theileria mutans (66.1%), Theileria orientalis (51.8%), Anaplasma sp. Omatjenne (25.5%), Anaplasma marginale (14.5%), Babesia bigemina (14.0%) and Theileria velifera (13.0%) and minor occurrences of Ehrlichia ruminantium (0.5%) and Ehrlichia minasensis (0.26%). Moreover, three novel Anaplasma genotypes were detected in bovine blood samples. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that they most likely represent three, but at least two, new species. The prevalence of the three novel Anaplasma species, preliminary designated as Anaplasma sp. Hadesa, Anaplasma sp. Saso and Anaplasma sp. Dedessa, was 12.5%, 14.3% and 5.6%, respectively. Overall, a total of 227 cattle (57.9%) were found to be co-infected with two or more TBPs simultaneously and 86 different species combinations were observed. The findings show a very high burden of infection of cattle with TBPs in Ethiopia. The high frequency of co-infections suggests that clinical manifestations might be complex. Further research is required to determine the pathogenicity, host cell types and vector of the three novel Anaplasma species identified in this study.
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Al-Fahdi A, Alqamashoui B, Al-Hamidhi S, Kose O, Tageldin MH, Bobade P, Johnson EH, Hussain AR, Karagenc T, Tait A, Shiels B, Bilgic HB, Babiker H. Molecular surveillance of Theileria parasites of livestock in Oman. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:741-748. [PMID: 28558992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theileriosis is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases of livestock in the Arabian Peninsula, and causes high rates of mortality and morbidity in sheep and cattle. However, there is a paucity of information on the distribution of Theileria spp. over the whole region and their impact on different hosts. The present study carried out a country-wide molecular survey for Theileria spp. of livestock in Oman across four governorates. The aim of the survey was to define the prevalence of Theileria spp. in cattle, sheep and goats, highlight risk factors for infection and identify the main tick species involved in parasite transmission. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 2020 animals were examined in the survey consisting of sheep [n=592], goats [n=981] and cattle [n=447]. All three species were raised and co-grazed on the same farms. Theileria parasites were detected using PCR-RFLP and RLB of the 18S rRNA gene. Cloning and sequencing of the 18S rRNA was carried out on 11 T. lestoquardi isolates from Ash-Sharqiyah, and Ad-Dhahira governorates, and phylogenetic relationships were inferred using additional sequences of T. lestoquardi, T. annulata and T. ovis available in GenBank. RESULTS Theileria spp. prevalence was 72.3%, 36.7% and 2.7% among cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. Strong similarity in results was obtained using RLB and PCR-RFLP for detection of Theileria spp. however, RLB detected a higher rate of mixed infection than PCR-RFPL (P<0.001). Theileria annulata was the only parasite detected in cattle, while sheep and goats carried T. ovis, T. lestoquardi and T. annulata as well as Theileria spp. OT1. Of the four Theileria spp. detected in small ruminants, overall T. ovis was most prevalent (sheep [33.4%], goats [2.0%]), whereas T. lestoquardi was less prevalent (sheep [22.0%], goats [0.5%]). A large proportion of infected sheep (19%) carried mixed infection of T. ovis and T. lestoquardi. However, single T. lestoquardi infections (3.0%) were less prevalent than T. ovis infections (14.5%). Risk of Theileria spp. infection was significantly higher for exotic breeds, relative to native breeds, of cattle (p=0.00002) and sheep (p=0.005). Phylogenetic analysis placed T. lestoquardi in Oman in the same clade as other T. lestoquardi strains isolated from the same regional area (Iraq and Iran). The main tick species, identified on the examined animals, Hyalomma anatolicum, was widely distributed and was found in all of the surveyed governorates. CONCLUSION Theileria spp. are widespread in Oman with variable prevalence detected in different regions. Two economically important hosts, cattle and sheep are at high risk from virulent T. annulata and T. lestoquardi, respectively. The survey indicates extensive exposure to ticks and transmission of infection that has a significant economic impact. The higher prevalence of T. lestoquardi as mixed rather than single infection requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Al-Fahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | | | - Salama Al-Hamidhi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Onur Kose
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University Isikli, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mohammed H Tageldin
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Patrick Bobade
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Eugene H Johnson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | | | - Tulin Karagenc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University Isikli, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Andy Tait
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Huseyin Bilgin Bilgic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University Isikli, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hamza Babiker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.
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Marsh TL, Yoder J, Deboch T, McElwain TF, Palmer GH. Livestock vaccinations translate into increased human capital and school attendance by girls. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601410. [PMID: 27990491 PMCID: PMC5156515 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is useful to understand whether and how specific agricultural interventions improve human health, educational opportunity, and food security. In sub-Saharan Africa, 75% of the population is engaged in small-scale farming, and 80% of these households keep livestock, which represent a critical asset and provide protection against economic shock. For the 50 million pastoralists, livestock play an even greater role. Livestock productivity for pastoralist households is constrained by multiple factors, including infectious disease. East Coast fever, a tick-borne protozoal disease, is the leading cause of calf mortality in large regions of eastern and Southern Africa. We examined pastoralist decisions to adopt vaccination against East Coast fever and the economic outcomes of adoption. Our estimation strategy provides an integrated model of adoption and impact that includes direct effects of vaccination on livestock health and productivity outcomes, as well as indirect effects on household expenditures, such as child education, food, and health care. On the basis of a cross-sectional study of Kenyan pastoralist households, we found that vaccination provides significant net income benefits from reduction in livestock mortality, increased milk production, and savings by reducing antibiotic and acaricide treatments. Households directed the increased income resulting from East Coast fever vaccination into childhood education and food purchase. These indirect effects of livestock vaccination provide a positive impact on rural, livestock-dependent families, contributing to poverty alleviation at the household level and more broadly to achieving SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Marsh
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jonathan Yoder
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Tesfaye Deboch
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Terry F. McElwain
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Guy H. Palmer
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Byaruhanga C, Collins NE, Knobel D, Chaisi ME, Vorster I, Steyn HC, Oosthuizen MC. Molecular investigation of tick-borne haemoparasite infections among transhumant zebu cattle in Karamoja Region, Uganda. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 3-4:27-35. [PMID: 31014496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a major constraint to cattle production in pastoral areas in Africa. Although information on tick-borne infections is important to prioritise control approaches, it is limited for transhumant zebu cattle in Karamoja, Uganda. We conducted a study to determine the occurrence and level of tick-borne infections among cattle in Karamoja Region. A total of 240 cattle were selected for blood collection using systematic sampling in 20 randomly-selected herds in two districts. The hypervariable V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene for Theileria/Babesia and the V1 region of the 16S rRNA gene for Ehrlichia/Anaplasma were amplified and hybridised to genus- and species-specific oligonucleotide probes on a reverse line blot (RLB) membrane. A duplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay based on msp1β and groEL genes was used for the detection of Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale, while monoplex qPCR assays were used for the detection of Ehrlichia ruminantium (226bp fragment of the pCS20 region) and Theileria parva (18S rRNA gene). The RLB hybridisation assay demonstrated the presence of tick-borne haemoparasites in all but one sample (99.6%), mostly as mixed infections (97.5%). The most frequently detected species were Theileria mutans (88.3%, 95% confidence interval: 84.6-91.7%), A. marginale (73.8%: 68.3-78.8%), Theileria velifera (71.3%: 65.8-76.7%) and Anaplasma sp. Omatjenne (63.3%: 57.5-68.8%). Other virulent pathogens, namely Babesia bigemina (5.0%) and T. parva (2.9%), were also detected with RLB, but not E. ruminantium. The proportions of qPCR positive samples were 82.9% (A. marginale), 12.1% (A. centrale), 3.3% (T. parva), and 1.7% (E. ruminantium). The full-length 18S rRNA genes from 6 out of 47 samples that were positive on RLB for the Babesia genus-specific probe and not for any of the Babesia species-specific probes were amplified, cloned and sequenced. The sequences were used to construct phylogenetic trees. Variations (5 to 9 nucleotides) in the 18S rRNA gene sequences of B. bigemina were identified, when compared with B. bigemina sequences from other parts of the world. Three nucleotide differences in the B. bigemina probe region may explain the failure of the RLB hybridisation assay to detect B. bigemina in some samples. T. mutans and B. bigemina sequences grouped in separate clades from previously published sequences. In conclusion, this study demonstrated high and widespread occurrence, and sequence variation of tick-borne haemoparasites among cattle in the pastoral area of Karamoja, which is useful for diagnosis and control of TBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Byaruhanga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; National Agricultural Research Organisation, P.O. Box 259, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Nicola E Collins
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Darryn Knobel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Mamohale E Chaisi
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Ilse Vorster
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Helena C Steyn
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Marinda C Oosthuizen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Troell K, Hallström B, Divne AM, Alsmark C, Arrighi R, Huss M, Beser J, Bertilsson S. Cryptosporidium as a testbed for single cell genome characterization of unicellular eukaryotes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:471. [PMID: 27338614 PMCID: PMC4917956 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious disease involving multiple genetically distinct populations of pathogens is frequently concurrent, but difficult to detect or describe with current routine methodology. Cryptosporidium sp. is a widespread gastrointestinal protozoan of global significance in both animals and humans. It cannot be easily maintained in culture and infections of multiple strains have been reported. To explore the potential use of single cell genomics methodology for revealing genome-level variation in clinical samples from Cryptosporidium-infected hosts, we sorted individual oocysts for subsequent genome amplification and full-genome sequencing. Results Cells were identified with fluorescent antibodies with an 80 % success rate for the entire single cell genomics workflow, demonstrating that the methodology can be applied directly to purified fecal samples. Ten amplified genomes from sorted single cells were selected for genome sequencing and compared both to the original population and a reference genome in order to evaluate the accuracy and performance of the method. Single cell genome coverage was on average 81 % even with a moderate sequencing effort and by combining the 10 single cell genomes, the full genome was accounted for. By a comparison to the original sample, biological variation could be distinguished and separated from noise introduced in the amplification. Conclusions As a proof of principle, we have demonstrated the power of applying single cell genomics to dissect infectious disease caused by closely related parasite species or subtypes. The workflow can easily be expanded and adapted to target other protozoans, and potential applications include mapping genome-encoded traits, virulence, pathogenicity, host specificity and resistance at the level of cells as truly meaningful biological units. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2815-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Troell
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Björn Hallström
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maria Divne
- Microbial Single Cell Genomics Facility, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Alsmark
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Romanico Arrighi
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mikael Huss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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The biology of Theileria parva and control of East Coast fever – Current status and future trends. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:549-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Raszek MM, Guan LL, Plastow GS. Use of Genomic Tools to Improve Cattle Health in the Context of Infectious Diseases. Front Genet 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 27014337 PMCID: PMC4780072 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infectious diseases impose a heavy economic burden on the cattle industry, the etiology of many disorders that affect livestock is not fully elucidated, and effective countermeasures are often lacking. The main tools available until now have been vaccines, antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs. Although these have been very successful in some cases, the appearance of parasite and microbial resistance to these treatments is a cause of concern. Next-generation sequencing provides important opportunities to tackle problems associated with pathogenic illnesses. This review describes the rapid gains achieved to track disease progression, identify the pathogens involved, and map pathogen interactions with the host. Use of novel genomic tools subsequently aids in treatment development, as well as successful creation of breeding programs aimed toward less susceptible livestock. These may be important tools for mitigating the long term effects of combating infection and helping reduce the reliance on antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj M Raszek
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Le L Guan
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Warne RW, LaBumbard B, LaGrange S, Vredenburg VT, Catenazzi A. Co-Infection by Chytrid Fungus and Ranaviruses in Wild and Harvested Frogs in the Tropical Andes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145864. [PMID: 26726999 PMCID: PMC4701007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While global amphibian declines are associated with the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), undetected concurrent co-infection by other pathogens may be little recognized threats to amphibians. Emerging viruses in the genus Ranavirus (Rv) also cause die-offs of amphibians and other ectotherms, but the extent of their distribution globally, or how co-infections with Bd impact amphibians are poorly understood. We provide the first report of Bd and Rv co-infection in South America, and the first report of Rv infections in the amphibian biodiversity hotspot of the Peruvian Andes, where Bd is associated with extinctions. Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that Bd or Rv parasites facilitate co-infection, as assessed by parasite abundance or infection intensity within individual adult frogs. Co-infection occurred in 30% of stream-dwelling frogs; 65% were infected by Bd and 40% by Rv. Among terrestrial, direct-developing Pristimantis frogs 40% were infected by Bd, 35% by Rv, and 20% co-infected. In Telmatobius frogs harvested for the live-trade 49% were co-infected, 92% were infected by Bd, and 53% by Rv. Median Bd and Rv loads were similar in both wild (Bd = 101.2 Ze, Rv = 102.3 viral copies) and harvested frogs (Bd = 103.1 Ze, Rv = 102.7 viral copies). While neither parasite abundance nor infection intensity were associated with co-infection patterns in adults, these data did not include the most susceptible larval and metamorphic life stages. These findings suggest Rv distribution is global and that co-infection among these parasites may be common. These results raise conservation concerns, but greater testing is necessary to determine if parasite interactions increase amphibian vulnerability to secondary infections across differing life stages, and constitute a previously undetected threat to declining populations. Greater surveillance of parasite interactions may increase our capacity to contain and mitigate the impacts of these and other wildlife diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W. Warne
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brandon LaBumbard
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
| | - Seth LaGrange
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
| | - Vance T. Vredenburg
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Catenazzi
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
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Tollenaere C, Susi H, Laine AL. Evolutionary and Epidemiological Implications of Multiple Infection in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:80-90. [PMID: 26651920 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent methodological advances have uncovered tremendous microbial diversity cohabiting in the same host plant, and many of these microbes cause disease. In this review we highlight how the presence of other pathogen species, or other pathogen genotypes, within a plant can affect key components of host-pathogen interactions: (i) within-plant virulence and pathogen accumulation, through direct and host-mediated mechanisms; (ii) evolutionary trajectories of pathogen populations, through virulence evolution, generation of novel genetic combinations, and maintenance of genetic diversity; and (iii) disease dynamics, with multiple infection likely to render epidemics more devastating. The major future challenges are to couple a community ecology approach with a molecular investigation of the mechanisms operating under coinfection and to evaluate the evolution and effectiveness of resistance within a coinfection framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Tollenaere
- Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), Institut de Recherches pour le Développement (IRD) - Cirad - Université de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; Laboratoire Mixte International Patho-Bios, IRD-INERA (Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles), BP171, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hanna Susi
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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