1
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Lim JH, Han WB, Jang TM, Ko GJ, Shin JW, Han S, Kang H, Eom CH, Choi SJ, Rajaram K, Bandodkar AJ, Yeo WH, Hwang SW. Synthesis of shape-programmable elastomer for a bioresorbable, wireless nerve stimulator. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116222. [PMID: 38518560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Materials that have the ability to manipulate shapes in response to stimuli such as heat, light, humidity and magnetism offer a means for versatile, sophisticated functions in soft robotics or biomedical implants, while such a reactive transformation has certain drawbacks including high operating temperatures, inherent rigidity and biological hazard. Herein, we introduce biodegradable, self-adhesive, shape-transformable poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (BSS-PLCL) that can be triggered via thermal stimulation near physiological temperature (∼38 °C). Chemical inspections confirm the fundamental properties of the synthetic materials in diverse aspects, and study on mechanical and biochemical characteristics validates exceptional stretchability up to 800 % and tunable dissolution behaviors under biological conditions. The integration of the functional polymer with a bioresorbable electronic system highlights potential for a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyeon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bae Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Tae-Min Jang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan-Jin Ko
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Shin
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkeun Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeseok Kang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hwi Eom
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jeong Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaveti Rajaram
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Amay J Bandodkar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Suk-Won Hwang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Cooper CB, Root SE, Michalek L, Wu S, Lai JC, Khatib M, Oyakhire ST, Zhao R, Qin J, Bao Z. Autonomous alignment and healing in multilayer soft electronics using immiscible dynamic polymers. Science 2023; 380:935-941. [PMID: 37262169 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing soft electronic and robotic devices can, like human skin, recover autonomously from damage. While current devices use a single type of dynamic polymer for all functional layers to ensure strong interlayer adhesion, this approach requires manual layer alignment. In this study, we used two dynamic polymers, which have immiscible backbones but identical dynamic bonds, to maintain interlayer adhesion while enabling autonomous realignment during healing. These dynamic polymers exhibit a weakly interpenetrating and adhesive interface, whose width is tunable. When multilayered polymer films are misaligned after damage, these structures autonomously realign during healing to minimize interfacial free energy. We fabricated devices with conductive, dielectric, and magnetic particles that functionally heal after damage, enabling thin-film pressure sensors, magnetically assembled soft robots, and underwater circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel E Root
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lukas Michalek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jian-Cheng Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Muhammad Khatib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Solomon T Oyakhire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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3
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Al-Shamery N, Benselfelt T, Lee PS. Melanin and Polypyrrole-Coated Nanocellulose Hydrogel Networks for Environmental Sensing and Energy Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37205839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are black-brown pigments of a specific class of poly indolequinones found in nature and in the human body. They are responsible for photoprotection, radical scavenging, and metal ion chelation. Recently, there has been significant interest in eumelanin as a functional material due to its macromolecular structure and the exploitation of the quinone-hydroquinone redox equilibrium. While eumelanin can be used in many promising applications, it is insoluble in most solvents, limiting its processing into homogeneous materials and coatings. A promising approach is to use a carrier system to stabilize eumelanin by incorporating cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), a nanoscopic material that originates from plant biomass. In this work, a flexible network consisting of CNFs coupled with vapor-phase polymerized conductive polypyrrole (PPy) is utilized to form a functional eumelanin hydrogel composite (MelaGel) for environmental sensing and battery applications. Flexible sensors for detecting pH or metal ions made from MelaGel can detect both pH values in a range from 4 to 10 and metal ions like zinc(II), copper(II), and iron(III), paving the way for environmental and biomedical sensor applications. The reduced internal resistance in the MelaGel leads to improved charge storage ability compared to synthetic eumelanin composite electrodes. Other noteworthy advantages of the MelaGel are the amphiphilic nature of PPy and the additionally offered redox centers. Lastly, this material was tested in aqueous electrolyte zinc coin cells, where it was shown to have charge/discharge stability for over 1200 cycles, showcasing this MelaGel composite as a promising eumelanin-based composite hybrid sensor/energy storage material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Al-Shamery
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Xu R, Cañón Bermúdez GS, Pylypovskyi OV, Volkov OM, Oliveros Mata ES, Zabila Y, Illing R, Makushko P, Milkin P, Ionov L, Fassbender J, Makarov D. Self-healable printed magnetic field sensors using alternating magnetic fields. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6587. [PMID: 36329023 PMCID: PMC9631606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We employ alternating magnetic fields (AMF) to drive magnetic fillers actively and guide the formation and self-healing of percolation networks. Relying on AMF, we fabricate printable magnetoresistive sensors revealing an enhancement in sensitivity and figure of merit of more than one and two orders of magnitude relative to previous reports. These sensors display low noise, high resolution, and are readily processable using various printing techniques that can be applied to different substrates. The AMF-mediated self-healing has six characteristics: 100% performance recovery; repeatable healing over multiple cycles; room-temperature operation; healing in seconds; no need for manual reassembly; humidity insensitivity. It is found that the above advantages arise from the AMF-induced attraction of magnetic microparticles and the determinative oscillation that work synergistically to improve the quantity and quality of filler contacts. By virtue of these advantages, the AMF-mediated sensors are used in safety application, medical therapy, and human-machine interfaces for augmented reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gilbert Santiago Cañón Bermúdez
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V. Pylypovskyi
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany ,grid.510453.6Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142 Ukraine
| | - Oleksii M. Volkov
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eduardo Sergio Oliveros Mata
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yevhen Zabila
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rico Illing
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pavlo Makushko
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pavel Milkin
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str 36a, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str 36a, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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5
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Yimyai T, Pena-Francesch A, Crespy D. Transparent and self-healing elastomers for reconfigurable 3D materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200554. [PMID: 35996274 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transparent soft materials have been widely used in applications ranging from packaging to flexible displays, wearable devices, and optical lenses. Nevertheless, soft materials are susceptible to mechanical damages, leading to functional failure and premature disposal. Herein, we introduce a transparent self-healing elastomer that is able to repair the polymer network via exchange reactions of dynamic disulfide bonds. Due to its self-healing ability, the mechanical properties of the elastomer can be recovered, as well as its transparency after multiple cycles of abrasion and healing. The self-healing polymer is fabricated into three-dimensional (3D) structures by folding or modular origami assembly of planar self-healing polymer sheets. The 3D polymer objects are employed as storage containers of solid and liquid substances, reactors for photopolymerization, and cuvettes for optical measurements (exhibiting superior properties to those of commercial cuvettes). These dynamic polymers show outstanding mechanical, optical, and recycling properties that could potentially be further adapted in adaptive smart packaging, reconfigurable materials, optical devices, and recycling of elastomers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiwa Yimyai
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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6
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Magnetic Self-Healing Composites: Synthesis and Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123796. [PMID: 35744920 PMCID: PMC9228312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic composites and self-healing materials have been drawing much attention in their respective fields of application. Magnetic fillers enable changes in the material properties of objects, in the shapes and structures of objects, and ultimately in the motion and actuation of objects in response to the application of an external field. Self-healing materials possess the ability to repair incurred damage and consequently recover the functional properties during healing. The combination of these two unique features results in important advances in both fields. First, the self-healing ability enables the recovery of the magnetic properties of magnetic composites and structures to extend their service lifetimes in applications such as robotics and biomedicine. Second, magnetic (nano)particles offer many opportunities to improve the healing performance of the resulting self-healing magnetic composites. Magnetic fillers are used for the remote activation of thermal healing through inductive heating and for the closure of large damage by applying an alternating or constant external magnetic field, respectively. Furthermore, hard magnetic particles can be used to permanently magnetize self-healing composites to autonomously re-join severed parts. This paper reviews the synthesis, processing and manufacturing of magnetic self-healing composites for applications in health, robotic actuation, flexible electronics, and many more.
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7
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Abstract
:
Polymers have the property to convert the physical stress to covalent bond shuffling,
thereby acting as the healing agents. Polymeric coatings, paints, electronic devices, drug delivery,
and many other applications find self-healing materials as a smart technique to prolong the life cycle
of the end products. The idea behind these artificial materials is to make them behave like the human
body. It should sense the failure and repair it before it becomes worse or irreparable. Researchers
have explored several polymeric materials which can self-heal through intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms.
This review specifically focuses on extrinsic routes governed by mechanical stress, temperature
change in a covalent bond, humidity, variation in pH, optical sensitivity, and electrochemical effects.
Each possible mechanism is further supported by the molecules or bonds which can undergo
the transformations under given conditions. On a broader scale, bonds that can self-repair by mechanical
force, thermal treatment, chemical modifications, UV irradiation, or electromagnetic phenomenon
are covered under this review. It brings into the notice the shortcomings or challenges in
adopting the technology to the commercial scale. The possible molecules or bonds which can undergo
self-healing under certain conditions have been distinctly presented in a well-segregated manner.
This review is envisaged to act as a guide for researchers working in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Agrawal
- Department of Applied Sciences, The NorthCap University, Sector 23A, Gurugram, India
| | - Bharti Arora
- Department of Applied Sciences, The NorthCap University, Sector 23A, Gurugram, India
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Han Y, Li X, Dai C, Zhang X, Jin X, Shao C, Lu B, Wang C, Cheng H, Liu F, Qu L. Fixture-free omnidirectional prestretching fabrication and integration of crumpled in-plane micro-supercapacitors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8338. [PMID: 35622921 PMCID: PMC9140961 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional folded structures with elasticity could provide spatial charge storage capability and shape adaptability for micro-supercapacitors (MSCs). Here, highly crumpled in-plane MSCs with superior conformality are fabricated in situ and integrated by a fixture-free omnidirectional elastic contraction strategy. Using carbon nanotube microelectrodes, a single crumpled MSC holds an ultrahigh volumetric capacitance of 9.3 F cm-3, and its total areal capacitance is 45 times greater than the initial state. Experimental and theoretical simulation methods indicate that strain-induced improvements of adsorption energy and conductance for crumpled microelectrodes are responsible for the prominent enhancement of electrochemical performance. With outstanding morphological randomicity, the integrated devices can serve as smart coatings in moving robots, withstanding extreme mechanical deformations. Notably, integration on a spherical surface is possible by using a spherical mask, in which a small area of the microdevice array (3.9 cm2) can produce a high output voltage of 100 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chunlong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xinqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuting Jin
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Changxiang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huhu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Liangti Qu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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10
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Xu W, Jambhulkar S, Ravichandran D, Zhu Y, Kakarla M, Nian Q, Azeredo B, Chen X, Jin K, Vernon B, Lott DG, Cornella JL, Shefi O, Miquelard-Garnier G, Yang Y, Song K. 3D Printing-Enabled Nanoparticle Alignment: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100817. [PMID: 34176201 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
3D printing (additive manufacturing (AM)) has enormous potential for rapid tooling and mass production due to its design flexibility and significant reduction of the timeline from design to manufacturing. The current state-of-the-art in 3D printing focuses on material manufacturability and engineering applications. However, there still exists the bottleneck of low printing resolution and processing rates, especially when nanomaterials need tailorable orders at different scales. An interesting phenomenon is the preferential alignment of nanoparticles that enhance material properties. Therefore, this review emphasizes the landscape of nanoparticle alignment in the context of 3D printing. Herein, a brief overview of 3D printing is provided, followed by a comprehensive summary of the 3D printing-enabled nanoparticle alignment in well-established and in-house customized 3D printing mechanisms that can lead to selective deposition and preferential orientation of nanoparticles. Subsequently, it is listed that typical applications that utilized the properties of ordered nanoparticles (e.g., structural composites, heat conductors, chemo-resistive sensors, engineered surfaces, tissue scaffolds, and actuators based on structural and functional property improvement). This review's emphasis is on the particle alignment methodology and the performance of composites incorporating aligned nanoparticles. In the end, significant limitations of current 3D printing techniques are identified together with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiheng Xu
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sayli Jambhulkar
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dharneedar Ravichandran
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Mounika Kakarla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Qiong Nian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Multi-Scale Manufacturing Material Processing Lab (MMMPL), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Bruno Azeredo
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- Advanced Manufacturing and Functional Devices (AMFD) Laboratory, Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 Innovation Way W., Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Kailong Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), and Biodesign Institute Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing (BCSM3), Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler St., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Brent Vernon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials Lab, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - David G Lott
- Department Otolaryngology, Division of Laryngology, College of Medicine, and Mayo Clinic Arizona Center for Regenerative Medicine, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Cornella
- Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Orit Shefi
- Department of Engineering, Neuro-Engineering and Regeneration Laboratory, Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Building 1105, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- laboratoire PIMM, UMR 8006, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, Hesam University, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Yang Yang
- Additive Manufacturing & Advanced Materials Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-1323, USA
| | - Kenan Song
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Advanced Materials Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory (AMAML), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 Innovation Way W., Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
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11
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Ekeocha J, Ellingford C, Pan M, Wemyss AM, Bowen C, Wan C. Challenges and Opportunities of Self-Healing Polymers and Devices for Extreme and Hostile Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008052. [PMID: 34165832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineering materials and devices can be damaged during their service life as a result of mechanical fatigue, punctures, electrical breakdown, and electrochemical corrosion. This damage can lead to unexpected failure during operation, which requires regular inspection, repair, and replacement of the products, resulting in additional energy consumption and cost. During operation in challenging, extreme, or harsh environments, such as those encountered in high or low temperature, nuclear, offshore, space, and deep mining environments, the robustness and stability of materials and devices are extremely important. Over recent decades, significant effort has been invested into improving the robustness and stability of materials through either structural design, the introduction of new chemistry, or improved manufacturing processes. Inspired by natural systems, the creation of self-healing materials has the potential to overcome these challenges and provide a route to achieve dynamic repair during service. Current research on self-healing polymers remains in its infancy, and self-healing behavior under harsh and extreme conditions is a particularly untapped area of research. Here, the self-healing mechanisms and performance of materials under a variety of harsh environments are discussed. An overview of polymer-based devices developed for a range of challenging environments is provided, along with areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ekeocha
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Ellingford
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Alan M Wemyss
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Chaoying Wan
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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12
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Xiong J, Chen J, Lee PS. Functional Fibers and Fabrics for Soft Robotics, Wearables, and Human-Robot Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002640. [PMID: 33025662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics inspired by the movement of living organisms, with excellent adaptability and accuracy for accomplishing tasks, are highly desirable for efficient operations and safe interactions with human. With the emerging wearable electronics, higher tactility and skin affinity are pursued for safe and user-friendly human-robot interactions. Fabrics interlocked by fibers perform traditional static functions such as warming, protection, and fashion. Recently, dynamic fibers and fabrics are favorable to deliver active stimulus responses such as sensing and actuating abilities for soft-robots and wearables. First, the responsive mechanisms of fiber/fabric actuators and their performances under various external stimuli are reviewed. Fiber/yarn-based artificial muscles for soft-robots manipulation and assistance in human motion are discussed, as well as smart clothes for improving human perception. Second, the geometric designs, fabrications, mechanisms, and functions of fibers/fabrics for sensing and energy harvesting from the human body and environments are summarized. Effective integration between the electronic components with garments, human skin, and living organisms is illustrated, presenting multifunctional platforms with self-powered potential for human-robot interactions and biomedicine. Lastly, the relationships between robotic/wearable fibers/fabrics and the external stimuli, together with the challenges and possible routes for revolutionizing the robotic fibers/fabrics and wearables in this new era are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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13
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Tan YJ, Susanto GJ, Anwar Ali HP, Tee BCK. Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self-Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002800. [PMID: 33346389 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Robots are increasingly assisting humans in performing various tasks. Like special agents with elite skills, they can venture to distant locations and adverse environments, such as the deep sea and outer space. Micro/nanobots can also act as intrabody agents for healthcare applications. Self-healing materials that can autonomously perform repair functions are useful to address the unpredictability of the environment and the increasing drive toward the autonomous operation. Having self-healable robotic materials can potentially reduce costs, electronic wastes, and improve a robot endowed with such materials longevity. This review aims to serve as a roadmap driven by past advances and inspire future cross-disciplinary research in robotic materials and electronics. By first charting the history of self-healing materials, new avenues are provided to classify the various self-healing materials proposed over several decades. The materials and strategies for self-healing in robotics and stretchable electronics are also reviewed and discussed. It is believed that this article encourages further innovation in this exciting and emerging branch in robotics interfacing with material science and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jun Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Innovation in Health Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Glenys Jocelin Susanto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Hashina Parveen Anwar Ali
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Innovation in Health Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- N.1 Institute of Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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14
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Vinoth R, Nakagawa T, Mathiyarasu J, Mohan AMV. Fully Printed Wearable Microfluidic Devices for High-Throughput Sweat Sampling and Multiplexed Electrochemical Analysis. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1174-1186. [PMID: 33517662 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the recent advancement in wearable biosensors provides continuous, noninvasive assessment of physiologically relevant chemical markers from human sweat, several bottlenecks still exist for its practical use. There were challenges in developing a multiplexed biosensing system with rapid microfluidic sampling and transport properties, as well as its integration with a portable potentiostat for improved interference-free data collection. Here, we introduce a clean-room free fabrication of wearable microfluidic sensors, using a screen-printed carbon master, for the electrochemical monitoring of sweat biomarkers during exercise activities. The sweat sampling is enhanced by introducing low-dimensional sensing compartments and lowering the hydrophilicity of channel layers via facile silane functionalization. The fluidic channel captures sweat at the inlet and directs the real-time sweat through the active sensing electrodes (within 40 s) for subsequent decoding and selective analyses. For proof of concept, simultaneous amperometric lactate and potentiometric ion sensing (Na+, K+, and pH) are carried out by a miniature circuit board capable of cross-talk-free signal collection and wireless signal transduction characteristics. All of the sensors demonstrated appreciable sensitivity, selectivity, stability, carryover efficiency, and repeatability. The floating potentiometric circuits eliminate the signal interference from the adjacent amperometric transducers. The fully integrated pumpless microfluidic device is mounted on the epidermis and employed for multiplexed real-time decoding of sweat during stationary biking. The regional variations in sweat composition are analyzed by human trials at the underarm and upperback locations. The presented method offers a large-scale fabrication of inexpensive high-throughput wearable sensors for personalized point-of-care and athletic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Vinoth
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR—Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)—CSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tatsuo Nakagawa
- Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo1858601, Japan
| | - Jayaraman Mathiyarasu
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR—Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)—CSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A. M. Vinu Mohan
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR—Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)—CSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Karshalev E, Silva-Lopez C, Chan K, Yan J, Sandraz E, Gallot M, Nourhani A, Garay J, Wang J. Swimmers Heal on the Move Following Catastrophic Damage. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2240-2247. [PMID: 33617270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the development of 2D self-healing small-scale swimmers capable of autonomous propulsion and "on-the-fly" structural recovery in large containers. Incorporation of magnetic Nd2Fe14B microparticles in specialized printed strips results in rapid reorientation and reattachment of the moving tail to its complementary broken static piece to restore the original swimmer structure and propulsion behavior. The swimmers display functional recovery independent of user input. Measurements of the magnetic hysteresis and fields were used to assess the behavior of the healing mechanism in real swimming situations. Damage position and multiple magnetic strip patterns have been examined and their influence upon the recovery efficiency has been compared. Owing to its versatility, fast response, and simplicity the new self-healing strategy represents an important step toward the development of new "on-the-fly" repairing strategies for small-scale swimmers and robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Karshalev
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Cristian Silva-Lopez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kyle Chan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jieming Yan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elodie Sandraz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mathieu Gallot
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amir Nourhani
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Javier Garay
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Khatib M, Zohar O, Haick H. Self-Healing Soft Sensors: From Material Design to Implementation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004190. [PMID: 33533124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The demand for interfacing electronics in everyday life is rapidly accelerating, with an ever-growing number of applications in wearable electronics and electronic skins for robotics, prosthetics, and other purposes. Soft sensors that efficiently detect environmental or biological/physiological stimuli have been extensively studied due to their essential role in creating the necessary interfaces for these applications. Unfortunately, due to their natural softness, these sensors are highly sensitive to structural and mechanical damage. The integration of natural properties, such as self-healing, into these systems should improve their reliability, stability, and long-term performance. Recent studies on self-healing soft sensors for varying chemical and physical parameters are herein reviewed. In addition, contemporary studies on material design, device structure, and fabrication methods for sensing platforms are also discussed. Finally, the main challenges and future perspectives in this field are introduced, while focusing on the most promising examples and directions already reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Orr Zohar
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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17
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Sharma A, Badea M, Tiwari S, Marty JL. Wearable Biosensors: An Alternative and Practical Approach in Healthcare and Disease Monitoring. Molecules 2021; 26:748. [PMID: 33535493 PMCID: PMC7867046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of growing population, aging and chronic diseases continuously rising healthcare costs, the healthcare system is undergoing a vital transformation from the traditional hospital-centered system to an individual-centered system. Since the 20th century, wearable sensors are becoming widespread in healthcare and biomedical monitoring systems, empowering continuous measurement of critical biomarkers for monitoring of the diseased condition and health, medical diagnostics and evaluation in biological fluids like saliva, blood, and sweat. Over the past few decades, the developments have been focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, along with advances with the non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers, bacteria and hormones, etc. Wearable devices have evolved gradually with a mix of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems integrated with flexible materials and body attachments for improved wearability and simplicity. These wearables hold promise and are capable of a higher understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations within the blood or non-invasive biofluids and feedback to the patient, which is significantly important in timely diagnosis, treatment, and control of medical conditions. However, cohort validation studies and performance evaluation of wearable biosensors are needed to underpin their clinical acceptance. In the present review, we discuss the importance, features, types of wearables, challenges and applications of wearable devices for biological fluids for the prevention of diseased conditions and real-time monitoring of human health. Herein, we summarize the various wearable devices that are developed for healthcare monitoring and their future potential has been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Specialties Department, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CHATTISGARH 492010, India;
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- University of Perpignan via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France
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18
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Influence of Characteristics of Thermoplastic Polyurethane on Graphene-Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite Film. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020129. [PMID: 33530426 PMCID: PMC7911175 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-thermoplastic polyurethane (G-TPU) composite films were fabricated by traditional blending method and tape casting process with commercial graphene sheets as functional fillers and TPU masterbatches of four different melting points as matrix, respectively. The effects of matrix on the distribution of graphene, the electrical conductivity, and infrared (IR) light thermal properties of the G-TPU composite films were investigated. The experimental results reveal that the characteristics of TPU has little influence on the electrical conductivity of the G-TPU composite films, although the four TPU solutions have different viscosities. However, under the same graphene mass content, the thermal conductivity of four G-TPU composite films with different melting points is significantly different. The four kinds of G-TPU composite films have obvious infrared (IR) thermal effect. There is little difference in the temperatures between the composite films prepared by TPU with melting a point of 100 °C, 120 °C, and 140 °C, respectively; however, when the content of graphene is less than 5 wt%, the temperature of the composite film prepared by TPU with a melting point of 163 °C is obviously lower than that of the other three composite films. The possible reason for this phenomenon is related to the structure of TPU.
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19
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Sun X, Agate S, Salem KS, Lucia L, Pal L. Hydrogel-Based Sensor Networks: Compositions, Properties, and Applications—A Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 4:140-162. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Sun
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Sachin Agate
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Khandoker Samaher Salem
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lucian Lucia
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lokendra Pal
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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20
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Mohan A, Rajendran V, Mishra RK, Jayaraman M. Recent advances and perspectives in sweat based wearable electrochemical sensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Wang P, Hu M, Wang H, Chen Z, Feng Y, Wang J, Ling W, Huang Y. The Evolution of Flexible Electronics: From Nature, Beyond Nature, and To Nature. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001116. [PMID: 33101851 PMCID: PMC7578875 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The flourishing development of multifunctional flexible electronics cannot leave the beneficial role of nature, which provides continuous inspiration in their material, structural, and functional designs. During the evolution of flexible electronics, some originated from nature, some were even beyond nature, and others were implantable or biodegradable eventually to nature. Therefore, the relationship between flexible electronics and nature is undoubtedly vital since harmony between nature and technology evolution would promote the sustainable development. Herein, materials selection and functionality design for flexible electronics that are mostly inspired from nature are first introduced with certain functionality even beyond nature. Then, frontier advances on flexible electronics including the main individual components (i.e., energy (the power source) and the sensor (the electric load)) are presented from nature, beyond nature, and to nature with the aim of enlightening the harmonious relationship between the modern electronics technology and nature. Finally, critical issues in next-generation flexible electronics are discussed to provide possible solutions and new insights in prospective exploration directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Mengmeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Yuping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Wei Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
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22
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A novel approach for the closure of large damage in self-healing elastomers using magnetic particles. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Highly Stretchable and Conductive Self-Healing Hydrogels for Temperature and Strain Sensing and Chronic Wound Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40990-40999. [PMID: 32808753 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Al-Qatatsheh A, Morsi Y, Zavabeti A, Zolfagharian A, Salim N, Z. Kouzani A, Mosadegh B, Gharaie S. Blood Pressure Sensors: Materials, Fabrication Methods, Performance Evaluations and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4484. [PMID: 32796604 PMCID: PMC7474433 DOI: 10.3390/s20164484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in materials science and fabrication techniques have contributed to the significant growing attention to a wide variety of sensors for digital healthcare. While the progress in this area is tremendously impressive, few wearable sensors with the capability of real-time blood pressure monitoring are approved for clinical use. One of the key obstacles in the further development of wearable sensors for medical applications is the lack of comprehensive technical evaluation of sensor materials against the expected clinical performance. Here, we present an extensive review and critical analysis of various materials applied in the design and fabrication of wearable sensors. In our unique transdisciplinary approach, we studied the fundamentals of blood pressure and examined its measuring modalities while focusing on their clinical use and sensing principles to identify material functionalities. Then, we carefully reviewed various categories of functional materials utilized in sensor building blocks allowing for comparative analysis of the performance of a wide range of materials throughout the sensor operational-life cycle. Not only this provides essential data to enhance the materials' properties and optimize their performance, but also, it highlights new perspectives and provides suggestions to develop the next generation pressure sensors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Qatatsheh
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Yosry Morsi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Nisa Salim
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Abbas Z. Kouzani
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Bobak Mosadegh
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Saleh Gharaie
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
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Xiao YH, Gu ZG, Zhang J. Surface-coordinated metal-organic framework thin films (SURMOFs) for electrocatalytic applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12712-12730. [PMID: 32584342 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of highly efficient electrocatalysts are very important in energy storage and conversion. As a kind of inorganic organic hybrid material, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been used as electrocatalysts in electrocatalytic reactions due to their structural diversities and fascinating functionalities. Particularly, MOF thin films are coordinated on substrate surfaces by a liquid phase epitaxial (LPE) layer by layer (LBL) growth method (called surface-coordinated MOF thin films, SURMOFs), and recently have been studied in various applications due to their precisely controlled thickness, preferred growth orientation and homogeneous surface. In this review, we will summarize the preparation and electrocatalysis of SURMOFs and their derived thin films (SURMOF-D). The SURMOF based thin films possess diverse topological structures and flexible properties, providing abundant catalytically active sites and fast charge transfer for efficient electrocatalytic performance in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CRR), supercapacitors, tandem electrocatalysis and so on. The research challenges and problems of SURMOFs for electrocatalytic applications are also discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.
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26
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Sun X, Tyagi P, Agate S, McCord MG, Lucia LA, Pal L. Highly tunable bioadhesion and optics of 3D printable PNIPAm/cellulose nanofibrils hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shi W, Guo Y, Liu Y. When Flexible Organic Field-Effect Transistors Meet Biomimetics: A Prospective View of the Internet of Things. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901493. [PMID: 31250497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of flexible organic electronics that span the fields of physics and biomimetics creates the possibility for increasingly simple and intelligent products for use in everyday life. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), with their inherent flexibility, light weight, and biocompatibility, have shown great promise in the field of biomimicry. By applying such biomimetic OFETs for the internet of things (IoT) makes it possible to imagine novel products and use cases for the future. Recent advances in flexible OFETs and their applications in biomimetic systems are reviewed. Strategies to achieve flexible OFETs are individually discussed and recent progress in biomimetic sensory systems and nervous systems is reviewed in detail. OFETs are revealed to be one of the best systems for mimicking sensory and nervous systems. Additionally, a brief discussion of information storage based on OFETs is presented. Finally, a personal view of the utilization of biomimetic OFETs in the IoT and future challenges in this research area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Ag flake/silicone rubber composite with high stability and stretching speed insensitive resistance via conductive bridge formation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5036. [PMID: 32193483 PMCID: PMC7081184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High stability, stretchable speed insensitive properties, high stretchability, and electrical conductivity are key characteristics for the realisation of wearable devices. However, conventional research is mainly focused on achieving only high stretchability and electrical conductivity. Studies on the stability and stretching speed insensitive properties generally require complex fabrication processes, which are in need of further improvement. In this study, we propose a facile formation of a conductive bridge in composites by using surface damage and the viscoelastic property of the polymer. Surface cracks due to repeated stretching cycles formed conductive bridges via stress relaxation of the viscoelastic polymer matrix. The conductive bridge resulted in the conductor having highly stable resistance values at target strains and stretching speed insensitive resistance, even at stretching speeds that were 20 times faster than the minimum.
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29
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Kim SE, Tieu MV, Hwang SY, Lee MH. Magnetic Particles: Their Applications from Sample Preparations to Biosensing Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030302. [PMID: 32183074 PMCID: PMC7142445 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in magnetic materials as a universal tool has been shown by an increasing number of scientific publications regarding magnetic materials and its various applications. Substantial progress has been recently made on the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide particles in terms of size, chemical composition, and surface chemistry. In addition, surface layers of polymers, silica, biomolecules, etc., on magnetic particles, can be modified to obtain affinity to target molecules. The developed magnetic iron oxide particles have been significantly utilized for diagnostic applications, such as sample preparations and biosensing platforms, leading to the selectivity and sensitivity against target molecules and the ease of use in the sensing systems. For the process of sample preparations, the magnetic particles do assist in target isolation from biological environments, having non-specific molecules and undesired molecules. Moreover, the magnetic particles can be easily applied for various methods of biosensing devices, such as optical, electrochemical, and magnetic phenomena-based methods, and also any methods combined with microfluidic systems. Here we review the utilization of magnetic materials in the isolation/preconcentration of various molecules and cells, and their use in various techniques for diagnostic biosensors that may greatly contribute to future innovation in point-of-care and high-throughput automation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Eun Kim
- Human IT Convergence Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do 13509, Korea;
| | - My Van Tieu
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Seoul 06974, Korea; (M.V.T.); (S.Y.H.)
| | - Sei Young Hwang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Seoul 06974, Korea; (M.V.T.); (S.Y.H.)
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Seoul 06974, Korea; (M.V.T.); (S.Y.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-820-5503; Fax: +82-2-814-2651
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30
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Jia H, Gu SY. Remote and efficient infrared induced self-healable stretchable substrate for wearable electronics. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Tsai MS, Shen TL, Wu HM, Liao YM, Liao YK, Lee WY, Kuo HC, Lai YC, Chen YF. Self-Powered, Self-Healed, and Shape-Adaptive Ultraviolet Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9755-9765. [PMID: 32013376 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of self-healing devices in recent years has drawn a great amount of attention in both academics and industry. Self-healed devices can autonomically restore a rupture as unexpected destruction occurs, which can efficiently prolong the life span of the devices; hence, they have an enhanced durability and decreased replacement cost. As a result, integration of wearable devices with self-healed electronics has become an indispensable issue in smart wearable devices. In this study, we present the first self-powered, self-healed, and wearable ultraviolet (UV) photodetector based on the integration of agarose/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) double network (DN) hydrogels, which have the advantages of good mechanical strength, self-healing ability, and tolerability of multiple types of damage. With the integration of a DN hydrogel substrate, the photodetector enables 90% of the initial efficiency to be restored after five healing cycles, and each rapid healing time is suppressed to only 10 s. The proposed device has several merits, including having an all spray coating, self-sustainability, biocompatibility, good sensitivity, mechanical flexibility, and an outstanding healing ability, which are all essential to build smart electronic systems. The unprecedented self-healed photodetector expands the future scope of electronic skin design, and it also offers a new platform for the development of next-generation wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shian Tsai
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Shen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Mei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Liao
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuang Liao
- Department of Electro-physics , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ya Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei 10608 , Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chung Kuo
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-optical Engineering , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Lai
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402 , Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402 , Taiwan
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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32
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Composite Reinforcement Architectures: A Review of Field-Assisted Additive Manufacturing for Polymers. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The demand for additively manufactured polymer composites with increased specific properties and functional microstructure has drastically increased over the past decade. The ability to manufacture complex designs that can maximize strength while reducing weight in an automated fashion has made 3D-printed composites a popular research target in the field of engineering. However, a significant amount of understanding and basic research is still necessary to decode the fundamental process mechanisms of combining enhanced functionality and additively manufactured composites. In this review, external field-assisted additive manufacturing techniques for polymer composites are discussed with respect to (1) self-assembly into complex microstructures, (2) control of fiber orientation for improved interlayer mechanical properties, and (3) incorporation of multi-functionalities such as electrical conductivity, self-healing, sensing, and other functional capabilities. A comparison between reinforcement shapes and the type of external field used to achieve mechanical property improvements in printed composites is addressed. Research has shown the use of such materials in the production of parts exhibiting high strength-to-weight ratio for use in aerospace and automotive fields, sensors for monitoring stress and conducting electricity, and the production of flexible batteries.
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Sim HJ, Kim H, Jang Y, Spinks GM, Gambhir S, Officer DL, Wallace GG, Kim SJ. Self-Healing Electrode with High Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Strength for Artificial Electronic Skin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46026-46033. [PMID: 31657900 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A self-healing electrode is an electrical conductor that can repair internal damage by itself, similar to human skin. Since self-healing electrodes are based on polymers and hydrogels, these components are still limited by low electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. In this study, we designed an electrically conductive, mechanically strong, and printable self-healing electrode using liquid crystal graphene oxide (LCGO) and silver nanowires (AgNWs). The conductive ink was easily prepared by simply mixing LCGO and AgNWs solutions. The ultrathin (3 μm thick) electrode can be printed in various shapes, such as a butterfly, in a freestanding state. The maximum conductivity and strength of the LCGO/AgNW composite were 17 800 S/cm and 4.2 MPa, respectively; these values are 24 and 4 times higher, respectively, than those of a previously developed self-healing electrode. The LCGO/AgNW composite self-healed internal damage in ambient conditions with moisture and consequently recovered 96.8% electrical conductivity and 95% mechanical toughness compared with the undamaged state. The electrical properties of the composite exhibited metallic tendencies. Therefore, these results suggest that the composite can be used as an artificial electronic skin that detects environmental conditions, such as compression and temperature. This self-healing artificial electronic skin could be applied to human condition monitoring and robotic sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jun Sim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Yongwoo Jang
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Sanjeev Gambhir
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - David L Officer
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
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Park YG, Kim H, Park SY, Kim JY, Park JU. Instantaneous and Repeatable Self-Healing of Fully Metallic Electrodes at Ambient Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41497-41505. [PMID: 31612704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent approaches in self-healable electrodes use polymers with exhibiting significantly low electrical conductivity, compared to conventional metals. Such self-healable electrodes also require external stimuli to initiate self-healing, or present slow restoration for their intrinsic healing. Herein, we introduce an instantaneous and repeatable self-healing of highly conductive, fully metallic electrodes at ambient conditions. These electrodes consist of silver and liquid metal (with no polymer), and exhibit a sufficiently high conductivity of 2 S/μm. The liquid metal (LM) component enables instantaneous and repeatable self-healing of these electrodes (within a few milliseconds) under no external energy as well as high stretchability. Additionally, the inclusion of silver in this LM improves the mechanical strength of this composite, thereby overcoming the limitation of a pristine LM that has low mechanical strength. Moreover, this composite formation can be effective in preventing the penetration of gallium atoms into different metals, while preserving electrical contact properties. Also the self-healable nature of electrodes enables their outstanding sustainability against electrical breakdown at relatively high electric fields. Furthermore, the compatibility of these self-healable electrodes with conventional photolithography and wet etching facilitates high-resolution patterning for device fabrications, as demonstrated in an example with a self-healable organic light-emitting diode display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Geun Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyobeom Kim
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
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35
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Oh JY, Son D, Katsumata T, Lee Y, Kim Y, Lopez J, Wu HC, Kang J, Park J, Gu X, Mun J, Wang NGJ, Yin Y, Cai W, Yun Y, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Stretchable self-healable semiconducting polymer film for active-matrix strain-sensing array. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav3097. [PMID: 31723597 PMCID: PMC6839939 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Skin-like sensory devices should be stretchable and self-healable to meet the demands for future electronic skin applications. Despite recent notable advances in skin-inspired electronic materials, it remains challenging to confer these desired functionalities to an active semiconductor. Here, we report a strain-sensitive, stretchable, and autonomously self-healable semiconducting film achieved through blending of a polymer semiconductor and a self-healable elastomer, both of which are dynamically cross-linked by metal coordination. We observed that by controlling the percolation threshold of the polymer semiconductor, the blend film became strain sensitive, with a gauge factor of 5.75 × 105 at 100% strain in a stretchable transistor. The blend film is also highly stretchable (fracture strain, >1300%) and autonomously self-healable at room temperature. We proceed to demonstrate a fully integrated 5 × 5 stretchable active-matrix transistor sensor array capable of detecting strain distribution through surface deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, 02791 Seoul, South Korea
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Toru Katsumata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
- Corporate Research and Development, Performance Materials Technology Center, Asahi Kasei Corporation, 2-1 Samejima, Fuji, Shizuoka 416-8501, Japan
| | - Yeongjun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Joonsuk Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Nathan Ging-Ji Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Yikai Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Youngjun Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, South Korea
| | - Jeffrey B.-H. Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
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Yan H, Dai S, Chen Y, Ding J, Yuan N. A High Stretchable and Self–Healing Silicone Rubber with Double Reversible Bonds. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringJiangsu Province Cultivation base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and TechnologyChangzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Shengping Dai
- Micro/Nano Science and Technology CenterJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringJiangsu Province Cultivation base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and TechnologyChangzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Jianning Ding
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringJiangsu Province Cultivation base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and TechnologyChangzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
- Micro/Nano Science and Technology CenterJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringJiangsu Province Cultivation base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and TechnologyChangzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
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Kim SH, Seo H, Kang J, Hong J, Seong D, Kim HJ, Kim J, Mun J, Youn I, Kim J, Kim YC, Seok HK, Lee C, Tok JBH, Bao Z, Son D. An Ultrastretchable and Self-Healable Nanocomposite Conductor Enabled by Autonomously Percolative Electrical Pathways. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6531-6539. [PMID: 31072094 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Both self-healable conductors and stretchable conductors have been previously reported. However, it is still difficult to simultaneously achieve high stretchability, high conductivity, and self-healability. Here, we observed an intriguing phenomenon, termed "electrical self-boosting", which enables reconstructing of electrically percolative pathways in an ultrastretchable and self-healable nanocomposite conductor (over 1700% strain). The autonomously reconstructed percolative pathways were directly verified by using microcomputed tomography and in situ scanning electron microscopy. The encapsulated nanocomposite conductor shows exceptional conductivity (average value: 2578 S cm-1; highest value: 3086 S cm-1) at 3500% tensile strain by virtue of efficient strain energy dissipation of the self-healing polymer and self-alignment and rearrangement of silver flakes surrounded by spontaneously formed silver nanoparticles and their self-assembly in the strained self-healing polymer matrix. In addition, the conductor maintains high conductivity and stretchability even after recovered from a complete cut. Besides, a design of double-layered conductor enabled by the self-bonding assembly allowed a conducting interface to be located on the neutral mechanical plane, showing extremely durable operations in a cyclic stretching test. Finally, we successfully demonstrated that electromyogram signals can be monitored by our self-healable interconnects. Such information was transmitted to a prosthetic robot to control various hand motions for robust interactive human-robot interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center , Seoul National University , 1-Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseon Seo
- Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5025 , United States
| | - Jaeyoung Hong
- Advanced Analysis Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Duhwan Seong
- Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5025 , United States
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5025 , United States
| | - Inchan Youn
- Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Chan Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kwang Seok
- Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center , Seoul National University , 1-Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5025 , United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5025 , United States
| | - Donghee Son
- Biomedical Research Institute , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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Shen Y, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Lei Z, Liu Y, Feng W, Zhang Z, Chen H. Solvent-free electrically conductive Ag/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites for paper-based printable electronics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19501-19507. [PMID: 35519390 PMCID: PMC9065322 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02593f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent-free electrically conductive composites have been applied to flexible electronics to obtain high electrical conductivity. However, some of the proposed composites have low electrical conductivities and are unable to meet the requirements of commercial printable electronics. In this study, solvent-free electrically conductive Ag/EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) composites for paper-based printable electronics were prepared by a thermal melting method. The properties of these electrically conductive Ag/EVA composites, including particle sizes, morphologies and phase purities of the flake silver flake powders, were investigated using a particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The results showed that nanometer-thick flake silver flake powders with smooth and flat surfaces were made by the nanofilm transition technique. These obtained powders were able to form smooth face-to-face contacts, which facilitated the formation of an excellent conductive network in the conductive system. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of EVA and Ag/EVA composites. A Fourier transformation infra-red (FTIR) spectrometer, laser micro-Raman spectrometer and thermogravimetric analyzer were used to analyze the organic functional groups, glass transition temperatures and thermal weight losses of the EVA resin and solvent-free electrically conductive composites. The solvent-free electrically conductive Ag/EVA composite, which contained 55 wt% of the as-prepared flake silver flake powders, was found to have an extremely low volume resistivity of 1.23 × 10-4 Ω cm as well as excellent bending performance and adhesion. These features indicate the great potential of these composites for application in printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiu Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityTangjiawanZhuhai519082P. R. China
| | - Zhenxing Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityTangjiawanZhuhai519082P. R. China,The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityTangjiawanZhuhai519082P. R. China
| | - Zuomin Lei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityTangjiawanZhuhai519082P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityTangjiawanZhuhai519082P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityTangjiawanZhuhai519082P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityTangjiawanZhuhai519082P. R. China
| | - Houfu Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityTangjiawanZhuhai519082P. R. China
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Mayer M, Baeumner AJ. A Megatrend Challenging Analytical Chemistry: Biosensor and Chemosensor Concepts Ready for the Internet of Things. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7996-8027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mayer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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40
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Taninaka A, Yoshida S, Sugita Y, Takeuchi O, Shigekawa H. Evolution of local conductance pathways in a single-molecule junction studied using the three-dimensional dynamic probe method. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5951-5959. [PMID: 30869706 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00717b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the dynamics of the bonding states of molecules with electrodes while the molecular conformation is changed is particularly important for elucidating the details of electrochemical devices as well as molecular devices in which the reaction dynamics of the electrodes and molecules plays an important role, such as in fuel cells, catalysis and bioelectrochemical devices. However, it has been difficult to make measurements when the distance between counter electrodes is short, namely, the molecule is raised from a lying form, almost parallel and close to the electrodes, toward a standing form and vice versa. We previously have developed a method called the three-dimensional (3D) dynamic probe method, which enables conductance measurement while the conformation of a single-molecule junction is precisely controlled by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques. Here, by combining this method with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it has become possible to simultaneously consider the effects of the dynamics of molecular structures and the bonding states at the electrodes on the local transmission pathways, local-bond contributions to conductance. Here, by performing an analysis on 1,4-benzenediamine (BDA) and 1,4-benzenedithiol (BDT) single molecule junctions, we have observed, for the first time, the effect of a change in the molecular conformations and bonding states on the local transmission pathways for a short Au electrode distance condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Taninaka
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Shoji Yoshida
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Sugita
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Hidemi Shigekawa
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan.
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Wang C, Xia K, Wang H, Liang X, Yin Z, Zhang Y. Advanced Carbon for Flexible and Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801072. [PMID: 30300444 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable electronics are attracting wide attention due to their potential applications in wearable human health monitoring and care systems. Carbon materials have combined superiorities such as good electrical conductivity, intrinsic and structural flexibility, light weight, high chemical and thermal stability, ease of chemical functionalization, as well as potential mass production, enabling them to be promising candidate materials for flexible and wearable electronics. Consequently, great efforts are devoted to the controlled fabrication of carbon materials with rationally designed structures for applications in next-generation electronics. Herein, the latest advances in the rational design and controlled fabrication of carbon materials toward applications in flexible and wearable electronics are reviewed. Various carbon materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, natural-biomaterial-derived carbon, etc.) with controlled micro/nanostructures and designed macroscopic morphologies for high-performance flexible electronics are introduced. The fabrication strategies, working mechanism, performance, and applications of carbon-based flexible devices are reviewed and discussed, including strain/pressure sensors, temperature/humidity sensors, electrochemical sensors, flexible conductive electrodes/wires, and flexible power devices. Furthermore, the integration of multiple devices toward multifunctional wearable systems is briefly reviewed. Finally, the existing challenges and future opportunities in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kailun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Yin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Park S, Thangavel G, Parida K, Li S, Lee PS. A Stretchable and Self-Healing Energy Storage Device Based on Mechanically and Electrically Restorative Liquid-Metal Particles and Carboxylated Polyurethane Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805536. [PMID: 30387213 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and self-healing (SH) energy storage devices are indispensable elements in energy-autonomous electronic skin. However, the current collectors are not self-healable nor intrinsically stretchable, they mostly rely on strain-accommodating structures that require complex processing, are often limited in stretchability, and suffer from low device packing density and fragility. Here, an SH conductor comprising nickel flakes, eutectic gallium indium particles (EGaInPs), and carboxylated polyurethane (CPU) is presented. An energy storage device is constructed by the two SH electrodes assembled with graphene nanoplatelets sandwiching an ionic-liquid electrolyte. An excellent electrochemical healability (94% capacity retention upon restretching at 100% after healing from bifurcation) is unveiled, stemming from the complexation modulated redox behavior of EGaIn in the presence of the ligand bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, which enhances the reversible Faradaic reaction of Ga. Self-healing can be achieved where the damaged regions are electrically restored by the flow of liquid metal and mechanically healing activated by the interfacial hydrogen bonding of CPU with an efficiency of 97.5% can be achieved. The SH conductor has an initial conductivity of 2479 S cm-1 that attains a high stretchability with 700% strain, it restores 100% stretchability even after breaking/healing with the electrical healing efficiency of 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangbaek Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Gurunathan Thangavel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kaushik Parida
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaohui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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43
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Ma Z, Li S, Wang H, Cheng W, Li Y, Pan L, Shi Y. Advanced electronic skin devices for healthcare applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 7:173-197. [PMID: 32254546 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic skin, a kind of flexible electronic device and system inspired by human skin, has emerged as a promising candidate for wearable personal healthcare applications. Wearable electronic devices with skin-like properties will provide platforms for continuous and real-time monitoring of human physiological signals such as tissue pressure, body motion, temperature, metabolites, electrolyte balance, and disease-related biomarkers. Transdermal drug delivery devices can also be integrated into electronic skin to enhance its non-invasive, real-time dynamic therapy functions. This review summarizes the recent progress in electronic skin devices for applications in human health monitoring and therapy systems as well as several potential mass production technologies such as inkjet printing and 3D printing. The opportunities and challenges in broadening the applications of electronic skin devices in practical healthcare are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China.
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Son D, Kang J, Vardoulis O, Kim Y, Matsuhisa N, Oh JY, To JW, Mun J, Katsumata T, Liu Y, McGuire AF, Krason M, Molina-Lopez F, Ham J, Kraft U, Lee Y, Yun Y, Tok JBH, Bao Z. An integrated self-healable electronic skin system fabricated via dynamic reconstruction of a nanostructured conducting network. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:1057-1065. [PMID: 30127474 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin devices capable of monitoring physiological signals and displaying feedback information through closed-loop communication between the user and electronics are being considered for next-generation wearables and the 'Internet of Things'. Such devices need to be ultrathin to achieve seamless and conformal contact with the human body, to accommodate strains from repeated movement and to be comfortable to wear. Recently, self-healing chemistry has driven important advances in deformable and reconfigurable electronics, particularly with self-healable electrodes as the key enabler. Unlike polymer substrates with self-healable dynamic nature, the disrupted conducting network is unable to recover its stretchability after damage. Here, we report the observation of self-reconstruction of conducting nanostructures when in contact with a dynamically crosslinked polymer network. This, combined with the self-bonding property of self-healing polymer, allowed subsequent heterogeneous multi-component device integration of interconnects, sensors and light-emitting devices into a single multi-functional system. This first autonomous self-healable and stretchable multi-component electronic skin paves the way for future robust electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Orestis Vardoulis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yeongin Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jin Young Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - John Wf To
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Toru Katsumata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Corporate Research and Development, Performance Materials Technology Center, Asahi Kasei Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Marta Krason
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jooyeun Ham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ulrike Kraft
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yeongjun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Youngjun Yun
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Aydın M, Aydın EB, Sezgintürk MK. A highly selective electrochemical immunosensor based on conductive carbon black and star PGMA polymer composite material for IL-8 biomarker detection in human serum and saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:720-728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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46
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Tan YJ, Wu J, Li H, Tee BCK. Self-Healing Electronic Materials for a Smart and Sustainable Future. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:15331-15345. [PMID: 29668251 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The survivability of living organisms relies critically on their ability to self-heal from damage in unpredictable situations and environmental variability. Such abilities are most important in external facing organs such as the mammalian skin. However, the properties of bulk elemental materials are typically unable to perform self-repair. Consequently, most conventional smart electronic devices today are not designed to repair themselves when damaged. Thus, inspired by the remarkable capability of self-healing in natural systems, smart self-healing materials are being intensively researched to mimic natural systems to have the ability to partially or completely self-repair damages inflicted on them. This exciting area of research could potentially power a sustainable and smart future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jun Tan
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health and Research (BIGHEART) , National University of Singapore , 119077 Singapore
| | - Jiake Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Hanying Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health and Research (BIGHEART) , National University of Singapore , 119077 Singapore
- Materials Science and Engineering Department , National University of Singapore , 117575 Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , Agency for Science Technology and Research , 138632 Singapore
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117583 Singapore
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47
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Hodaei A, Akhlaghi O, Khani N, Aytas T, Sezer D, Tatli B, Menceloglu YZ, Koc B, Akbulut O. Single Additive Enables 3D Printing of Highly Loaded Iron Oxide Suspensions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:9873-9881. [PMID: 29474786 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A single additive, a grafted copolymer, is designed to ensure the stability of suspensions of highly loaded iron oxide nanoparticles (IOPs) and to facilitate three-dimensional (3D) printing of these suspensions in the filament form. This poly (ethylene glycol)-grafted copolymer of N-[3(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide and acrylic acid harnesses both electrostatic and steric repulsion to realize an optimum formulation for 3D printing. When used at 1.15 wt % (by the weight of IOPs), the suspension attains ∼81 wt % solid loading-96% of the theoretical limit as calculated by the Krieger-Dougherty equation. Rectangular, thick-walled toroidal, and thin-walled toroidal magnetic cores and a porous lattice structure are fabricated to demonstrate the utilization of this suspension as an ink for 3D printing. The electrical and magnetic properties of the magnetic cores are characterized through impedance spectroscopy (IS) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), respectively. The IS indicates the possibility of utilizing wire-wound 3D printed cores as the inductive coils. The VSM verifies that the magnetic properties of IOPs before and after the ink formulation are kept almost unchanged because of the low dosage of the additive. This particle-targeted approach for the formulation of 3D printing inks allows embodiment of a fully aqueous system with utmost target material content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hodaei
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
| | - Omid Akhlaghi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
| | - Navid Khani
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
- 3D Bioprinting Laboratory , Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
| | - Tunahan Aytas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
| | - Dilek Sezer
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
| | - Buse Tatli
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Z Menceloglu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
| | - Bahattin Koc
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
- 3D Bioprinting Laboratory , Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
| | - Ozge Akbulut
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Orhanli-Tuzla , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
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48
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Liu Y, Wang H, Zhao W, Zhang M, Qin H, Xie Y. Flexible, Stretchable Sensors for Wearable Health Monitoring: Sensing Mechanisms, Materials, Fabrication Strategies and Features. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E645. [PMID: 29470408 PMCID: PMC5856015 DOI: 10.3390/s18020645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wearable health monitoring systems have gained considerable interest in recent years owing to their tremendous promise for personal portable health watching and remote medical practices. The sensors with excellent flexibility and stretchability are crucial components that can provide health monitoring systems with the capability of continuously tracking physiological signals of human body without conspicuous uncomfortableness and invasiveness. The signals acquired by these sensors, such as body motion, heart rate, breath, skin temperature and metabolism parameter, are closely associated with personal health conditions. This review attempts to summarize the recent progress in flexible and stretchable sensors, concerning the detected health indicators, sensing mechanisms, functional materials, fabrication strategies, basic and desired features. The potential challenges and future perspectives of wearable health monitoring system are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Hai Wang
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Hongbo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
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Jayakumar K, Camarada MB, Dharuman V, Ju H, Dey RS, Wen Y. One-step coelectrodeposition-assisted layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide and its self-healing three-dimensional nanohybrid for an ultrasensitive DNA sensor. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1196-1206. [PMID: 29271452 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly was employed for preparing multilayer thin films with a controlled architecture and composition. In this study, we report the one-step coelectrodeposition-assisted LBL assembly of both gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the ultrasensitive electrochemical impedance sensing of DNA hybridization. A self-healable nanohybrid thin film with a three-dimensional (3D) alternate-layered nanoarchitecture was obtained by the one-step simultaneous electro-reduction of both graphene oxide and gold chloride in a high acidic medium of H2SO4 using cyclic voltammetry and was confirmed by different characterization techniques. The DNA bioelectrode was prepared by immobilizing the capture DNA onto the surface of the as-obtained self-healable AuNP/rGO/AuNP/GCE with a 3D LBL nanoarchitecture via gold-thiol interactions, which then served as an impedance sensing platform for the label-free ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization over a wide range from 1.0 × 10-9 to 1.0 × 10-13 g ml-1, a low limit of detection of 3.9 × 10-14 g ml-1 (S/N = 3), ultrahigh sensitivity, and excellent selectivity. This study presents a promising electrochemical sensing platform for the label-free ultrasensitive detection of DNA hybridization with potential application in cancer diagnostics and the preparation of a self-healable nanohybrid thin film with a 3D alternate-layered nanoarchitecture via a one-step coelectrodeposition-assisted LBL assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarasamy Jayakumar
- Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003, India.
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50
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Liang G, Liu Z, Mo F, Tang Z, Li H, Wang Z, Sarangi V, Pramanick A, Fan J, Zhi C. Self-healable electroluminescent devices. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:102. [PMID: 30534371 PMCID: PMC6281662 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electroluminescent (EL) devices have been extensively integrated into multi-functionalized electronic systems in the role of the vitally constituent light-emitting part. However, the lifetime and reliability of EL devices are often severely restricted by concomitant damage, especially when the strain exceeds the mechanical withstanding limit. We report a self-healable EL device by adopting a modified self-healable polyacrylic acid hydrogel as the electrode and a self-healable polyurethane as a phosphor host to realize the first omni-layer-healable light-emitting device. The physicochemical properties of each functionalized layer can be efficiently restored after experiencing substantial catastrophic damage. As a result, the luminescent performance of the self-healable EL devices is well recovered with a high healing efficiency (83.2% for 10 healing cycles at unfixed spots, and 57.7% for 20 healing cycles at a fixed spot). In addition, inter-device healing has also been developed to realize a conceptual "LEGO"-like assembly process at the device level for light-emitting devices. The design and realization of the self-healable EL devices may revive their performance and expand their lifetime even after undergoing a deadly cut. Our self-healable EL devices may serve as model systems for electroluminescent applications of the recently developed ionically conductive healable hydrogels and dielectric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
| | - Zhuoxin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
| | - Funian Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
| | - Zijie Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
| | - Zifeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
| | - Venkateshwarlu Sarangi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
| | - Abhijit Pramanick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, High-Tech Zone, Nanshan District Shenzhen, 518057 China
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