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Bragazzi NL, Converti M, Crapanzano A, Zerbetto R, Siri A, Khamisy-Farah R. Probing the genomic landscape of human sexuality: a critical systematic review of the literature. Front Genet 2023; 14:1184758. [PMID: 37693319 PMCID: PMC10483070 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1184758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether human sexuality is the result of nature or nurture (or their complex interplay) represents a hot, often ideologically driven, and highly polarized debate with political and social ramifications, and with varying, conflicting findings reported in the literature. A number of heritability and behavioral genetics studies, including pedigree-based investigations, have hypothesized inheritance patterns of human sexual behaviors. On the other hand, in most twin, adoption, and nuclear family studies, it was not possible to disentangle between underlying genetic and shared environmental sources. Furthermore, these studies were not able to estimate the precise extent of genetic loading and to shed light both on the number and nature of the putative inherited factors, which remained largely unknown. Molecular genetic studies offer an unprecedented opportunity to overcome these drawbacks, by dissecting the molecular basis of human sexuality and allowing a better understanding of its biological roots if any. However, there exists no systematic review of the molecular genetics of human sexuality. Therefore, we undertook this critical systematic review and appraisal of the literature, with the ambitious aims of filling in these gaps of knowledge, especially from the methodological standpoint, and providing guidance to future studies. Sixteen studies were finally retained and overviewed in the present systematic review study. Seven studies were linkage studies, four studies utilized the candidate gene approach, and five studies were GWAS investigations. Limitations of these studies and implications for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Chair, Health Anthropology Biosphere and Healing Systems, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Crapanzano
- Department of Counseling, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Anna Siri
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Chair, Health Anthropology Biosphere and Healing Systems, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rola Khamisy-Farah
- Clalit Health Services, Akko, Israel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Behera C, Kaushik R, Bharti DR, Nayak B, Bhardwaj DN, Pradhan D, Singh H. PsychArray-Based Genome Wide Association Study of Suicidal Deaths in India. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13010136. [PMID: 36672117 PMCID: PMC9856809 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Suicide is a preventable but escalating global health crisis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies to date have been limited, and some are underpowered. In this study, we aimed to perform the PsychArray-based GWAS study to identify single nucleotide variations associated with suicide in the Indian population. Methods: We recruited unrelated subjects who died by suicide as cases (N = 313) and the non-suicidal deaths as controls (N = 294). The 607 samples were genotyped, including cases and controls using the Illumina Infinium PsychArray-24 BeadChip v1.3 Results: In our study, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) crossed the threshold of significance level <1 × 10−5. One of them is intronic at Chromosome2:rs1901851 and three are intergenic at Chromosome12:rs3847911, Chromosome8:rs2941489, Chromosome8:rs1464092. At a significance level of 5 × 10−5, we found a few more SNPs, with the majority of them being intergenic variants. The associated genes were associated with various important functions ranging from cell signaling, GTP binding, GPCR binding, and transcription factor binding. Conclusions: The SNPs identified in our study were not reported earlier. To our best knowledge, this study is one of the first GWAS for suicide in the Indian population. The results indicate few novel SNPs that may be associated with suicide and require further investigation. Their clinical significance is to be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Behera
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9968320486; Fax: +91-1126588641
| | - Ruchika Kaushik
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Deepak Ramkumar Bharti
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Daya Nand Bhardwaj
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Harpreet Singh
- Biomedical Informatics (BMI), ICMR, New Delhi 110029, India
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Watts A, Haneline S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Wu J, Alexander R, Swerdlow RH, Burns DK, Saunders AM. TOMM40 '523 Genotype Distinguishes Patterns of Cognitive Improvement for Executive Function in APOEɛ3 Homozygotes. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1697-1707. [PMID: 37718796 PMCID: PMC10578241 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TOMM40 '523 has been associated with cognitive performance and risk for developing Alzheimer's disease independent of the effect of APOE genotype. Few studies have considered the longitudinal effect of this genotype on change in cognition over time. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between TOMM40 genotype status and change in cognitive performance in the TOMMORROW study, which was designed to prospectively evaluate an algorithm that includes TOMM40 '523 for genetic risk for conversion to mild cognitive impairment. METHODS We used latent growth curve models to estimate the effect of TOMM40 allele carrier (short, very long) status on the intercept and slope of change in cognitive performance in four broad cognitive domains (attention, memory, executive function, and language) and a combined overall cognitive score over 30 months. RESULTS TOMM40 very long allele carriers had significantly lower baseline performance for the combined overall cognitive function score (B = -0.088, p = 0.034) and for the executive function domain score (B = -0.143, p = 0.013). Slopes for TOMM40 very long carriers had significantly greater increases over time for the executive function domain score only. In sensitivity analyses, the results for executive function were observed in participants who remained clinically stable, but not in those who progressed clinically over the study duration. CONCLUSIONS Our results add to the growing body of evidence that TOMM40, in the absence of APOEɛ4, may contribute to cognitive changes with aging and dementia and support the view that mitochondrial function is an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Watts
- University of Kansas, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Stephen Haneline
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jingtao Wu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel K. Burns
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ann M. Saunders
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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4
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D'Ambrosio E, Pergola G, Pardiñas AF, Dahoun T, Veronese M, Sportelli L, Taurisano P, Griffiths K, Jauhar S, Rogdaki M, Bloomfield MAP, Froudist-Walsh S, Bonoldi I, Walters JTR, Blasi G, Bertolino A, Howes OD. A polygenic score indexing a DRD2-related co-expression network is associated with striatal dopamine function. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12610. [PMID: 35871219 PMCID: PMC9308811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) is the primary site of the therapeutic action of antipsychotics and is involved in essential brain functions relevant to schizophrenia, such as attention, memory, motivation, and emotion processing. Moreover, the gene coding for D2R (DRD2) has been associated with schizophrenia at a genome-wide level. Recent studies have shown that a polygenic co-expression index (PCI) predicting the brain-specific expression of a network of genes co-expressed with DRD2 was associated with response to antipsychotics, brain function during working memory in patients with schizophrenia, and with the modulation of prefrontal cortex activity after pharmacological stimulation of D2 receptors. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the DRD2 gene network and in vivo striatal dopaminergic function, which is a phenotype robustly associated with psychosis and schizophrenia. To this aim, a sample of 92 healthy subjects underwent 18F-DOPA PET and was genotyped for genetic variations indexing the co-expression of the DRD2-related genetic network in order to calculate the PCI for each subject. The PCI was significantly associated with whole striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (p = 0.038). Exploratory analyses on the striatal subdivisions revealed a numerically larger effect size of the PCI on dopamine function for the associative striatum, although this was not significantly different than effects in other sub-divisions. These results are in line with a possible relationship between the DRD2-related co-expression network and schizophrenia and extend it by identifying a potential mechanism involving the regulation of dopamine synthesis. Future studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms implicated in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico D'Ambrosio
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tarik Dahoun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sportelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Taurisano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Kira Griffiths
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Rogdaki
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michael A P Bloomfield
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | | | - Ilaria Bonoldi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, UK. .,H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark.
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5
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Pergola G, Di Carlo P, Jaffe AE, Papalino M, Chen Q, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Shin JH, Rampino A, Blasi G, Weinberger DR, Bertolino A. Prefrontal Coexpression of Schizophrenia Risk Genes Is Associated With Treatment Response in Patients. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:45-55. [PMID: 31126695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene coexpression networks are relevant to functional and clinical translation of schizophrenia risk genes. We hypothesized that schizophrenia risk genes converge into coexpression pathways that may be associated with gene regulation mechanisms and with response to treatment in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We identified gene coexpression networks in two prefrontal cortex postmortem RNA sequencing datasets (n = 688) and replicated them in four more datasets (n = 1295). We identified and replicated (p values < .001) a single module enriched for schizophrenia risk loci (13 risk genes in 10 loci). In silico screening of potential regulators of the schizophrenia risk module via bioinformatic analyses identified two transcription factors and three microRNAs associated with the risk module. To translate postmortem information into clinical phenotypes, we identified polymorphisms predicting coexpression and combined them to obtain an index approximating module coexpression (Polygenic Coexpression Index [PCI]). RESULTS The PCI-coexpression association was successfully replicated in two independent brain transcriptome datasets (n = 131; p values < .05). Finally, we tested the association between the PCI and short-term treatment response in two independent samples of patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine (n = 167). The PCI was associated with treatment response in the positive symptom domain in both clinical cohorts (p values < .05). CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings in 1983 samples of human postmortem prefrontal cortex show that coexpression of a set of genes enriched for schizophrenia risk genes is relevant to treatment response. This coexpression pathway may be coregulated by transcription factors and microRNA associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pergola
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Pasquale Di Carlo
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marco Papalino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
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6
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Watts A, Wilkins HM, Michaelis E, Swerdlow RH. TOMM40 '523 Associations with Baseline and Longitudinal Cognition in APOE ɛ3 Homozygotes. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 70:1059-1068. [PMID: 31322569 PMCID: PMC7206989 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
TOMM40 '523 is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but APOE linkage disequilibrium confounds this association. In 170 APOE ɛ3 homozygotes, we evaluated relationships between short and very long TOMM40 alleles and longitudinal declines in three cognitive domains (attention, verbal memory, and executive function). We used factor analysis to create composite scores from 10 individual cognitive tests, and latent growth curve modeling adjusting for clinical status (normal, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, or AD) to summarize initial performance and change over three years. Relative to individuals with two very long TOMM40 alleles, APOEɛ3 homozygotes with one or two short alleles showed lower baseline cognitive performance regardless of clinical status. The number of short or very long TOMM40 alleles was not associated with longitudinal cognitive changes. In APOEɛ3 homozygotes from the University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center cohort, an association between TOMM40 '523 and cognition is consistent with the possibility that TOMM40 influences cognition independent of APOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Watts
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Elias Michaelis
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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7
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Vorsanova SG, Zelenova MA, Yurov YB, Iourov IY. Behavioral Variability and Somatic Mosaicism: A Cytogenomic Hypothesis. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:158-162. [PMID: 29606902 PMCID: PMC5850503 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170719165339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral sciences are inseparably related to genetics. A variety of neurobehavioral phenotypes are suggested to result from genomic variations. However, the contribution of genetic factors to common behavioral disorders (i.e. autism, schizophrenia, intellectual disability) remains to be understood when an attempt to link behavioral variability to a specific genomic change is made. Probably, the least appreciated genetic mechanism of debilitating neurobehavioral disorders is somatic mosaicism or the occurrence of genetically diverse (neuronal) cells in an individual’s brain. Somatic mosaicism is assumed to affect directly the brain being associated with specific behavioral patterns. As shown in studies of chromosome abnormalities (syndromes), genetic mosaicism is able to change dynamically the phenotype due to inconsistency of abnormal cell proportions. Here, we hypothesize that brain-specific postzygotic changes of mosaicism levels are able to modulate variability of behavioral phenotypes. More precisely, behavioral phenotype variability in individuals exhibiting somatic mosaicism might correlate with changes in the amount of genetically abnormal cells throughout the lifespan. If proven, the hypothesis can be used as a basis for therapeutic interventions through regulating levels of somatic mosaicism to increase functioning and to improve overall condition of individuals with behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G Vorsanova
- Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics at Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University named after Y.E Veltishev", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow125412, Russian Federation.,Mental Health Research Center, Moscow117152, Russian Federation.,Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow127051, Russian Federation
| | - Maria A Zelenova
- Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics at Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University named after Y.E Veltishev", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow125412, Russian Federation.,Mental Health Research Center, Moscow117152, Russian Federation.,Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow127051, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri B Yurov
- Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics at Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University named after Y.E Veltishev", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow125412, Russian Federation.,Mental Health Research Center, Moscow117152, Russian Federation.,Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow127051, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan Y Iourov
- Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics at Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University named after Y.E Veltishev", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow125412, Russian Federation.,Mental Health Research Center, Moscow117152, Russian Federation.,Department of Medical Genetics, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow123995, Russian Federation
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Abstract
What's new in behavior genetics? With widespread acceptance that nearly all behavioral variation reflects some genetic influence, current studies are investigating developmental changes in the nature and magnitude of genetic and environmental effects, the extent to which different behaviors are influenced by common genes, and different forms of gene-environment correlation and interaction. New designs, focused on assessment of unrelated children in the same households or neighborhood environments, and use of measured environmental variables within genetically informative designs, are yielding more incisive evidence of common environmental effects on behavior. What will be next? Behavior genetic techniques and analyses will be used to inform efforts to find genes altering susceptibility for disorder and dispositional genes affecting behavioral variation. The developing integration of behavioral and molecular genetics will identify genes influencing specific behavioral variation and enhance understanding of how they do so. Psychologists will play a pivotal role in communicating that understanding to the public and in facilitating consideration of the inevitable ethical issues then to be confronted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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9
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Mandy W, Lai MC. Annual Research Review: The role of the environment in the developmental psychopathology of autism spectrum condition. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:271-92. [PMID: 26782158 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although autism spectrum condition (ASC) is strongly genetic in origin, accumulating evidence points to the critical roles of various environmental influences on its emergence and subsequent developmental course. METHODS A developmental psychopathology framework was used to synthesise literature on environmental factors associated with the onset and course of ASC (based on a systematic search of the literature using PubMed, PsychInfo and Google Scholar databases). Particular emphasis was placed on gene-environment interplay, including gene-environment interaction (G × E) and gene-environment correlation (rGE). RESULTS Before conception, advanced paternal and maternal ages may independently enhance offspring risk for ASC. Exogenous prenatal risks are evident (e.g. valproate and toxic chemicals) or possible (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), and processes endogenous to the materno-foeto-placental unit (e.g. maternal diabetes, enhanced steroidogenic activities and maternal immune activation) likely heighten offspring vulnerability to ASC. Folate intake is a prenatal protective factor, with a particular window of action around 4 weeks preconception and during the first trimester. These prenatal risks and protective mechanisms appear to involve G × E and potentially rGE. A variety of perinatal risks are related to offspring ASC risk, possibly reflecting rGE. Postnatal social factors (e.g. caregiver-infant interaction, severe early deprivation) during the first years of life may operate through rGE to influence the likelihood of manifesting a full ASC phenotype from a 'prodromal' phase (a proposal distinct to the discredited and harmful 'refrigerator mother hypothesis'); and later postnatal risks, after the full manifestation of ASC, shape life span development through transactions mediated by rGE. There is no evidence that vaccination is a postnatal risk for ASC. CONCLUSIONS Future investigations should consider the specificity of risks for ASC versus other atypical neurodevelopmental trajectories, timing of risk and protective mechanisms, animal model systems to study mechanisms underlying gene-environment interplay, large-sample genome-envirome designs to address G × E and longitudinal studies to elucidate how rGE plays out over time. Clinical and public health implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mandy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative at The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Chen C, Xiu D, Chen C, Moyzis R, Xia M, He Y, Xue G, Li J, He Q, Lei X, Wang Y, Liu B, Chen W, Zhu B, Dong Q. Regional Homogeneity of Resting-State Brain Activity Suppresses the Effect of Dopamine-Related Genes on Sensory Processing Sensitivity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133143. [PMID: 26308205 PMCID: PMC4550269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is an intrinsic personality trait whose genetic and neural bases have recently been studied. The current study used a neural mediation model to explore whether resting-state brain functions mediated the effects of dopamine-related genes on SPS. 298 healthy Chinese college students (96 males, mean age = 20.42 years, SD = 0.89) were scanned with magnetic resonance imaging during resting state, genotyped for 98 loci within the dopamine system, and administered the Highly Sensitive Person Scale. We extracted a “gene score” that summarized the genetic variations representing the 10 loci that were significantly linked to SPS, and then used path analysis to search for brain regions whose resting-state data would help explain the gene-behavior association. Mediation analysis revealed that temporal homogeneity of regional spontaneous activity (ReHo) in the precuneus actually suppressed the effect of dopamine-related genes on SPS. The path model explained 16% of the variance of SPS. This study represents the first attempt at using a multi-gene voxel-based neural mediation model to explore the complex relations among genes, brain, and personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Daiming Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Institute of Psychology, Division of Psychopathology and Clinic Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8050, Switzerland
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QD); (Chuansheng Chen)
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
| | - Mingrui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xuemei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Yunxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- * E-mail: (QD); (Chuansheng Chen)
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11
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The role of the thalamus in schizophrenia from a neuroimaging perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 54:57-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Variation in Dopamine D2 and Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Genes is Associated with Working Memory Processing and Response to Treatment with Antipsychotics. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1600-8. [PMID: 25563748 PMCID: PMC4915265 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors contribute to modulate prefrontal cortical physiology and response to treatment with antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Similarly, functional variation in the genes encoding these receptors is also associated with these phenotypes. In particular, the DRD2 rs1076560 T allele predicts a lower ratio of expression of D2 short/long isoforms, suboptimal working memory processing, and better response to antipsychotic treatment compared with the G allele. Furthermore, the HTR2A T allele is associated with lower 5-HT2A expression, impaired working memory processing, and poorer response to antipsychotics compared with the C allele. Here, we investigated in healthy subjects whether these functional polymorphisms have a combined effect on prefrontal cortical physiology and related cognitive behavior linked to schizophrenia as well as on response to treatment with second-generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. In a total sample of 620 healthy subjects, we found that subjects with the rs1076560 T and rs6314 T alleles have greater fMRI prefrontal activity during working memory. Similar results were obtained within the attentional domain. Also, the concomitant presence of the rs1076560 T/rs6314 T alleles also predicted lower behavioral accuracy during working memory. Moreover, we found that rs1076560 T carrier/rs6314 CC individuals had better responses to antipsychotic treatment in two independent samples of patients with schizophrenia (n=63 and n=54, respectively), consistent with the previously reported separate effects of these genotypes. These results indicate that DRD2 and HTR2A genetic variants together modulate physiological prefrontal efficiency during working memory and also modulate the response to antipsychotics. Therefore, these results suggest that further exploration is needed to better understand the clinical consequences of these genotype-phenotype relationships.
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13
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Does serotonin deficit mediate susceptibility to ADHD? Neurochem Int 2015; 82:52-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Clark BB, Barney CE, Reddington T. The Ethical Implications of Using Genetic Information in Personnel Selection. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2014.999918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Maynard BR, Beaver KM, Vaughn MG, DeLisi M, Roberts G. Toward a Bioecological Model of School Engagement: A Biometric Analysis of Gene and Environmental Factors. SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH 2014; 38:164-176. [PMID: 25525321 PMCID: PMC4267850 DOI: 10.1093/swr/svu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
School disengagement is associated with poor academic achievement, dropout, and risk behaviors such as truancy, delinquency, and substance use. Despite empirical research identifying risk correlates of school disengagement across the ecology, it is unclear from which domain these correlates arise. To redress this issue, the current study used intraclass correlation and DeFries-Fulker analyses to longitudinally decompose variance in three domains of engagement (academic, behavioral, and emotional) using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Findings suggest that nonshared environmental factors (that is, environmental contexts and experiences that are unique to each sibling) account for approximately half of the variance in indicators of school disengagement when controlling for genetic influences, and that this variance increases as adolescents grow older and rely less on their immediate family. The present study contributes new evidence on the biosocial underpinnings of school engagement and highlights the importance of interventions targeting factors in the nonshared environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy R Maynard
- Assistant professor, School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, Tegeler Hall, 3550 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - Kevin M Beaver
- Associate professor, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University; Visiting Distinguished Research Professor, Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Matthew DeLisi
- Professor, Department of Sociology, Iowa State University
| | - Gregory Roberts
- Associate director, Meadows Center for Preventing Educational Risk University of Texas at Austin
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Abstract
AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity with onset in children before the age of seven years. ADHD is the most common disorder presenting to child guidance clinics and has been shown to be a well-validated diagnosis. Current estimates of prevalence range from 1%5%. The concept of adult ADHD as a clinical entity is an emerging but controversial area in psychiatry. While childhood ADHD is accepted as a reliable and valid diagnosis, the validity of adult ADHD as a disorder is unclear. This paper reviews the likely presenting features of adult ADHD and common comorbid disorders. Guidelines for assessment and management are discussed and the evidence for validity of the diagnosis is critically examined.
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Chang SC, Glymour MM, Rewak M, Cornelis M, Walter S, Koenen KC, Kawachi I, Liang L, Tchetgen ET, Kubzansky LD. Are genetic variations in OXTR, AVPR1A, and CD38 genes important to social integration? Results from two large U.S. cohorts. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 39:257-268. [PMID: 24209975 PMCID: PMC3864016 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that genetic polymorphisms in oxytocin pathway genes influence various social behaviors, but findings thus far have been mixed. Many studies have been based in small samples and there is possibility of publication bias. Using data from 2 large U.S. prospective cohorts with over 11,000 individuals, we investigated 88 SNPs in OXTR, AVPR1A, and CD38, in relation to social integration (measured as social connectedness in both binary and continuous forms and being continuously married). After correction for multiple testing only one SNP in CD38 (rs12644506) was significantly associated with social integration and that SNP predicted when using a dichotomized indicator of social connectedness (adjusted p=0.02), but not a continuous measure of social connectedness or the continuously married outcome. A significant gender-heterogeneous effect was identified in one OXTR SNP on dichotomized social connectedness; specifically, rs4686302 T allele was nominally associated with social connectedness in men, whereas the association direction was opposite in women (adjusted gender heterogeneity p=0.02). Furthermore, the rs53576 A allele was significantly associated with social connectedness only in women, and the effect magnitude was stronger in a dominant genetic model (adjusted p=0.003). In summary, our findings suggested that common genetic variants of OXTR, CD38, and AVPR1A are not associated with social integration as measured in this study using the simplified Berkman-Syme Social Network Index, but these findings and other work hint that effects may be modified by gender or other social experiences. Further work considering genetic pathways in relation to social integration may be more fruitful if these additional factors can be more comprehensively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chiao Chang
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - M Maria Glymour
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Marissa Rewak
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Marilyn Cornelis
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Stefan Walter
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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GALFALVY HANGA, ZALSMAN GIL, HUANG YUNGYU, MURPHY LAUREN, ROSOKLIJA GORAZD, DWORK ANDREWJ, HAGHIGHI FATIMA, ARANGO VICTORIA, MANN JJOHN. A pilot genome wide association and gene expression array study of suicide with and without major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2013; 14:574-82. [PMID: 22059935 PMCID: PMC3493880 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.597875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Suicide is partly heritable but the responsible genes have not been identified. We conducted a gene-centric, low coverage single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) pilot genome-wide association study (GWAS) seeking new candidate regions in suicides with and without depression, combined with gene expression assay of brain tissue. METHODS Ninety-nine Caucasian subjects, including 68 who completed suicide and 31 who died suddenly from other causes, were genotyped postmortem using GeneChip® Mapping 50K Xba. Clinical data were obtained from relatives. SNPs with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium P values below 0.001 were excluded from analysis. Illumina chip expression arrays assayed the transcriptome in prefrontal cortex in a drug-free subgroup. RESULTS GWAS analysis (cutoff P < 0.001) yielded 58 SNPs, 22 of them in or near 19 known genes, with risk allele-associated odds ratios between 2.7 and 6.9. Diagnosis of mood disorder did not explain the associations. Some of the SNPs matched into four functional groups in gene ontology. Gene expression in the prefrontal and the anterior cingulate cortex for these 19 genes was measured on a separate, though overlapping, sample of suicides and seven of 19 genes showed altered expression in suicides as compared with controls, especially in immune system related genes. CONCLUSIONS Matching GWAS findings with expression data assesses functional effect of new candidate genes in suicide, and is an alternative form of confirmation or replication study. Results highlight a role for neuroimmunological effects in suicidal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- HANGA GALFALVY
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - GIL ZALSMAN
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, Geha Mental Health Center and Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - YUNG-YU HUANG
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - LAUREN MURPHY
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - GORAZD ROSOKLIJA
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, R. Macedonia, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - ANDREW J. DWORK
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, Pathology and Cell Biology Division, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - FATIMA HAGHIGHI
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - VICTORIA ARANGO
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. JOHN MANN
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Viding E. Commentary: study of gene-environment interplay--a lesson in how to keep oneself busy for the foreseeable future. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:1144-6. [PMID: 24007417 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Psychologists and psychiatrists have long been aware that individuals differ in their response to environmental stressors. It is equally apparent that whilst positive or corrective environmental factors help some individuals, others seem to benefit little, if at all. To make the matters even more interesting (at least for a researcher who is hoping for a long and painstaking road of scientific discovery), it is not safe to assume that environments operate entirely independently of the study participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi Viding
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, UK.
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20
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Bult CJ. Bioinformatics resources for behavior studies in the laboratory mouse. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23195312 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398323-7.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on two database resources that can facilitate the use of the laboratory mouse for genetic and genomic studies of behavior. The Mouse Phenome Database (MPD) contains baseline measurement data for a wide variety of phenotypes in inbred strains of mice and commonly used reference populations. MPD also supports tools for the visualization and statistical analysis of phenotype data. The Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) database is a comprehensive resource for genetics and genomics of the laboratory mouse. MGI collects and integrates information about function, phenotype, disease associations, and developmental gene expression for all genome features in the laboratory mouse.
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Lo Bianco L, Blasi G, Taurisano P, Di Giorgio A, Ferrante F, Ursini G, Fazio L, Gelao B, Romano R, Papazacharias A, Caforio G, Sinibaldi L, Popolizio T, Bellantuono C, Bertolino A. Interaction between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype and genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia during explicit processing of aversive facial stimuli. Psychol Med 2013; 43:279-292. [PMID: 22617427 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysregulation is a key feature of schizophrenia, a brain disorder strongly associated with genetic risk and aberrant dopamine signalling. Dopamine is inactivated by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), whose gene contains a functional polymorphism (COMT Val158Met) associated with differential activity of the enzyme and with brain physiology of emotion processing. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genetic risk for schizophrenia and COMT Val158Met genotype interact on brain activity during implicit and explicit emotion processing. METHOD A total of 25 patients with schizophrenia, 23 healthy siblings of patients and 24 comparison subjects genotyped for COMT Val158Met underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during implicit and explicit processing of facial stimuli with negative emotional valence. RESULTS We found a main effect of diagnosis in the right amygdala, with decreased activity in patients and siblings compared with control subjects. Furthermore, a genotype × diagnosis interaction was found in the left middle frontal gyrus, such that the effect of genetic risk for schizophrenia was evident in the context of the Val/Val genotype only, i.e. the phenotype of reduced activity was present especially in Val/Val patients and siblings. Finally, a complete inversion of the COMT effect between patients and healthy subjects was found in the left striatum during explicit processing. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest complex interactions between genetically determined dopamine signalling and risk for schizophrenia on brain activity in the prefrontal cortex during emotion processing. On the other hand, the effects in the striatum may represent state-related epiphenomena of the disorder itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lo Bianco
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Bari, Italy
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Chong SA, Campbell A, Chee M, Liu J, Marx C, McGorry P, Subramaniam M, Yung A, Keefe RSE. The Singapore flagship programme in translational and clinical research in psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2011; 5:290-300. [PMID: 22032547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM This paper describes the rationale, aims and development of the Singapore Translational and Clinical Research in Psychosis, which is a 5-year programme. METHODS The authors provide a selective review of the pertinent findings from the clinical, neuropsychological, genetics and neuroimaging studies on high-risk population and how they were factored in the hypotheses and design of this translational clinical research programme. RESULTS This programme, which draws upon the previous work of various groups and the experience of the investigators of this consortium, comprises three interlinked studies. The first is a genome-wide association and copy number variation analysis using the diagnostic phenotype of schizophrenia and cognitive phenotypes, and a joint genome-wide analysis performed by combining our data with other datasets to increase the power to detect genetic risk factors. The second is a prospective study of a large group of individuals who are assessed to be at ultra-high risk of psychosis, and the third is a randomized controlled trial to improve neurocognition in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION The convergence of various factors including the unique structured characteristics of the Singaporean society, the presence of political will with availability of funding and the established research infrastructure make it possible to accrue the sample size for adequate power to elucidate biomarkers of disease risk and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siow-Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health (Singapore),Buangkok Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore.
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Chen C, Chen C, Moyzis R, Stern H, He Q, Li H, Li J, Zhu B, Dong Q. Contributions of dopamine-related genes and environmental factors to highly sensitive personality: a multi-step neuronal system-level approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21636. [PMID: 21765900 PMCID: PMC3135587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional behavioral genetic studies (e.g., twin, adoption studies) have shown that human personality has moderate to high heritability, but recent molecular behavioral genetic studies have failed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) with consistent effects. The current study adopted a multi-step approach (ANOVA followed by multiple regression and permutation) to assess the cumulative effects of multiple QTLs. Using a system-level (dopamine system) genetic approach, we investigated a personality trait deeply rooted in the nervous system (the Highly Sensitive Personality, HSP). 480 healthy Chinese college students were given the HSP scale and genotyped for 98 representative polymorphisms in all major dopamine neurotransmitter genes. In addition, two environment factors (stressful life events and parental warmth) that have been implicated for their contributions to personality development were included to investigate their relative contributions as compared to genetic factors. In Step 1, using ANOVA, we identified 10 polymorphisms that made statistically significant contributions to HSP. In Step 2, these polymorphism's main effects and interactions were assessed using multiple regression. This model accounted for 15% of the variance of HSP (p<0.001). Recent stressful life events accounted for an additional 2% of the variance. Finally, permutation analyses ascertained the probability of obtaining these findings by chance to be very low, p ranging from 0.001 to 0.006. Dividing these loci by the subsystems of dopamine synthesis, degradation/transport, receptor and modulation, we found that the modulation and receptor subsystems made the most significant contribution to HSP. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of a multi-step neuronal system-level approach in assessing genetic contributions to individual differences in human behavior. It can potentially bridge the gap between the high heritability estimates based on traditional behavioral genetics and the lack of reproducible genetic effects observed currently from molecular genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hal Stern
- Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qinghua He
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - He Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
A principal weakness of evidence-based psychiatry is that it does not account for the individual variability in therapeutic response among individuals with the same diagnosis. The aim of personalized psychiatry is to remediate this shortcoming and to use predictors to select treatment that is most likely to be beneficial for an individual. This article reviews the evidence that genetic variation, environmental exposures, and gene-environment interactions shape mental illness and influence treatment outcomes, with a primary focus on depression. Several genetic polymorphisms have been identified that influence the outcome of specific treatments, but the strength and generalizability of such influences are not sufficient to justify personalized prescribing. Environmental exposures in early life, such as childhood maltreatment, exert long-lasting influences that are moderated by inherited genetic variation and mediated through stable epigenetic mechanisms such as tissue- and gene-specific DNA methylation. Pharmacological and psychological treatments act on and against the background of genetic disposition, with epigenetic annotation resulting from previous experiences. Research in animal models suggests the possibility that epigenetic interventions may modify the impact of environmental stressors on mental health. Gaps in evidence are identified that need to be bridged before knowledge about cause can inform cure in personalized psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Uher
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London.
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Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common neurobehavioral disorders requiring treatment in children and adolescents. The disorder is often chronic, with prominent symptoms and impairment spanning into adulthood. It is often associated with co-occurring disorders, including disruptive, mood, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders. The diagnosis of ADHD is clinically established by review of symptoms and impairment. The biological underpinning of the disorder is supported by genetic, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, and neuropsychological data. All aspects of an individual's life need to be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. Multimodal treatment includes educational, family, and individual support. Psychotherapy alone and in combination with medication is helpful for treating patients with ADHD and comorbid disorders. Pharmacotherapy, including stimulants, noradrenergic agents, α-agonists, and antidepressants, plays a fundamental role in the long-term management of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Wilens
- Timothy E. Wilens, MD, Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, YAW 6A, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Slutske WS, Zhu G, Meier MH, Martin NG. Genetic and environmental influences on disordered gambling in men and women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:624-30. [PMID: 20530012 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Women now represent nearly half of all individuals in treatment for pathological gambling (PG), but relatively little is known about the causes of PG among women or potential sex differences in the causes of PG. OBJECTIVES To (1) investigate the role of genetic and environmental risk factors in the development of disordered gambling (DG) among women and (2) determine the extent to which the genetic and environmental risk of DG among women differs quantitatively or qualitatively from the risk of DG among men. (Disordered gambling refers to the full continuum of gambling-related problems that includes PG disorder.) DESIGN Twin study. SETTING The national community-based Australian Twin Registry. PARTICIPANTS Four thousand seven hundred sixty-four individuals from 2889 twin pairs; twins were aged 32 to 43 years and 57% were women. Main Outcome Measure Disordered gambling was defined based on lifetime DSM-IV PG symptom counts. RESULTS The estimate of the proportion of variation in liability for DG due to genetic influences was 49.2% (95% confidence interval, 26.7-60.9). There was no evidence for shared environmental influences contributing to variation in DG liability. There was no evidence for quantitative or qualitative sex differences in the causes of variation in DG liability. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes for the first time that genes are as important in the etiology of DG in women as they are in men and that the susceptibility genes contributing to variation in liability for DG are likely to overlap considerably in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH. Parenting matters: Family science in the genomic era. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/19424620903392424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yozwiak JA. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Epidemiology, assessment, and treatment among children, adolescents, and adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1515/ijdhd.2010.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ritchie K, Villebrun D. Les facteurs environnementaux de la dépression sévère : dépression chez les parents. Encephale 2009; 35 Suppl 7:S296-300. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-7006(09)73490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pal P, Mihanović M, Molnar S, Xi H, Sun G, Guha S, Jeran N, Tomljenović A, Malnar A, Missoni S, Deka R, Rudan P. Association of tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms on 8 candidate genes in dopaminergic pathway with schizophrenia in Croatian population. Croat Med J 2009; 50:361-9. [PMID: 19673036 PMCID: PMC2728391 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To perform a comprehensive evaluation of association of common genetic variants in candidate genes in the dopaminergic pathway with schizophrenia in a sample from Croatian population. METHODS A case-control association study was performed on 104 unrelated patients with schizophrenia recruited from a psychiatric hospital in Zagreb and 131 phenotypically normal Croatian subjects. Forty-nine tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) in 8 candidate genes in the dopaminergic pathway were identified from the HapMap database and tested for association. Genotyping was performed using the SNPlex platform. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess allelic and genotypic associations between cases and controls using a goodness of fit chi(2) test and trend test, respectively; adjustment for multiple testing was done by permutation based analysis. RESULTS Significant allele frequency differences between schizophrenia cases and controls were observed at 4 tagSNPs located in the genes DRD5, HTR1B1, DBH, and TH1 (P<0.005). A trend test also confirmed the genotypic association (P<0.001) of these 4 tagSNPs. Additionally, moderate association (P<0.05) was observed with 8 tagSNPs on SLC6A3, DBH, DRD4, SLC6A4, and COMT. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic variants in genes involved in the dopaminergic pathway are associated with schizophrenia in the populations of Caucasian descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodipto Pal
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Genome Information, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Sven Molnar
- St. Ivan Psychiatric Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Huifeng Xi
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Genome Information, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Guangyun Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Genome Information, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Saurav Guha
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Genome Information, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nina Jeran
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ana Malnar
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saša Missoni
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranjan Deka
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Genome Information, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pavao Rudan
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
The unique human ability of linguistic communication, defined as the ability to produce a practically infinite number of meaningful messages using a finite number of lexical items, is determined by an array of "linguistic" genes, which are expressed in neurons forming domain-specific linguistic centers in the brain. In this review, I discuss the idea that infants' early language experience performs two complementary functions. In addition to allowing infants to assimilate the words and grammar rules of their mother language, early language experience initiates genetic programs underlying language production and comprehension. This hypothesis explains many puzzling characteristics of language acquisition, such as the existence of a critical period for acquiring the first language and the absence of a critical period for the acquisition of additional language(s), a similar timetable for language acquisition in children belonging to families of different social and cultural status, the strikingly similar timetables in the acquisition of oral and sign languages, and the surprisingly small correlation between individuals' final linguistic competence and the intensity of their training. Based on the studies of microcephalic individuals, I argue that genetic factors determine not only the number of neurons and organization of interneural connections within linguistic centers, but also the putative internal properties of neurons that are not limited to their electrophysiological and synaptic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri I Arshavsky
- Institute for Nonlinear Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0402, USA.
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Sabb FW, Burggren AC, Higier RG, Fox J, He J, Parker DS, Poldrack RA, Chu W, Cannon TD, Freimer NB, Bilder RM. Challenges in phenotype definition in the whole-genome era: multivariate models of memory and intelligence. Neuroscience 2009; 164:88-107. [PMID: 19450667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Refining phenotypes for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders is of paramount importance in neuroscience. Poor phenotype definition provides the greatest obstacle for making progress in disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and autism. Using freely available informatics tools developed by the Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics (CNP), we provide a framework for defining and refining latent constructs used in neuroscience research and then apply this strategy to review known genetic contributions to memory and intelligence in healthy individuals. This approach can help us begin to build multi-level phenotype models that express the interactions between constructs necessary to understand complex neuropsychiatric diseases. These results are available online through the http://www.phenowiki.org database. Further work needs to be done in order to provide consensus-building applications for the broadly defined constructs used in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Sabb
- Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Redina OE, Smolenskaya SE, Maslova LN, Sakharov DG, Markel' AL. The characteristics of motor activity in ISIAH rats in an open field test are controlled by genes on chromosomes 2 and 16. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 39:57-64. [PMID: 19089625 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-008-9100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O E Redina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Abstract
In a number of human diseases, including depression, interactions between genetic and environmental factors have been identified in the absence of direct genotype-disorder associations. The lack of genes with major direct pathogenic effect suggests that genotype-specific vulnerabilities are balanced by adaptive advantages and implies aetiological heterogeneity. A model of depression is proposed that incorporates the interacting genetic and environmental factors over the life course and provides an explanatory framework for the heterogeneous aetiology of depression. Early environmental influences act on the genome to shape the adaptability to environmental changes in later life. The possibility is explored that genotype- and epigenotype-related traits can be harnessed to develop personalized therapeutic interventions. As diagnosis of depression alone is a weak predictor of response to specific treatments, aetiological subtypes can be used to inform the choice between treatments. As a specific application of this notion, a hypothesis is proposed regarding relative responsiveness of aetiological subtypes of depression to psychological treatment and antidepressant medication. Other testable predictions are likely to emerge from the general framework of interacting genetic, epigenetic and environmental mechanisms in depression.
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val158met genotype is associated with BOLD response as a function of task characteristic. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:3046-57. [PMID: 18235427 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val(158)met single nucleotide polymorphism (rs4680) has been shown to be associated with brain activation during a number of neurocognitive and emotional tasks. The present study evaluated genotypic associations with brain function during measurement of cognitive stability (prosaccades) and plasticity (antisaccades). A total of 36 healthy volunteers were genotyped for rs4680 and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 1.5 T. Individuals with at least one val(158) allele (val(158) carriers, N=24) showed lower blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response in ventromedial and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during antisaccades compared to val(158) noncarriers, whereas met(158) homozygotes (N=12) showed lower BOLD response in a cluster in the posterior cingulate and precuneus during prosaccades compared to val(158) carriers. These findings suggest that associations of COMT val(158)met genotype with brain function may be mediated by task characteristics. The findings may be compatible with a hypothesis on the role of COMT val(158)met genotype in tonic and phasic dopamine levels in brain and differential effects on cognitive measures of stability (eg prosaccades) and plasticity (eg antisaccades).
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36
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Brown GW, Harris TO. Depression and the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism: a review and a hypothesis concerning gene-environment interaction. J Affect Disord 2008; 111:1-12. [PMID: 18534686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the interaction of the serotonin transporter genotype and environment upon adult depression (G x E) have suggested a role for both childhood maltreatment and stressful life events. This paper deals with two main issues. First, do both contribute? Evidence that G x E with childhood maltreatment plays a role is much stronger than that for G x E with life events occurring close to onset, although that for G x E with life events occurring over a 5-year period before the presence of the recorded depression is stronger. However, non-genetic research shows that life events occurring so long before onset as 5 years have little or no relationship with adult depression once childhood maltreatment is taken into account, suggesting they serve as a marker for childhood maltreatment rather than making a direct contribution to G x E. Second, genetic research has dealt only with the presence of depression and taking account of course may radically change ideas about the point at which G x E occurs. Two findings from non-genetic research concerning childhood maltreatment are relevant. Childhood maltreatment is associated with a particularly high risk of an adult onset of depression taking a chronic course (i.e. lasting 12 months or more). Moreover such maltreatment makes a substantial direct contribution - i.e. its link with course is independent of all other childhood and adult risk factors. This is consistent with early changes in brain function associated with the polymorphism in the context of childhood maltreatment explaining the link of such maltreatment with adult chronic episodes. It also follows that restricting analysis to such episodes would increase current estimates of G x E.
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Schnittker J. An uncertain revolution: Why the rise of a genetic model of mental illness has not increased tolerance. Soc Sci Med 2008; 67:1370-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Uher R, McGuffin P. The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the aetiology of mental illness: review and methodological analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:131-46. [PMID: 17700575 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene-environmental interaction (G x E) between a common functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) and environmental adversity on the onset of depression in humans has been found in fifteen independent studies. It is supported by evidence from animal experiments, pharmacological challenge and neuroimaging investigations. However, negative findings have been reported in two large samples. We explore reasons for the inconsistencies and suggest means to their resolution. Sample age and gender composition emerge as important factors. While the G x E has been consistently detected in young adult samples, there are contradictory findings in adolescent boys and elderly people. The method of assessment of environmental adversity is also important with detailed interview-based approaches being associated with positive G x E findings. Unresolved issues in the definition of the genotype include the dominance of alleles and influence of other polymorphisms, both in 5-HTT and other genes. Assessment of multiple adverse outcomes, including depression, substance use and self-destructive behaviour is needed to clarify the generalisability of the G x E pathogenic mechanisms. Biological and behavioural intermediate phenotypes are yet to be exploited to understand the mechanisms underlying the G x E.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Uher
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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Commons-Miller LAH, Commons ML. Speciation of Superions from Humans: Is Species Cleansing the Ultimate Form of Terror and Genocide? JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-007-9013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thapar A, Harold G, Rice F, Ge X, Boivin J, Hay D, van den Bree M, Lewis A. Do intrauterine or genetic influences explain the foetal origins of chronic disease? A novel experimental method for disentangling effects. BMC Med Res Methodol 2007; 7:25. [PMID: 17587444 PMCID: PMC1913535 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is much evidence to suggest that risk for common clinical disorders begins in foetal life. Exposure to environmental risk factors however is often not random. Many commonly used indices of prenatal adversity (e.g. maternal gestational stress, gestational diabetes, smoking in pregnancy) are influenced by maternal genes and genetically influenced maternal behaviour. As mother provides the baby with both genes and prenatal environment, associations between prenatal risk factors and offspring disease maybe attributable to true prenatal risk effects or to the "confounding" effects of genetic liability that are shared by mother and offspring. Cross-fostering designs, including those that involve embryo transfer have proved useful in animal studies. However disentangling these effects in humans poses significant problems for traditional genetic epidemiological research designs. METHODS We present a novel research strategy aimed at disentangling maternally provided pre-natal environmental and inherited genetic effects. Families of children aged 5 to 9 years born by assisted reproductive technologies, specifically homologous IVF, sperm donation, egg donation, embryo donation and gestational surrogacy were contacted through fertility clinics and mailed a package of questionnaires on health and mental health related risk factors and outcomes. Further data were obtained from antenatal records. RESULTS To date 741 families from 18 fertility clinics have participated. The degree of association between maternally provided prenatal risk factor and child outcome in the group of families where the woman undergoing pregnancy and offspring are genetically related (homologous IVF, sperm donation) is compared to association in the group where offspring are genetically unrelated to the woman who undergoes the pregnancy (egg donation, embryo donation, surrogacy). These comparisons can be then examined to infer the extent to which prenatal effects are genetically and environmentally mediated. CONCLUSION A study based on children born by IVF treatment and who differ in genetic relatedness to the woman undergoing the pregnancy is feasible. The present report outlines a novel experimental method that permits disaggregation of maternally provided inherited genetic and post-implantation prenatal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thapar
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Gordon Harold
- School of Psychology, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frances Rice
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - XiaoJia Ge
- Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Jacky Boivin
- School of Psychology, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dale Hay
- School of Psychology, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Allyson Lewis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, UK
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42
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Dick DM, Rose RJ, Kaprio J. The next challenge for psychiatric genetics: characterizing the risk associated with identified genes. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2006; 18:223-31. [PMID: 17162621 PMCID: PMC1764634 DOI: 10.1080/10401230600948407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As advances in genetics further our ability to identify genes influencing psychiatric disorders, the next challenge facing psychiatric genetics is to characterize the risk associated with specific genetic variants in order to better understand how these susceptibility genes are involved in the pathways leading to illness. METHODS To further this goal, findings from behavior genetic analyses about how genetic influences act can be used to guide hypothesis testing about the effects associated with specific genes. RESULTS Using the phenotype of alcohol dependence as an example, this paper provides an overview of how the integration of behavioral and statistical genetics can advance our knowledge about the genetics of psychiatric disorders. Areas currently being investigated in behavior genetics include careful delineation of phenotypes, to examine the heritability of various aspects of normal and abnormal behavior; developmental changes in the nature and magnitude of genetic and environmental effects; the extent to which different behaviors are influenced by common genes; and different forms of gene-environment correlation and interaction. CONCLUSIONS Understanding how specific genes are involved in these processes has the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of the development of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Dick
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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43
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Arshavsky YI. “Scientific roots” of dualism in neuroscience. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 79:190-204. [PMID: 16935408 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the dualistic concept is unpopular among neuroscientists involved in experimental studies of the brain, neurophysiological literature is full of covert dualistic statements on the possibility of understanding neural mechanisms of human consciousness. Particularly, the covert dualistic attitude is exhibited in the unwillingness to discuss neural mechanisms of consciousness, leaving the problem of consciousness to psychologists and philosophers. This covert dualism seems to be rooted in the main paradigm of neuroscience that suggests that cognitive functions, such as language production and comprehension, face recognition, declarative memory, emotions, etc., are performed by neural networks consisting of simple elements. I argue that neural networks of any complexity consisting of neurons whose function is limited to the generation of electrical potentials and the transmission of signals to other neurons are hardly capable of producing human mental activity, including consciousness. Based on results obtained in physiological, morphological, clinical, and genetic studies of cognitive functions (mainly linguistic ones), I advocate the hypothesis that the performance of cognitive functions is based on complex cooperative activity of "complex" neurons that are carriers of "elementary cognition." The uniqueness of human cognitive functions, which has a genetic basis, is determined by the specificity of genes expressed by these "complex" neurons. The main goal of the review is to show that the identification of the genes implicated in cognitive functions and the understanding of a functional role of their products is a possible way to overcome covert dualism in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri I Arshavsky
- Institute for Nonlinear Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0402, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Recent important advancements in genomic research have opened the way to new strategies for public health management. One of these questions pertains to how individual genetic variation may be associated with individual variability in response to drug treatment. The field of pharmacogenetics may have a profound impact on treatment of complex psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. However, pharmacogenetic studies in schizophrenia have produced conflicting results. The first studies examined potential associations between clinical response and drug receptor genes. Subsequent studies have tried to use more objective phenotypes still in association with drug receptor genes. More recently, other studies have sought the association between putative causative or modifier genes and intermediate phenotypes. Thus, conflicting results may be at least in part explained by variability and choice of the phenotype, by choice of candidate genes, or by the relatively little knowledge about the neurobiology of this disorder. We propose that choosing intermediate phenotypes that allow in vivo measurement of specific neuronal functions may be of great help in reducing several of the potential confounds intrinsic to clinical measurements. Functional neuroimaging is ideally suited to address several of these potential confounds, and it may represent a powerful strategy to investigate the relationship between behavior, brain function, genes, and individual variability in the response to treatment with antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia. Preliminary evidence with potential susceptilibity genes such as COMT, DISC1, and GRM3 support these assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Blasi
- />Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
- />Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Gene, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, MD
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- />Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
- />Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Gene, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, MD
- />Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCSS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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45
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Dick DM, Bierut L, Hinrichs A, Fox L, Bucholz KK, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Hesselbrock V, Schuckit M, Almasy L, Tischfield J, Porjesz B, Begleiter H, Nurnberger J, Xuei X, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T. The role of GABRA2 in risk for conduct disorder and alcohol and drug dependence across developmental stages. Behav Genet 2006; 36:577-90. [PMID: 16557364 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-005-9041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We use findings from the behavior genetics literature about how genetic factors (latently) influence alcohol dependence and related disorders to develop and test hypotheses about the risk associated with a specific gene, GABRA2, across different developmental stages. This gene has previously been associated with adult alcohol dependence in the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample [Edenberg, H. J., Dick, D. M., Xuei, X., Tian, H., Almasy, L., Bauer, L. O., Crowe, R., Goate, A., Hesselbrock, V., Jones, K. A., Kwon, J., Li, T. K., Nurnberger Jr., J. I., O'Connor, S. J., Reich, T., Rice, J., Schuckit, M., Porjesz, B., Foroud, T., and Begleiter, H. (2004). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:705-714] and other studies [Covault, J., Gelernter, J., Hesselbrock, V., Nellissery, M., and Kranzler, H. R. (2004). Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 129B:104-109; Lappalainen, J., Krupitsky, E., Remizov, M., Pchelina, S., Taraskina, A., Zvartau, E., Somberg, L. K., Covault, J., Kranzler, H. R., Krystal, J., and Gelernter, J. (2005). Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 29:493-498]. In a sample of children and adolescents ascertained as part of the COGA project, we find that GABRA2 is significantly associated with childhood conduct disorder symptoms, but not with childhood alcohol dependence symptoms. A consistent elevation in risk for alcohol dependence associated with GABRA2 is not evident until the mid-20s and then remains throughout adulthood. GABRA2 is also associated with other drug dependence in our sample, both in adolescence and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Rutter M. Measured Gene-Environment Interactions in Psychopathology: Concepts, Research Strategies, and Implications for Research, Intervention, and Public Understanding of Genetics. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2006; 1:5-27. [PMID: 26151183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is much curiosity about interactions between genes and environmental risk factors for psychopathology, but this interest is accompanied by uncertainty. This article aims to address this uncertainty. First, we explain what is and is not meant by gene-environment interaction. Second, we discuss reasons why such interactions were thought to be rare in psychopathology, and argue instead that they ought to be common. Third, we summarize emerging evidence about gene-environment interactions in mental disorders. Fourth, we argue that research on gene-environment interactions should be hypothesis driven, and we put forward strategies to guide future studies. Fifth, we describe potential benefits of studying measured gene-environment interactions for basic neuroscience, gene hunting, intervention, and public understanding of genetics. We suggest that information about nurture might be harnessed to make new discoveries about the nature of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rutter
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Cryan JF, Holmes A. The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4:775-90. [PMID: 16138108 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatry has proven to be among the least penetrable clinical disciplines for the development of satisfactory in vivo model systems for evaluating novel treatment approaches. However, mood and anxiety disorders remain poorly understood and inadequately treated. With the explosion in the use of genetically modified mice, enormous research efforts have been focused on developing mouse models of psychiatric disorders. The success of this approach is largely contingent on the usefulness of available behavioural models of depression- and anxiety-related behaviours in mice. Here, we assess the current status of research into developing appropriate tests for assessing such behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cryan
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH 4055, Switzerland.
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48
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Shamoo AE, Cole J. Ethics of genetic modifications of behavior. Account Res 2005; 11:201-14. [PMID: 15812966 DOI: 10.1080/08989620490891395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adil E Shamoo
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Green St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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49
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Caron L, Karkazis K, Raffin TA, Swan G, Koenig BA. Nicotine addiction through a neurogenomic prism: ethics, public health, and smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2005; 7:181-97. [PMID: 16036275 PMCID: PMC2613832 DOI: 10.1080/14622200500055251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies are under way to examine the neurogenetic factors contributing to smoking behaviors. The combined approaches of genomics, molecular biology, neuroscience, and pharmacology are expected to fuel developments in pharmacogenetics, to create new genetic tests, and ultimately to provide the basis for innovative strategies for smoking cessation and prevention. The emergence of a neurogenomic understanding of nicotine addiction is likely to induce fundamental changes in popular, clinical, and public health views of smoking, which could significantly shape existing practices and policies to reduce tobacco use. Still a nascent area of research, nicotine addiction provides an excellent case study through which to anticipate key ethical and policy issues in both behavioral genetics and the neurogenomics of addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Caron
- Agence d'évaluation des technologies et des modes d'intervention en santé, Montreal, Canada
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Chung B, Suzuki AR, McGough JJ. New drugs for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 7:269-76. [PMID: 15989550 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.7.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the longest recognised and most common neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood. Recent research indicates that ADHD is most often a lifelong condition associated with significant impairment in multiple domains of functioning. ADHD is a clinical diagnosis made on the basis of history and clinical examination. Current molecular, neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have greatly elucidated our understanding of the basic science of ADHD. The underlying pathophysiology of ADHD has been theorised to be dysregulation of inhibitory noradrenergic frontocortical activity on dopaminergic striatal structures. Pharmacotherapy is recognised as the most effective component of ADHD treatment, although some role exists for proper educational placement, parent management training and social skills development. Methylphenidate and amphetamine are the current standards in ADHD medication treatment. Other medication classes such as tricyclic antidepressants and certain antihypertensives are also used in off-label therapy. Anticipated improvements in new ADHD medications include the development of extended release delivery systems, improved tolerability, alternative mechanisms of action and enhanced efficacy in treatment refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Chung
- UCLA Neuropsychiatric Hospital, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room C8-846, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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