1
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Korf HW. Photoneuroendocrine, circadian and seasonal systems: from photoneuroendocrinology to circadian biology and medicine. Cell Tissue Res 2025; 400:217-240. [PMID: 39264444 PMCID: PMC12089256 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
This contribution highlights the scientific development of two intertwined disciplines, photoneuroendocrinology and circadian biology. Photoneuroendocrinology has focused on nonvisual photoreceptors that translate light stimuli into neuroendocrine signals and serve rhythm entrainment. Nonvisual photoreceptors first described in the pineal complex and brain of nonmammalian species are luminance detectors. In the pineal, they control the formation of melatonin, the highly conserved hormone of darkness which is synthesized night by night. Pinealocytes endowed with both photoreceptive and neuroendocrine capacities function as "photoneuroendocrine cells." In adult mammals, nonvisual photoreceptors controlling pineal melatonin biosynthesis and pupillary reflexes are absent from the pineal and brain and occur only in the inner layer of the retina. Encephalic photoreceptors regulate seasonal rhythms, such as the reproductive cycle. They are concentrated in circumventricular organs, the lateral septal organ and the paraventricular organ, and represent cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons. Nonvisual photoreceptors employ different photopigments such as melanopsin, pinopsin, parapinopsin, neuropsin, and vertebrate ancient opsin. After identification of clock genes and molecular clockwork, circadian biology became cutting-edge research with a focus on rhythm generation. Molecular clockworks tick in every nucleated cell and, as shown in mammals, they drive the expression of more than 3000 genes and are of overall importance for regulation of cell proliferation and metabolism. The mammalian circadian system is hierarchically organized; the central rhythm generator is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei which entrain peripheral circadian oscillators via multiple neuronal and neuroendocrine pathways. Disrupted molecular clockworks may cause various diseases, and investigations of this interplay will establish a new discipline: circadian medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst-Werner Korf
- Institute Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany.
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2
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Riederer F, Schankin CJ. Circannual worsening in cluster headache correlates with daylight change. Headache 2024; 64:1336-1338. [PMID: 39221755 DOI: 10.1111/head.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Plain Language SummaryCluster headache attacks typically occur with circadian rhythmicity and seasonal variability.In this article, we show that circannual rhythmicity of cluster headache attacks with its peak occurrence in spring and autumn could be explained by the rapidity in daylight alterations over the photoperiod, which is not constant but maximal at the time of equinoxes in spring. The peak of cluster attack occurrence at the equinoxes in spring and autumn coincides with greater leaps in day length, leading to interfere with synchronization of endogenous pacemaker systems. Interactions with the serotonergic system, also following circannual fluctuations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Riederer
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph J Schankin
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Hazlerigg DG, Simonneaux V, Dardente H. Melatonin and Seasonal Synchrony in Mammals. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12996. [PMID: 39129720 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, seasonal opportunities and challenges are anticipated through programmed changes in physiology and behavior. Appropriate anticipatory timing depends on synchronization to the external solar year, achieved through the use of day length (photoperiod) as a synchronizing signal. In mammals, nocturnal production of melatonin by the pineal gland is the key hormonal mediator of photoperiodic change, exerting its effects via the hypothalamopituitary axis. In this review/perspective, we consider the key developments during the history of research into the seasonal synchronizer effect of melatonin, highlighting the role that the pars tuberalis-tanycyte module plays in this process. We go on to consider downstream pathways, which include discrete hypothalamic neuronal populations. Neurons that express the neuropeptides kisspeptin and (Arg)(Phe)-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) govern seasonal reproductive function while neurons that express somatostatin may be involved in seasonal metabolic adaptations. Finally, we identify several outstanding questions, which need to be addressed to provide a much thorough understanding of the deep impact of melatonin upon seasonal synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, Arctic Seasonal Timekeeping Initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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4
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Helm B, Liedvogel M. Avian migration clocks in a changing world. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:691-716. [PMID: 38305877 PMCID: PMC11226503 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Avian long-distance migration requires refined programming to orchestrate the birds' movements on annual temporal and continental spatial scales. Programming is particularly important as long-distance movements typically anticipate future environmental conditions. Hence, migration has long been of particular interest in chronobiology. Captivity studies using a proxy, the shift to nocturnality during migration seasons (i.e., migratory restlessness), have revealed circannual and circadian regulation, as well as an innate sense of direction. Thanks to rapid development of tracking technology, detailed information from free-flying birds, including annual-cycle data and actograms, now allows relating this mechanistic background to behaviour in the wild. Likewise, genomic approaches begin to unravel the many physiological pathways that contribute to migration. Despite these advances, it is still unclear how migration programmes are integrated with specific environmental conditions experienced during the journey. Such knowledge is imminently important as temporal environments undergo rapid anthropogenic modification. Migratory birds as a group are not dealing well with the changes, yet some species show remarkable adjustments at behavioural and genetic levels. Integrated research programmes and interdisciplinary collaborations are needed to understand the range of responses of migratory birds to environmental change, and more broadly, the functioning of timing programmes under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Helm
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Bird Migration Unit, Seerose 1, CH-6204, Sempach, Schweiz.
| | - Miriam Liedvogel
- Institute of Avian Research, An Der Vogelwarte 21, 26386, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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5
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Dardente H, Lomet D, Robert V, Lasserre O, Gonzalez AA, Mialhe X, Beltramo M. Photoperiod, but not progesterone, has a strong impact upon the transcriptome of the medio-basal hypothalamus in female goats and ewes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 588:112216. [PMID: 38556161 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Photoperiod is the main environmental driver of seasonal responses in organisms living at temperate and polar latitudes. Other external cues such as food and temperature, and internal cues including hormones, intervene to fine-tune phasing of physiological functions to the solar year. In mammals, the medio-basal hypothalamus (MBH) is the key integrator of these cues, which orchestrates a wide array of seasonal functions, including breeding. Here, using RNAseq and RT-qPCR, we demonstrate that molecular components of the photoperiodic response previously identified in ewes are broadly conserved in does (female goats, Capra hircus), with a common core of ∼50 genes. This core group can be defined as the "MBH seasonal trancriptome", which includes key players of the pars tuberalis-tanycytes neuroendocrine retrograde pathway that governs intra-MBH photoperiodic switches of triiodothyronine (T3) production (Tshb, Eya3, Dio2 and SlcO1c1), the two histone methyltransferases Suv39H2 and Ezh2 and the secreted protein Vmo1. Prior data in ewes revealed that T3 and estradiol (E2), both key hormones for the proper timing of seasonal breeding, differentially impact the MBH seasonal transcriptome, and identified cellular and molecular targets through which these hormones might act. In contrast, information regarding the potential impact of progesterone (P4) upon the MBH transcriptome was nonexistent. Here, we demonstrate that P4 has no discernible transcriptional impact in either does or ewes. Taken together, our data show that does and ewes possess a common core set of photoperiod-responsive genes in the MBH and conclusively demonstrate that P4 is not a key regulator of the MBH transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Didier Lomet
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Vincent Robert
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Anne-Alicia Gonzalez
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Mialhe
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094, Montpellier, France
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6
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Chen J, Wu W, Long J, Liu X, Hazlerigg D, Zhan X. The circannual clock: Empowering seasonal anticipation in organisms. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1839-1843. [PMID: 38402031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Long
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - David Hazlerigg
- Arctic Seasonal Timekeeping Initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Xiangjiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Cardiff University - Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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7
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Ecochard R, Stanford JB, Fehring RJ, Schneider M, Najmabadi S, Gronfier C. Evidence that the woman's ovarian cycle is driven by an internal circamonthly timing system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadg9646. [PMID: 38598621 PMCID: PMC11006216 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The ovarian cycle has a well-established circa-monthly rhythm, but the mechanisms involved in its regularity are unknown. Is the rhythmicity driven by an endogenous clock-like timer or by other internal or external processes? Here, using two large epidemiological datasets (26,912 cycles from 2303 European women and 4786 cycles from 721 North American women), analyzed with time series and circular statistics, we find evidence that the rhythmic characteristics of the menstrual cycle are more likely to be explained by an endogenous clock-like driving mechanism than by any other internal or external process. We also show that the menstrual cycle is weakly but significantly influenced by the 29.5-day lunar cycle and that the phase alignment between the two cycles differs between the European and the North American populations. Given the need to find efficient treatments of subfertility in women, our results should be confirmed in larger populations, and chronobiological approaches to optimize the ovulatory cycle should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Ecochard
- Pôle de Santé Publique, Service de Biostatistique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69424 Cedex 03, France
- Laboratoire Biostatistique Santé, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, UMR CNRS 5558 UCBL, Lyon 69000, France
| | - John B. Stanford
- Office of Cooperative Reproductive Health, Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84108 UT, USA
| | - Richard J. Fehring
- College of Nursing, Marquette University, Milwaukee, P.O. Box 1881 WI, USA
| | - Marie Schneider
- College of Nursing, Marquette University, Milwaukee, P.O. Box 1881 WI, USA
- Institute for Natural Family Planning, Milwaukee, P.O. Box 1881 WI, USA
| | - Sam Najmabadi
- Office of Cooperative Reproductive Health, Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84108 UT, USA
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Neurocampus, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69500, France
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8
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Marshall CJ, Blake A, Stewart C, Liddle TA, Denizli I, Cuthill F, Evans NP, Stevenson TJ. Prolactin Mediates Long-Term, Seasonal Rheostatic Regulation of Body Mass in Female Mammals. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae020. [PMID: 38417844 PMCID: PMC10904104 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
A series of well-described anabolic and catabolic neuropeptides are known to provide short-term, homeostatic control of energy balance. The mechanisms that govern long-term, rheostatic control of regulated changes in energy balance are less well characterized. Using the robust and repeatable seasonal changes in body mass observed in Siberian hamsters, this report examined the role of prolactin in providing long-term rheostatic control of body mass and photoinduced changes in organ mass (ie, kidney, brown adipose tissue, uterine, and spleen). Endogenous circannual interval timing was observed after 4 months in a short photoperiod, indicated by a significant increase in body mass and prolactin mRNA expression in the pituitary gland. There was an inverse relationship between body mass and the expression of somatostatin (Sst) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cart). Pharmacological inhibition of prolactin release (via bromocriptine injection), reduced body mass of animals maintained in long photoperiods to winter-short photoperiod levels and was associated with a significant increase in hypothalamic Cart expression. Administration of ovine prolactin significantly increased body mass 24 hours after a single injection and the effect persisted after 3 consecutive daily injections. The data indicate that prolactin has pleiotropic effects on homeostatic sensors of energy balance (ie, Cart) and physiological effectors (ie, kidney, BAT). We propose that prolactin release from the pituitary gland acts as an output signal of the hypothalamic rheostat controller to regulate adaptive changes in body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Marshall
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Alexandra Blake
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Mainz, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Calum Stewart
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - T Adam Liddle
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Irem Denizli
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Fallon Cuthill
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Neil P Evans
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Tyler J Stevenson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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9
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Majumdar G, Liddle TA, Stewart C, Marshall CJ, Bain M, Stevenson T. FSHβ links photoperiodic signaling to seasonal reproduction in Japanese quail. eLife 2023; 12:RP87751. [PMID: 38150309 PMCID: PMC10752586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual cycles in daylength provide an initial predictive environmental cue that plants and animals use to time seasonal biology. Seasonal changes in photoperiodic information acts to entrain endogenous programs in physiology to optimize an animal's fitness. Attempts to identify the neural and molecular substrates of photoperiodic time measurement in birds have, to date, focused on blunt changes in light exposure during a restricted period of photoinducibility. The objectives of these studies were first to characterize a molecular seasonal clock in Japanese quail and second, to identify the key transcripts involved in endogenously generated interval timing that underlies photosensitivity in birds. We hypothesized that the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) provides the neuroendocrine control of photoperiod-induced changes in reproductive physiology, and that the pars distalis of the pituitary gland contains an endogenous internal timer for the short photoperiod-dependent development of reproductive photosensitivity. Here, we report distinct seasonal waveforms of transcript expression in the MBH, and pituitary gland and discovered the patterns were not synchronized across tissues. Follicle-stimulating hormone-β (FSHβ) expression increased during the simulated spring equinox, prior to photoinduced increases in prolactin, thyrotropin-stimulating hormone-β, and testicular growth. Diurnal analyses of transcript expression showed sustained elevated levels of FSHβ under conditions of the spring equinox, compared to autumnal equinox, short (<12L) and long (>12L) photoperiods. FSHβ expression increased in quail held in non-stimulatory short photoperiod, indicative of the initiation of an endogenously programmed interval timer. These data identify that FSHβ establishes a state of photosensitivity for the external coincidence timing of seasonal physiology. The independent regulation of FSHβ expression provides an alternative pathway through which other supplementary environmental cues, such as temperature, can fine tune seasonal reproductive maturation and involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Majumdar
- Department of Zoology, Science Campus, University of AllahabadPrayagrajIndia
| | - Timothy A Liddle
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Calum Stewart
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Marshall
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Maureen Bain
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Tyler Stevenson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
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Nakayama T, Tanikawa M, Okushi Y, Itoh T, Shimmura T, Maruyama M, Yamaguchi T, Matsumiya A, Shinomiya A, Guh YJ, Chen J, Naruse K, Kudoh H, Kondo Y, Naoki H, Aoki K, Nagano AJ, Yoshimura T. A transcriptional program underlying the circannual rhythms of gonadal development in medaka. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313514120. [PMID: 38109538 PMCID: PMC10756274 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313514120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To cope with seasonal environmental changes, organisms have evolved approximately 1-y endogenous circannual clocks. These circannual clocks regulate various physiological properties and behaviors such as reproduction, hibernation, migration, and molting, thus providing organisms with adaptive advantages. Although several hypotheses have been proposed, the genes that regulate circannual rhythms and the underlying mechanisms controlling long-term circannual clocks remain unknown in any organism. Here, we show a transcriptional program underlying the circannual clock in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). We monitored the seasonal reproductive rhythms of medaka kept under natural outdoor conditions for 2 y. Linear regression analysis suggested that seasonal changes in reproductive activity were predominantly determined by an endogenous program. Medaka hypothalamic and pituitary transcriptomes were obtained monthly over 2 y and daily on all equinoxes and solstices. Analysis identified 3,341 seasonally oscillating genes and 1,381 daily oscillating genes. We then examined the existence of circannual rhythms in medaka via maintaining them under constant photoperiodic conditions. Medaka exhibited approximately 6-mo free-running circannual rhythms under constant conditions, and monthly transcriptomes under constant conditions identified 518 circannual genes. Gene ontology analysis of circannual genes highlighted the enrichment of genes related to cell proliferation and differentiation. Altogether, our findings support the "histogenesis hypothesis" that postulates the involvement of tissue remodeling in circannual time-keeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakayama
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
| | - Miki Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Okushi
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Thoma Itoh
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki444-8787, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki444-8787, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimmura
- Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki444-8787, Japan
| | - Michiyo Maruyama
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsumiya
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Ai Shinomiya
- Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki444-8787, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ying-Jey Guh
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki444-8787, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga520-2113, Japan
| | - Yohei Kondo
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki444-8787, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki444-8787, Japan
| | - Honda Naoki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima739-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki444-8787, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki444-8787, Japan
| | - Atsushi J. Nagano
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu520-2194, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka997-0052, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8585Okazaki, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Division of Animal Medical Science, Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
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11
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Korostovtseva LS, Kolomeichuk SN. Circadian Factors in Stroke: A Clinician's Perspective. Cardiol Ther 2023; 12:275-295. [PMID: 37191897 PMCID: PMC10209385 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-023-00313-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains one of the leading causes of mortality and long-term and permanent disability worldwide despite technological innovations and developments in pharmacotherapy. In the last few decades, the growing data have evidenced the role of the circadian system in brain vulnerability to damage, the development and evolution of stroke, and short-term and long-term recovery. On the other hand, the stroke itself can affect the circadian system via direct injury of specific brain structures involved in circadian regulation (i.e., hypothalamus, retinohypothalamic tracts, etc.) and impairment of endogenous regulatory mechanisms, metabolic derangement, and a neurogenic inflammatory response in acute stroke. Moreover, the disruption of circadian rhythms can occur or exacerbate as a result of exogenous factors related to hospitalization itself, the conditions in the intensive care unit and the ward (light, noise, etc.), medication (sedatives and hypnotics), and loss of external factors entraining the circadian rhythms. In the acute phase of stroke, patients demonstrate abnormal circadian variations in circadian biomarkers (melatonin, cortisol), core body temperature, and rest-activity patterns. The approaches aimed at the restoration of disrupted circadian patterns include pharmacological (melatonin supplementation) and non-medication (bright light therapy, shifting feeding schedules, etc.) interventions; however, their effects on short- and long-term recovery after stroke are not well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila S. Korostovtseva
- Sleep Laboratory, Research Department for Hypertension, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratov Str., St Petersburg, 197341 Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kolomeichuk
- Sleep Laboratory, Research Department for Hypertension, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratov Str., St Petersburg, 197341 Russia
- Laboratory of Genetics Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Stevenson TJ. An introduction to the Special Issue on seasonal rhythms in birds and mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A: ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:871-872. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Stevenson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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13
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Tortonese DJ. Hypophysial angiogenesis decodes annual time and underlies physiological adaptation to seasonal changes in the environment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:939-951. [PMID: 35844178 PMCID: PMC9796326 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to annual changes in the environment is controlled by hypophysial hormones. In temperate zones, photoperiod is the primary external cue that regulates annual biological cycles and is translated by the pattern of melatonin secretion acting primarily in the hypophysial pars tuberalis. Angiogenic mechanisms within this tissue contribute to decode the melatonin signal through alternative splicing of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) gene in both the pars tuberalis and the capillary loops of the infundibulum. The resulting melatonin-evoked differential productions of VEGF-A isoforms will induce seasonal remodeling of the vascular connection between the hypothalamus and hypophysis, and act as paracrine messengers in the pars distalis to generate the required seasonal endocrine response. Specifically, the long melatonin signal in winter upregulates antiangiogenic VEGF-A isoforms, which will reduce the number of vascular loops and the density of VEGF receptors in endocrine and folliculo-stellate (FS) cells, inhibit prolactin secretion, and stimulate FSH. In contrast, the short melatonin signal in summer upregulates proangiogenic VEGF-A isoforms that will increase the number of vascular loops and the density of VEGF receptors in endocrine and FS cells, stimulate prolactin secretion, and suppress FSH. A similar system has been identified in long day seasonal breeders, revealing that this is a conserved mechanism of adaptation across species. Thus, an angiogenesis-based, intrahypophysial system for annual time measurement controls local microvascular plasticity and conveys the photoperiodic signal readout from the melatonin sensitive pars tuberalis to the endocrine cells of the pars distalis to regulate seasonal adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J. Tortonese
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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14
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Stewart C, Marshall CJ. Seasonality of prolactin in birds and mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:919-938. [PMID: 35686456 PMCID: PMC9796654 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In most animals, annual rhythms in environmental cues and internal programs regulate seasonal physiology and behavior. Prolactin, an evolutionarily ancient hormone, serves as a molecular correlate of seasonal timing in most species. Prolactin is highly pleiotropic with a wide variety of well-documented physiological effects; in a seasonal context prolactin is known to regulate annual changes in pelage and molt. While short-term homeostatic variation of prolactin secretion is under the control of the hypothalamus, long-term seasonal rhythms of prolactin are programmed by endogenous timers that reside in the pituitary gland. The molecular basis of these rhythms is generally understood to be melatonin dependent in mammals. Prolactin rhythmicity persists for several years in many species, in the absence of hypothalamic signaling. Such evidence in mammals has supported the hypothesis that seasonal rhythms in prolactin derive from an endogenous timer within the pituitary gland that is entrained by external photoperiod. In this review, we describe the conserved nature of prolactin signaling in birds and mammals and highlight its role in regulating multiple diverse physiological systems. The review will cover the current understanding of the molecular control of prolactin seasonality and propose a mechanism by which long-term rhythms may be generated in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Stewart
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Christopher J. Marshall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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15
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Transcriptome analyses of nine endocrine tissues identifies organism-wide transcript distribution and structure in the Siberian hamster. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13552. [PMID: 35941167 PMCID: PMC9360046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperate zone animals exhibit seasonal variation in multiple endocrine systems. In most cases, peripheral organs display robust switches in tissue involution and recrudescence in mass. Our understanding of the molecular control of tissue-specific changes in seasonal function remains limited. Central to this problem is the lack of information on the nucleic acid structure, and distribution of transcripts across tissues in seasonal model organisms. Here we report the transcriptome profile of nine endocrine tissues from Siberian hamsters. Luteinizing hormone receptor expression was localized to gonadal tissues and confirmed previous distribution analyses. Assessment of the prolactin receptor reveal relatively high abundance across tissues involved in reproduction, energy, and water homeostasis. Neither melatonin receptor-1a, nor -1b, were found to be expressed in most tissues. Instead, the closely related G-protein coupled receptor Gpr50 was widely expressed in peripheral tissues. Epigenetic enzymes such as DNA methyltransferase 3a, was widely expressed and the predominant DNA methylation enzyme. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed some sex- and tissue-specific differences for prolactin receptor and DNA methyltransferase 3a expression. These data provide significant information on the distribution of transcripts, relative expression levels and nucleic acid sequences that will facilitate molecular studies into the seasonal programs in mammalian physiology.
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16
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Dardente H, Simonneaux V. GnRH and the photoperiodic control of seasonal reproduction: Delegating the task to kisspeptin and RFRP-3. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13124. [PMID: 35384117 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of mammalian breeding activity to the annual change of photoperiod and environmental conditions is of the utmost importance for individual survival and species perpetuation. Subsequent to the early 1960s, when the central role of melatonin in this adaptive process was demonstrated, our comprehension of the mechanisms through which light regulates gonadal activity has increased considerably. The current model for the photoperiodic neuroendocrine system points to pivotal roles for the melatonin-sensitive pars tuberalis (PT) and its seasonally-regulated production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), as well as for TSH-sensitive hypothalamic tanycytes, radial glia-like cells located in the basal part of the third ventricle. Tanycytes respond to TSH through increased expression of thyroid hormone (TH) deiodinase 2 (Dio2), which leads to heightened production of intrahypothalamic triiodothyronine (T3) during longer days of spring and summer. There is strong evidence that this local, long-day driven, increase in T3 links melatonin input at the PT to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) output, to align breeding with the seasons. The mechanism(s) through which T3 impinges upon GnRH remain(s) unclear. However, two distinct neuronal populations of the medio-basal hypothalamus, which express the (Arg)(Phe)-amide peptides kisspeptin and RFamide-related peptide-3, appear to be well-positioned to relay this seasonal T3 message towards GnRH neurons. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the cellular, molecular and neuroendocrine players, which keep track of photoperiod and ultimately govern GnRH output and seasonal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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17
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He X, Di R, Guo X, Cao X, Zhou M, Li X, Xia Q, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Liu Q, Chu M. Transcriptomic Changes of Photoperiodic Response in the Hypothalamus Were Identified in Ovariectomized and Estradiol-Treated Sheep. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:848144. [PMID: 35480892 PMCID: PMC9036065 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.848144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate timing of seasonal changes is an essential ability for an animal’s survival, and the change in the photoperiod is the key factor affecting reproductive seasonality in mammals. Emerging evidence has suggested that multiple hypothalamic genes participate in the photoperiod-induced regulation of reproductive activities in sheep, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we initially examined the plasma level of two major reproductive hormones, namely, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL), under different photoperiods in ovariectomized and estradiol-treated (OVX + E2) sheep using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Of the two hormones, the concentration of PRL significantly increased with the extension of the photoperiod, while FSH showed the opposite trend. Subsequently, an examination of the transcriptomic variation between the short photoperiod (SP) and long photoperiod (LP) was conducted. Differential expression analyses and functional annotation showed that several key genes in the insulin secretion (VAMP2, PRKACB, PRKCG, and PLCB1), GnRH (MAPK13, CGA, CDC42, ATF4, and LHB) pathways, and circadian entrainment (KCNJ5, PER1, GNB2, MTNR1A, and RASD1), as well as numerous lncRNAs, including XR_173257.3, XR_173415.3, XR_001435315.1, XR_001024596.2, and XR_001023464.2, were shown potentially vital for the hypothalamic photoperiodic response. Four of the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs were validated by qPCR. The constructed mRNA–mRNA interaction networks further revealed that transcripts potentially participated in hypothalamic thyroid hormone synthesis, endocrine resistance, and neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions. The interactome analysis of lncRNAs and their targets implied that XR_173257.3 and its target arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and XR_173415.3 and its target TH might participate in the regulation of seasonal reproduction. Together, the changes in reproductive hormones and transcriptome will help to determine the important photoperiod-induced lncRNAs and mRNAs and provide a valuable resource for further research on reproductive seasonality in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Di
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuyue Liu, ; Mingxing Chu,
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuyue Liu, ; Mingxing Chu,
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18
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Du X, He X, Liu Q, Di R, Liu Q, Chu M. Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals the Key lncRNA and mRNA of Sunite Sheep Adrenal Gland Affecting Seasonal Reproduction. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:816241. [PMID: 35464356 PMCID: PMC9024317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.816241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in the growth and development of mammals. Recently, lncRNA transcripts have emerged as an area of importance in sheep photoperiod and seasonal estrus studies. This research aims to identify lncRNA and mRNA that are differentially expressed in the sheep adrenal gland in long (LP) or short (SP) photoperiods using transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis based on the OVX + E2 (Bilateral ovariectomy and estradiol-implanted) model. We found significant differences in the expression of lncRNAs in LP42 (where LP is for 42 days) vs. SP-LP42 (where SP is for 42 days followed by LP for 42 days) (n = 304), SP42 (where SP is for 42 days) vs. SP-LP42 (n = 1,110) and SP42 vs. LP42 (n = 928). Cluster analysis and enrichment analysis identified SP42 vs. LP42 as a comparable group of interest and found the following candidate genes related to reproductive phenotype: FGF16, PLGF, CDKN1A, SEMA7A, EDG1, CACNA1C and ADCY5. FGF16 (Up-regulated lncRNA MSTRG.242136 and MSTRG.236582) is the only up-regulated gene that is closely related to oocyte maturation. However, EDG1 (Down-regulated lncRNA MSTRG.43609) and CACNA1C may be related to precocious puberty in sheep. PLGF (Down-regulated lncRNA MSTRG.146618 and MSTRG.247208) and CDKN1A (Up-regulated lncRNA MSTRG.203610 and MSTRG.129663) are involved in the growth and differentiation of placental and retinal vessels, and SEMA7A (Up-regulated lncRNA MSTRG.250579) is essential for the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. These results identify novel candidate genes that may regulate sheep seasonality and may lead to new methods for the management of sheep reproduction. This study provides a basis for further explanation of the basic molecular mechanism of the adrenal gland, but also provides a new idea for a comprehensive understanding of seasonal estrus characteristics in Sunite sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Di
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Mingxing Chu
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19
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Abstract
This review summarizes the available data about genetic factors which can link ischemic stroke and sleep. Sleep patterns (subjective and objective measures) are characterized by heritability and comprise up to 38-46%. According to Mendelian randomization analysis, genetic liability for short sleep duration and frequent insomnia symptoms is associated with ischemic stroke (predominantly of large artery subtype). The potential genetic links include variants of circadian genes, genes encoding components of neurotransmitter systems, common cardiovascular risk factors, as well as specific genetic factors related to certain sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Korostovtseva
- Sleep Laboratory, Research Department for Hypertension, Department for Cardiology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratov Str., Saint Petersburg, 197341, Russia.
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20
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Beltran-Frutos E, Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G. Seasonal reproduction and gonadal function: A focus on humans starting from animal studies. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:47-57. [PMID: 34718419 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoperiod impacts reproduction in many species of mammals. Mating occurs at specific seasons to achieve reproductive advantages, such as optimization of offspring survival. Light is the main regulator of these changes during the photoperiod. Seasonally breeding mammals detect and transduce light signals through extraocular photoreceptor, regulating downstream melatonin-dependent peripheral circadian events. In rodents, hormonal reduction and gonadal atrophy occur quickly, and consensually with short-day periods. It remains unclear whether photoperiod influences human reproduction. Seasonal fluctuations of sex hormones have been described in humans, although they seem to not imply adaptative seasonal pattern in human gonads. This review discusses current knowledge about seasonal changes in the gonadal function of vertebrates, including humans. The photoperiod-dependent regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, as well as morphological and functional changes of the gonads are evaluated herein. Endocrine and morphological variations of reproductive functions, in response to photoperiod, are of interest as they may reflect the nature of past population selection for adaptative mechanisms that occurred during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Beltran-Frutos
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Aging Institute, IMIB-Arrixaca. School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia. Spain
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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21
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Khodasevich D, Tsui S, Keung D, Skene DJ, Revell V, Martinez ME. Characterizing the modern light environment and its influence on circadian rhythms. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210721. [PMID: 34284625 PMCID: PMC8292753 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have largely supplanted natural light cycles with a variety of electric light sources and schedules misaligned with day-night cycles. Circadian disruption has been linked to a number of disease processes, but the extent of circadian disruption among the population is unknown. In this study, we measured light exposure and wrist temperature among residents of an urban area during each of the four seasons, as well as light illuminance in nearby outdoor locations. Daily light exposure was significantly lower for individuals, compared to outdoor light sensors, across all four seasons. There was also little seasonal variation in the realized photoperiod experienced by individuals, with the only significant difference occurring between winter and summer. We tested the hypothesis that differential light exposure impacts circadian phase timing, detected via the wrist temperature rhythm. To determine the influence of light exposure on circadian rhythms, we modelled the impact of morning and night-time light exposure on the timing of the maximum wrist temperature. We found that morning and night-time light exposure had significant but opposing impacts on maximum wrist temperature timing. Our results demonstrate that, within the range of exposure seen in everyday life, night-time light can delay the onset of the maximum wrist temperature, while morning light can lead to earlier onset. Our results demonstrate that humans are minimizing natural seasonal differences in light exposure, and that circadian shifts and disruptions may be a more regular occurrence in the general population than is currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Khodasevich
- Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Tsui
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darwin Keung
- Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Victoria Revell
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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22
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Abstract
We provide a dataset of millions of hormone tests from medical records that shows seasonality with a winter−spring peak in hormones for reproduction, growth, metabolism, and stress adaptation. Together with a long history of studies on a winter−spring peak in human function and growth, the hormone seasonality indicates that, like other animals, humans may have a physiological peak season for basic biological functions. We further use the specific seasonal phases of the hormones to suggest a model for a circannual clock in humans and animals that can keep track of the seasons, similar in spirit to the circadian clock that keeps track of time of day. Hormones control the major biological functions of stress response, growth, metabolism, and reproduction. In animals, these hormones show pronounced seasonality, with different set-points for different seasons. In humans, the seasonality of these hormones remains unclear, due to a lack of datasets large enough to discern common patterns and cover all hormones. Here, we analyze an Israeli health record on 46 million person-years, including millions of hormone blood tests. We find clear seasonal patterns: The effector hormones peak in winter−spring, whereas most of their upstream regulating pituitary hormones peak only months later, in summer. This delay of months is unexpected because known delays in the hormone circuits last hours. We explain the precise delays and amplitudes by proposing and testing a mechanism for the circannual clock: The gland masses grow with a timescale of months due to trophic effects of the hormones, generating a feedback circuit with a natural frequency of about a year that can entrain to the seasons. Thus, humans may show coordinated seasonal set-points with a winter−spring peak in the growth, stress, metabolism, and reproduction axes.
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23
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Brem EA, McNulty AD, Israelsen WJ. Breeding and hibernation of captive meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240706. [PMID: 33970917 PMCID: PMC8109813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernating mammals exhibit unique metabolic and physiological phenotypes that have potential applications in medicine or spaceflight, yet our understanding of the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of hibernation is limited. The meadow jumping mouse, a small North American hibernator, exhibits traits-including a short generation time-that would facilitate genetic approaches to hibernation research. Here we report the collection, captive breeding, and laboratory hibernation of meadow jumping mice. Captive breeders in our colony produced a statistically significant excess of male offspring and a large number of all-male and all-female litters. We confirmed that short photoperiod induced pre-hibernation fattening, and cold ambient temperature facilitated entry into hibernation. During pre-hibernation fattening, food consumption exhibited non-linear dependence on both body mass and temperature, such that food consumption was greatest in the heaviest animals at the coldest temperatures. Meadow jumping mice exhibited a strong circadian rhythm of nightly activity that was disrupted during the hibernation interval. We conclude that it is possible to study hibernation phenotypes using captive-bred meadow jumping mice in a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A. Brem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alyssa D. McNulty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - William J. Israelsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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24
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Ebling FJP, Fletcher J, Hazlerigg DG, Loudon ASI. Gerald Lincoln: A man for all seasons. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12968. [PMID: 33942392 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gerald Anthony Lincoln died after a short illness on 15 July 2020 at the age of 75 years. Gerald was Emeritus Professor of Biological Timing at Edinburgh University and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was an outstanding scientist and naturalist who was a seminal figure in developing our understanding of the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying seasonal rhythmicity. This review considers his life and some of his major scientific contributions to our understanding of seasonality, photoperiodism and circannual rhythmicity. It is based on a presentation at the online 2nd annual seasonality symposium (2 October 2020) that was supported financially by the Journal of Neuroendocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David G Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrew S I Loudon
- Centre for Biological Timing & School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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25
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He X, Tao L, Zhong Y, Di R, Xia Q, Wang X, Guo X, Gan S, Zhang X, Zhang J, Liu Q, Chu M. Photoperiod induced the pituitary differential regulation of lncRNAs and mRNAs related to reproduction in sheep. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10953. [PMID: 33976954 PMCID: PMC8067910 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is a vital endocrine organ that regulates animal seasonal reproduction by controlling the synthesis and secretion of the hormone. The change of photoperiod is the key factor affecting the function of the pituitary in animals, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we studied the transcriptomic variation in pars distalis (PD) of the pituitary between short photoperiod (SP) and long photoperiod (LP) using RNA sequencing based on the OVX+E2 sheep. 346 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and 186 DE-mRNA were found in the PD. Moreover, function annotation analysis indicated that the reproductive hormones and photoperiod response-related pathways including aldosterone synthesis and secretion, insulin secretion, thyroid hormone synthesis, and circadian entrainment were enriched. The interaction analysis of mRNA-lncRNA suggested that MSTRG.240648, MSTRG.85500, MSTRG.32448, and MSTRG.304959 targeted CREB3L1 and DUSP6, which may be involved in the photoperiodic regulation of the PD. These findings provide resources for further study on the seasonal reproductive in ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun He
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhong
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Di
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Shangquan Gan
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Dardente H, Migaud M. Thyroid hormone and hypothalamic stem cells in seasonal functions. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:91-131. [PMID: 33752829 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal rhythms are a pervasive feature of most living organisms, which underlie yearly timeliness in breeding, migration, hibernation or weight gain and loss. To achieve this, organisms have developed inner timing devices (circannual clocks) that endow them with the ability to predict then anticipate changes to come, usually using daylength as the proximate cue. In Vertebrates, daylength interpretation involves photoperiodic control of TSH production by the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary, which governs a seasonal switch in thyroid hormone (TH) availability in the neighboring hypothalamus. Tanycytes, specialized glial cells lining the third ventricle (3V), are responsible for this TH output through the opposite, PT-TSH-driven, seasonal control of deiodinases 2/3 (Dio 2/3). Tanycytes comprise a photoperiod-sensitive stem cell niche and TH is known to play major roles in cell proliferation and differentiation, which suggests that seasonal control of tanycyte proliferation may be involved in the photoperiodic synchronization of seasonal rhythms. Here we review our current knowledge of the molecular and neuroendocrine pathway linking photoperiodic information to seasonal changes in physiological functions and discuss the potential implication of tanycytes, TH and cell proliferation in seasonal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Martine Migaud
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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27
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Veedin Rajan VB, Häfker NS, Arboleda E, Poehn B, Gossenreiter T, Gerrard E, Hofbauer M, Mühlestein C, Bileck A, Gerner C, Ribera d'Alcala M, Buia MC, Hartl M, Lucas RJ, Tessmar-Raible K. Seasonal variation in UVA light drives hormonal and behavioural changes in a marine annelid via a ciliary opsin. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:204-218. [PMID: 33432133 PMCID: PMC7611595 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The right timing of animal physiology and behaviour ensures the stability of populations and ecosystems. To predict anthropogenic impacts on these timings, more insight is needed into the interplay between environment and molecular timing mechanisms. This is particularly true in marine environments. Using high-resolution, long-term daylight measurements from a habitat of the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, we found that temporal changes in ultraviolet A (UVA)/deep violet intensities, more than longer wavelengths, can provide annual time information, which differs from annual changes in the photoperiod. We developed experimental set-ups that resemble natural daylight illumination conditions, and automated, quantifiable behavioural tracking. Experimental reduction of UVA/deep violet light (approximately 370-430 nm) under a long photoperiod (16 h light and 8 h dark) significantly decreased locomotor activities, comparable to the decrease caused by a short photoperiod (8 h light and 16 h dark). In contrast, altering UVA/deep violet light intensities did not cause differences in locomotor levels under a short photoperiod. This modulation of locomotion by UVA/deep violet light under a long photoperiod requires c-opsin1, a UVA/deep violet sensor employing Gi signalling. C-opsin1 also regulates the levels of rate-limiting enzymes for monogenic amine synthesis and of several neurohormones, including pigment-dispersing factor, vasotocin (vasopressin/oxytocin) and neuropeptide Y. Our analyses indicate a complex inteplay between UVA/deep violet light intensities and photoperiod as indicators of annual time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Babu Veedin Rajan
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform 'Rhythms of Life', Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Sören Häfker
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform 'Rhythms of Life', Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrique Arboleda
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform 'Rhythms of Life', Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Birgit Poehn
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform 'Rhythms of Life', Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Elliot Gerrard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maximillian Hofbauer
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform 'Rhythms of Life', Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- loopbio, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Markus Hartl
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kristin Tessmar-Raible
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Research Platform 'Rhythms of Life', Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Annamneedi VP, Park JW, Lee GS, Kang TJ. Cell Autonomous Circadian Systems and Their Relation to Inflammation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:31-40. [PMID: 33372167 PMCID: PMC7771839 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All living beings on earth have an important mechanism of 24-h periodicity, which controls their physiology, metabolism, and behavior. In humans, 24-h periodicity is regulated by the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) through external and environmental cues. Peripheral organs demonstrate circadian rhythms and circadian clock functions, and these are also observed in cultured cell lines. Every cell contains a CLOCK: BMAL1 loop for the generation of circadian rhythms. In this review, we focused on cell autonomous circadian rhythms in immune cells, the inflammatory diseases caused by disruption of circadian rhythms in hormones, and the role of clock genes in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Prakash Annamneedi
- Convergence Research Center, Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Chronic Disease, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Woo Park
- Convergence Research Center, Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Chronic Disease, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Seon Lee
- Department of Counseling and Psychology, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kang
- Convergence Research Center, Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Chronic Disease, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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29
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Falcón J, Torriglia A, Attia D, Viénot F, Gronfier C, Behar-Cohen F, Martinsons C, Hicks D. Exposure to Artificial Light at Night and the Consequences for Flora, Fauna, and Ecosystems. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:602796. [PMID: 33304237 PMCID: PMC7701298 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.602796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review draws together wide-ranging studies performed over the last decades that catalogue the effects of artificial-light-at-night (ALAN) upon living species and their environment. We provide an overview of the tremendous variety of light-detection strategies which have evolved in living organisms - unicellular, plants and animals, covering chloroplasts (plants), and the plethora of ocular and extra-ocular organs (animals). We describe the visual pigments which permit photo-detection, paying attention to their spectral characteristics, which extend from the ultraviolet into infrared. We discuss how organisms use light information in a way crucial for their development, growth and survival: phototropism, phototaxis, photoperiodism, and synchronization of circadian clocks. These aspects are treated in depth, as their perturbation underlies much of the disruptive effects of ALAN. The review goes into detail on circadian networks in living organisms, since these fundamental features are of critical importance in regulating the interface between environment and body. Especially, hormonal synthesis and secretion are often under circadian and circannual control, hence perturbation of the clock will lead to hormonal imbalance. The review addresses how the ubiquitous introduction of light-emitting diode technology may exacerbate, or in some cases reduce, the generalized ever-increasing light pollution. Numerous examples are given of how widespread exposure to ALAN is perturbing many aspects of plant and animal behaviour and survival: foraging, orientation, migration, seasonal reproduction, colonization and more. We examine the potential problems at the level of individual species and populations and extend the debate to the consequences for ecosystems. We stress, through a few examples, the synergistic harmful effects resulting from the impacts of ALAN combined with other anthropogenic pressures, which often impact the neuroendocrine loops in vertebrates. The article concludes by debating how these anthropogenic changes could be mitigated by more reasonable use of available technology - for example by restricting illumination to more essential areas and hours, directing lighting to avoid wasteful radiation and selecting spectral emissions, to reduce impact on circadian clocks. We end by discussing how society should take into account the potentially major consequences that ALAN has on the natural world and the repercussions for ongoing human health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Falcón
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS FRE 2030, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Torriglia
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris - SU, Paris, France
| | - Dina Attia
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Claude Gronfier
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Waking Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris - SU, Paris, France
| | | | - David Hicks
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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30
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Wood SH, Hindle MM, Mizoro Y, Cheng Y, Saer BRC, Miedzinska K, Christian HC, Begley N, McNeilly J, McNeilly AS, Meddle SL, Burt DW, Loudon ASI. Circadian clock mechanism driving mammalian photoperiodism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4291. [PMID: 32855407 PMCID: PMC7453030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual photoperiod cycle provides the critical environmental cue synchronizing rhythms of life in seasonal habitats. In 1936, Bünning proposed a circadian-based coincidence timer for photoperiodic synchronization in plants. Formal studies support the universality of this so-called coincidence timer, but we lack understanding of the mechanisms involved. Here we show in mammals that long photoperiods induce the circadian transcription factor BMAL2, in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary, and triggers summer biology through the eyes absent/thyrotrophin (EYA3/TSH) pathway. Conversely, long-duration melatonin signals on short photoperiods induce circadian repressors including DEC1, suppressing BMAL2 and the EYA3/TSH pathway, triggering winter biology. These actions are associated with progressive genome-wide changes in chromatin state, elaborating the effect of the circadian coincidence timer. Hence, circadian clock-pituitary epigenetic pathway interactions form the basis of the mammalian coincidence timer mechanism. Our results constitute a blueprint for circadian-based seasonal timekeeping in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Wood
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - M M Hindle
- The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PRG, UK
| | - Y Mizoro
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Y Cheng
- UQ Genomics Initiative, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - B R C Saer
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - K Miedzinska
- The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PRG, UK
| | - H C Christian
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - N Begley
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - J McNeilly
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - A S McNeilly
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - S L Meddle
- The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PRG, UK
| | - D W Burt
- The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PRG, UK
- UQ Genomics Initiative, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - A S I Loudon
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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31
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Lomet D, Druart X, Hazlerigg D, Beltramo M, Dardente H. Circuit-level analysis identifies target genes of sex steroids in ewe seasonal breeding. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 512:110825. [PMID: 32422398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) and estradiol (E2) direct seasonal switches in ovine reproductive physiology. In sheep, as in other mammals and birds, control of thyrotropin (TSH) production by the pars tuberalis (PT) links photoperiod responsiveness to seasonal breeding. PT-derived TSH governs opposite seasonal patterns of the TH deiodinases Dio2/Dio3 expression in tanycytes of the neighboring medio-basal hypothalamus (MBH), which explain the key role of TH. We recently used RNA-Seq to identify seasonal markers in the MBH and define the impact of TH. This impact was found to be quite limited, in terms of number of target genes, and very restricted with regards to neuroanatomical location, as TH specifically impacts genes expressed in tanycytes and hypothalamus, not in the PT. Here we address the impact of E2 on these seasonal markers, which are specifically expressed in either PT, tanycytes or hypothalamus. We also investigate if progesterone (P4) may be involved in timing the seasonal transition to anestrus. Our analysis provides circuit-level insights into the impact of sex steroids on the ewe seasonal breeding cycle. First, seasonal gene expression in the PT is independent of the sex steroid status. The fact that seasonal gene expression in the PT is also TH-independent strengthens the view that the PT is a circannual timer. Second, select tanycytic markers display some level of responsiveness to E2 and P4, which indicates another potential level of feedback control by sex steroids. Third, Kiss1 neurons of the arcuate nucleus are responsive to both TH and E2, which places them at the crossroads of photoperiodic transduction pathway and sex steroid feedback. This provides strong support to the concept that these Kiss1 neurons are pivotal to the long-recognized "seasonal switch in the ability of E2 to exert negative feedback", which drives seasonal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Lomet
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Xavier Druart
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - David Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Massimiliano Beltramo
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Hugues Dardente
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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32
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Salfer I, Bartell P, Dechow C, Harvatine K. Annual rhythms of milk synthesis in dairy herds in 4 regions of the United States and their relationships to environmental indicators. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3696-3707. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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33
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Dai X, Qiu L, Zhao B, Gao Y, Mu Y, Chu Z, Du L, Xiong B. Melatonin ameliorates the fertilization capacity of oocytes exposed to 17α-ethynylestradiol. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 93:61-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Ferreira MS, Alves PC, Callahan CM, Giska I, Farelo L, Jenny H, Mills LS, Hackländer K, Good JM, Melo‐Ferreira J. Transcriptomic regulation of seasonal coat color change in hares. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1180-1192. [PMID: 32076506 PMCID: PMC7029059 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Color molts from summer brown to winter white coats have evolved in several species to maintain camouflage year-round in environments with seasonal snow. Despite the eco-evolutionary relevance of this key phenological adaptation, its molecular regulation has only recently begun to be addressed. Here, we analyze skin transcription changes during the autumn molt of the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) and integrate the results with an established model of gene regulation across the spring molt of the closely related snowshoe hare (L. americanus). We quantified differences in gene expression among three stages of molt progression-"brown" (early molt), "intermediate," and "white" (late molt). We found 632 differentially expressed genes, with a major pulse of expression early in the molt, followed by a milder one in late molt. The functional makeup of differentially expressed genes anchored the sampled molt stages to the developmental timeline of the hair growth cycle, associating anagen to early molt and the transition to catagen to late molt. The progression of color change was characterized by differential expression of genes involved in pigmentation, circadian, and behavioral regulation. We found significant overlap between differentially expressed genes across the seasonal molts of mountain and snowshoe hares, particularly at molt onset, suggesting conservatism of gene regulation across species and seasons. However, some discrepancies suggest seasonal differences in melanocyte differentiation and the integration of nutritional cues. Our established regulatory model of seasonal coat color molt provides an important mechanistic context to study the functional architecture and evolution of this crucial seasonal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda S. Ferreira
- CIBIOCentro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosInBIO Laboratório AssociadoUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- Departamento de BiologiaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Paulo C. Alves
- CIBIOCentro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosInBIO Laboratório AssociadoUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- Departamento de BiologiaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Wildlife Biology ProgramUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | | | - Iwona Giska
- CIBIOCentro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosInBIO Laboratório AssociadoUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
| | - Liliana Farelo
- CIBIOCentro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosInBIO Laboratório AssociadoUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
| | - Hannes Jenny
- Amt für Jagd und Fischerei GraubündenChurSwitzerland
| | - L. Scott Mills
- Wildlife Biology ProgramUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
- Office of Research and Creative ScholarshipUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | - Klaus Hackländer
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game ManagementBOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Jeffrey M. Good
- Wildlife Biology ProgramUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | - José Melo‐Ferreira
- CIBIOCentro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosInBIO Laboratório AssociadoUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- Departamento de BiologiaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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35
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Tyler NJC, Gregorini P, Parker KL, Hazlerigg DG. Animal responses to environmental variation: physiological mechanisms in ecological models of performance in deer (Cervidae). ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Context
Proper assessment of the consequences of environmental variation on animals depends on our ability to predict how they will perform under different circumstances. This requires two kinds of information. We need to know which environmental factors influence animal performance and their mode of action, i.e. whether a given factor acts alone or through interaction with other factors, directly or indirectly, instantaneously or after a delay and so on. This essentially correlative process falls within the domain of ecology. We also need to know what determines the direction, amplitude and limits of animal responses to environmental variation and change. This essentially experimental process falls within the domain of physiology. Physiological mechanisms are frequently poorly integrated within the correlative framework of ecological models. This is evident where programmed responses are attributed to environmental forcing and where the effect of environmental factors is evaluated without reference to the physiological state and regulatory capacity of the animal on which they act.
Aims
Here we examine ways in which the impacts of external (environmental) stimuli and constraints on performance are moderated by the animals (deer) on which they impinge.
Key results
The analysis shows (1) how trade-offs in foraging behaviour, illustrated by the timing of activity under the threat of predation, are modulated by integration of short-term metabolic feedback and animal emotions that influence the motivation to feed, (2) how the influence of thermal and nutritional challenges on performance, illustrated by the effect of weather conditions during gestation on the body mass of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves at weaning, depends on the metabolic state of the female at the time the challenge occurs and (3) how annual cycles of growth, appetite and reproduction in seasonal species of deer are governed by innate circannual timers, such that their responses to seasonal changes in food supply are anticipatory and governed by rheostatic systems that adjust homeostatic set- points, rather than being purely reactive.
Conclusions
Concepts like ‘maintenance’ and ‘energy balance’, which were originally derived from non-seasonal domestic ruminants, are unable to account for annual cycles in metabolic and nutritional status in seasonal deer. Contrasting seasonal phenotypes (fat and anoestrous in summer, lean and oestrous in winter) represent adaptive solutions to the predictable challenges presented by contrasting seasonal environments, not failure of homeostasis in one season and its success in another.
Implications
The analysis and interpretation of responses to environment in terms of interaction between the external stimuli and the internal systems that govern them offer a more comprehensive, multifaceted understanding of the influence of environmental variation on performance in deer and open lines of ecological enquiry defined by non-intuitive aspects of animal function.
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36
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Dardente H, Lomet D, Chesneau D, Pellicer-Rubio MT, Hazlerigg D. Discontinuity in the molecular neuroendocrine response to increasing daylengths in Ile-de-France ewes: Is transient Dio2 induction a key feature of circannual timing? J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12775. [PMID: 31340078 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, melatonin is responsible for the synchronisation of seasonal cycles to the solar year. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland with a profile reflecting the duration of the night and acts via the pituitary pars tuberalis (PT), which in turn modulates hypothalamic thyroid hormone status via seasonal changes in the production of locally-acting thyrotrophin. Recently, we demonstrated that, in the Soay sheep, photoperiodic induction of Tshb expression and consequent downstream hypothalamic changes occur over a narrow range of photoperiods between 12 and 14 hours in duration. In the present study, we aimed to extend our molecular characterisation of this pathway, based on transcriptomic analysis of photoperiodic changes in the pituitary and hypothalamus of ovariectomised, oestradiol-implanted Ile-de-France ewes. We demonstrate that photoperiodic treatments applied before the winter solstice elicit two distinctive modes of accelerated reproductive switch off compared to ewes held on a simulated natural photoperiod, with shut-down occurring markedly faster on photoperiods of 13 hours or more than on photoperiods of 12 hours and less. This pattern of response was reflected in gene expression profiles of photoperiodically sensitive markers, both in the PT (Tshb, Fam150b, Vmo1, Ezh2 and Suv39H2) and in tanycytes (Tmem252 and Dct). Unexpectedly, the expression of Dio2 in tanycytes did not show any noticeable increase in expression with lengthening photoperiods. Finally, the expression of Kiss1, the key activator of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone release, was proportionately decreased by lengthening photoperiods, in a pattern that correlated strongly with gonadotrophin suppression. These data show that stepwise increases in photoperiod lead to graded molecular responses at the level of the PT, a progressive suppression of Kiss1 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and luteinising hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone release by the pituitary, despite apparently unchanged Dio2 expression in tanycytes. We hypothesise that this apparent discontinuity in the seasonal neuroendocrine response illustrates the transient nature of the thyroid hormone-mediated response to long days in the control of circannual timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Lomet
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Chesneau
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - David Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Dardente H, Wood S, Ebling F, Sáenz de Miera C. An integrative view of mammalian seasonal neuroendocrinology. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12729. [PMID: 31059174 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal neuroendocrine cycles that govern annual changes in reproductive activity, energy metabolism and hair growth are almost ubiquitous in mammals that have evolved at temperate and polar latitudes. Changes in nocturnal melatonin secretion regulating gene expression in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary stalk are a critical common feature in seasonal mammals. The PT sends signal(s) to the pars distalis of the pituitary to regulate prolactin secretion and thus the annual moult cycle. The PT also signals in a retrograde manner via thyroid-stimulating hormone to tanycytes, which line the ventral wall of the third ventricle in the hypothalamus. Tanycytes show seasonal plasticity in gene expression and play a pivotal role in regulating local thyroid hormone (TH) availability. Within the mediobasal hypothalamus, the cellular and molecular targets of TH remain elusive. However, two populations of hypothalamic neurones, which produce the RF-amide neuropeptides kisspeptin and RFRP3 (RF-amide related peptide 3), are plausible relays between TH and the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-pituitary-gonadal axis. By contrast, the ways by which TH also impinges on hypothalamic systems regulating energy intake and expenditure remain unknown. Here, we review the neuroendocrine underpinnings of seasonality and identify several areas that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Shona Wood
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Francis Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Engert LC, Weiler U, Pfaffinger B, Stefanski V, Schmucker SS. Photoperiodic Effects on Diurnal Rhythms in Cell Numbers of Peripheral Leukocytes in Domestic Pigs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:393. [PMID: 30915069 PMCID: PMC6422931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoperiod is known to modulate immune cell number and function and is regarded essential for seasonal disease susceptibility. In addition, diurnal variations in the immune system are regarded important for immune competence. Whereas few studies investigated the influence of season, none investigated the specific effect of the photoperiod on these diurnal immune rhythms until now. Therefore, the present study compared diurnal rhythms in cell numbers of peripheral leukocyte types in domestic pigs held either under long day conditions (LD) or short day conditions (SD). Cosinor analyses of cell numbers of various peripheral leukocyte subtypes investigated over periods of 50 h revealed distinct photoperiodic differences in diurnal immune rhythms. Relative amplitudes of cell numbers of total leukocytes, NK cells, T cells, and monocytes in blood were higher under SD than LD. In addition, cell counts of total leukocytes, NK cells, T cells including various T cell subtypes, and eosinophils peaked earlier relative to the time of lights-on under SD than LD. In contrast, diurnal rhythms of neutrophil counts did not show photoperiodic differences. Mesor values did not differ in any leukocyte type. Generalized linear mixed model analyses revealed associations of leukocyte counts with plasma cortisol concentration and activity behavior in most investigated cell types. Moreover, the present study demonstrated photoperiodic effects on diurnal rhythms in plasma cortisol concentrations and activity behavior, which is in agreement with human and primate studies. The results of the present study imply stronger rhythmicity in leukocyte counts in general under SD. Common intrinsic mechanisms seem to regulate photoperiodic effects on diurnal rhythms in leukocyte counts, except for neutrophils, in domestic pigs. Our results reveal considerable insights into the regulation of immune rhythms in diurnally active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Engert
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Birgit Pfaffinger
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sonja S Schmucker
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Lincoln G. A brief history of circannual time. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12694. [PMID: 30739343 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate circannual timing is an ancestral trait that first evolved in free-living eukaryotic cells some 2000 million years ago, with marine algae of the genus Allexandrium providing a living unicellular model. This species shows the primitive trait of 'alternation of generations', where the organism alternates between fast replicating vegetative cells in the summer and a dormant cystic cell over the winter. The resistant cysts sink into the cold ocean sediments. Remarkably, excystment in spring is governed by an endogenous circannual timing mechanism. Thus, a tiny, short-lived unicell can utilise a circannual clock as part of the life-history programme of the species. Innate timing allows for major adjustments in physiology and behaviour in anticipation of the seasons, and provides an internalised sense of seasonal time for the many species where standard environmental cues are weak or ambiguous. This is a highly adaptive strategy irrespective of the size and longevity of an organism. Circannual rhythms are expressed by a diverse range of organisms, from flowering plants to mammals, interwoven into the life-history programme of each species, being a consequence of forever living in a periodic world. In complex vertebrates, the early division of the zygote potentially carries circannual timer genes into all progeny cells and tissues. This supports the concept of a 'clock-shop' where cell-autonomous long-term rhythms are generated in each tissue, orchestrated by a central circannual pacemaker system. This is analogous to the organisation of the circadian timing system. For the circannual time-scale, specialised thyrotroph cells located in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland and adjacent tanycyte cells located in the ependymal wall of the third cerebral ventricle of the brain act as putative central circannual pacemakers. At a molecular level, epigenetically regulated, cyclical remodelling of chromatin, which determines whether specific circannual timer genes are transcriptionally active, or not, is considered to drive the oscillation between the summer and winter phenotypes.
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Xiao P, Nie J, Wang X, Lu K, Lu S, Liang X. Melatonin alleviates the deterioration of oocytes from mice subjected to repeated superovulation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13413-13422. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bio Resources Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics Breeding and Reproduction Technology Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Junyu Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bio Resources Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Xuefang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bio Resources Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Kehuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bio Resources Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Shengsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bio Resources Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Xingwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bio Resources Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
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Cipolla-Neto J, Amaral FGD. Melatonin as a Hormone: New Physiological and Clinical Insights. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:990-1028. [PMID: 30215696 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule present in almost every live being from bacteria to humans. In vertebrates, besides being produced in peripheral tissues and acting as an autocrine and paracrine signal, melatonin is centrally synthetized by a neuroendocrine organ, the pineal gland. Independently of the considered species, pineal hormone melatonin is always produced during the night and its production and secretory episode duration are directly dependent on the length of the night. As its production is tightly linked to the light/dark cycle, melatonin main hormonal systemic integrative action is to coordinate behavioral and physiological adaptations to the environmental geophysical day and season. The circadian signal is dependent on its daily production regularity, on the contrast between day and night concentrations, and on specially developed ways of action. During its daily secretory episode, melatonin coordinates the night adaptive physiology through immediate effects and primes the day adaptive responses through prospective effects that will only appear at daytime, when melatonin is absent. Similarly, the annual history of the daily melatonin secretory episode duration primes the central nervous/endocrine system to the seasons to come. Remarkably, maternal melatonin programs the fetuses' behavior and physiology to cope with the environmental light/dark cycle and season after birth. These unique ways of action turn melatonin into a biological time-domain-acting molecule. The present review focuses on the above considerations, proposes a putative classification of clinical melatonin dysfunctions, and discusses general guidelines to the therapeutic use of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Salfer IJ, Dechow CD, Harvatine KJ. Annual rhythms of milk and milk fat and protein production in dairy cattle in the United States. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:742-753. [PMID: 30447981 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An annual pattern of milk composition has been well recognized in dairy cattle, with the highest milk fat and protein concentration observed during the winter and lowest occurring in the summer; however, rhythms of milk yield and composition have not been well quantified. Cosinor rhythmometry is commonly used to model repeating daily and annual rhythms and allows determination of the amplitude (peak to mean), acrophase (time at peak), and period (time between peaks) of the rhythm. The objective of this study was to use cosinor rhythmometry to characterize the annual rhythms of milk yield and milk fat and protein concentration and yield using both national milk market and cow-level data. First, 10 yr of monthly average milk butterfat and protein concentration for each Federal Milk Marketing Order were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service database. Fat and protein concentration fit a cosine function with a 12-mo period in all milk markets. We noted an interaction between milk marketing order and milk fat and protein concentration. The acrophase (time at peak) of the fat concentration rhythm ranged from December 4 to January 19 in all regions, whereas the rhythm of protein concentration peaked between December 27 and January 6. The amplitude (peak to mean) of the annual rhythm ranged from 0.07 to 0.14 percentage points for milk fat and from 0.08 to 0.12 percentage points for milk protein. The amplitude of the milk fat rhythm generally was lower in southern markets and higher in northern markets. Second, the annual rhythm of milk yield and milk fat and protein yield and concentration were analyzed in monthly test day data from 1,684 cows from 11 tiestall herds in Pennsylvania. Fat and protein concentration fit an annual rhythm in all herds, whereas milk and milk fat and protein yield only fit rhythms in 8 of the 11 herds. On average, milk yield peaked in April, fat and protein yield peaked in February, fat concentration peaked in January, and protein concentration peaked in December. Amplitudes of milk, fat, and protein yield averaged 0.82 kg, 55.3 g, and 30.4 g, respectively. Milk fat and protein concentration had average amplitudes of 0.12 and 0.07, respectively, similar to the results of the milk market data. Generally, milk yield and milk components fit annual rhythm regardless of parity or diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphism, with only cows of the low-frequency AA genotype (5.2% of total cows) failing to fit rhythm of milk yield. In conclusion, the yearly rhythms of milk yield and fat and protein concentration and yield consistently occur regardless of region, herd, parity, or DGAT1 genotype and supports generation by a conserved endogenous annual rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Salfer
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - C D Dechow
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802.
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Lin T, Lee JE, Kang JW, Oqani RK, Cho ES, Kim SB, Il Jin D. Melatonin supplementation during prolonged in vitro maturation improves the quality and development of poor-quality porcine oocytes via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:665-681. [PMID: 30106229 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poor-quality oocytes (those with 1-2 layers of cumulus cells) typically possess low meiotic competence and development. Prolonging the duration of in vitro maturation (IVM; 52 hr) can enhance the maturation rate of poor-quality oocytes, but it does not improve subsequent embryonic development. This likely reflects the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis seen in these oocytes compared with the non-prolonged IVM (44 hr) group. Melatonin is a free radical scavenger, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic agent that reported to enhance the quality of embryos by inhibiting ROS generation and apoptosis. Therefore, we herein investigated whether melatonin combined with prolonged IVM (52 hr) could improve the quality and development of poor-quality oocytes. We supplemented IVM and/or in vitro culture (IVC) media with various concentrations (0, 10-7 , 10-6 , 10-5 M) of melatonin, and estimated parameters related to oocyte quality and development. The addition of melatonin (10-6 M) to a prolonged IVM system improved the oocyte quality and development compared with those of the melatonin-free poor-quality oocytes group, and that this was due to decreases in ROS generation, apoptosis, and DNA damage. When melatonin was added during both IVM (10-6 M) and IVC (10-6 M), we observed a cumulative positive influence on the embryonic development and quality; this treatment enhanced the expression level of Oct4 and decreased the levels of ROS, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Together, these findings suggest that the combination of melatonin plus prolonged IVM can improve the quality and development of poor-quality porcine oocytes via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Kang
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Reza K Oqani
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Cho
- Department of Animal Resource Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bok Kim
- Department of Animal Improvement, Chungnam Livestock Institute, Cheongyang-gun, Chungman, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Il Jin
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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44
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West AC, Wood SH. Seasonal physiology: making the future a thing of the past. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Life in seasonally changing environments is challenging. Biological systems have to not only respond directly to the environment, but also schedule life history events in anticipation of seasonal changes. The cellular and molecular basis of how these events are scheduled is unknown. Cellular decision-making processes in response to signals above certain thresholds regularly occur i.e. cellular fate determination, apoptosis and firing of action potentials. Binary switches, the result of cellular decision-making processes, are defined as a change in phenotype between two stable states. A recent study presents evidence of a binary switch operating in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary, seemingly timing seasonal reproduction in sheep. Though, how a binary switch would allow for anticipation of seasonal environmental changes, not just direct responsiveness, is unclear. The purpose of this review is to assess the evidence for a binary switching mechanism timing seasonal reproduction and to hypothesize how a binary switch would allow biological processes to be timed over weeks to years. I draw parallels with mechanisms used in development, cell fate determination and seasonal timing in plants. I propose that the adult PT is a plastic tissue, showing a seasonal cycle of cellular differentiation, and that the underlying processes are likely to be epigenetic. Therefore, considering the mechanisms behind adult cellular plasticity offers a framework to hypothesize how a long-term timer functions within the PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona H Wood
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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46
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Dardente H, Lomet D. Photoperiod and thyroid hormone regulate expression of l-dopachrome tautomerase (Dct), a melanocyte stem-cell marker, in tanycytes of the ovine hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12640. [PMID: 30129070 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary is central to the control of seasonal breeding. In mammals, the PT translates the photoperiodic message carried by melatonin into an endocrine thyroid-stimulating hormone output, which controls local thyroid hormone (TH) signalling in tanycytes of the neighbouring hypothalamus. In the present study, we identify l-dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) as a novel marker of ovine tanycytes and show that Dct displays marked seasonal variations in expression, with higher levels during spring and summer. This seasonal profile is photoperiod-dependent because an acute exposure to long days induces Dct expression. In addition, we find that TH also modulates Dct expression. DCT functions as an enzyme in the melanin synthesis pathway within skin melanocytes, whereas expression in other tissues is comparatively low. We demonstrate that both Tyr and Tyrp1, which are enzymes that intervene upstream and downstream of Dct in the melanin synthesis pathway, respectively, are expressed at very low levels in the ovine hypothalamus. This suggests that Dct in tanycytes may not be involved in melanin synthesis. We speculate that DCT function is linked to its protective role towards oxidative stress and/or its function in the control of neural progenitor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Lomet
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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47
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Hazlerigg D, Lomet D, Lincoln G, Dardente H. Neuroendocrine correlates of the critical day length response in the Soay sheep. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12631. [PMID: 29972606 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, melatonin is the hormone responsible for synchronisation of seasonal physiological cycles of physiology to the solar year. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland with a profile reflecting the duration of the night and acts via melatonin-responsive cells in the pituitary pars tuberalis (PT), which in turn modulate hypothalamic thyroid hormone status. Recent models suggest that the actions of melatonin in the PT depend critically on day length-dependent changes in the expression of eyes absent 3 (Eya3), which is a coactivator for thyrotrophin β-subunit (Tshβ) gene transcription. According to this model, short photoperiods suppress Eya3 and hence Tshβ expression, whereas long photoperiods produce the inverse effect. Studies underpinning this model have relied on step changes in photoperiod (from 8 to 16 hours of light/24 hours) and have not compared the sensitive ranges of photoperiods for changes in Eya3 and Tshβ expression with those for relevant downstream molecular and endocrine responses. We therefore performed a "critical day length" experiment in Soay sheep, in which animals acclimated to 8 hours of light/24 hours (SP) were exposed to a range of increased photoperiods spanning the range 11.75 to 16 hours (LP) and then responses at the level of the PT, hypothalamus and hormonal output were assessed. Although Eya3 and Tshβ both showed the predicted SP vs LP differences, they responded quite differently to intermediate photoperiods within this range and, at the individual animal level, no clear Eya3-Tshβ relationship could be seen. This result is inconsistent with a simple coactivator model for EYA3 action in the PT. Further downstream layers of nonlinearity were also seen in terms of the Tshβ-dio2 and the dio2-testosterone relationships. We conclude that the transduction of progressive changes in photoperiod into transitions in endocrine output is an emergent property of a multistep signalling cascade within the mammalian neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Didier Lomet
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gerald Lincoln
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hugues Dardente
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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Gautier C, Dufour E, Dupré C, Lizzo G, Caignard S, Riest-Fery I, Brasseur C, Legros C, Delagrange P, Nosjean O, Simonneaux V, Boutin JA, Guenin SP. Hamster Melatonin Receptors: Cloning and Binding Characterization of MT₁ and Attempt to Clone MT₂. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1957. [PMID: 29973510 PMCID: PMC6073278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, it was of interest to identify the sequences encoding the two melatonin receptors (MT₁ and MT₂) from various species. After publishing the basic molecular characterization of the human, rat, mouse, sheep, and platypus MT₁, MT₂, or Mel1c receptors, we began cloning the genes from other animals, such as birds, bats, and vipers. The goal was to advance the receptor crystallization, which could greatly contribute the understanding of the sequence/stability relationship. European hamster MT₁ receptor was cloned for the first time from this gender, was expressed in stable form in cells, and its binding characterized with a sample of 19 melatonin ligands. Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) expresses a non-functional MT₂. We observed that unlike this hamster, the European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) does not have a stop codon in the MT₂ sequence. Thus, we undertook the tedious task of cloning the MT₂ receptor. We partially succeeded, sequencing the complete exon 2 and a fragment of exon 1 (from putative amino acids 12 to 38 and 77 to 323), after several years of efforts. In order to show that the protein parts we cloned were capable to sustain some binding capacities, we designed a chimeric MT₂ receptor using a consensus sequence to replace the unknown amino acids, based on other small rodent MT₂ sequences. This chimeric construct could bind melatonin in the nanomolar range. This work is meant to be the basis for attempts from other laboratories of the community to determine the complete natural sequence of the European hamster MT₂ receptor. The present work is the first to show that, among the hamsters, if the Siberian is a natural knockout for MT₂, the European one is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Gautier
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Emilie Dufour
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Clémence Dupré
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Giulia Lizzo
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Sarah Caignard
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Isabelle Riest-Fery
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Chantal Brasseur
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Céline Legros
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Philippe Delagrange
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Olivier Nosjean
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92150 Suresnes, France.
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean A Boutin
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92150 Suresnes, France.
| | - Sophie-Pénélope Guenin
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
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Scrutton Alvarado N, Stevenson TJ. Appetitive information seeking behaviour reveals robust daily rhythmicity for Internet-based food-related keyword searches. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172080. [PMID: 30109051 PMCID: PMC6083665 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been an exponential growth of information seeking behaviour (ISB) via Internet-based programs over the past decade. The availability of software that record ISB temporal patterns has provided a valuable opportunity to examine biological rhythms in human behaviour. Internet search repositories, such as Google Trends, permit the analyses of large datasets that can be used to track ISB on a domestic and international scale. We examined daily and seasonal Google Trends search patterns for keywords related to food intake, using the most relevant search terms for the USA, UK, Canada, India and Australia. Daily and seasonal ISB rhythmicity were analysed using CircWave v. 1.4. Daily ISB data revealed a robust and significant sine waveform for general terms (e.g. 'pizza delivery') and country-specific search terms (e.g. 'just eat'). The pattern revealed clear evening double-peaks, occurring every day at 19.00 and 02.00. The patterns were consistent across search terms, days of the week and geographical locations, suggesting a common ISB rhythm that is not necessarily culture-dependent. Then, we conducted Cosinor v. 2.4 analyses to examine the daily amplitudes in ISB. The results indicated a non-significant linear increased from Monday to Sunday. Seasonal data did not show consistent significant ISB patterns. It is likely that two different human populations are responsible for the daily 'early' and 'late' evening ISB peaks. We propose that the major factor that contributes to the bimodal evening peak is age-dependent (e.g. adolescent, early adulthood versus midlife and mature adulthood) and a minor role for human chronotypes (e.g. late versus early). Overall, we present novel human appetitive behaviour for information seeking of food resources and propose that Internet-based search patterns reflect a biological rhythm of motivation for energy balance.
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Casey TM, Plaut K, Kalyesubula M, Shamay A, Sabastian C, Wein Y, Bar-Shira E, Reicher N, Mabjeesh SJ. Mammary core clock gene expression is impacted by photoperiod exposure during the dry period in goats. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1486317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mugagga Kalyesubula
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avi Shamay
- Institute of Animal Science, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Chris Sabastian
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosi Wein
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Enav Bar-Shira
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Reicher
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sameer. J. Mabjeesh
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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