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Finkel EA, Chang YT, Dasgupta R, Lubin EE, Xu D, Minamisawa G, Chang AJ, Cohen JY, O'Connor DH. Tactile processing in mouse cortex depends on action context. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113991. [PMID: 38573855 PMCID: PMC11097894 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain receives constant tactile input, but only a subset guides ongoing behavior. Actions associated with tactile stimuli thus endow them with behavioral relevance. It remains unclear how the relevance of tactile stimuli affects processing in the somatosensory (S1) cortex. We developed a cross-modal selection task in which head-fixed mice switched between responding to tactile stimuli in the presence of visual distractors or to visual stimuli in the presence of tactile distractors using licking movements to the left or right side in different blocks of trials. S1 spiking encoded tactile stimuli, licking actions, and direction of licking in response to tactile but not visual stimuli. Bidirectional optogenetic manipulations showed that sensory-motor activity in S1 guided behavior when touch but not vision was relevant. Our results show that S1 activity and its impact on behavior depend on the actions associated with a tactile stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Finkel
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Chang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rajan Dasgupta
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Emily E Lubin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Duo Xu
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Genki Minamisawa
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anna J Chang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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2
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Huang Y, Zhang X, Li W. Involvement of primary somatosensory cortex in motor learning and task execution. Neurosci Lett 2024; 828:137753. [PMID: 38554843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is responsible for processing information related to tactile stimulation, motor learning and control. Despite its significance, the connection between S1 and the primary motor cortex (M1), as well as its role in motor learning, remains a topic of ongoing exploration. In the present study, we silenced S1 by the GABA receptor agonist muscimol to study the potential roles of S1 in motor learning and task execution. Our results show that the inhibition of S1 leads to an immediate impairment in performance during the training session and also a substantial reduction in performance improvement during post-test session on the subsequent day. To understand the underlying mechanism, we used intravital two-photon imaging to investigate the dynamics of dendritic spines of layer V pyramidal neurons and the calcium activities of pyramidal neurons in M1 after inhibition of S1. Notably, S1 inhibition reduces motor training-induced spine formation and facilitates the elimination of existing spines of layer V pyramidal neurons in M1. The calcium activities in M1 exhibit a significant decrease during both resting and running periods following S1 inhibition. Furthermore, inhibition of S1, but not M1, significantly impairs the execution of the acquired motor task in the well-trained animals. Together, these findings reveal that S1 plays important roles in motor learning and task execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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3
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Chang YT, Finkel EA, Xu D, O'Connor DH. Rule-based modulation of a sensorimotor transformation across cortical areas. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.21.554194. [PMID: 37662301 PMCID: PMC10473613 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Flexible responses to sensory stimuli based on changing rules are critical for adapting to a dynamic environment. However, it remains unclear how the brain encodes rule information and uses this information to guide behavioral responses to sensory stimuli. Here, we made single-unit recordings while head-fixed mice performed a cross-modal sensory selection task in which they switched between two rules in different blocks of trials: licking in response to tactile stimuli applied to a whisker while rejecting visual stimuli, or licking to visual stimuli while rejecting the tactile stimuli. Along a cortical sensorimotor processing stream including the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory areas, and the medial (MM) and anterolateral (ALM) motor areas, the single-trial activity of individual neurons distinguished between the two rules both prior to and in response to the tactile stimulus. Variable rule-dependent responses to identical stimuli could in principle occur via appropriate configuration of pre-stimulus preparatory states of a neural population, which would shape the subsequent response. We hypothesized that neural populations in S1, S2, MM and ALM would show preparatory activity states that were set in a rule-dependent manner to cause processing of sensory information according to the current rule. This hypothesis was supported for the motor cortical areas by findings that (1) the current task rule could be decoded from pre-stimulus population activity in ALM and MM; (2) neural subspaces containing the population activity differed between the two rules; and (3) optogenetic disruption of pre-stimulus states within ALM and MM impaired task performance. Our findings indicate that flexible selection of an appropriate action in response to a sensory input can occur via configuration of preparatory states in the motor cortex.
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Kawatani M, Horio K, Ohkuma M, Li WR, Yamashita T. Interareal Synaptic Inputs Underlying Whisking-Related Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Barrel Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1148232023. [PMID: 38050130 PMCID: PMC10860602 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1148-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Body movements influence brain-wide neuronal activities. In the sensory cortex, thalamocortical bottom-up inputs and motor-sensory top-down inputs are thought to affect the dynamics of membrane potentials (Vm ) of neurons and change their processing of sensory information during movements. However, direct perturbation of the axons projecting to the sensory cortex from other remote areas during movements has remained unassessed, and therefore the interareal circuits generating motor-related signals in sensory cortices remain unclear. Using a Gi/o -coupled opsin, eOPN3, we here inhibited interareal signals incoming to the whisker primary somatosensory barrel cortex (wS1) of awake male mice and tested their effects on whisking-related changes in neuronal activities in wS1. Spontaneous whisking in air induced the changes in spike rates of a subset of wS1 neurons, which were accompanied by depolarization and substantial reduction of slow-wave oscillatory fluctuations of Vm Despite an extensive innervation, inhibition of inputs from the whisker primary motor cortex (wM1) to wS1 did not alter the spike rates and Vm dynamics of wS1 neurons during whisking. In contrast, inhibition of axons from the whisker-related thalamus (wTLM) and the whisker secondary somatosensory cortex (wS2) to wS1 largely attenuated the whisking-related supra- and sub-threshold Vm dynamics of wS1 neurons. Notably, silencing inputs from wTLM markedly decreased the modulation depth of whisking phase-tuned neurons in wS1, while inhibiting wS2 inputs did not impact the whisking variable tuning of wS1 neurons. Thus, sensorimotor integration in wS1 during spontaneous whisking is predominantly facilitated by direct synaptic inputs from wTLM and wS2 rather than from wM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawatani
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kayo Horio
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mahito Ohkuma
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Wan-Ru Li
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamashita
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
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Barreiro AK, Fontenele AJ, Ly C, Raju PC, Gautam SH, Shew WL. Sensory input to cortex encoded on low-dimensional periphery-correlated subspaces. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae010. [PMID: 38250515 PMCID: PMC10798852 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
As information about the world is conveyed from the sensory periphery to central neural circuits, it mixes with complex ongoing cortical activity. How do neural populations keep track of sensory signals, separating them from noisy ongoing activity? Here, we show that sensory signals are encoded more reliably in certain low-dimensional subspaces. These coding subspaces are defined by correlations between neural activity in the primary sensory cortex and upstream sensory brain regions; the most correlated dimensions were best for decoding. We analytically show that these correlation-based coding subspaces improve, reaching optimal limits (without an ideal observer), as noise correlations between cortex and upstream regions are reduced. We show that this principle generalizes across diverse sensory stimuli in the olfactory system and the visual system of awake mice. Our results demonstrate an algorithm the cortex may use to multiplex different functions, processing sensory input in low-dimensional subspaces separate from other ongoing functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Barreiro
- Department of Mathematics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Antonio J Fontenele
- Department of Physics, UA Integrative Systems Neuroscience, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Cheng Ly
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Prashant C Raju
- Department of Physics, UA Integrative Systems Neuroscience, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Shree Hari Gautam
- Department of Physics, UA Integrative Systems Neuroscience, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Woodrow L Shew
- Department of Physics, UA Integrative Systems Neuroscience, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Bresee CS, Cooke DF, Goldring AB, Baldwin MKL, Pineda CR, Krubitzer LA. Reversible deactivation of motor cortex reveals that areas in parietal cortex are differentially dependent on motor cortex for the generation of movement. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:106-123. [PMID: 38092416 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00086.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Primates are characterized by specializations for manual manipulation, including expansion of posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and, in Catarrhines, evolution of a dexterous hand and opposable thumb. Previous studies examined functional interactions between motor cortex and PPC in New World monkeys and galagos, by inactivating M1 and evoking movements from PPC. These studies found that portions of PPC depend on M1 to generate movements. We now add a species that more closely resembles humans in hand morphology and PPC: macaques. Inactivating portions of M1 resulted in all evoked movements being reduced (28%) or completely abolished (72%) at the PPC sites tested (in areas 5L, PF, and PFG). Anterior parietal area 2 was similarly affected (26% reduced and 74% abolished) and area 1 was the least affected (12% no effect, 54% reduced, and 34% abolished). Unlike previous studies in New World monkeys and galagos, interactions between both nonanalogous (heterotopic) and analogous (homotopic) M1 and parietal movement domains were commonly found in most areas. These experiments demonstrate that there may be two parallel networks involved in motor control: a posterior parietal network dependent on M1 and a network that includes area 1 that is relatively independent of M1. Furthermore, it appears that the relative size and number of cortical fields in parietal cortex in different species correlates with homotopic and heterotopic effect prevalence. These functional differences in macaques could contribute to more numerous and varied muscle synergies across major muscle groups, supporting the expansion of the primate manual behavioral repertoire observed in Old World monkeys.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Motor cortex and anterior and posterior parietal cortex form a sensorimotor integration network. We tested the extent to which parietal areas could initiate movements independent of M1. Our findings support the contention that, although areas 2, 5L, PF, and PFG are highly dependent on M1 to produce movement, area 1 may constitute a parallel corticospinal pathway that can function somewhat independently of M1. A similar functional architecture may underlie dexterous tool use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Bresee
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Neuroscience & Neurotechnology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam B Goldring
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, California, United States
| | - Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, California, United States
| | - Carlos R Pineda
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, California, United States
| | - Leah A Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, California, United States
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7
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Kleinfeld D, Deschênes M, Economo MN, Elbaz M, Golomb D, Liao SM, O'Connor DH, Wang F. Low- and high-level coordination of orofacial motor actions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102784. [PMID: 37757586 PMCID: PMC11034851 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial motor actions are movements that, in rodents, involve whisking of the vibrissa, deflection of the nose, licking and lapping with the tongue, and consumption through chewing. These actions, along with bobbing and turning of the head, coordinate to subserve exploration while not conflicting with life-supporting actions such as breathing and swallowing. Orofacial and head movements are comprised of two additive components: a rhythm that can be entrained by the breathing oscillator and a broadband component that directs the actuator to the region of interest. We focus on coordinating the rhythmic component of actions into a behavior. We hypothesize that the precise timing of each constituent action is continually adjusted through the merging of low-level oscillator input with sensory-derived, high-level rhythmic feedback. Supporting evidence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, G1J 2R3 Canada
| | - Michael N Economo
- Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michaël Elbaz
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David Golomb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel; Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Song-Mao Liao
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Zynval Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Xiao D, Yan Y, Murphy TH. Mesotrode chronic simultaneous mesoscale cortical imaging and subcortical or peripheral nerve spiking activity recording in mice. eLife 2023; 12:RP87691. [PMID: 37962180 PMCID: PMC10645427 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain function originates from hierarchical spatial-temporal neural dynamics distributed across cortical and subcortical networks. However, techniques available to assess large-scale brain network activity with single-neuron resolution in behaving animals remain limited. Here, we present Mesotrode that integrates chronic wide-field mesoscale cortical imaging and compact multi-site cortical/subcortical cellular electrophysiology in head-fixed mice that undergo self-initiated running or orofacial movements. Specifically, we harnessed the flexibility of chronic multi-site tetrode recordings to monitor single-neuron activity in multiple subcortical structures while simultaneously imaging the mesoscale activity of the entire dorsal cortex. A mesoscale spike-triggered averaging procedure allowed the identification of cortical activity motifs preferentially associated with single-neuron spiking. Using this approach, we were able to characterize chronic single-neuron-related functional connectivity maps for up to 60 days post-implantation. Neurons recorded from distinct subcortical structures display diverse but segregated cortical maps, suggesting that neurons of different origins participate in distinct cortico-subcortical pathways. We extended the capability of Mesotrode by implanting the micro-electrode at the facial motor nerve and found that facial nerve spiking is functionally associated with the PTA, RSP, and M2 network, and optogenetic inhibition of the PTA area significantly reduced the facial movement of the mice. These findings demonstrate that Mesotrode can be used to sample different combinations of cortico-subcortical networks over prolonged periods, generating multimodal and multi-scale network activity from a single implant, offering new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying specific behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Xiao
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological ResearchVancouverCanada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Yuhao Yan
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological ResearchVancouverCanada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Timothy H Murphy
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological ResearchVancouverCanada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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Pancholi R, Sun-Yan A, Laughton M, Peron S. Sparse and distributed cortical populations mediate sensorimotor integration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.21.558857. [PMID: 37790362 PMCID: PMC10542548 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Touch information is central to sensorimotor integration, yet little is known about how cortical touch and movement representations interact. Touch- and movement-related activity is present in both somatosensory and motor cortices, making both candidate sites for touch-motor interactions. We studied touch-motor interactions in layer 2/3 of the primary vibrissal somatosensory and motor cortices of behaving mice. Volumetric two-photon calcium imaging revealed robust responses to whisker touch, whisking, and licking in both areas. Touch activity was dominated by a sparse population of broadly tuned neurons responsive to multiple whiskers that exhibited longitudinal stability and disproportionately influenced interareal communication. Movement representations were similarly dominated by sparse, stable, reciprocally projecting populations. In both areas, many broadly tuned touch cells also produced robust licking or whisking responses. These touch-licking and touch-whisking neurons showed distinct dynamics suggestive of specific roles in shaping movement. Cortical touch-motor interactions are thus mediated by specialized populations of highly responsive, broadly tuned neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Pancholi
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Pl., Rm. 621, New York, NY 10003
| | - Andrew Sun-Yan
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Pl., Rm. 621, New York, NY 10003
| | - Maya Laughton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Pl., Rm. 621, New York, NY 10003
| | - Simon Peron
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Pl., Rm. 621, New York, NY 10003
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Li WR, Nakano T, Mizutani K, Matsubara T, Kawatani M, Mukai Y, Danjo T, Ito H, Aizawa H, Yamanaka A, Petersen CCH, Yoshimoto J, Yamashita T. Neural mechanisms underlying uninstructed orofacial movements during reward-based learning behaviors. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3436-3451.e7. [PMID: 37536343 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
During reward-based learning tasks, animals make orofacial movements that globally influence brain activity at the timings of reward expectation and acquisition. These orofacial movements are not explicitly instructed and typically appear along with goal-directed behaviors. Here, we show that reinforcing optogenetic stimulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (oDAS) in mice is sufficient to induce orofacial movements in the whiskers and nose without accompanying goal-directed behaviors. Pavlovian conditioning with a sensory cue and oDAS elicited cue-locked and oDAS-aligned orofacial movements, which were distinguishable by a machine-learning model. Inhibition or knockout of dopamine D1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens inhibited oDAS-induced motion but spared cue-locked motion, suggesting differential regulation of these two types of orofacial motions. In contrast, inactivation of the whisker primary motor cortex (wM1) abolished both types of orofacial movements. We found specific neuronal populations in wM1 representing either oDAS-aligned or cue-locked whisker movements. Notably, optogenetic stimulation of wM1 neurons successfully replicated these two types of movements. Our results thus suggest that accumbal D1-receptor-dependent and -independent neuronal signals converge in the wM1 for facilitating distinct uninstructed orofacial movements during a reward-based learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ru Li
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Computational Biology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan; International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kohta Mizutani
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsubara
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawatani
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Mukai
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teruko Danjo
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ito
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junichiro Yoshimoto
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan; International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Yamashita
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan.
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11
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Gomez A, Muzzio N, Dudek A, Santi A, Redondo C, Zurbano R, Morales R, Romero G. Elucidating Mechanotransduction Processes During Magnetomechanical Neuromodulation Mediated by Magnetic Nanodiscs. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:283-298. [PMID: 37811002 PMCID: PMC10550892 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Noninvasive cell-type-specific manipulation of neural signaling is critical in basic neuroscience research and in developing therapies for neurological disorders. Magnetic nanotechnologies have emerged as non-invasive neuromodulation approaches with high spatiotemporal control. We recently developed a wireless force-induced neurostimulation platform utilizing micro-sized magnetic discs (MDs) and low-intensity alternating magnetic fields (AMFs). When targeted to the cell membrane, MDs AMFs-triggered mechanoactuation enhances specific cell membrane receptors resulting in cell depolarization. Although promising, it is critical to understand the role of mechanical forces in magnetomechanical neuromodulation and their transduction to molecular signals for its optimization and future translation. Methods MDs are fabricated using top-down lithography techniques, functionalized with polymers and antibodies, and characterized for their physical properties. Primary cortical neurons co-cultured with MDs and transmembrane protein chemical inhibitors are subjected to 20 s pulses of weak AMFs (18 mT, 6 Hz). Calcium cell activity is recorded during AMFs stimulation. Results Neuronal activity in primary rat cortical neurons is evoked by the AMFs-triggered actuation of targeted MDs. Ion channel chemical inhibition suggests that magnetomechanical neuromodulation results from MDs actuation on Piezo1 and TRPC1 mechanosensitive ion channels. The actuation mechanisms depend on MDs size, with cell membrane stretch and stress caused by the MDs torque being the most dominant. Conclusions Magnetomechanical neuromodulation represents a tremendous potential since it fulfills the requirements of negligible heating (ΔT < 0.1 °C) and weak AMFs (< 100 Hz), which are limiting factors in the development of therapies and the design of clinical equipment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00786-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Nicolas Muzzio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Ania Dudek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Athena Santi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Carolina Redondo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Raquel Zurbano
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Rafael Morales
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BCMaterials, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gabriela Romero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
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12
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Sanders Z, Dempsey‐Jones H, Wesselink DB, Edmondson LR, Puckett AM, Saal HP, Makin TR. Similar somatotopy for active and passive digit representation in primary somatosensory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3568-3585. [PMID: 37145934 PMCID: PMC10203813 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists traditionally use passive stimulation to examine the organisation of primary somatosensory cortex (SI). However, given the close, bidirectional relationship between the somatosensory and motor systems, active paradigms involving free movement may uncover alternative SI representational motifs. Here, we used 7 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare hallmark features of SI digit representation between active and passive tasks which were unmatched on task or stimulus properties. The spatial location of digit maps, somatotopic organisation, and inter-digit representational structure were largely consistent between tasks, indicating representational consistency. We also observed some task differences. The active task produced higher univariate activity and multivariate representational information content (inter-digit distances). The passive task showed a trend towards greater selectivity for digits versus their neighbours. Our findings highlight that, while the gross features of SI functional organisation are task invariant, it is important to also consider motor contributions to digit representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeena‐Britt Sanders
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative NeuroimagingFMRIB, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Harriet Dempsey‐Jones
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- School of PsychologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Daan B. Wesselink
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative NeuroimagingFMRIB, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Alexander M. Puckett
- School of PsychologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Hannes P. Saal
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Tamar R. Makin
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative NeuroimagingFMRIB, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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13
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Martín-Cortecero J, Isaías-Camacho EU, Boztepe B, Ziegler K, Mease RA, Groh A. Monosynaptic trans-collicular pathways link mouse whisker circuits to integrate somatosensory and motor cortical signals. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002126. [PMID: 37205722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC), a conserved midbrain node with extensive long-range connectivity throughout the brain, is a key structure for innate behaviors. Descending cortical pathways are increasingly recognized as central control points for SC-mediated behaviors, but how cortico-collicular pathways coordinate SC activity at the cellular level is poorly understood. Moreover, despite the known role of the SC as a multisensory integrator, the involvement of the SC in the somatosensory system is largely unexplored in comparison to its involvement in the visual and auditory systems. Here, we mapped the connectivity of the whisker-sensitive region of the SC in mice with trans-synaptic and intersectional tracing tools and in vivo electrophysiology. The results reveal a novel trans-collicular connectivity motif in which neurons in motor- and somatosensory cortices impinge onto the brainstem-SC-brainstem sensory-motor arc and onto SC-midbrain output pathways via only one synapse in the SC. Intersectional approaches and optogenetically assisted connectivity quantifications in vivo reveal convergence of motor and somatosensory cortical input on individual SC neurons, providing a new framework for sensory-motor integration in the SC. More than a third of the cortical recipient neurons in the whisker SC are GABAergic neurons, which include a hitherto unknown population of GABAergic projection neurons targeting thalamic nuclei and the zona incerta. These results pinpoint a whisker region in the SC of mice as a node for the integration of somatosensory and motor cortical signals via parallel excitatory and inhibitory trans-collicular pathways, which link cortical and subcortical whisker circuits for somato-motor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martín-Cortecero
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Berin Boztepe
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Katharina Ziegler
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Rebecca Audrey Mease
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Alexander Groh
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
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14
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Heck DH, Fox MB, Correia Chapman B, McAfee SS, Liu Y. Cerebellar control of thalamocortical circuits for cognitive function: A review of pathways and a proposed mechanism. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1126508. [PMID: 37064161 PMCID: PMC10097962 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1126508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that cerebrocerebellar interactions via cerebellothalamocortical pathways are essential for a cerebellar cognitive and motor functions. Cerebellothalamic projections were long believed target mainly the ventral lateral (VL) and part of the ventral anterior (VA) nuclei, which project to cortical motor and premotor areas. Here we review new insights from detailed tracing studies, which show that projections from the cerebellum to the thalamus are widespread and reach almost every thalamic subnucleus, including nuclei involved in cognitive functions. These new insights into cerebellothalamic pathways beyond the motor thalamus are consistent with the increasing evidence of cerebellar cognitive function. However, the function of cerebellothalamic pathways and how they are involved in the various motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum is still unknown. We briefly review literature on the role of the thalamus in coordinating the coherence of neuronal oscillations in the neocortex. The coherence of oscillations, which measures the stability of the phase relationship between two oscillations of the same frequency, is considered an indicator of increased functional connectivity between two structures showing coherent oscillations. Through thalamocortical interactions coherence patterns dynamically create and dissolve functional cerebral cortical networks in a task dependent manner. Finally, we review evidence for an involvement of the cerebellum in coordinating coherence of oscillations between cerebral cortical structures. We conclude that cerebellothalamic pathways provide the necessary anatomical substrate for a proposed role of the cerebellum in coordinating neuronal communication between cerebral cortical areas by coordinating the coherence of oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Mia B. Fox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Brittany Correia Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Samuel S. McAfee
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
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15
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Yang W, Kanodia H, Arber S. Structural and functional map for forelimb movement phases between cortex and medulla. Cell 2023; 186:162-177.e18. [PMID: 36608651 PMCID: PMC9842395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cortex influences movement by widespread top-down projections to many nervous system regions. Skilled forelimb movements require brainstem circuitry in the medulla; however, the logic of cortical interactions with these neurons remains unexplored. Here, we reveal a fine-grained anatomical and functional map between anterior cortex (AC) and medulla in mice. Distinct cortical regions generate three-dimensional synaptic columns tiling the lateral medulla, topographically matching the dorso-ventral positions of postsynaptic neurons tuned to distinct forelimb action phases. Although medial AC (MAC) terminates ventrally and connects to forelimb-reaching-tuned neurons and its silencing impairs reaching, lateral AC (LAC) influences dorsally positioned neurons tuned to food handling, and its silencing impairs handling. Cortico-medullary neurons also extend collaterals to other subcortical structures through a segregated channel interaction logic. Our findings reveal a precise alignment between cortical location, its function, and specific forelimb-action-tuned medulla neurons, thereby clarifying interaction principles between these two key structures and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuzhou Yang
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harsh Kanodia
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arber
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author
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16
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de Carvalho M, Swash M. Upper and lower motor neuron neurophysiology and motor control. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:17-29. [PMID: 37562869 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This chapter considers the principles that underlie neurophysiological studies of upper motor neuron or lower motor neuron lesions, based on an understanding of the normal structure and function of the motor system. Human motor neurophysiology consists of an evaluation of the active components of the motor system that are relevant to volitional movements. Relatively primitive motor skills include locomotion, much dependent on the spinal cord central pattern generator, reaching, involving proximal and distal muscles activation, and grasping. Humans are well prepared to perform complex movements like writing. The role of motor cortex is critical for the motor activity, very dependent on the continuous sensory feedback, and this is essential for adapting the force and speed control, which contributes to motor learning. Most corticospinal neurons in the brain project to brainstem and spinal cord, many with polysynaptic inhibitory rather than excitatory connections. The monosynaptic connections observed in humans and primates constitute a specialized pathway implicated in fractional finger movements. Spinal cord has a complex physiology, and local reflexes and sensory feedback are essential to control adapted muscular contraction during movement. The cerebellum has a major role in motor coordination, but also consistent roles in sensory activities, speech, and language, in motor and spatial memory, and in psychological activity. The motor unit is the final effector of the motor drive. The complex interplay between the lower motor neuron, its axon, motor end-plates, and muscle fibers allows a relevant plasticity in the movement output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamede de Carvalho
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa-Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina-Instituto de Medicina Molecular-Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Michael Swash
- Faculdade de Medicina-Instituto de Medicina Molecular-Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London and Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Somatosensory ECoG-based brain-machine interface with electrical stimulation on medial forebrain bundle. Biomed Eng Lett 2022; 13:85-95. [PMID: 36711163 PMCID: PMC9873859 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-022-00256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-machine interface (BMI) provides an alternative route for controlling an external device with one's intention. For individuals with motor-related disability, the BMI technologies can be used to replace or restore motor functions. Therefore, BMIs for movement restoration generally decode the neural activity from the motor-related brain regions. In this study, however, we designed a BMI system that uses sensory-related neural signals for BMI combined with electrical stimulation for reward. Four-channel electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals were recorded from the whisker-related somatosensory cortex of rats and converted to extract the BMI signals to control the one-dimensional movement of a dot on the screen. At the same time, we used operant conditioning with electrical stimulation on medial forebrain bundle (MFB), which provides a virtual reward to motivate the rat to move the dot towards the desired center region. The BMI task training was performed for 7 days with ECoG recording and MFB stimulation. Animals successfully learned to move the dot location to the desired position using S1BF neural activity. This study successfully demonstrated that it is feasible to utilize the neural signals from the whisker somatosensory cortex for BMI system. In addition, the MFB electrical stimulation is effective for rats to learn the behavioral task for BMI.
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18
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Fröhlich A, Olde Heuvel F, Rehman R, Krishnamurthy SS, Li S, Li Z, Bayer D, Conquest A, Hagenston AM, Ludolph A, Huber-Lang M, Boeckers T, Knöll B, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Bading H, Roselli F. Neuronal nuclear calcium signaling suppression of microglial reactivity is mediated by osteoprotegerin after traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:279. [PMCID: PMC9675197 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by massive changes in neuronal excitation, from acute excitotoxicity to chronic hyper- or hypoexcitability. Nuclear calcium signaling pathways are involved in translating changes in synaptic inputs and neuronal activity into discrete transcriptional programs which not only affect neuronal survival and synaptic integrity, but also the crosstalk between neurons and glial cells. Here, we report the effects of blunting neuronal nuclear calcium signals in the context of TBI. Methods We used AAV vectors to express the genetically encoded and nuclear-targeted calcium buffer parvalbumin (PV.NLS.mCherry) or the calcium/calmodulin buffer CaMBP4.mCherry in neurons only. Upon TBI, the extent of neuroinflammation, neuronal death and synaptic loss were assessed by immunohistochemistry and targeted transcriptome analysis. Modulation of the overall level of neuronal activity was achieved by PSAM/PSEM chemogenetics targeted to parvalbumin interneurons. The functional impact of neuronal nuclear calcium buffering in TBI was assessed by quantification of spontaneous whisking. Results Buffering neuronal nuclear calcium unexpectedly resulted in a massive and long-lasting increase in the recruitment of reactive microglia to the injury site, which was characterized by a disease-associated and phagocytic phenotype. This effect was accompanied by a substantial surge in synaptic loss and significantly reduced whisking activity. Transcriptome analysis revealed a complex effect of TBI in the context of neuronal nuclear calcium buffering, with upregulation of complement factors, chemokines and interferon-response genes, as well as the downregulation of synaptic genes and epigenetic regulators compared to control conditions. Notably, nuclear calcium buffering led to a substantial loss in neuronal osteoprotegerin (OPG), whereas stimulation of neuronal firing induced OPG expression. Viral re-expression of OPG resulted in decreased microglial recruitment and synaptic loss. OPG upregulation was also observed in the CSF of human TBI patients, underscoring its translational value. Conclusion Neuronal nuclear calcium signals regulate the degree of microglial recruitment and reactivity upon TBI via, among others, osteoprotegerin signals. Our findings support a model whereby neuronal activity altered after TBI exerts a powerful impact on the neuroinflammatory cascade, which in turn contributes to the overall loss of synapses and functional impairment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02634-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Fröhlich
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Olde Heuvel
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rida Rehman
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sruthi Sankari Krishnamurthy
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany ,CEMMA (Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Aging) Research Training Group, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shun Li
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhenghui Li
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany ,Dept. of Neurosurgery, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - David Bayer
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany ,CEMMA (Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Aging) Research Training Group, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alison Conquest
- grid.1623.60000 0004 0432 511XNational Trauma Research Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna M. Hagenston
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Boeckers
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany ,grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Knöll
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Neurobiochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
- grid.1623.60000 0004 0432 511XNational Trauma Research Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Child Health, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Hilmar Bading
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany ,Present Address: Center for Biomedical Research, Helmholtzstrasse 8, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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19
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Hoshino O, Zheng M, Fukuoka Y. Effect of cortical extracellular GABA on motor response. J Comput Neurosci 2022; 50:375-393. [PMID: 35695984 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-022-00821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate how the flattening of sensory tuning due to a deficit in tonic inhibition slows motor responses, we simulated a neural network model in which a sensory cortical network ([Formula: see text]) and a motor cortical network ([Formula: see text]) are reciprocally connected, and the [Formula: see text] projects to spinal motoneurons (Mns). The [Formula: see text] was presented with a feature stimulus and the reaction time of Mns was measured. The flattening of sensory tuning in [Formula: see text] caused by decreasing the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in extracellular space resulted in a decrease in the stimulus-sensitive [Formula: see text] pyramidal cell activity while increasing the stimulus-insensitive [Formula: see text] pyramidal cell activity, thereby prolonging the reaction time of Mns to the applied feature stimulus. We suggest that a reduction in extracellular GABA concentration in sensory cortex may interfere with selective activation in motor cortex, leading to slowing the activation of spinal motoneurons and therefore to slowing motor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hoshino
- Independent Researcher, 505-9 Namiyanagi, Hanno, Saitama, 357-0021, Japan.
| | - Meihong Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuoka
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan
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20
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Hau J, Baker A, Chaaban C, Kohli JS, Jao Keehn RJ, Linke AC, Mash LE, Wilkinson M, Kinnear MK, Müller RA, Carper RA. Reduced asymmetry of the hand knob area and decreased sensorimotor u-fiber connectivity in middle-aged adults with autism. Cortex 2022; 153:110-125. [PMID: 35640320 PMCID: PMC9988270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently present with impairments in motor skills (e.g., limb coordination, handwriting and balance), which are observed across the lifespan but remain largely untreated. Many adults with ASD may thus experience adverse motor outcomes in aging, when physical decline naturally occurs. The 'hand knob' of the sensorimotor cortex is an area that is critical for motor control of the fingers and hands. However, this region has received little attention in ASD research, especially in adults after midlife. The hand knob area of the precentral (PrChand) and postcentral (PoChand) gyri was semi-manually delineated in 49 right-handed adults (25 ASD, 24 typical comparison [TC] participants, aged 41-70 years). Using multimodal (T1-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and resting-state functional) MRI, we examined the morphology, ipsilateral connectivity and laterality of these regions. We also explored correlations between hand knob measures with motor skills and autism symptoms, and between structural and functional connectivity measures. Bayesian analyses indicated moderate evidence of group effects with greater right PrChand volume and reduced leftward laterality of PrChand and PoChand volume in the ASD relative to TC group. Furthermore, the right PoC-PrChand u-fibers showed increased mean diffusivity in the ASD group. In the ASD group, right u-fiber volume positively correlated with corresponding functional connectivity but did not survive multiple comparisons correction. Correlations of hand knob measures and behavior were observed in the ASD group but did not survive multiple comparisons correction. Our findings suggest that morphological laterality and u-fiber connectivity of the sensorimotor network, putatively involved in hand motor/premotor function, may be diminished in middle-aged adults with ASD, perhaps rendering them more vulnerable to motor decline in old age. The altered morphology may relate to atypical functional motor asymmetries found in ASD earlier in life, possibly reflecting altered functional asymmetries over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Hau
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Baker
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chantal Chaaban
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiwandeep S Kohli
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R Joanne Jao Keehn
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Annika C Linke
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa E Mash
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Molly Wilkinson
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mikaela K Kinnear
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ralph-Axel Müller
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruth A Carper
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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21
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Shen Y, Zhang C, Cui S, Wang R, Cai H, Zhao W, Zhu J, Yu Y. Transcriptional substrates underlying functional connectivity profiles of subregions within the human sensorimotor cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:5562-5578. [PMID: 35899321 PMCID: PMC9704778 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human sensorimotor cortex has multiple subregions showing functional commonalities and differences, likely attributable to their connectivity profiles. However, the molecular substrates underlying such connectivity profiles are unclear. Here, transcriptome-neuroimaging spatial correlation analyses were performed between transcriptomic data from the Allen human brain atlas and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of 24 fine-grained sensorimotor subregions from 793 healthy subjects. Results showed that rsFC of six sensorimotor subregions were associated with expression measures of six gene sets that were specifically expressed in brain tissue. These sensorimotor subregions could be classified into the polygenic- and oligogenic-modulated subregions, whose rsFC were related to gene sets diverging on their numbers (hundreds vs. dozens) and functional characteristics. First, the former were specifically expressed in multiple types of neurons and immune cells, yet the latter were not specifically expressed in any cortical cell types. Second, the former were preferentially expressed during the middle and late stages of cortical development, while the latter showed no preferential expression during any stages. Third, the former were prone to be enriched for general biological functions and pathways, but the latter for specialized biological functions and pathways. Fourth, the former were enriched for neuropsychiatric disorders, whereas this enrichment was absent for the latter. Finally, although the identified genes were commonly associated with sensorimotor behavioral processes, the polygenic-modulated subregions associated genes were additionally related to vision and dementia. These findings may advance our understanding of the functional homogeneity and heterogeneity of the human sensorimotor cortex from the perspective of underlying genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Shen
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina,Research Center of Clinical Medical ImagingHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Cun Zhang
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina,Research Center of Clinical Medical ImagingHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Shunshun Cui
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina,Research Center of Clinical Medical ImagingHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina,Research Center of Clinical Medical ImagingHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina,Research Center of Clinical Medical ImagingHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Wenming Zhao
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina,Research Center of Clinical Medical ImagingHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina,Research Center of Clinical Medical ImagingHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina,Research Center of Clinical Medical ImagingHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational MedicineHefeiChina
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22
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Schranz C, Vatinno A, Ramakrishnan V, Seo NJ. Neuroplasticity after upper-extremity rehabilitation therapy with sensory stimulation in chronic stroke survivors. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac191. [PMID: 35938072 PMCID: PMC9351980 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of using subthreshold vibration as a peripheral sensory stimulation during therapy on cortical activity. Secondary analysis of a pilot triple-blinded randomized controlled trial. Twelve chronic stroke survivors underwent 2-week upper-extremity task-practice therapy. Half received subthreshold vibratory stimulation on their paretic wrist (treatment group) and the other half did not (control). EEG connectivity and event-related de-/resynchronization for the sensorimotor network during hand grip were examined at pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up. Statistically significant group by time interactions were observed for both connectivity and event-related spectral perturbation. For the treatment group, connectivity increased at post-intervention and decreased at follow-up. Event-related desynchronization decreased and event-related resynchronization increased at post-intervention, which was maintained at follow-up. The control group had the opposite trend for connectivity and no change in event-related spectral perturbation. The stimulation altered cortical sensorimotor activity. The findings complement the clinical results of the trial in which the treatment group significantly improved gross manual dexterity while the control group did not. Increased connectivity in the treatment group may indicate neuroplasticity for motor learning, while reduced event-related desynchronization and increased event-related resynchronization may indicate lessened effort for grip and improved inhibitory control. EEG may improve understanding of neural processes underlying motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schranz
- Correspondence to: Christian Schranz, PhD 77 President Street, Charleston SC 29425, USA E-mail:
| | - Amanda Vatinno
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Viswanathan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Na Jin Seo
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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23
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Li Y, Wu K, Hu X, Xu T, Li Z, Zhang Y, Li K. Altered Effective Connectivity of Resting-State Networks by Tai Chi Chuan in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients: A Multivariate Granger Causality Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:858833. [PMID: 35720086 PMCID: PMC9203735 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.858833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous evidence has shown that patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have changes in resting brain functional connectivity, but there is no study on the brain network effect of Tai Chi Chuan intervention in CFS. To explore the influence of Tai Chi Chuan exercise on the causal relationship between brain functional networks in patients with CFS, 21 patients with CFS and 19 healthy controls were recruited for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scanning and 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) scale assessment before and after 1month-long training in Tai Chi Chuan. We extracted the resting brain networks using the independent component analysis (ICA) method, analyzed the changes of FC in these networks, conducted Granger causality analysis (GCA) on it, and analyzed the correlation between the difference causality value and the SF-36 scale. Compared to the healthy control group, the SF-36 scale scores of patients with CFS were lower at baseline. Meanwhile, the causal relationship between sensorimotor network (SMN) and default mode network (DMN) was weakened. The above abnormalities could be improved by Tai Chi Chuan training for 1 month. In addition, the correlation analyses showed that the causal relationship between SMN and DMN was positively correlated with the scores of Role Physical (RP) and Bodily Pain (BP) in CFS patients, and the change of causal relationship between SMN and DMN before and after training was positively correlated with the change of BP score. The findings suggest that Tai Chi Chuan is helpful to improve the quality of life for patients with CFS. The change of Granger causality between SMN and DMN may be a readout parameter of CFS. Tai Chi Chuan may promote the functional plasticity of brain networks in patients with CFS by regulating the information transmission between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Wu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjiao Xu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zongheng Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhang
| | - Kuangshi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Kuangshi Li
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24
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Moon J, Pathak P, Kim S, Roh SG, Roh C, Shim Y, Ahn J. Supra-threshold vibration applied to the foot soles enhances jump height under maximum effort. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266597. [PMID: 35385540 PMCID: PMC8985973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that absence or reduction of cutaneous sensory feedback can diminish human motor performance under maximum effort. However, it has not been explored whether any appropriate intervention in the cutaneous sensory input can augment the output motor performance, particularly in motor tasks such as jumping that involve the kinematic chain of the entire body. Using shoes with active vibrating insoles, we applied mechanical vibration to the soles of 20 young and healthy adults and evaluated the change in the jump height and muscle activation using within-participants repeated measures. The noise-like vibration having an amplitude of 130% of the sensory threshold of each participant led to an average increase of 0.38 cm in the jump height (p = 0.008) and activation of the rectus femoris of the dominant leg (p = 0.011). These results indicate that application of a properly designed cutaneous stimulus to the soles, the distal end effectors of motor tasks, can augment the output performance by involving the prime movers distant from the end effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongin Moon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Prabhat Pathak
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudeok Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-gon Roh
- Robot Center in Samsung Seoul R&D Campus, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jooeun Ahn
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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25
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Seo NJ, Ramakrishnan V, Woodbury ML, Bonilha L, Finetto C, Schranz C, Scronce G, Coupland K, Blaschke J, Baker A, Howard K, Meinzer C, Velozo CA, Adams RJ. Concomitant sensory stimulation during therapy to enhance hand functional recovery post stroke. Trials 2022; 23:262. [PMID: 35382902 PMCID: PMC8981199 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-stroke hand impairment is prevalent and persistent even after a full course of rehabilitation. Hand diminishes stroke survivors’ abilities for activities of daily living and independence. One way to improve treatment efficacy is to augment therapy with peripheral sensory stimulation. Recently, a novel sensory stimulation, TheraBracelet, has been developed in which imperceptible vibration is applied during task practice through a wrist-worn device. The objective of this trial is to determine if combining TheraBracelet with hand task practice is superior to hand task practice alone. Methods A double-blind randomized controlled trial will be used. Chronic stroke survivors will undergo a standardized hand task practice therapy program (3 days/week for 6 weeks) while wearing a device on the paretic wrist. The device will deliver TheraBracelet vibration for the treatment group and no vibration for the control group. The primary outcome is hand function measured by the Wolf Motor Function Test. Other outcomes include the Box and Block Test, Action Research Arm Test, upper extremity use in daily living, biomechanical measure of the sensorimotor grip control, and EEG-based neural communication. Discussion This research will determine clinical utility of TheraBracelet to guide future translation. The TheraBracelet stimulation is delivered via a wrist-worn device, does not interfere with hand motion, and can be easily integrated into clinical practice. Enhancing hand function should substantially increase stroke survivors' independence and quality of life and reduce caregiver burden. Trial registration NCT04569123. Registered on September 29, 2020
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jin Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 151B Rutledge Ave, MSC 962, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA. .,Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President St, MSC 700, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Viswanathan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Michelle L Woodbury
- Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President St, MSC 700, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Christian Finetto
- Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President St, MSC 700, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Christian Schranz
- Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President St, MSC 700, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Gabrielle Scronce
- Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President St, MSC 700, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kristen Coupland
- Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President St, MSC 700, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Jenna Blaschke
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 151B Rutledge Ave, MSC 962, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Adam Baker
- Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President St, MSC 700, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Keith Howard
- Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President St, MSC 700, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Caitlyn Meinzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Craig A Velozo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 151B Rutledge Ave, MSC 962, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Robert J Adams
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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26
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Singh T, Batabyal T, Kapur J. Neuronal circuits sustaining neocortical-injury-induced status epilepticus. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 165:105633. [PMID: 35065250 PMCID: PMC8860889 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute injuries or insults to the cortex, such as trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, lobar hemorrhage, can cause seizures or status epilepticus(SE). Neocortical SE is associated with coma, worse prognosis, delayed recovery, and the development of epilepsy. The anatomical structures progressively recruited during neocortical-onset status epilepticus (SE) is unknown. Therefore, we constructed large-scale maps of brain regions active during neocortical SE. METHODS We used a neocortical injury-induced SE mouse model. We implanted cobalt (Co) in the right supplementary motor cortex (M2). We 16 h later administered a homocysteine injection (845 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) to C57Bl/6 J mice to induce SE and monitored it by video and EEG. We harvested animals for 1 h (early-stage) and 2 h (late-stage) following homocysteine injections. To construct activation maps, we immunolabeled whole-brain sections for cFos and NeuN, imaged them using a confocal microscope and quantified cFos immunoreactivity (IR). RESULTS SE in the early phase consisted of discrete, focal intermittent seizures, which became continuous and bilateral in the late stage. In this early stage, cFos IR was primarily observed in the right hemisphere, ipsilateral to the Co lesion, specifically in the motor cortex, retrosplenial cortex, somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, lateral and medial septal nuclei, and amygdala. We observed bilateral cFos IR in brain regions during the late stage, indicating the bilateral spread of focal seizures. We found increased cFOS IR in the bilateral somatosensory cortex and the motor cortex and subcortical regions, including the amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus. There was noticeably different, intense cFos IR in the bilateral hippocampus compared to the early stage. In addition, there was higher activity in the cortex ipsilateral to the seizure focus during the late stage compared with the early one. CONCLUSION We present a large-scale, high-resolution map of seizure spread during neocortical injury-induced SE. Cortico-cortical and cortico subcortical re-entrant circuits sustain neocortical SE. Neuronal loss following neocortical SE, distant from the neocortical focus, may result from seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Tamal Batabyal
- UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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27
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Muret D, Root V, Kieliba P, Clode D, Makin TR. Beyond body maps: Information content of specific body parts is distributed across the somatosensory homunculus. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110523. [PMID: 35294887 PMCID: PMC8938902 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The homunculus in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is famous for its body part selectivity, but this dominant feature may eclipse other representational features, e.g., information content, also relevant for S1 organization. Using multivariate fMRI analysis, we ask whether body part information content can be identified in S1 beyond its primary region. Throughout S1, we identify significant representational dissimilarities between body parts but also subparts in distant non-primary regions (e.g., between the hand and the lips in the foot region and between different face parts in the foot region). Two movements performed by one body part (e.g., the hand) could also be dissociated well beyond its primary region (e.g., in the foot and face regions), even within Brodmann area 3b. Our results demonstrate that information content is more distributed across S1 than selectivity maps suggest. This finding reveals underlying information contents in S1 that could be harnessed for rehabilitation and brain-machine interfaces. We replicate the high univariate selectivity profile of the somatosensory homunculus We use multivariate fMRI analysis to identify information content beyond selectivity Significant body part and action-related content are found throughout the homunculus Functional information is available, even in regions selective to other body parts
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Affiliation(s)
- Dollyane Muret
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.
| | - Victoria Root
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paulina Kieliba
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Danielle Clode
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Dani Clode Design, 40 Hillside Road, London SW2 3HW, UK
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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28
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Collier C, Muzzio N, Guntnur RT, Gomez A, Redondo C, Zurbano R, Schuller IK, Monton C, Morales R, Romero G. Wireless Force-Inducing Neuronal Stimulation Mediated by High Magnetic Moment Microdiscs. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101826. [PMID: 34890130 PMCID: PMC9583708 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive manipulation of cell signaling is critical in basic neuroscience research and in developing therapies for neurological disorders and psychiatric conditions. Here, the wireless force-induced stimulation of primary neuronal circuits through mechanotransduction mediated by magnetic microdiscs (MMDs) under applied low-intensity and low-frequency alternating magnetic fields (AMFs), is described. MMDs are fabricated by top-down lithography techniques that allow for cost-effective mass production of biocompatible MMDs with high saturation and zero magnetic magnetic moment at remanence. MMDs are utilized as transducers of AMFs into mechanical forces. When MMDs are exposed to primary rat neuronal circuits, their magneto-mechanical actuation triggers the response of specific mechanosensitive ion channels expressed on the cell membranes activating ≈50% of hippocampal and ≈90% of cortical neurons subjected to the treatment. Mechanotransduction is confirmed by the inhibition of mechanosensitive transmembrane channels with Gd3+ . Mechanotransduction mediated by MMDs cause no cytotoxic effect to neuronal cultures. This technology fulfills the requirements of cell-type specificity and weak magnetic fields, two limiting factors in the development of noninvasive neuromodulation therapies and clinical equipment design. Moreover, high efficiency and long-lasting stimulations are successfully achieved. This research represents a fundamental step forward for magneto-mechanical control of neural activity using disc-shaped micromaterials with tailored magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Nicolas Muzzio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Rohini Thevi Guntnur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Amanda Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Carolina Redondo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Raquel Zurbano
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Ivan K. Schuller
- Center for Advanced Nanoscience and Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carlos Monton
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186, USA
| | - Rafael Morales
- Department of Physical Chemistry & BCMaterials, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Gabriela Romero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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29
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Yuan G, Liu G. Mate preference and brain oscillations: Initial romantic attraction is associated with decreases in alpha- and lower beta-band power. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:721-732. [PMID: 34612552 PMCID: PMC8720187 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial romantic attraction (IRA) refers to a series of positive reactions (such as feelings of exhilaration and compulsive thinking) toward desirable potential partners, usually at initial or early‐stage encounters when no close relationship has yet been established. After decades of effort, the evolutionary value and key characteristics of IRA are well understood. However, the brain mechanisms associated with IRA are unclear. To address this question, we simulated a mate selection platform similar to that of Tinder. When participants assessed their romantic interest in potential partners on the platform, their electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded in real time. The behavioral data demonstrated that IRA to ideal potential partners mainly reflects the dimensions of arousal and domination. The main study finding was that processing of the individual preference faces that resulted in IRA was associated with a decrease in power in the alpha and lower beta bands over the posterior and anterior sensor clusters; this occurred between 870 and 2,000 ms post‐stimulus. Key findings regarding event‐related potentials (ERPs) sensitive to individual stimuli preferences were replicated. The results support the hypothesis that brain oscillations in the alpha and lower beta range may reflect modulation in cortical activity associated with individual mate preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Yuan
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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30
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Liu Y, Foustoukos G, Crochet S, Petersen CC. Axonal and Dendritic Morphology of Excitatory Neurons in Layer 2/3 Mouse Barrel Cortex Imaged Through Whole-Brain Two-Photon Tomography and Registered to a Digital Brain Atlas. Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:791015. [PMID: 35145380 PMCID: PMC8821665 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.791015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cortical areas contributes importantly to sensory perception and cognition. On the millisecond time scale, information is signaled from one brain area to another by action potentials propagating across long-range axonal arborizations. Here, we develop and test methodology for imaging and annotating the brain-wide axonal arborizations of individual excitatory layer 2/3 neurons in mouse barrel cortex through single-cell electroporation and two-photon serial section tomography followed by registration to a digital brain atlas. Each neuron had an extensive local axon within the barrel cortex. In addition, individual neurons innervated subsets of secondary somatosensory cortex; primary somatosensory cortex for upper limb, trunk, and lower limb; primary and secondary motor cortex; visual and auditory cortical regions; dorsolateral striatum; and various fiber bundles. In the future, it will be important to assess if the diversity of axonal projections across individual layer 2/3 mouse barrel cortex neurons is accompanied by functional differences in their activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carl C.H. Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Lee C, Kim Y, Kaang BK. The primary motor cortex: the hub of motor learning in rodents. Neuroscience 2022; 485:163-170. [PMID: 35051529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The primary motor cortex, a dynamic center for overall motion control and decision making, undergoes significant alterations upon neural stimulation. Over the last few decades, data from numerous studies using rodent models have improved our understanding of the morphological and functional plasticity of the primary motor cortex. In particular, spatially specific formation of dendritic spines and their maintenance during distinct behaviors is considered crucial for motor learning. However, whether the modifications of specific synapses are associated with motor learning should be studied further. In this review, we summarized the findings of prior studies on the features and dynamics of the primary motor cortex in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaery Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Scarpina F, Fossataro C, Sebastiano AR, Bruni F, Scacchi M, Mauro A, Garbarini F. Behavioural evidence of altered sensory attenuation in obesity. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:2064-2072. [PMID: 34825612 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211065766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Body ownership (i.e., the conscious belief of owning a body) and sense of agency (i.e., being the agent of one's own movements) are part of a pre-reflective experience of bodily self, which grounds on low-level complex sensory-motor processes. Although previous literature had already investigated body ownership in obesity, sense of agency was never explored. Here, we exploited the sensory attenuation effect (i.e., an implicit marker of the sense of agency; SA effect) to investigate whether the sense of agency was altered in a sample of 18 individuals affected by obesity as compared with 18 healthy-weight individuals. In our experiment, participants were asked to rate the perceived intensity of self-generated and other-generated tactile stimuli. Healthy-weight individuals showed a significantly greater SA effect than participants affected by obesity. Indeed, while healthy-weight participants perceived self-generated stimuli as significantly less intense as compared to externally generated ones, this difference between stimuli was not reported by affected participants. Our results relative to the SA effect pinpointed an altered sense of agency in obesity. We discussed this finding within the motor control framework with reference to obesity. We encouraged future research to further explore such effect and its role in shaping the clinical features of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scarpina
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,"Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Fossataro
- MANIBUS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Bruni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Medicina Generale, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,"Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Ranieri F, Pellegrino G, Ciancio AL, Musumeci G, Noce E, Insola A, Diaz Balzani LA, Di Lazzaro V, Di Pino G. Sensorimotor integration within the primary motor cortex by selective nerve fascicle stimulation. J Physiol 2021; 600:1497-1514. [PMID: 34921406 PMCID: PMC9305922 DOI: 10.1113/jp282259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Cortical integration of sensory inputs is crucial for dexterous movement. Short-latency somatosensory afferent inhibition of motor cortical output is typically produced by peripheral whole-nerve stimulation. We exploited intraneural multichannel electrodes used to provide sensory feedback for prosthesis control to assess whether and how selective intraneural sensory stimulation affects sensorimotor cortical circuits in humans. The activation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) was explored by recording scalp somatosensory evoked potentials. Sensorimotor integration was tested by measuring the inhibitory effect of the afferent stimulation on the output of the primary motor cortex (M1) generated by transcranial magnetic stimulation. We demonstrate in humans that selective intraneural sensory stimulation elicits a measurable activation of S1 and that it inhibits the output of M1 at the same time range of whole-nerve superficial stimulation. ABSTRACT The integration of sensory inputs in the motor cortex is crucial for dexterous movement. We recently demonstrated that a closed-loop control based on the feedback provided through intraneural multi-channel electrodes implanted in the median and ulnar nerves of a participant with upper limb amputation improved manipulation skills and increased prosthesis embodiment. Here we assessed, in the same participant, whether and how selective intraneural sensory stimulation also elicits a measurable cortical activation and affects sensorimotor cortical circuits. After estimating the activation of the primary somatosensory cortex evoked by intraneural stimulation, sensorimotor integration was investigated by testing the inhibition of primary motor cortex (M1) output to transcranial magnetic stimulation, after both intraneural and perineural stimulation. Selective sensory intraneural stimulation evoked a low-amplitude, 16 ms-latency, parietal response in the same area of the earliest component evoked by whole-nerve stimulation, compatible with fast-conducting afferent fiber activation. For the first time, we show that the same intraneural stimulation was also capable of decreasing M1 output, at the same time range of the short-latency afferent inhibition effect of whole-nerve superficial stimulation. The inhibition generated by the stimulation of channels activating only sensory fibers was stronger than the one due to intraneural or perineural stimulation of channels activating mixed fibers. We demonstrate in a human subject that the cortical sensorimotor integration inhibiting M1 output previously described after the experimental whole-nerve stimulation is present also with a more ecological selective sensory fiber stimulation. Abstract Figure: Double-sided filament electrodes (ds-FILE), bearing 16 active sites, and perineural Cuff electrodes were implanted in the median and ulnar nerve of the arm in a hand amputee (upper left panel, single nerve represented). Selectivity of stimulation (1), evoked activity in the somatosensory cortex (2), and sensorimotor integration (3) were investigated. TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ranieri
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellegrino
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Lisa Ciancio
- Research Unit of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Musumeci
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.,Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction (NeXTlab), Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Noce
- Research Unit of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Insola
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction (NeXTlab), Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
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Missey F, Botzanowski B, Migliaccio L, Acerbo E, Głowacki ED, Williamson A. Organic electrolytic photocapacitors for stimulation of the mouse somatosensory cortex. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34749345 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac37a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective.For decades electrical stimulation has been used in neuroscience to investigate brain networks and been deployed clinically as a mode of therapy. Classically, all methods of electrical stimulation require implanted electrodes to be connected in some manner to an apparatus which provides power for the stimulation itself.Approach. We show the use of novel organic electronic devices, specifically organic electrolytic photocapacitors (OEPCs), which can be activated when illuminated with deep-red wavelengths of light and correspondingly do not require connections with external wires or power supplies when implanted at various depthsin vivo. Main results. We stimulated cortical brain tissue of mice with devices implanted subcutaneously, as well as beneath both the skin and skull to demonstrate a wireless stimulation of the whisker motor cortex. Devices induced both a behavior response (whisker movement) and a sensory response in the corresponding sensory cortex. Additionally, we showed that coating OEPCs with a thin layer of a conducting polymer formulation (PEDOT:PSS) significantly increases their charge storage capacity, and can be used to further optimize the applied photoelectrical stimulation.Significance. Overall, this new technology can provide an on-demand electrical stimulation by simply using an OEPC and a deep-red wavelength illumination. Wires and interconnects to provide power to implanted neurostimulation electrodes are often problematic in freely-moving animal research and with implanted electrodes for long-term therapy in patients. Our wireless brain stimulation opens new perspectives for wireless electrical stimulation for applications in fundamental neurostimulation and in chronic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Missey
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), INSERM, UMR_1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Boris Botzanowski
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), INSERM, UMR_1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Ludovico Migliaccio
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emma Acerbo
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), INSERM, UMR_1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Adam Williamson
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), INSERM, UMR_1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Cornejo
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Netanel Ofer
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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36
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Convergence of forepaw somatosensory and motor cortical projections in the striatum, claustrum, thalamus, and pontine nuclei of cats. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:361-379. [PMID: 34665323 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia and pontocerebellar systems regulate somesthetic-guided motor behaviors and receive prominent inputs from sensorimotor cortex. In addition, the claustrum and thalamus are forebrain subcortical structures that have connections with somatosensory and motor cortices. Our previous studies in rats have shown that primary and secondary somatosensory cortex (S1 and S2) send overlapping projections to the neostriatum and pontine nuclei, whereas, overlap of primary motor cortex (M1) and S1 was much weaker. In addition, we have shown that M1, but not S1, projects to the claustrum in rats. The goal of the current study was to compare these rodent projection patterns with connections in cats, a mammalian species that evolved in a separate phylogenetic superorder. Three different anterograde tracers were injected into the physiologically identified forepaw representations of M1, S1, and S2 in cats. Labeled fibers terminated throughout the ipsilateral striatum (caudate and putamen), claustrum, thalamus, and pontine nuclei. Digital reconstructions of tracer labeling allowed us to quantify both the normalized distribution of labeling in each subcortical area from each tracer injection, as well as the amount of tracer overlap. Surprisingly, in contrast to our previous findings in rodents, we observed M1 and S1 projections converging prominently in striatum and pons, whereas, S1 and S2 overlap was much weaker. Furthermore, whereas, rat S1 does not project to claustrum, we confirmed dense claustral inputs from S1 in cats. These findings suggest that the basal ganglia, claustrum, and pontocerebellar systems in rat and cat have evolved distinct patterns of sensorimotor cortical convergence.
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Astrakas LG, Li S, Ottensmeyer MP, Pusatere C, Moskowitz MA, Tzika AA. Peak Activation Shifts in the Sensorimotor Cortex of Chronic Stroke Patients Following Robot-assisted Rehabilitation Therapy. Open Neuroimag J 2021; 14:8-15. [PMID: 34434290 PMCID: PMC8384467 DOI: 10.2174/1874440002114010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ischemic stroke is the most common cause of complex chronic disability and the third leading cause of death worldwide. In recovering stroke patients, peak activation within the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1) during the performance of a simple motor task has been shown to exhibit an anterior shift in many studies and a posterior shift in other studies. Objective: We investigated this discrepancy in chronic stroke patients who completed a robot-assisted rehabilitation therapy program. Methods: Eight chronic stroke patients with an intact M1 and 13 Healthy Control (HC) volunteers underwent 300 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans while performing a grip task at different force levels with a robotic device. The patients were trained with the same robotic device over a 10-week intervention period and their progress was evaluated serially with the Fugl-Meyer and Modified Ashworth scales. Repeated measure analyses were used to assess group differences in locations of peak activity in the sensorimotor cortex (SM) and the relationship of such changes with scores on the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity (FM UE) scale. Results: Patients moving their stroke-affected hand had proportionally more peak activations in the primary motor area and fewer peak activations in the somatosensory cortex than the healthy controls (P=0.009). They also showed an anterior shift of peak activity on average of 5.3-mm (P<0.001). The shift correlated negatively with FM UE scores (P=0.002). Conclusion: A stroke rehabilitation grip task with a robotic device was confirmed to be feasible during fMRI scanning and thus amenable to be used to assess plastic changes in neurological motor activity. Location of peak activity in the SM is a promising clinical neuroimaging index for the evaluation and monitoring of chronic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas G Astrakas
- Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Shasha Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,NMR Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark P Ottensmeyer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Device & Simulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Pusatere
- NMR Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Aria Tzika
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,NMR Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Kim JH, Kim J, Yeon J, Park JY, Chung D, Kim SP. Neural correlates of tactile hardness intensity perception during active grasping. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11760. [PMID: 34414027 PMCID: PMC8340901 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While tactile sensation plays an essential role in interactions with the surroundings, relatively little is known about the neural processes involved in the perception of tactile information. In particular, it remains unclear how different intensities of tactile hardness are represented in the human brain during object manipulation. This study aims to investigate neural responses to various levels of tactile hardness using functional magnetic resonance imaging while people grasp objects to perceive hardness intensity. We used four items with different hardness levels but otherwise identical in shape and texture. A total of Twenty-five healthy volunteers participated in this study. Before scanning, participants performed a behavioral task in which they received a pair of stimuli and they were to report the perceived difference of hardness between them. During scanning, without any visual information, they were randomly given one of the four objects and asked to grasp it. We found significant blood oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the posterior insula in the right hemisphere (rpIns) and the right posterior lobe of the cerebellum (rpCerebellum), which parametrically tracked hardness intensity. These responses were supported by BOLD signal changes in the rpCerebellum and rpIns correlating with tactile hardness intensity. Multidimensional scaling analysis showed similar representations of hardness intensity among physical, perceptual, and neural information. Our findings demonstrate the engagement of the rpCerebellum and rpIns in perceiving tactile hardness intensity during active object manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Kim
- Department of Industrial ICT Engineering, Dong Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Yeon
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jang-Yeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongil Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Phil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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39
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Gale DJ, Flanagan JR, Gallivan JP. Human Somatosensory Cortex Is Modulated during Motor Planning. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5909-5922. [PMID: 34035139 PMCID: PMC8265805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0342-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data and motor control theory argues that movement planning involves preparing the neural state of primary motor cortex (M1) for forthcoming action execution. Theories related to internal models, feedback control, and predictive coding also emphasize the importance of sensory prediction (and processing) before (and during) the movement itself, explaining why motor-related deficits can arise from damage to primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Motivated by this work, here we examined whether motor planning, in addition to changing the neural state of M1, changes the neural state of S1, preparing it for the sensory feedback that arises during action. We tested this idea in two human functional MRI studies (N = 31, 16 females) involving delayed object manipulation tasks, focusing our analysis on premovement activity patterns in M1 and S1. We found that the motor effector to be used in the upcoming action could be decoded, well before movement, from neural activity in M1 in both studies. Critically, we found that this effector information was also present, well before movement, in S1. In particular, we found that the encoding of effector information in area 3b (S1 proper) was linked to the contralateral hand, similarly to that found in M1, whereas in areas 1 and 2 this encoding was present in both the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres. Together, these findings suggest that motor planning not only prepares the motor system for movement but also changes the neural state of the somatosensory system, presumably allowing it to anticipate the sensory information received during movement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whereas recent work on motor cortex has emphasized the critical role of movement planning in preparing neural activity for movement generation, it has not investigated the extent to which planning also modulates the activity in the adjacent primary somatosensory cortex. This reflects a key gap in knowledge, given that recent motor control theories emphasize the importance of sensory feedback processing in effective movement generation. Here, we find through a convergence of experiments and analyses, that the planning of object manipulation tasks, in addition to modulating the activity in the motor cortex, changes the state of neural activity in different subfields of the human S1. We suggest that this modulation prepares the S1 for the sensory information it will receive during action execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gale
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Randall Flanagan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jason P Gallivan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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40
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O'Connor DH, Krubitzer L, Bensmaia S. Of mice and monkeys: Somatosensory processing in two prominent animal models. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102008. [PMID: 33587956 PMCID: PMC8096687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the neural basis of somatosensation is based largely on studies of the whisker system of mice and rats and the hands of macaque monkeys. Results across these animal models are often interpreted as providing direct insight into human somatosensation. Work on these systems has proceeded in parallel, capitalizing on the strengths of each model, but has rarely been considered as a whole. This lack of integration promotes a piecemeal understanding of somatosensation. Here, we examine the functions and morphologies of whiskers of mice and rats, the hands of macaque monkeys, and the somatosensory neuraxes of these three species. We then discuss how somatosensory information is encoded in their respective nervous systems, highlighting similarities and differences. We reflect on the limitations of these models of human somatosensation and consider key gaps in our understanding of the neural basis of somatosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H O'Connor
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Sliman Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, United States; Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, United States; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, United States.
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41
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Cerebellar Purkinje cells can differentially modulate coherence between sensory and motor cortex depending on region and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015292118. [PMID: 33443203 PMCID: PMC7812746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015292118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of sensory and motor cortices is essential for sensorimotor integration. In particular, coherence between these areas may indicate binding of critical functions like perception, motor planning, action, or sleep. Evidence is accumulating that cerebellar output modulates cortical activity and coherence, but how, when, and where it does so is unclear. We studied activity in and coherence between S1 and M1 cortices during whisker stimulation in the absence and presence of optogenetic Purkinje cell stimulation in crus 1 and 2 of awake mice, eliciting strong simple spike rate modulation. Without Purkinje cell stimulation, whisker stimulation triggers fast responses in S1 and M1 involving transient coherence in a broad spectrum. Simultaneous stimulation of Purkinje cells and whiskers affects amplitude and kinetics of sensory responses in S1 and M1 and alters the estimated S1-M1 coherence in theta and gamma bands, allowing bidirectional control dependent on behavioral context. These effects are absent when Purkinje cell activation is delayed by 20 ms. Focal stimulation of Purkinje cells revealed site specificity, with cells in medial crus 2 showing the most prominent and selective impact on estimated coherence, i.e., a strong suppression in the gamma but not the theta band. Granger causality analyses and computational modeling of the involved networks suggest that Purkinje cells control S1-M1 phase consistency predominantly via ventrolateral thalamus and M1. Our results indicate that activity of sensorimotor cortices can be dynamically and functionally modulated by specific cerebellar inputs, highlighting a widespread role of the cerebellum in coordinating sensorimotor behavior.
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42
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Ren C, Komiyama T. Characterizing Cortex-Wide Dynamics with Wide-Field Calcium Imaging. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4160-4168. [PMID: 33893217 PMCID: PMC8143209 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3003-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain functions through coordinated activity among distributed regions. Wide-field calcium imaging, combined with improved genetically encoded calcium indicators, allows sufficient signal-to-noise ratio and spatiotemporal resolution to afford a unique opportunity to capture cortex-wide dynamics on a moment-by-moment basis in behaving animals. Recent applications of this approach have been uncovering cortical dynamics at unprecedented scales during various cognitive processes, ranging from relatively simple sensorimotor integration to more complex decision-making tasks. In this review, we will highlight recent scientific advances enabled by wide-field calcium imaging in behaving mice. We then summarize several technical considerations and future opportunities for wide-field imaging to uncover large-scale circuit dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ren
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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43
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Gale DJ, Areshenkoff CN, Honda C, Johnsrude IS, Flanagan JR, Gallivan JP. Motor Planning Modulates Neural Activity Patterns in Early Human Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2952-2967. [PMID: 33511976 PMCID: PMC8107793 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that movement planning recruits motor-related cortical brain areas in preparation for the forthcoming action. Given that an integral component to the control of action is the processing of sensory information throughout movement, we predicted that movement planning might also modulate early sensory cortical areas, readying them for sensory processing during the unfolding action. To test this hypothesis, we performed 2 human functional magnetic resonance imaging studies involving separate delayed movement tasks and focused on premovement neural activity in early auditory cortex, given the area's direct connections to the motor system and evidence that it is modulated by motor cortex during movement in rodents. We show that effector-specific information (i.e., movements of the left vs. right hand in Experiment 1 and movements of the hand vs. eye in Experiment 2) can be decoded, well before movement, from neural activity in early auditory cortex. We find that this motor-related information is encoded in a separate subregion of auditory cortex than sensory-related information and is present even when movements are cued visually instead of auditorily. These findings suggest that action planning, in addition to preparing the motor system for movement, involves selectively modulating primary sensory areas based on the intended action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gale
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Corson N Areshenkoff
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Claire Honda
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ingrid S Johnsrude
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - J Randall Flanagan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jason P Gallivan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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44
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Parallel and Serial Sensory Processing in Developing Primary Somatosensory and Motor Cortex. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3418-3431. [PMID: 33622773 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2614-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally supposed that primary motor cortex (M1) receives somatosensory input predominantly via primary somatosensory cortex (S1). However, a growing body of evidence indicates that M1 also receives direct sensory input from the thalamus, independent of S1; such direct input is particularly evident at early ages before M1 contributes to motor control. Here, recording extracellularly from the forelimb regions of S1 and M1 in unanesthetized rats at postnatal day (P)8 and P12, we compared S1 and M1 responses to self-generated (i.e., reafferent) forelimb movements during active sleep and wake, and to other-generated (i.e., exafferent) forelimb movements. At both ages, reafferent responses were processed in parallel by S1 and M1; in contrast, exafferent responses were processed in parallel at P8 but serially, from S1 to M1, at P12. To further assess this developmental difference in processing, we compared exafferent responses to proprioceptive and tactile stimulation. At both P8 and P12, proprioceptive stimulation evoked parallel responses in S1 and M1, whereas tactile stimulation evoked parallel responses at P8 and serial responses at P12. Independent of the submodality of exafferent stimulation, pairs of S1-M1 units exhibited greater coactivation during active sleep than wake. These results indicate that S1 and M1 independently develop somatotopy before establishing the interactive relationship that typifies their functionality in adults.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Learning any new motor task depends on the ability to use sensory information to update motor outflow. Thus, to understand motor learning, we must also understand how animals process sensory input. Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and primary motor cortex (M1) are two interdependent structures that process sensory input throughout life. In adults, the functional relationship between S1 and M1 is well established; however, little is known about how S1 and M1 begin to transmit or process sensory information in early life. In this study, we investigate the early development of S1 and M1 as a sensory processing unit. Our findings provide new insights into the fundamental principles of sensory processing and the development of functional connectivity between these important sensorimotor structures.
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Effects of Optogenetic Stimulation of Primary Somatosensory Cortex and Its Projections to Striatum on Vibrotactile Perception in Freely Moving Rats. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0453-20.2021. [PMID: 33593733 PMCID: PMC7986534 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0453-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tactile sensation is one of our primary means to collect information about the nearby environment and thus crucial for daily activities and survival. Therefore, it is of high importance to restore sensory feedback after sensory loss. Optogenetic manipulation allows local or pathway-specific write-in of information. However, it remains elusive whether optogenetic stimulation can be interpreted as tactile sensation to guide operant behavior and how it is integrated with tactile stimuli. To address these questions, we employed a vibrotactile detection task combined with optogenetic neuromodulation in freely moving rats. By bidirectionally manipulating the activity of neurons in primary somatosensory cortex (S1), we demonstrated that optical activation as well as inhibition of S1 reduced the detection rate for vibrotactile stimuli. Interestingly, activation of corticostriatal terminals improved the detection of tactile stimuli, while inhibition of corticostriatal terminals did not affect the performance. To manipulate the corticostriatal pathway more specifically, we employed a dual viral system. Activation of corticostriatal cell bodies disturbed the tactile perception while activation of corticostriatal terminals slightly facilitated the detection of vibrotactile stimuli. In the absence of tactile stimuli, both corticostriatal cell bodies as well as terminals caused a reaction. Taken together, our data confirmed the possibility to restore sensation using optogenetics and demonstrated that S1 and its descending projections to striatum play differential roles in the neural processing underlying vibrotactile detection.
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46
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Cortical Localization of the Sensory-Motor Transformation in a Whisker Detection Task in Mice. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0004-21.2021. [PMID: 33495240 PMCID: PMC7901152 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0004-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to a stimulus requires transforming an internal sensory representation into an internal motor representation. Where and how this sensory-motor transformation occurs is a matter of vigorous debate. Here, we trained male and female mice in a whisker detection go/no-go task in which they learned to respond (lick) following a transient whisker deflection. Using single unit recordings, we quantified sensory-related, motor-related, and choice-related activities in whisker primary somatosensory cortex (S1), whisker region of primary motor cortex (wMC), and anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM), three regions that have been proposed to be critical for the sensory-motor transformation in whisker detection. We observed strong sensory encoding in S1 and wMC, with enhanced encoding in wMC, and a lack of sensory encoding in ALM. We observed strong motor encoding in all three regions, yet largest in wMC and ALM. We observed the earliest choice probability in wMC, despite earliest sensory responses in S1. Based on the criteria of having both strong sensory and motor representations and early choice probability, we identify whisker motor cortex as the cortical region most directly related to the sensory-motor transformation. Our data support a model of sensory encoding originating in S1, sensory amplification and sensory-motor transformation occurring within wMC, and motor signals emerging in ALM after the sensory-motor transformation.
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47
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Tamè L, Tucciarelli R, Sadibolova R, Sereno MI, Longo MR. Reconstructing neural representations of tactile space. Neuroimage 2021; 229:117730. [PMID: 33454399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychophysical experiments have demonstrated large and highly systematic perceptual distortions of tactile space. Such a space can be referred to our experience of the spatial organisation of objects, at representational level, through touch, in analogy with the familiar concept of visual space. We investigated the neural basis of tactile space by analysing activity patterns induced by tactile stimulation of nine points on a 3 × 3 square grid on the hand dorsum using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used a searchlight approach within pre-defined regions of interests to compute the pairwise Euclidean distances between the activity patterns elicited by tactile stimulation. Then, we used multidimensional scaling to reconstruct tactile space at the neural level and compare it with skin space at the perceptual level. Our reconstructions of the shape of skin space in contralateral primary somatosensory and motor cortices reveal that it is distorted in a way that matches the perceptual shape of skin space. This suggests that early sensorimotor areas critically contribute to the distorted internal representation of tactile space on the hand dorsum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Tamè
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK; School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NP, UK.
| | - Raffaele Tucciarelli
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Renata Sadibolova
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Department of Psychology, Goldsmith, University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin I Sereno
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK; University College London, University of London, London, UK; San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | - Matthew R Longo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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48
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Zhang G, Li Y, Zhang X, Huang L, Cheng Y, Shen W. Identifying Mild Hepatic Encephalopathy Based on Multi-Layer Modular Algorithm and Machine Learning. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:627062. [PMID: 33505243 PMCID: PMC7829502 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.627062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurocognitive dysfunction based on metabolic disorders caused by severe liver disease, which has a high one-year mortality. Mild hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) has a high risk of converting to overt HE, and thus the accurate identification of MHE from cirrhosis with no HE (noHE) is of great significance in reducing mortality. Previously, most studies focused on studying abnormality in the static brain networks of MHE to find biomarkers. In this study, we aimed to use multi-layer modular algorithm to study abnormality in dynamic graph properties of brain network in MHE patients and construct a machine learning model to identify individual MHE from noHE. Here, a time length of 500-second resting-state functional MRI data were collected from 41 healthy subjects, 32 noHE patients and 30 MHE patients. Multi-layer modular algorithm was performed on dynamic brain functional connectivity graph. The connection-stability score was used to characterize the loyalty in each brain network module. Nodal flexibility, cohesion and disjointness were calculated to describe how the node changes the network affiliation across time. Results show that significant differences between MHE and noHE were found merely in nodal disjointness in higher cognitive network modules (ventral attention, fronto-parietal, default mode networks) and these abnormalities were associated with the decline in patients’ attention and visual memory function evaluated by Digit Symbol Test. Finally, feature extraction from node disjointness with the support vector machine classifier showed an accuracy of 88.71% in discrimination of MHE from noHE, which was verified by different window sizes, modular partition parameters and machine learning parameters. All these results show that abnormal nodal disjointness in higher cognitive networks during brain network evolution can be seemed as a biomarker for identification of MHE, which help us understand the disease mechanism of MHE at a fine scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyan Zhang
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Lab of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuexuan Li
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Lab of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixiang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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49
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Jafari M, Aflalo T, Chivukula S, Kellis SS, Salas MA, Norman SL, Pejsa K, Liu CY, Andersen RA. The human primary somatosensory cortex encodes imagined movement in the absence of sensory information. Commun Biol 2020; 3:757. [PMID: 33311578 PMCID: PMC7732821 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical systems neuroscience positions primary sensory areas as early feed-forward processing stations for refining incoming sensory information. This view may oversimplify their role given extensive bi-directional connectivity with multimodal cortical and subcortical regions. Here we show that single units in human primary somatosensory cortex encode imagined reaches in a cognitive motor task, but not other sensory–motor variables such as movement plans or imagined arm position. A population reference-frame analysis demonstrates coding relative to the cued starting hand location suggesting that imagined reaching movements are encoded relative to imagined limb position. These results imply a potential role for primary somatosensory cortex in cognitive imagery, engagement during motor production in the absence of sensation or expected sensation, and suggest that somatosensory cortex can provide control signals for future neural prosthetic systems. Matiar Jafari, Tyson Aflalo et al. show that the human primary somatosensory cortex is activated when subjects imagine reaches in a cognitive motor task, but not when they plan movement or imagine a static limb position. These results highlight a role for this region in cognitive imagery and motor control in the absence of sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matiar Jafari
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyson Aflalo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. .,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Srinivas Chivukula
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Los Angeles Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Spencer Sterling Kellis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sumner Lee Norman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kelsie Pejsa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Charles Yu Liu
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, USA
| | - Richard Alan Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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50
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Feng L, Han CX, Cao SY, Zhang HM, Wu GY. Deficits in motor and cognitive functions in an adult mouse model of hypoxia-ischemia induced stroke. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20646. [PMID: 33244072 PMCID: PMC7692481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes cause devastating brain damage and functional deficits with few treatments available. Previous studies have shown that the ischemia-hypoxia rapidly induces clinically similar thrombosis and neuronal loss, but any resulting behavioral changes are largely unknown. The goal of this study was to evaluate motor and cognitive deficits in adult HI mice. Following a previously established procedure, HI mouse models were induced by first ligating the right common carotid artery and followed by hypoxia. Histological data showed significant long-term neuronal losses and reactive glial cells in the ipsilateral striatum and hippocampus of the HI mice. Whereas the open field test and the rotarod test could not reliably distinguish between the sham and HI mice, in the tapered beam and wire-hanging tests, the HI mice showed short-term and long-term deficits, as evidenced by the increased number of foot faults and decreased hanging time respectively. In cognitive tests, the HI mice swam longer distances and needed more time to find the platform in the Morris water maze test and showed shorter freezing time in fear contextual tests after fear training. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that adult HI mice have motor and cognitive deficits and could be useful models for preclinical stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Chun-Xia Han
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shu-Yu Cao
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - He-Ming Zhang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Gang-Yi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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