1
|
Beckinghausen J, Ortiz-Guzman J, Lin T, Bachman B, Salazar Leon LE, Liu Y, Heck DH, Arenkiel BR, Sillitoe RV. Author Correction: The cerebellum contributes to generalized seizures by altering activity in the ventral posteromedial nucleus. Commun Biol 2024; 7:186. [PMID: 38365939 PMCID: PMC10873329 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joshua Ortiz-Guzman
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Bachman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis E Salazar Leon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, 103515 University Dr., Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, 103515 University Dr., Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brændholt M, Kluger DS, Varga S, Heck DH, Gross J, Allen MG. Breathing in waves: Understanding respiratory-brain coupling as a gradient of predictive oscillations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105262. [PMID: 37271298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breathing plays a crucial role in shaping perceptual and cognitive processes by regulating the strength and synchronisation of neural oscillations. Numerous studies have demonstrated that respiratory rhythms govern a wide range of behavioural effects across cognitive, affective, and perceptual domains. Additionally, respiratory-modulated brain oscillations have been observed in various mammalian models and across diverse frequency spectra. However, a comprehensive framework to elucidate these disparate phenomena remains elusive. In this review, we synthesise existing findings to propose a neural gradient of respiratory-modulated brain oscillations and examine recent computational models of neural oscillations to map this gradient onto a hierarchical cascade of precision-weighted prediction errors. By deciphering the computational mechanisms underlying respiratory control of these processes, we can potentially uncover new pathways for understanding the link between respiratory-brain coupling and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malthe Brændholt
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Daniel S Kluger
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - Somogy Varga
- School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Centre for Philosophy of Epidemiology, Medicine and Public Health, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Micah G Allen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark; Cambridge Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beckinghausen J, Ortiz-Guzman J, Lin T, Bachman B, Salazar Leon LE, Liu Y, Heck DH, Arenkiel BR, Sillitoe RV. The cerebellum contributes to generalized seizures by altering activity in the ventral posteromedial nucleus. Commun Biol 2023; 6:731. [PMID: 37454228 PMCID: PMC10349834 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05100-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalamo-cortical networks are central to seizures, yet it is unclear how these circuits initiate seizures. We test whether a facial region of the thalamus, the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM), is a source of generalized, convulsive motor seizures and if convergent VPM input drives the behavior. To address this question, we devise an in vivo optogenetic mouse model to elicit convulsive motor seizures by driving these inputs and perform single-unit recordings during awake, convulsive seizures to define the local activity of thalamic neurons before, during, and after seizure onset. We find dynamic activity with biphasic properties, raising the possibility that heterogenous activity promotes seizures. Virus tracing identifies cerebellar and cerebral cortical afferents as robust contributors to the seizures. Of these inputs, only microinfusion of lidocaine into the cerebellar nuclei blocks seizure initiation. Our data reveal the VPM as a source of generalized convulsive seizures, with cerebellar input providing critical signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joshua Ortiz-Guzman
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Bachman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis E Salazar Leon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, 103515 University Dr., Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, 103515 University Dr., Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heck DH, Fox MB, Correia Chapman B, McAfee SS, Liu Y. Cerebellar control of thalamocortical circuits for cognitive function: A review of pathways and a proposed mechanism. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1126508. [PMID: 37064161 PMCID: PMC10097962 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1126508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that cerebrocerebellar interactions via cerebellothalamocortical pathways are essential for a cerebellar cognitive and motor functions. Cerebellothalamic projections were long believed target mainly the ventral lateral (VL) and part of the ventral anterior (VA) nuclei, which project to cortical motor and premotor areas. Here we review new insights from detailed tracing studies, which show that projections from the cerebellum to the thalamus are widespread and reach almost every thalamic subnucleus, including nuclei involved in cognitive functions. These new insights into cerebellothalamic pathways beyond the motor thalamus are consistent with the increasing evidence of cerebellar cognitive function. However, the function of cerebellothalamic pathways and how they are involved in the various motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum is still unknown. We briefly review literature on the role of the thalamus in coordinating the coherence of neuronal oscillations in the neocortex. The coherence of oscillations, which measures the stability of the phase relationship between two oscillations of the same frequency, is considered an indicator of increased functional connectivity between two structures showing coherent oscillations. Through thalamocortical interactions coherence patterns dynamically create and dissolve functional cerebral cortical networks in a task dependent manner. Finally, we review evidence for an involvement of the cerebellum in coordinating coherence of oscillations between cerebral cortical structures. We conclude that cerebellothalamic pathways provide the necessary anatomical substrate for a proposed role of the cerebellum in coordinating neuronal communication between cerebral cortical areas by coordinating the coherence of oscillations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Mia B. Fox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Brittany Correia Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Samuel S. McAfee
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heck DH, Varga S. "The great mixing machine": multisensory integration and brain-breath coupling in the cerebral cortex. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:5-11. [PMID: 35904636 PMCID: PMC10163438 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is common to distinguish between "holist" and "reductionist" views of brain function, where the former envisions the brain as functioning as an indivisible unit and the latter as a collection of distinct units that serve different functions. Opposing reductionism, a number of researchers have pointed out that cortical network architecture does not respect functional boundaries, and the neuroanatomist V. Braitenberg proposed to understand the cerebral cortex as a "great mixing machine" of neuronal activity from sensory inputs, motor commands, and intrinsically generated processes. In this paper, we offer a contextualization of Braitenberg's point, and we review evidence for the interactions of neuronal activity from multiple sensory inputs and intrinsic neuronal processes in the cerebral cortex. We focus on new insights from studies on audiovisual interactions and on the influence of respiration on brain functions, which do not seem to align well with "reductionist" views of areal functional boundaries. Instead, they indicate that functional boundaries are fuzzy and context dependent. In addition, we discuss the relevance of the influence of sensory, proprioceptive, and interoceptive signals on cortical activity for understanding brain-body interactions, highlight some of the consequences of these new insights for debates on embodied cognition, and offer some suggestions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Somogy Varga
- School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, McAfee SS, Van Der Heijden ME, Dhamala M, Sillitoe RV, Heck DH. Causal Evidence for a Role of Cerebellar Lobulus Simplex in Prefrontal-Hippocampal Interaction in Spatial Working Memory Decision-Making. Cerebellum 2022; 21:762-775. [PMID: 35218525 PMCID: PMC10230449 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spatial working memory (SWM) is a cerebrocerebellar cognitive skill supporting survival-relevant behaviors, such as optimizing foraging behavior by remembering recent routes and visited sites. It is known that SWM decision-making in rodents requires the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsal hippocampus. The decision process in SWM tasks carries a specific electrophysiological signature of a brief, decision-related increase in neuronal communication in the form of an increase in the coherence of neuronal theta oscillations (4-12 Hz) between the mPFC and dorsal hippocampus, a finding we replicated here during spontaneous exploration of a plus maze in freely moving mice. We further evaluated SWM decision-related coherence changes within frequency bands above theta. Decision-related coherence increases occurred in seven frequency bands between 4 and 200 Hz and decision-outcome-related differences in coherence modulation occurred within the beta and gamma frequency bands and in higher frequency oscillations up to 130 Hz. With recent evidence that Purkinje cells in the cerebellar lobulus simplex (LS) represent information about the phase and phase differences of gamma oscillations in the mPFC and dorsal hippocampus, we hypothesized that LS might be involved in the modulation of mPFC-hippocampal gamma coherence. We show that optical stimulation of LS significantly impairs SWM performance and decision-related mPFC-dCA1 coherence modulation, providing causal evidence for an involvement of cerebellar LS in SWM decision-making at the behavioral and neuronal level. Our findings suggest that the cerebellum might contribute to SWM decision-making by optimizing the decision-related modulation of mPFC-dCA1 coherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Samuel S McAfee
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meike E Van Der Heijden
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mukesh Dhamala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Respiratory rhythms sustain biological life, governing the homeostatic exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Until recently, however, the influence of breathing on the brain has largely been overlooked. Yet new evidence demonstrates that the act of breathing exerts a substantive, rhythmic influence on perception, emotion, and cognition, largely through the direct modulation of neural oscillations. Here, we synthesize these findings to motivate a new predictive coding model of respiratory brain coupling, in which breathing rhythmically modulates both local and global neural gain, to optimize cognitive and affective processing. Our model further explains how respiratory rhythms interact with the topology of the functional connectome, and we highlight key implications for the computational psychiatry of disordered respiratory and interoceptive inference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
8
|
Taylor AP, Lee AS, Goedecke PJ, Tolley EA, Joyner AL, Heck DH. Conditional loss of Engrailed1/2 in Atoh1-derived excitatory cerebellar nuclear neurons impairs eupneic respiration in mice. Genes Brain Behav 2022; 21:e12788. [PMID: 35044072 PMCID: PMC8852233 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for a cerebellar role during cardiopulmonary challenges has long been established, but studies of cerebellar involvement in eupneic breathing have been inconclusive. Here we investigated temporal aspects of eupneic respiration in the Atoh1-En1/2 mouse model of cerebellar neuropathology. Atoh1-En1/2 conditional knockout mice have conditional loss of the developmental patterning genes Engrailed1 and 2 in excitatory cerebellar nuclear neurons, which leads to loss of a subset of medial and intermediate excitatory cerebellar nuclear neurons. A sample of three Atoh1-derived extracerebellar nuclei showed no cell loss in the conditional knockout compared to control mice. We measured eupneic respiration in mutant animals and control littermates using whole-body unrestrained plethysmography and compared the average respiratory rate, coefficient of variation, and the CV2, a measure of intrinsic rhythmicity. Linear regression analyses revealed that Atoh1-En1/2 conditional knockouts have decreased overall variability (p = 0.021; b = -0.045) and increased intrinsic rhythmicity compared to their control littermates (p < 0.001; b = -0.037), but we found no effect of genotype on average respiratory rate (p = 0.064). Analysis also revealed modestly decreased respiratory rates (p = 0.025; b = -0.82), increased coefficient of variation (p = 0.0036; b = 0.060), and increased CV2 in female animals, independent of genotype (p = 0.024; b = 0.026). These results suggest a cerebellar involvement in eupneic breathing by controlling rhythmicity. We argue that the cerebellar involvement in controlling the CV2 of respiration is indicative of an involvement of coordinating respiration with other orofacial rhythms, such as swallowing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela P. Taylor
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Andrew S. Lee
- Developmental Biology ProgramSloan Kettering InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Neuroscience ProgramWeill Cornell Graduate School of Medical SciencesNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Patricia J. Goedecke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Tolley
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Alexandra L. Joyner
- Developmental Biology ProgramSloan Kettering InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Neuroscience ProgramWeill Cornell Graduate School of Medical SciencesNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramWeill Cornell Graduate School of Medical SciencesNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McAfee SS, Liu Y, Sillitoe RV, Heck DH. Cerebellar Coordination of Neuronal Communication in Cerebral Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 15:781527. [PMID: 35087384 PMCID: PMC8787113 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.781527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processes involve precisely coordinated neuronal communications between multiple cerebral cortical structures in a task specific manner. Rich new evidence now implicates the cerebellum in cognitive functions. There is general agreement that cerebellar cognitive function involves interactions between the cerebellum and cerebral cortical association areas. Traditional views assume reciprocal interactions between one cerebellar and one cerebral cortical site, via closed-loop connections. We offer evidence supporting a new perspective that assigns the cerebellum the role of a coordinator of communication. We propose that the cerebellum participates in cognitive function by modulating the coherence of neuronal oscillations to optimize communications between multiple cortical structures in a task specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. McAfee
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Detlef H. Heck,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McAfee SS, Liu Y, Sillitoe RV, Heck DH. Cerebellar Lobulus Simplex and Crus I Differentially Represent Phase and Phase Difference of Prefrontal Cortical and Hippocampal Oscillations. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2328-2334.e3. [PMID: 31116979 PMCID: PMC6538275 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has long been implicated in tasks involving precise temporal control, especially in the coordination of movements. Here we asked whether the cerebellum represents temporal aspects of oscillatory neuronal activity, measured as instantaneous phase and difference between instantaneous phases of oscillations in two cerebral cortical areas involved in cognitive function. We simultaneously recorded Purkinje cell (PC) single-unit spike activity in cerebellar lobulus simplex (LS) and Crus I and local field potential (LFP) activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsal hippocampus CA1 region (dCA1). Purkinje cells in cerebellar LS and Crus I differentially represented specific phases and phase differences of mPFC and dCA1 LFP oscillations in a frequency-specific manner, suggesting a site- and frequency-specific cerebellar representation of temporal aspects of neuronal oscillations in non-motor cerebral cortical areas. These findings suggest that cerebellar interactions with cerebral cortical areas involved in cognitive functions might involve temporal coordination of neuronal oscillations. The cerebellum has long been implicated in tasks involving precise temporal control, especially in the coordination of movements. McAfee et al. show that the cerebellar principal neurons, Purkinje cells, represent precise temporal information about the phase and phase differences of neuronal oscillations occurring in two non-motor-related cerebral cortical structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S McAfee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Division of Translational Imaging Research, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Qi S, Thomas F, Correia BL, Taylor AP, Sillitoe RV, Heck DH. Loss of cerebellar function selectively affects intrinsic rhythmicity of eupneic breathing. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio048785. [PMID: 32086251 PMCID: PMC7197709 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiration is controlled by central pattern generating circuits in the brain stem, whose activity can be modulated by inputs from other brain areas to adapt respiration to autonomic and behavioral demands. The cerebellum is known to be part of the neuronal circuitry activated during respiratory challenges, such as hunger for air, but has not been found to be involved in the control of spontaneous, unobstructed breathing (eupnea). Here we applied a measure of intrinsic rhythmicity, the CV2, which evaluates the similarity of subsequent intervals and is thus sensitive to changes in rhythmicity at the temporal resolution of individual respiratory intervals. The variability of intrinsic respiratory rhythmicity was reduced in a mouse model of cerebellar ataxia compared to their healthy littermates. Irrespective of that difference, the average respiratory rate and the average coefficient of variation (CV) were comparable between healthy and ataxic mice. We argue that these findings are consistent with a proposed role of the cerebellum in modulating the duration of individual respiratory intervals, which could serve the purpose of coordinating respiration with other rhythmic orofacial movements, such as fluid licking and swallowing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Shuhua Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Fridtjof Thomas
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Brittany L Correia
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Angela P Taylor
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sathyanesan A, Zhou J, Scafidi J, Heck DH, Sillitoe RV, Gallo V. Emerging connections between cerebellar development, behaviour and complex brain disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:298-313. [PMID: 30923348 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human cerebellum has a protracted developmental timeline compared with the neocortex, expanding the window of vulnerability to neurological disorders. As the cerebellum is critical for motor behaviour, it is not surprising that most neurodevelopmental disorders share motor deficits as a common sequela. However, evidence gathered since the late 1980s suggests that the cerebellum is involved in motor and non-motor function, including cognition and emotion. More recently, evidence indicates that major neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Down syndrome have potential links to abnormal cerebellar development. Out of recent findings from clinical and preclinical studies, the concept of the 'cerebellar connectome' has emerged that can be used as a framework to link the role of cerebellar development to human behaviour, disease states and the design of better therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Sathyanesan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Joy Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA. .,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miterko LN, Baker KB, Beckinghausen J, Bradnam LV, Cheng MY, Cooperrider J, DeLong MR, Gornati SV, Hallett M, Heck DH, Hoebeek FE, Kouzani AZ, Kuo SH, Louis ED, Machado A, Manto M, McCambridge AB, Nitsche MA, Taib NOB, Popa T, Tanaka M, Timmann D, Steinberg GK, Wang EH, Wichmann T, Xie T, Sillitoe RV. Consensus Paper: Experimental Neurostimulation of the Cerebellum. Cerebellum 2019; 18:1064-1097. [PMID: 31165428 PMCID: PMC6867990 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is best known for its role in controlling motor behaviors. However, recent work supports the view that it also influences non-motor behaviors. The contribution of the cerebellum towards different brain functions is underscored by its involvement in a diverse and increasing number of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including ataxia, dystonia, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Although there are no cures for these conditions, cerebellar stimulation is quickly gaining attention for symptomatic alleviation, as cerebellar circuitry has arisen as a promising target for invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation. This consensus paper brings together experts from the fields of neurophysiology, neurology, and neurosurgery to discuss recent efforts in using the cerebellum as a therapeutic intervention. We report on the most advanced techniques for manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans and animal models and define key hurdles and questions for moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lynley V Bradnam
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Jessica Cooperrider
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Simona V Gornati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- NIDOD Department, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Andre Machado
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Alana B McCambridge
- Graduate School of Health, Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosiences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Traian Popa
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
- R281 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanfod University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eric H Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2030, Chicago, IL, 60637-1470, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory bulb displays a prominent respiratory rhythm, which is linked to the sniff cycle and is driven by sensory input from olfactory receptors in the nasal sensory epithelium. In rats and mice, respiratory frequencies occupy the same band as the hippocampal θ-rhythm, which has been shown to be a key player in memory processes. Hippocampal and olfactory bulb rhythms were previously found to be uncorrelated except in specific odor-contingency learning circumstances. However, many recent electrophysiological studies in both rodents and humans reveal a surprising cycle-by-cycle influence of nasal respiration on neuronal activity throughout much of the cerebral cortex beyond the olfactory system, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and subcortical structures. In addition, respiratory phase has been shown to influence higher-frequency oscillations associated with cognitive functions, including attention and memory, such as the power of γ-rhythms and the timing of hippocampal sharp wave ripples. These new findings support respiration's role in cognitive function, which is supported by studies in human subjects, in which nasal respiration has been linked to memory processes. Here, we review recent reports from human and rodent experiments that link respiration to the modulation of memory function and the neurophysiological processes involved in memory in rodents and humans. We argue that respiratory influence on the neuronal activity of two key memory structures, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, provides a potential neuronal mechanism behind respiratory modulation of memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
| | - Robert Kozma
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Leslie M Kay
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McAfee SS, Liu Y, Dhamala M, Heck DH. Thalamocortical Communication in the Awake Mouse Visual System Involves Phase Synchronization and Rhythmic Spike Synchrony at High Gamma Frequencies. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:837. [PMID: 30524224 PMCID: PMC6262025 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neocortex, communication between neurons is heavily influenced by the activity of the surrounding network, with communication efficacy increasing when population patterns are oscillatory and coherent. Less is known about whether coherent oscillations are essential for conveyance of thalamic input to the neocortex in awake animals. Here we investigated whether visual-evoked oscillations and spikes in the primary visual cortex (V1) were aligned with those in the visual thalamus (dLGN). Using simultaneous recordings of visual-evoked activity in V1 and dLGN we demonstrate that thalamocortical communication involves synchronized local field potential oscillations in the high gamma range (50-90 Hz) which correspond uniquely to precise dLGN-V1 spike synchrony. These results provide evidence of a role for high gamma oscillations in mediating thalamocortical communication in the visual pathway of mice, analogous to beta oscillations in primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S McAfee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Mukesh Dhamala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ashbrook DG, Roy S, Clifford BG, Riede T, Scattoni ML, Heck DH, Lu L, Williams RW. Born to Cry: A Genetic Dissection of Infant Vocalization. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:250. [PMID: 30420800 PMCID: PMC6216097 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant vocalizations are one of the most fundamental and innate forms of behavior throughout avian and mammalian orders. They have a critical role in motivating parental care and contribute significantly to fitness and reproductive success. Dysregulation of these vocalizations has been reported to predict risk of central nervous system pathologies such as hypoxia, meningitis, or autism spectrum disorder. Here, we have used the expanded BXD family of mice, and a diallel cross between DBA/2J and C57BL/6J parental strains, to begin the process of genetically dissecting the numerous facets of infant vocalizations. We calculate heritability, estimate the role of parent-of-origin effects, and identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) on postnatal days 7, 8, and 9; a stage that closely matches human infants at birth. Heritability estimates for the number and frequency of calls are low, suggesting that these traits are under high selective pressure. In contrast, duration and amplitude of calls have higher heritabilities, indicating lower selection, or their importance for kin recognition. We find suggestive evidence that amplitude of infant calls is dependent on the maternal genotype, independent of shared genetic variants. Finally, we identify two loci on Chrs 2 and 14 influencing call frequency, and a third locus on Chr 8 influencing the amplitude of vocalizations. All three loci contain strong candidate genes that merit further analysis. Understanding the genetic control of infant vocalizations is not just important for understanding the evolution of parent–offspring interactions, but also in understanding the earliest innate behaviors, the development of parent–offspring relations, and the early identification of behavioral abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David George Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Snigdha Roy
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Brittany G Clifford
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Tobias Riede
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The brain contains a large diversity of unique cell types that use specific genetic programs to control development and instruct the intricate wiring of sensory, motor, and cognitive brain regions. In addition to their cellular diversity and specialized connectivity maps, each region's dedicated function is also expressed in their characteristic gross external morphologies. The folds on the surface of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are classic examples. But, to what extent does structure relate to function and at what spatial scale? We discuss the mechanisms that sculpt functional brain maps and external morphologies. We also contrast the cryptic structural defects in conditions such as autism spectrum disorders to the overt microcephaly after Zika infections, taking into consideration that both diseases disrupt proper cognitive development. The data indicate that dynamic processes shape all brain areas to fit into jigsaw-like patterns. The patterns in each region reflect circuit connectivity, which ultimately supports local signal processing and accomplishes multi-areal integration of information processing to optimize brain functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth P. Lackey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lackey EP, Heck DH, Sillitoe RV. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of cerebellar granule cell development and function and their contribution to behavior. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30109024 PMCID: PMC6069759 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15021.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is the focus of an emergent series of debates because its circuitry is now thought to encode an unexpected level of functional diversity. The flexibility that is built into the cerebellar circuit allows it to participate not only in motor behaviors involving coordination, learning, and balance but also in non-motor behaviors such as cognition, emotion, and spatial navigation. In accordance with the cerebellum’s diverse functional roles, when these circuits are altered because of disease or injury, the behavioral outcomes range from neurological conditions such as ataxia, dystonia, and tremor to neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Two major questions arise: what types of cells mediate these normal and abnormal processes, and how might they accomplish these seemingly disparate functions? The tiny but numerous cerebellar granule cells may hold answers to these questions. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding how the granule cell lineage arises in the embryo and how a stem cell niche that replenishes granule cells influences wiring when the postnatal cerebellum is injured. We discuss how precisely coordinated developmental programs, gene expression patterns, and epigenetic mechanisms determine the formation of synapses that integrate multi-modal inputs onto single granule cells. These data lead us to consider how granule cell synaptic heterogeneity promotes sensorimotor and non-sensorimotor signals in behaving animals. We discuss evidence that granule cells use ultrafast neurotransmission that can operate at kilohertz frequencies. Together, these data inspire an emerging view for how granule cells contribute to the shaping of complex animal behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Varga S, Heck DH. Rhythms of the body, rhythms of the brain: Respiration, neural oscillations, and embodied cognition. Conscious Cogn 2018; 56:77-90. [PMID: 29073509 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In spite of its importance as a life-defining rhythmic movement and its constant rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the body, respiration has not received attention in Embodied Cognition (EC) literature. Our paper aims to show that (1) respiration exerts significant and unexpected influence on cognitive processes, and (2) it does so by modulating neural synchronization that underlies specific cognitive processes. Then, (3) we suggest that the particular example of respiration may function as a model for a general mechanism through which the body influences cognitive functioning. Finally, (4) we work out the implications for EC, draw a parallel to the role of gesture, and argue that respiration sometimes plays a double, pragmatic and epistemic, role, which reduces the cognitive load. In such cases, consistent with EC, the overall cognitive activity includes a loop-like interaction between neural and non-neural elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somogy Varga
- Dept. of Philosophy, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States.
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cao Y, Liu Y, Jaeger D, Heck DH. Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Generate Highly Correlated Spontaneous Slow-Rate Fluctuations. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:67. [PMID: 28979195 PMCID: PMC5611370 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC) fire action potentials at high, sustained rates. Changes in spike rate that last a few tens of milliseconds encode sensory and behavioral events. Here we investigated spontaneous fluctuations of PC simple spike rate at a slow time scale of the order of 1 s. Simultaneous recordings from pairs of PCs that were aligned either along the sagittal or transversal axis of the cerebellar cortex revealed that simple spike rate fluctuations at the 1 s time scale were highly correlated. Each pair of PCs had either a predominantly positive or negative slow-rate correlation, with negative correlations observed only in PC pairs aligned along the transversal axis. Slow-rate correlations were independent of faster rate changes that were correlated with fluid licking behavior. Simultaneous recordings from PCs and cerebellar nuclear (CN) neurons showed that slow-rate fluctuations in PC and CN activity were also highly correlated, but their correlations continually alternated between periods of positive and negative correlation. The functional significance of this new aspect of cerebellar spike activity remains to be determined. Correlated slow-rate fluctuations seem too slow to be involved in the real-time control of ongoing behavior. However, slow-rate fluctuations of PCs converging on the same CN neuron are likely to modulate the excitability of the CN neuron, thus introduce a possible slow modulation of cerebellar output activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, United States
| | - Dieter Jaeger
- Department of Biology, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, United States
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Y, McAfee SS, Heck DH. Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples in awake mice are entrained by respiration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8950. [PMID: 28827599 PMCID: PMC5566471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have shown that respiration modulates oscillatory neuronal activity in the neocortex and hippocampus on a cycle-by-cycle basis. It was suggested that this respiratory influence on neuronal activity affects cognitive functions, including memory. Sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) are high-frequency local field potential activity patterns characteristic for the hippocampus and implicated in memory consolidation and recall. Here we show that the timing of SWR events is modulated by the respiratory cycle, with a significantly increased probability of SWRs during the early expiration phase. This influence of respiration on SWR occurrence was eliminated when olfactory bulb activity was inhibited. Our findings represent a possible neuronal mechanism for a direct influence of the respiratory cycle on memory function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Samuel S McAfee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rubchinsky LL, Ahn S, Klijn W, Cumming B, Yates S, Karakasis V, Peyser A, Woodman M, Diaz-Pier S, Deraeve J, Vassena E, Alexander W, Beeman D, Kudela P, Boatman-Reich D, Anderson WS, Luque NR, Naveros F, Carrillo RR, Ros E, Arleo A, Huth J, Ichinose K, Park J, Kawai Y, Suzuki J, Mori H, Asada M, Oprisan SA, Dave AI, Babaie T, Robinson P, Tabas A, Andermann M, Rupp A, Balaguer-Ballester E, Lindén H, Christensen RK, Nakamura M, Barkat TR, Tosi Z, Beggs J, Lonardoni D, Boi F, Di Marco S, Maccione A, Berdondini L, Jędrzejewska-Szmek J, Dorman DB, Blackwell KT, Bauermeister C, Keren H, Braun J, Dornas JV, Mavritsaki E, Aldrovandi S, Bridger E, Lim S, Brunel N, Buchin A, Kerr CC, Chizhov A, Huberfeld G, Miles R, Gutkin B, Spencer MJ, Meffin H, Grayden DB, Burkitt AN, Davey CE, Tao L, Tiruvadi V, Ali R, Mayberg H, Butera R, Gunay C, Lamb D, Calabrese RL, Doloc-Mihu A, López-Madrona VJ, Matias FS, Pereda E, Mirasso CR, Canals S, Geminiani A, Pedrocchi A, D’Angelo E, Casellato C, Chauhan A, Soman K, Srinivasa Chakravarthy V, Muddapu VR, Chuang CC, Chen NY, Bayati M, Melchior J, Wiskott L, Azizi AH, Diba K, Cheng S, Smirnova EY, Yakimova EG, Chizhov AV, Chen NY, Shih CT, Florescu D, Coca D, Courtiol J, Jirsa VK, Covolan RJM, Teleńczuk B, Kempter R, Curio G, Destexhe A, Parker J, Klishko AN, Prilutsky BI, Cymbalyuk G, Franke F, Hierlemann A, da Silveira RA, Casali S, Masoli S, Rizza M, Rizza MF, Masoli S, Sun Y, Wong W, Farzan F, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Popovych S, Viswanathan S, Rosjat N, Grefkes C, Daun S, Gentiletti D, Suffczynski P, Gnatkovski V, De Curtis M, Lee H, Paik SB, Choi W, Jang J, Park Y, Song JH, Song M, Pallarés V, Gilson M, Kühn S, Insabato A, Deco G, Glomb K, Ponce-Alvarez A, Ritter P, Gilson M, Campo AT, Thiele A, Deeba F, Robinson PA, van Albada SJ, Rowley A, Hopkins M, Schmidt M, Stokes AB, Lester DR, Furber S, Diesmann M, Barri A, Wiechert MT, DiGregorio DA, Dimitrov AG, Vich C, Berg RW, Guillamon A, Ditlevsen S, Cazé RD, Girard B, Doncieux S, Doyon N, Boahen F, Desrosiers P, Laurence E, Doyon N, Dubé LJ, Eleonora R, Durstewitz D, Schmidt D, Mäki-Marttunen T, Krull F, Bettella F, Metzner C, Devor A, Djurovic S, Dale AM, Andreassen OA, Einevoll GT, Næss S, Ness TV, Halnes G, Halgren E, Halnes G, Mäki-Marttunen T, Pettersen KH, Andreassen OA, Sætra MJ, Hagen E, Schiffer A, Grzymisch A, Persike M, Ernst U, Harnack D, Ernst UA, Tomen N, Zucca S, Pasquale V, Pica G, Molano-Mazón M, Chiappalone M, Panzeri S, Fellin T, Oie KS, Boothe DL, Crone JC, Yu AB, Felton MA, Zulfiqar I, Moerel M, De Weerd P, Formisano E, Boothe DL, Crone JC, Felton MA, Oie K, Franaszczuk P, Diggelmann R, Fiscella M, Hierlemann A, Franke F, Guarino D, Antolík J, Davison AP, Frègnac Y, Etienne BX, Frohlich F, Lefebvre J, Marcos E, Mattia M, Genovesio A, Fedorov LA, Dijkstra TM, Sting L, Hock H, Giese MA, Buhry L, Langlet C, Giovannini F, Verbist C, Salvadé S, Giugliano M, Henderson JA, Wernecke H, Sándor B, Gros C, Voges N, Dabrovska P, Riehle A, Brochier T, Grün S, Gu Y, Gong P, Dumont G, Novikov NA, Gutkin BS, Tewatia P, Eriksson O, Kramer A, Santos J, Jauhiainen A, Kotaleski JH, Belić JJ, Kumar A, Kotaleski JH, Shimono M, Hatano N, Ahmad S, Cui Y, Hawkins J, Senk J, Korvasová K, Tetzlaff T, Helias M, Kühn T, Denker M, Mana P, Grün S, Dahmen D, Schuecker J, Goedeke S, Keup C, Goedeke S, Heuer K, Bakker R, Tiesinga P, Toro R, Qin W, Hadjinicolaou A, Grayden DB, Ibbotson MR, Kameneva T, Lytton WW, Mulugeta L, Drach A, Myers JG, Horner M, Vadigepalli R, Morrison T, Walton M, Steele M, Anthony Hunt C, Tam N, Amaducci R, Muñiz C, Reyes-Sánchez M, Rodríguez FB, Varona P, Cronin JT, Hennig MH, Iavarone E, Yi J, Shi Y, Zandt BJ, Van Geit W, Rössert C, Markram H, Hill S, O’Reilly C, Iavarone E, Shi Y, Perin R, Lu H, Zandt BJ, Bryson A, Rössert C, Hadrava M, Hlinka J, Hosaka R, Olenik M, Houghton C, Iannella N, Launey T, Kameneva T, Kotsakidis R, Meffin H, Soriano J, Kubo T, Inoue T, Kida H, Yamakawa T, Suzuki M, Ikeda K, Abbasi S, Hudson AE, Heck DH, Jaeger D, Lee J, Abbasi S, Janušonis S, Saggio ML, Spiegler A, Stacey WC, Bernard C, Lillo D, Bernard C, Petkoski S, Spiegler A, Drakesmith M, Jones DK, Zadeh AS, Kambhampati C, Karbowski J, Kaya ZG, Lakretz Y, Treves A, Li LW, Lizier J, Kerr CC, Masquelier T, Kheradpisheh SR, Kim H, Kim CS, Marakshina JA, Vartanov AV, Neklyudova AA, Kozlovskiy SA, Kiselnikov AA, Taniguchi K, Kitano K, Schmitt O, Lessmann F, Schwanke S, Eipert P, Meinhardt J, Beier J, Kadir K, Karnitzki A, Sellner L, Klünker AC, Kuch L, Ruß F, Jenssen J, Wree A, Sanz-Leon P, Knock SA, Chien SC, Maess B, Knösche TR, Cohen CC, Popovic MA, Klooster J, Kole MH, Roberts EA, Kopell NJ, Kepple D, Giaffar H, Rinberg D, Koulakov A, Forlim CG, Klock L, Bächle J, Stoll L, Giemsa P, Fuchs M, Schoofs N, Montag C, Gallinat J, Lee RX, Stephens GJ, Kuhn B, Tauffer L, Isope P, Inoue K, Ohmura Y, Yonekura S, Kuniyoshi Y, Jang HJ, Kwag J, de Kamps M, Lai YM, dos Santos F, Lam KP, Andras P, Imperatore J, Helms J, Tompa T, Lavin A, Inkpen FH, Ashby MC, Lepora NF, Shifman AR, Lewis JE, Zhang Z, Feng Y, Tetzlaff C, Kulvicius T, Li Y, Pena RFO, Bernardi D, Roque AC, Lindner B, Bernardi D, Vellmer S, Saudargiene A, Maninen T, Havela R, Linne ML, Powanwe A, Longtin A, Naveros F, Garrido JA, Graham JW, Dura-Bernal S, Angulo SL, Neymotin SA, Antic SD. 26th Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting (CNS*2017): Part 2. BMC Neurosci 2017. [PMCID: PMC5592442 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
23
|
Abbasi S, Hudson AE, Maran SK, Cao Y, Abbasi A, Heck DH, Jaeger D. Robust transmission of rate coding in the inhibitory Purkinje cell to cerebellar nuclei pathway in awake mice. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005578. [PMID: 28617798 PMCID: PMC5491311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural coding through inhibitory projection pathways remains poorly understood. We analyze the transmission properties of the Purkinje cell (PC) to cerebellar nucleus (CN) pathway in a modeling study using a data set recorded in awake mice containing respiratory rate modulation. We find that inhibitory transmission from tonically active PCs can transmit a behavioral rate code with high fidelity. We parameterized the required population code in PC activity and determined that 20% of PC inputs to a full compartmental CN neuron model need to be rate-comodulated for transmission of a rate code. Rate covariance in PC inputs also accounts for the high coefficient of variation in CN spike trains, while the balance between excitation and inhibition determines spike rate and local spike train variability. Overall, our modeling study can fully account for observed spike train properties of cerebellar output in awake mice, and strongly supports rate coding in the cerebellum. Detailed computer simulations of biological neurons can make an important contribution to our understanding of how the brain works. In this paper we use such a model of a neuron that represents the output from the cerebellum. We can show that the inhibition this neuron type receives from Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex is well suited to pass a detailed time course of movement control to the output of the cerebellum. Importantly we find that this type of coding requires a population of Purkinje cells that pass the same temporal coding of spike rate to the output neurons in the cerebellar nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Abbasi
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Amber E. Hudson
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Selva K. Maran
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ataollah Abbasi
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dieter Jaeger
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Heck DH, McAfee SS, Liu Y, Babajani-Feremi A, Rezaie R, Freeman WJ, Wheless JW, Papanicolaou AC, Ruszinkó M, Sokolov Y, Kozma R. Breathing as a Fundamental Rhythm of Brain Function. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 10:115. [PMID: 28127277 PMCID: PMC5226946 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing fluctuations of neuronal activity have long been considered intrinsic noise that introduces unavoidable and unwanted variability into neuronal processing, which the brain eliminates by averaging across population activity (Georgopoulos et al., 1986; Lee et al., 1988; Shadlen and Newsome, 1994; Maynard et al., 1999). It is now understood, that the seemingly random fluctuations of cortical activity form highly structured patterns, including oscillations at various frequencies, that modulate evoked neuronal responses (Arieli et al., 1996; Poulet and Petersen, 2008; He, 2013) and affect sensory perception (Linkenkaer-Hansen et al., 2004; Boly et al., 2007; Sadaghiani et al., 2009; Vinnik et al., 2012; Palva et al., 2013). Ongoing cortical activity is driven by proprioceptive and interoceptive inputs. In addition, it is partially intrinsically generated in which case it may be related to mental processes (Fox and Raichle, 2007; Deco et al., 2011). Here we argue that respiration, via multiple sensory pathways, contributes a rhythmic component to the ongoing cortical activity. We suggest that this rhythmic activity modulates the temporal organization of cortical neurodynamics, thereby linking higher cortical functions to the process of breathing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Samuel S McAfee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Abbas Babajani-Feremi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Neuroscience InstituteMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Roozbeh Rezaie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Neuroscience Institute Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Walter J Freeman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Neurobiology, University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James W Wheless
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Neuroscience Institute Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew C Papanicolaou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Neuroscience InstituteMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Miklós Ruszinkó
- Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yury Sokolov
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Memphis Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert Kozma
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of MemphisMemphis, TN, USA; Department Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Heck DH, De Zeeuw CI, Jaeger D, Khodakhah K, Person AL. The neuronal code(s) of the cerebellum. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17603-9. [PMID: 24198351 PMCID: PMC3818542 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2759-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how neurons encode information in sequences of action potentials is of fundamental importance to neuroscience. The cerebellum is widely recognized for its involvement in the coordination of movements, which requires muscle activation patterns to be controlled with millisecond precision. Understanding how cerebellar neurons accomplish such high temporal precision is critical to understanding cerebellar function. Inhibitory Purkinje cells, the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, and their postsynaptic target neurons in the cerebellar nuclei, fire action potentials at high, sustained frequencies, suggesting spike rate modulation as a possible code. Yet, millisecond precise spatiotemporal spike activity patterns in Purkinje cells and inferior olivary neurons have also been observed. These results and ongoing studies suggest that the neuronal code used by cerebellar neurons may span a wide time scale from millisecond precision to slow rate modulations, likely depending on the behavioral context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Jaeger
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, and
| | - Abigail L. Person
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lu L, Cao Y, Tokita K, Heck DH, Boughter JD. Medial cerebellar nuclear projections and activity patterns link cerebellar output to orofacial and respiratory behavior. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:56. [PMID: 23565078 PMCID: PMC3613706 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that the cerebellum plays an important role in coordinating both respiratory and orofacial movements. However, the pathway by which the cerebellum engages brainstem substrates underlying these movements is not well understood. We used tract-tracing techniques in mice to show that neurons in the medial deep cerebellar nucleus (mDCN) project directly to these putative substrates. Injection of an anterograde tracer into the mDCN produced terminal labeling in the ventromedial medullary reticular formation, which was stronger on the contralateral side. Correspondingly, injection of retrograde tracers into these same areas resulted in robust neuronal cell labeling in the contralateral mDCN. Moreover, injection of two retrograde tracers at different rostral-caudal brainstem levels resulted in a subset of double-labeled cells, indicating that single mDCN neurons collateralize to multiple substrates. Using an awake and behaving recording preparation, we show that spiking activity in mDCN neurons is correlated with respiratory and orofacial behaviors, including whisking and fluid licking. Almost half of the recorded neurons showed activity correlated with more than one behavior, suggesting that these neurons may in fact modulate multiple brainstem substrates. Collectively, these results describe a potential pathway through which the cerebellum could modulate and coordinate respiratory and orofacial behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianyi Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heck DH, Gu W, Cao Y, Qi S, Lacaria M, Lupski JR. Opposing phenotypes in mice with Smith-Magenis deletion and Potocki-Lupski duplication syndromes suggest gene dosage effects on fluid consumption behavior. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2807-14. [PMID: 22991245 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative long-term fluid consumption and fluid-licking assay was performed in two mouse models with either an ∼2 Mb genomic deletion, Df(11)17, or the reciprocal duplication copy number variation (CNV), Dp(11)17, analogous to the human genomic rearrangements causing either Smith-Magenis syndrome [SMS; OMIM #182290] or Potocki-Lupski syndrome [PTLS; OMIM #610883], respectively. Both mouse strains display distinct quantitative alterations in fluid consumption compared to their wild-type littermates; several of these changes are diametrically opposing between the two chromosome engineered mouse models. Mice with duplication versus deletion showed longer versus shorter intervals between visits to the waterspout, generated more versus less licks per visit and had higher versus lower variability in the number of licks per lick-burst as compared to their respective wild-type littermates. These findings suggest that copy number variation can affect long-term fluid consumption behavior in mice. Other behavioral differences were unique for either the duplication or deletion mutants; the deletion CNV resulted in increased variability of the licking rhythm, and the duplication CNV resulted in a significant slowing of the licking rhythm. Our findings document a readily quantitated complex behavioral response that can be directly and reciprocally influenced by a gene dosage effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fatemi SH, Aldinger KA, Ashwood P, Bauman ML, Blaha CD, Blatt GJ, Chauhan A, Chauhan V, Dager SR, Dickson PE, Estes AM, Goldowitz D, Heck DH, Kemper TL, King BH, Martin LA, Millen KJ, Mittleman G, Mosconi MW, Persico AM, Sweeney JA, Webb SJ, Welsh JP. Consensus paper: pathological role of the cerebellum in autism. Cerebellum 2012; 11:777-807. [PMID: 22370873 PMCID: PMC3677555 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant advancement in various aspects of scientific knowledge concerning the role of cerebellum in the etiopathogenesis of autism. In the current consensus paper, we will observe the diversity of opinions regarding the involvement of this important site in the pathology of autism. Recent emergent findings in literature related to cerebellar involvement in autism are discussed, including: cerebellar pathology, cerebellar imaging and symptom expression in autism, cerebellar genetics, cerebellar immune function, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and oxytocin-related changes in autism, motor control and cognitive deficits, cerebellar coordination of movements and cognition, gene-environment interactions, therapeutics in autism, and relevant animal models of autism. Points of consensus include presence of abnormal cerebellar anatomy, abnormal neurotransmitter systems, oxidative stress, cerebellar motor and cognitive deficits, and neuroinflammation in subjects with autism. Undefined areas or areas requiring further investigation include lack of treatment options for core symptoms of autism, vermal hypoplasia, and other vermal abnormalities as a consistent feature of autism, mechanisms underlying cerebellar contributions to cognition, and unknown mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hossein Fatemi
- University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Heck DH, Lu L. The social life of neurons: synaptic communication deficits as a common denominator of autism, schizophrenia, and other cognitive disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:173-4. [PMID: 22792880 PMCID: PMC3417140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Boughter JD, Mulligan MK, St John SJ, Tokita K, Lu L, Heck DH, Williams RW. Genetic control of a central pattern generator: rhythmic oromotor movement in mice is controlled by a major locus near Atp1a2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38169. [PMID: 22675444 PMCID: PMC3364982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid licking in mice is a rhythmic behavior that is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG) located in a complex of brainstem nuclei. C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains differ significantly in water-restricted licking, with a highly heritable difference in rates (h(2)≥0.62) and a corresponding 20% difference in interlick interval (mean ± SEM = 116.3±1 vs 95.4±1.1 ms). We systematically quantified motor output in these strains, their F(1) hybrids, and a set of 64 BXD progeny strains. The mean primary interlick interval (MPI) varied continuously among progeny strains. We detected a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) for a CPG controlling lick rate on Chr 1 (Lick1), and a suggestive locus on Chr 10 (Lick10). Linkage was verified by testing of B6.D2-1D congenic stock in which a segment of Chr 1 of the D2 strain was introgressed onto the B6 parent. The Lick1 interval on distal Chr 1 contains several strong candidate genes. One of these is a sodium/potassium pump subunit (Atp1a2) with widespread expression in astrocytes, as well as in a restricted population of neurons. Both this subunit and the entire Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase molecule have been implicated in rhythmogenesis for respiration and locomotion. Sequence variants in or near Apt1a2 strongly modulate expression of the cognate mRNA in multiple brain regions. This gene region has recently been sequenced exhaustively and we have cataloged over 300 non-coding and synonymous mutations segregating among BXD strains, one or more of which is likely to contribute to differences in central pattern generator tempo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Boughter
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shires CB, Saputra JM, King L, Thompson JW, Heck DH, Sebelik ME, Boughter JD. Histopathological and postoperative behavioral comparison of rodent oral tongue resection: fiber-enabled CO2 laser versus electrocautery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 147:716-21. [PMID: 22535916 DOI: 10.1177/0194599812445559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare operative time and hemostasis of fiber-enabled CO(2) laser (FECL) energy to that of the electrocautery (EC) technique for oral tongue resection, to compare return to oral intake and preoperative weight after FECL and EC resection, and to compare histologic changes in adjacent tissue after FECL and EC resection. STUDY DESIGN Prospective animal study. SETTING Research laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The CO(2) laser fiber and the Bovie cautery were each used to resect the anterior tongue in 15 adult rats. Fixative perfusion and killing were performed on postoperative day 0 (n = 10), 3 (n = 10), or 7 (n = 10). Body weight, food intake, and water intake were recorded daily for 3- and 7-day survival rats. After preparation for histologic analysis, the tongue tissue was graded with a mucosal wound-healing scale (MWHS). RESULTS A higher incidence of intraoperative bleeding and shorter operative times were noted in the EC group. No statistically significant difference in postoperative food or water intake between the EC and FECL groups was noted. The FECL group returned to baseline weight by postoperative day 6. MWHS scores were lower in the EC group by postoperative day 3 and lower in the FECL group by postoperative day 7. CONCLUSIONS Both EC and FECL are effective for resection of the tongue in rats. EC has the advantage of shorter operative time and lower MWHS scores by postoperative day 3; FECL has the advantages of less intraoperative bleeding, faster return to baseline body weight, and lower MWHS score by postoperative day 7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B Shires
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jerome J, Heck DH. The age of enlightenment: evolving opportunities in brain research through optical manipulation of neuronal activity. Front Syst Neurosci 2012; 5:95. [PMID: 22275886 PMCID: PMC3257845 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical manipulation of neuronal activity has rapidly developed into the most powerful and widely used approach to study mechanisms related to neuronal connectivity over a range of scales. Since the early use of single site uncaging to map network connectivity, rapid technological development of light modulation techniques has added important new options, such as fast scanning photostimulation, massively parallel control of light stimuli, holographic uncaging, and two-photon stimulation techniques. Exciting new developments in optogenetics complement neurotransmitter uncaging techniques by providing cell-type specificity and in vivo usability, providing optical access to the neural substrates of behavior. Here we review the rapid evolution of methods for the optical manipulation of neuronal activity, emphasizing crucial recent developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Jerome
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Roy S, Zhao Y, Allensworth M, Farook MF, LeDoux MS, Reiter LT, Heck DH. Comprehensive motor testing in Fmr1-KO mice exposes temporal defects in oromotor coordination. Behav Neurosci 2011; 125:962-9. [PMID: 22004265 DOI: 10.1037/a0025920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS; MIM #300624), a well-recognized form of inherited human mental retardation is caused, in most cases, by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5'-untranslated region of FMR1, resulting in reduced expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Clinical features include macroorchidism, anxiety, mental retardation, motor coordination, and speech articulation deficits. The Fmr1 knockout (Fmr1-KO) mouse, a mouse model for FXS, has been shown to replicate the macroorchidism, cognitive deficits, and neuroanatomical abnormalities found in human FXS. Here we asked whether Fmr1-KO mice also display appendicular and oromotor deficits comparable to the ataxia and dysarthric speech seen in FXS patients. We employed standard motor tests for balance and appendicular motor coordination, and used a novel long-term fluid-licking assay to investigate oromotor function in Fmr1-KO mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Fmr1-KO mice performed equally well as their WT littermates on standard motor tests, with the exception of a raised-beam task. However, Fmr1-KO mice had a significantly slower licking rhythm than their WT littermates. Deficits in rhythmic fluid-licking in Fmr1-KO mice have been linked to cerebellar pathologies. It is believed that balance and motor coordination deficits in FXS patients are caused by cerebellar neurophathologies. The neuronal bases of speech articulation deficits in FXS patients are currently unknown. It is yet to be established whether similar neuronal circuits control rhythmic fluid-licking pattern in mice and speech articulation movement in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Roy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jerome J, Foehring RC, Armstrong WE, Spain WJ, Heck DH. Parallel optical control of spatiotemporal neuronal spike activity using high-speed digital light processing. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:70. [PMID: 21904526 PMCID: PMC3161245 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the mammalian neocortex receive inputs from and communicate back to thousands of other neurons, creating complex spatiotemporal activity patterns. The experimental investigation of these parallel dynamic interactions has been limited due to the technical challenges of monitoring or manipulating neuronal activity at that level of complexity. Here we describe a new massively parallel photostimulation system that can be used to control action potential firing in in vitro brain slices with high spatial and temporal resolution while performing extracellular or intracellular electrophysiological measurements. The system uses digital light processing technology to generate 2-dimensional (2D) stimulus patterns with >780,000 independently controlled photostimulation sites that operate at high spatial (5.4 μm) and temporal (>13 kHz) resolution. Light is projected through the quartz–glass bottom of the perfusion chamber providing access to a large area (2.76 mm × 2.07 mm) of the slice preparation. This system has the unique capability to induce temporally precise action potential firing in large groups of neurons distributed over a wide area covering several cortical columns. Parallel photostimulation opens up new opportunities for the in vitro experimental investigation of spatiotemporal neuronal interactions at a broad range of anatomical scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Jerome
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fucke T, Suchanek D, Nawrot MP, Seamari Y, Heck DH, Aertsen A, Boucsein C. Stereotypical spatiotemporal activity patterns during slow-wave activity in the neocortex. J Neurophysiol 2011; 106:3035-44. [PMID: 21849616 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00811.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternating epochs of activity and silence are a characteristic feature of neocortical networks during certain sleep cycles and deep states of anesthesia. The mechanism and functional role of these slow oscillations (<1 Hz) have not yet been fully characterized. Experimental and theoretical studies show that slow-wave oscillations can be generated autonomously by neocortical tissue but become more regular through a thalamo-cortical feedback loop. Evidence for a functional role of slow-wave activity comes from EEG recordings in humans during sleep, which show that activity travels as stereotypical waves over the entire brain, thought to play a role in memory consolidation. We used an animal model to investigate activity wave propagation on a smaller scale, namely within the rat somatosensory cortex. Signals from multiple extracellular microelectrodes in combination with one intracellular recording in the anesthetized animal in vivo were utilized to monitor the spreading of activity. We found that activity propagation in most animals showed a clear preferred direction, suggesting that it often originated from a similar location in the cortex. In addition, the breakdown of active states followed a similar pattern with slightly weaker direction preference but a clear correlation to the direction of activity spreading, supporting the notion of a wave-like phenomenon similar to that observed after strong sensory stimulation in sensory areas. Taken together, our findings support the idea that activity waves during slow-wave sleep do not occur spontaneously at random locations within the network, as was suggested previously, but follow preferred synaptic pathways on a small spatial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fucke
- Neurobiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rogers TD, Dickson PE, Heck DH, Goldowitz D, Mittleman G, Blaha CD. Connecting the dots of the cerebro-cerebellar role in cognitive function: neuronal pathways for cerebellar modulation of dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex. Synapse 2011; 65:1204-12. [PMID: 21638338 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar involvement in autism, schizophrenia, and other cognitive disorders is typically associated with prefrontal cortical pathology. However, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are largely unknown. It has previously been shown in mice that stimulation of the dentate nucleus (DN) of the cerebellum evokes dopamine (DA) release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we investigated the neuronal circuitry by which the cerebellum modulates mPFC DA release. Fixed potential amperometry was used to determine the contribution of two candidate pathways by which the cerebellum may modulate mPFC DA release. In urethane anesthetized mice, DA release evoked by DN stimulation (50 Hz) was recorded in mPFC following local anesthetic lidocaine (0.02 μg) or ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate (0.5 μg) infusions into the mediodorsal or ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (ThN md; ThN vl), or the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Following intra-VTA lidocaine or kynurenate infusions, DA release was decreased by ∼50%. Following intra-ThN md and ThN vl infusions of either drug, DA release was decreased by ∼35% and 15%, respectively. Reductions in DA release following lidocaine or kynurenate infusions were not significantly different indicating that neuronal cells in the VTA and ThN were activated primarily if not entirely by glutamatergic inputs. The present study suggests that neuropathological changes in the cerebellum commonly observed in autism, schizophrenia, and other cognitive disorders could result in a loss of functionality of cerebellar-mPFC circuitry that is manifested as aberrant dopaminergic activity in the mPFC. Additionally, these results specifically implicate glutamate as a modulator of mPFC dopaminergic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany D Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Roy S, Bryant JL, Cao Y, Heck DH. High-precision, three-dimensional tracking of mouse whisker movements with optical motion capture technology. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:27. [PMID: 21713124 PMCID: PMC3113147 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mystacial vibrissae or whiskers in rodents are sensitive tactile hairs emerging from both sides of the face. Rats and mice actively move these whiskers during exploration. The neuronal mechanisms controlling whisker movements and the sensory representation of whisker tactile information are widely studied as a model for sensorimotor processing in mammals. Studies of the natural whisker movement patterns during exploration and tactile examination are still in their early stages. Tracking the movements of whiskers is technically challenging as they move relatively fast and are very thin, particularly in mice. Existing systems detect light-beam interruptions by the whiskers or use high-speed video to track whisker movements in one or two-dimensions. Here we describe a method for tracking the movements of mouse whiskers in three-dimensions (3D) using optical motion capture technology (OMCT). OMCT tracks the movements of small retro-reflective markers attached to whiskers of a head-fixed mouse with a spatial resolution of <0.5 mm in all 3D and a temporal resolution of 5 ms (200 fps). The system stores the 3D coordinates of the marker's trajectories onto hard disk allowing a detailed analysis of movement trajectories bilateral coordination. The described method currently uses the minimum of two tracking cameras, which requires head-fixation for reliable tracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Roy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Allensworth M, Saha A, Reiter LT, Heck DH. Normal social seeking behavior, hypoactivity and reduced exploratory range in a mouse model of Angelman syndrome. BMC Genet 2011; 12:7. [PMID: 21235769 PMCID: PMC3025901 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by severe developmental delay with mental retardation, a generally happy disposition, ataxia and characteristic behaviors such as inappropriate laughter, social-seeking behavior and hyperactivity. The majority of AS cases are due to loss of the maternal copy of the UBE3A gene. Maternal Ube3a deficiency (Ube3a m-/p+), as well as complete loss of Ube3a expression (Ube3a m-/p-), have been reproduced in the mouse model used here. RESULTS Here we asked if two characteristic AS phenotypes - social-seeking behavior and hyperactivity - are reproduced in the Ube3a deficient mouse model of AS. We quantified social-seeking behavior as time spent in close proximity to a stranger mouse and activity as total time spent moving during exploration, movement speed and total length of the exploratory path. Mice of all three genotypes (Ube3a m+/p+, Ube3a m-/p+, Ube3a m-/p-) were tested and found to spend the same amount of time in close proximity to the stranger, indicating that Ube3a deficiency in mice does not result in increased social seeking behavior or social dis-inhibition. Also, Ube3a deficient mice were hypoactive compared to their wild-type littermates as shown by significantly lower levels of activity, slower movement velocities, shorter exploratory paths and a reduced exploratory range. CONCLUSIONS Although hyperactivity and social-seeking behavior are characteristic phenotypes of Angelman Syndrome in humans, the Ube3a deficient mouse model does not reproduce these phenotypes in comparison to their wild-type littermates. These phenotypic differences may be explained by differences in the size of the genetic defect as ~70% of AS patients have a deletion that includes several other genes surrounding the UBE3A locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melody Allensworth
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38139, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bryant JL, Boughter JD, Gong S, LeDoux MS, Heck DH. Cerebellar cortical output encodes temporal aspects of rhythmic licking movements and is necessary for normal licking frequency. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:41-52. [PMID: 20597972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rodents consume water by performing stereotypic, rhythmic licking movements that are believed to be controlled by brainstem pattern-generating circuits. Previous work has shown that synchronized population activity of inferior olive neurons was phase-locked to the licking rhythm in rats, suggesting a cerebellar involvement in temporal aspects of licking behavior. However, what role the cerebellum has in licking behavior and whether licking is represented in the high-frequency simple spike output of Purkinje cells remains unknown. We recorded Purkinje cell simple and complex spike activity in awake mice during licking, and determined the behavioral consequences of loss of cerebellar function. Mouse cerebellar cortex contained a multifaceted representation of licking behavior encoded in the simple spike activities of Purkinje cells distributed across Crus I, Crus II and lobus simplex of the right cerebellar hemisphere. Lick-related Purkinje cell simple spike activity was modulated rhythmically, phase-locked to the lick rhythm, or non-rhythmically. A subpopulation of lick-related Purkinje cells differentially represented lick interval duration in their simple spike activity. Surgical removal of the cerebellum or temporary pharmacological inactivation of the cerebellar nuclei significantly slowed the licking frequency. Fluid licking was also less efficient in mice with impaired cerebellar function, indicated by a significant decline in the volume per lick fluid intake. The gross licking movement appeared unaffected. Our results suggest a cerebellar role in modulating the frequency of the central pattern-generating circuits controlling fluid licking and in the fine coordination of licking, while contributing little to the coordination of the gross licking movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerí L Bryant
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bryant JL, Roy S, Heck DH. A technique for stereotaxic recordings of neuronal activity in awake, head-restrained mice. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 178:75-9. [PMID: 19073214 PMCID: PMC2728350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurophysiological recordings of brain activity during behavior in awake animals have traditionally been performed in primates because of their evolutionary close relationship to humans and comparable behavioral skills. However, with properly designed behavioral tasks, many fundamental questions about how the brain controls behavior can also be addressed in small rodents. Today, the rapid progress in mouse neurogenetics, including the development of mouse models of human brain disorders, provides unique and unparalleled opportunities for the investigation of normal and pathological brain function. The development of experimental procedures for the recording of neuronal activity in awake and behaving mice is an important and necessary step towards neurophysiological investigation of normal and pathological mouse brain function. Here we describe a method for stereotaxic recordings of neuronal activity from head-restrained mice during fluid licking. Fluid licking is a natural and spontaneous behavior in rodents, which mice readily perform under head-restrained conditions. Using a head-restrained preparation allows recordings of well-isolated single units at multiple sites during repeated experimental sessions. Thus, a large number of neurons can be tested for their relationship with behavior and detailed spatial maps of behavior related neuronal activity can be generated as exemplified here with recordings from lick-related Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeri L. Bryant
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Snigdha Roy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Heck DH, Zhao Y, Roy S, LeDoux MS, Reiter LT. Analysis of cerebellar function in Ube3a-deficient mice reveals novel genotype-specific behaviors. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2181-9. [PMID: 18413322 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a childhood-onset neurogenetic disorder characterized by functionally severe developmental delay with mental retardation, deficits in expressive language, ataxia, appendicular action tremors and unique behaviors such as inappropriate laughter and stimulus-sensitive hyperexcitibility. Most cases of AS are caused by mutations which disrupt expression of maternal UBE3A. Although some progress has been made in understanding hippocampal-related memory and learning aspects of the disorder using Ube3a deficient mice, the numerous motoric abnormalities associated with AS (ataxia, action tremor, dysarthria, dysphagia, sialorrhea and excessive chewing/mouthing behaviors) have not been fully explored with mouse models. Here we use a novel quantifiable analysis of fluid consumption and licking behavior along with a battery of motor tests to examine cerebellar and other motor system defects in Ube3a deficient mice. Mice with a maternally inherited Ube3a deficiency (Ube3a(m-/p+)) show defects in fluid consumption behavior which are different from Ube3a(m-/p-) mice. The rhythm of fluid licking and number of licks per visit were significantly different among the three groups (m-/p-, m-/p+, m+/p+) and indicate that not only was fluid consumption dependent on Ube3a expression in the cerebellum, but may also depend on low levels of Ube3a expression in other brain regions. Additional neurological testing revealed defects in both Ube3a(m-/p+) and Ube3a(m-/p-) mice in rope climbing, grip strength, gait and a raised-beam task. Long-term observation of fluid consumption behavior is the first phenotype reported that differentiates between mice with a maternal loss of function versus complete loss of Ube3a in the brain. The neuronal and molecular mechanisms underlying mouse fluid consumption defects specifically associated with maternally inherited Ube3a deficiency may reveal important new insights into the pathobiology of AS in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, UTHSC, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rodriguez-Molina VM, Aertsen A, Heck DH. Spike timing and reliability in cortical pyramidal neurons: effects of EPSC kinetics, input synchronization and background noise on spike timing. PLoS One 2007; 2:e319. [PMID: 17389910 PMCID: PMC1828624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo studies have shown that neurons in the neocortex can generate action potentials at high temporal precision. The mechanisms controlling timing and reliability of action potential generation in neocortical neurons, however, are still poorly understood. Here we investigated the temporal precision and reliability of spike firing in cortical layer V pyramidal cells at near-threshold membrane potentials. Timing and reliability of spike responses were a function of EPSC kinetics, temporal jitter of population excitatory inputs, and of background synaptic noise. We used somatic current injection to mimic population synaptic input events and measured spike probability and spike time precision (STP), the latter defined as the time window (Δt) holding 80% of response spikes. EPSC rise and decay times were varied over the known physiological spectrum. At spike threshold level, EPSC decay time had a stronger influence on STP than rise time. Generally, STP was highest (≤2.45 ms) in response to synchronous compounds of EPSCs with fast rise and decay kinetics. Compounds with slow EPSC kinetics (decay time constants>6 ms) triggered spikes at lower temporal precision (≥6.58 ms). We found an overall linear relationship between STP and spike delay. The difference in STP between fast and slow compound EPSCs could be reduced by incrementing the amplitude of slow compound EPSCs. The introduction of a temporal jitter to compound EPSCs had a comparatively small effect on STP, with a tenfold increase in jitter resulting in only a five fold decrease in STP. In the presence of simulated synaptic background activity, precisely timed spikes could still be induced by fast EPSCs, but not by slow EPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Rodriguez-Molina
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ad Aertsen
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hayar A, Bryant JL, Boughter JD, Heck DH. A low-cost solution to measure mouse licking in an electrophysiological setup with a standard analog-to-digital converter. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 153:203-7. [PMID: 16364450 PMCID: PMC2366209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Licking behavior in rodents is widely used to determine fluid consumption in various behavioral contexts and is a typical example of rhythmic movement controlled by internal pattern-generating mechanisms. The measurement of licking behavior by commercially available instruments is based on either tongue protrusion interrupting a light beam or on an electrical signal generated by the tongue touching a metal spout. We report here that licking behavior can be measured with high temporal precision by simply connecting a metal sipper tube to the input of a standard analog/digital (A/D) converter and connecting the animal to ground (via a metal cage floor). The signal produced by a single lick consists of a 100-800 mV dc voltage step, which reflects the metal-to-water junction potential and persists for the duration of the tongue-spout contact. This method does not produce any significant electrical artifacts and can be combined with electrophysiological measurements of single unit activity from neurons involved in the control of the licking behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Hayar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite 515, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jeri L. Bryant
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite 515, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - John D. Boughter
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite 515, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite 515, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|