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Melo ML, Fonseca R, Pauli F, Zavan B, Hanemann JAC, Miyazawa M, Caixeta ES, Nacif JLM, Aissa AF, Barreiro EJ, Ionta M. N-acylhydrazone derivative modulates cell cycle regulators promoting mitosis arrest and apoptosis in estrogen positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105686. [PMID: 37652252 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. About 75% of all diagnosed cases are hormone-positive, which are treated with hormone therapy. However, many patients are refractory or become resistant to the drugs used in therapeutic protocols. In this scenario, it is essential to identify new substances with pharmacological potential against breast cancer. VEGFR2 inhibitors are considered promising antitumor agents not only due to their antiangiogenic activity but also by inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of N-acylhydrazone derivative LASSBio-2029 on the proliferative behavior of MCF-7 cells. We observed a promising antitumor potential of this substance due to its ability to modulate critical cell cycle regulators including mitotic kinases (CDK1, AURKA, AURKB, and PLK1) and CDK inhibitor (CDKN1A). Increased frequencies of abnormal mitosis and apoptotic cells were observed in response to treatment. A molecular docking analysis predicts that LASSBio-2029 could bind to the proto-oncoprotein ABL1, which participates in cell cycle control, interacting with other controller proteins and regulating centrosome-associated tubulins. Finally, we created a gene signature with the downregulated genes, whose reduced expression is associated with a higher relapse-free survival probability in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lúcia Melo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fonseca
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pauli
- Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Bruno Zavan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | - João Adolfo Costa Hanemann
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry. Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, MG, Brazil
| | - Marta Miyazawa
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry. Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre Ferro Aissa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37130-001, Brazil.
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Ionta
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37130-001, Brazil.
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2
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Rudich A, Garzon R, Dorrance A. Non-Coding RNAs Are Implicit in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Therapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012271. [PMID: 36293127 PMCID: PMC9603161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm initiated by the presence of the fusion gene BCR::ABL1. The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) highly specific to p210BCR-ABL1, the constitutively active tyrosine kinase encoded by BCR::ABL1, has greatly improved the prognosis for CML patients. Now, the survival rate of CML nearly parallels that of age matched controls. However, therapy resistance remains a persistent problem in the pursuit of a cure. TKI resistance can be attributed to both BCR::ABL1 dependent and independent mechanisms. Recently, the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been increasingly explored due to their frequent dysregulation in a variety of malignancies. Specifically, microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to contribute to the development and progression of therapy resistance in CML. Since each ncRNA exhibits multiple functions and is capable of controlling gene expression, they exert their effect on CML resistance through a diverse set of mechanisms and pathways. In most cases ncRNAs with tumor suppressing functions are silenced in CML, while those with oncogenic properties are overexpressed. Here, we discuss the relevance of many aberrantly expressed ncRNAs and their effect on therapy resistance in CML.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- RNA, Circular
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/pharmacology
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3
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Osman AEG, Deininger MW. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Modern therapies, current challenges and future directions. Blood Rev 2021; 49:100825. [PMID: 33773846 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm caused by a reciprocal translocation [t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)] that leads to the fusion of ABL1 gene sequences (9q34) downstream of BCR gene sequences (22q11) and is cytogenetically visible as Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). The resulting BCR/ABL1 chimeric protein is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that activates multiple signaling pathways, which collectively lead to malignant transformation. During the early (chronic) phase of CML (CP-CML), the myeloid cell compartment is expanded, but differentiation is maintained. Without effective therapy, CP-CML invariably progresses to blast phase (BP-CML), an acute leukemia of myeloid or lymphoid phenotype. The development of BCR-AB1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) revolutionized the treatment of CML and ignited the start of a new era in oncology. With three generations of BCR/ABL1 TKIs approved today, the majority of CML patients enjoy long term remissions and near normal life expectancy. However, only a minority of patients maintain remission after TKI discontinuation, a status termed treatment free remission (TFR). Unfortunately, 5-10% of patients fail TKIs due to resistance and are at risk of progression to BP-CML, which is curable only with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Overcoming TKI resistance, improving the prognosis of BP-CML and improving the rates of TFR are areas of active research in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf E G Osman
- Division of Hematology & Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Michael W Deininger
- Division of Hematology & Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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4
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Dong Q, Li C, Qu X, Cao C, Liu X. Global Regulation of Differential Gene Expression by c-Abl/Arg Oncogenic Kinases. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2625-2635. [PMID: 28555614 PMCID: PMC5462482 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have found that c-Abl oncogenic kinases may regulate gene transcription by RNA polymerase II phosphorylation or by direct regulation of specific transcription factors or coactivators. However, the global regulation of differential gene expression by c-Abl/Arg is largely unknown. In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) regulated by c-Abl/Arg were identified, and related cellular functions and associated pathways were investigated. Material/Methods RNA obtained from wild-type and c-Abl/Arg gene-silenced MCF-7 cells was analyzed by RNA-Seq. DEGs were identified using edgeR software and partially validated by qRT-PCR. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were used to explore the potential functions of these DEGs. Results A total of 1,034 DEGs were significantly regulated by c-Abl/Arg (399 were up-regulated and 635 were down-regulated after c-Abl/Arg double knockdown). GO and KEGG analyses showed that the DEGs were primarily involved in cellular metabolic processes, neurodegenerative disease, the metabolic process and signaling pathway of cAMP, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Conclusions Our data collectively support the hypothesis that c-Abl/Arg regulate differential gene expression, providing new insights into the biological functions of c-Abl and Arg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qincai Dong
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Chenggong Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiuhua Qu
- Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Cheng Cao
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xuan Liu
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijng, China (mainland)
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5
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Zhang X, Belkina N, Jacob HKC, Maity T, Biswas R, Venugopalan A, Shaw PG, Kim MS, Chaerkady R, Pandey A, Guha U. Identifying novel targets of oncogenic EGF receptor signaling in lung cancer through global phosphoproteomics. Proteomics 2015; 15:340-55. [PMID: 25404012 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase domain occur in 10-30% of lung adenocarcinoma and are associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sensitivity. We sought to identify the immediate direct and indirect phosphorylation targets of mutant EGFRs in lung adenocarcinoma. We undertook SILAC strategy, phosphopeptide enrichment, and quantitative MS to identify dynamic changes of phosphorylation downstream of mutant EGFRs in lung adenocarcinoma cells harboring EGFR(L858R) and EGFR(L858R/T790M) , the TKI-sensitive, and TKI-resistant mutations, respectively. Top canonical pathways that were inhibited upon erlotinib treatment in sensitive cells, but not in the resistant cells include EGFR, insulin receptor, hepatocyte growth factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin, ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta 1, and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling. We identified phosphosites in proteins of the autophagy network, such as ULK1 (S623) that is constitutively phosphorylated in these lung adenocarcinoma cells; phosphorylation is inhibited upon erlotinib treatment in sensitive cells, but not in resistant cells. Finally, kinase-substrate prediction analysis from our data indicated that substrates of basophilic kinases from, AGC and Calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase groups, as well as STE group kinases were significantly enriched and those of proline-directed kinases from, CMGC and Casein kinase groups were significantly depleted among substrates that exhibited increased phosphorylation upon EGF stimulation and reduced phosphorylation upon TKI inhibition. This is the first study to date to examine global phosphorylation changes upon erlotinib treatment of lung adenocarcinoma cells and results from this study provide new insights into signaling downstream of mutant EGFRs in lung adenocarcinoma. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001101 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001101).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Fotouhi L, Tabatabaee R. A study of the interaction tyrosine and DNA using voltammetry and spectroscopy methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 121:152-156. [PMID: 24239711 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of tyrosine (Tyr) with double stranded DNA was studied by cyclic voltammetry, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The presence of DNA on a single-walled carbon nanotubes (DNA/SWCNT/GCE) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (DNA/MWCNT/GCE) modified glassy carbon electrode showed a decrease in the current and a positive shift in the Tyr oxidation peak, indicating the intercalative interaction. The transfer coefficient (α), heterogeneous rate constant (k(s)), and surface concentration (Γ) were calculated in the absence and presence of DNA. The corresponding binding constant of Tyr with DNA and Hill coefficient were obtained from cooperative Hill model. The UV spectroscopic data confirmed the interaction between Tyr and DNA is intercalative with the binding constant of 3.98×10(3) mol(-1) L. Furthermore, the mechanism of fluorescence quenching has been discussed and the binding constant and numbers of binding sites were obtained as 3.37×10(3) mol(-1) L and 2, respectively from the Stern-Volmer plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Fotouhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, P.O. Box 1993891176, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Raziyeh Tabatabaee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, P.O. Box 1993891176, Tehran, Iran
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8
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ABL1 regulates spindle orientation in adherent cells and mammalian skin. Nat Commun 2012; 3:626. [PMID: 22252550 PMCID: PMC3324324 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing evidence for the regulated spindle orientation in mammals, a systematic approach for identifying the responsible genes in mammalian cells has not been established. Here we perform a kinase-targeting RNAi screen in HeLa cells and identify ABL1 as a novel regulator of spindle orientation. Knockdown of ABL1 causes the cortical accumulation of Leu-Gly-Asn repeat-enriched-protein (LGN), an evolutionarily conserved regulator of spindle orientation. This results in the LGN-dependent spindle rotation and spindle misorientation. In vivo inactivation of ABL1 by a pharmacological inhibitor or by ablation of the abl1 gene causes spindle misorientation and LGN mislocalization in mouse epidermis. Furthermore, ABL1 directly phosphorylates NuMA, a binding partner of LGN, on tyrosine 1774. This phosphorylation maintains the cortical localization of NuMA during metaphase, and ensures the LGN/NuMA-dependent spindle orientation control. This study provides a novel approach to identify genes regulating spindle orientation in mammals and uncovers new signalling pathways for this mechanism. A systematic approach for identifying the genes responsible for the regulation of spindle orientation in mammals has been lacking. Now, Matsumura et al. perform a kinase-targeting RNAi screen and identify ABL1, which through the direct phosphorylation of NuMa, is a novel regulator of spindle orientation.
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9
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Zhuang C, Tang H, Dissanaike S, Cobos E, Tao Y, Dai Z. CDK1-mediated phosphorylation of Abi1 attenuates Bcr-Abl-induced F-actin assembly and tyrosine phosphorylation of WAVE complex during mitosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38614-38626. [PMID: 21900237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.281139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated actin remodeling is crucial for cell entry into mitosis. The WAVE regulatory complex is a key regulator of actin assembly, yet how the WAVE signaling is regulated to coordinate actin assembly with mitotic entry is not clear. Here, we have uncovered a novel mechanism that regulates the WAVE complex at the onset of mitosis. We found that the Bcr-Abl-stimulated F-actin assembly is abrogated during mitosis. This mitotic inhibition of F-actin assembly is accompanied by an attenuation of Bcr-Abl-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the WAVE complex. We identified serine 216 of Abi1 as a target of CDK1/cyclin B kinase that is phosphorylated in cells at the onset of mitosis. The Abi1 phosphorylated on serine 216 displayed greatly reduced tyrosine phosphorylation in the hematopoietic cells transformed by Bcr-Abl. Moreover, a phosphomimetic mutation of serine 216 to aspartic acid in Abi1 was sufficient to attenuate Bcr-Abl-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the WAVE complex and F-actin assembly. Ectopic expression of Abi1 with serine 216 mutations interfered with cell cycle progression. Together, these data show that CDK1-mediated phosphorylation of serine 216 in Abi1 serves as a regulatory mechanism that may contribute to coordinated actin cytoskeleton remodeling during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hongxing Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106
| | - Sharmila Dissanaike
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106; Department of Stem Cell Transplant Program, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106
| | - Yunxia Tao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106
| | - Zonghan Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106; Department of Stem Cell Transplant Program, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106.
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10
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Abstract
ABL-family proteins comprise one of the best conserved branches of the tyrosine kinases. Each ABL protein contains an SH3-SH2-TK (Src homology 3-Src homology 2-tyrosine kinase) domain cassette, which confers autoregulated kinase activity and is common among nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. This cassette is coupled to an actin-binding and -bundling domain, which makes ABL proteins capable of connecting phosphoregulation with actin-filament reorganization. Two vertebrate paralogs, ABL1 and ABL2, have evolved to perform specialized functions. ABL1 includes nuclear localization signals and a DNA binding domain through which it mediates DNA damage-repair functions, whereas ABL2 has additional binding capacity for actin and for microtubules to enhance its cytoskeletal remodeling functions. Several types of posttranslational modifications control ABL catalytic activity, subcellular localization, and stability, with consequences for both cytoplasmic and nuclear ABL functions. Binding partners provide additional regulation of ABL catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and downstream signaling. Information on ABL regulatory mechanisms is being mined to provide new therapeutic strategies against hematopoietic malignancies caused by BCR-ABL1 and related leukemogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Colicelli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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11
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Baker MA, Hetherington L, Curry B, Aitken RJ. Phosphorylation and consequent stimulation of the tyrosine kinase c-Abl by PKA in mouse spermatozoa; its implications during capacitation. Dev Biol 2009; 333:57-66. [PMID: 19560455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon ejaculation, spermatozoa undergo a series of post-translational modifications in a process known as capacitation in order to prepare for fertilization. In the absence of capacitation, fertilization cannot occur. Spermatozoa are unusual in that one of the hallmarks of capacitation is a global up-regulation in phosphotyrosine expression, which is known to be mediated upstream by PKA. Little is known about the signaling events downstream of PKA apart from the involvement of SRC, as a key mediator of PKA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in the sperm tail. Here we describe the presence of c-Abl in mouse spermatozoa. In vitro analysis confirmed that PKA can up-regulate c-Abl kinase activity. In vivo, this tyrosine kinase was found to associate, and become threonine phosphorylated by PKA in the sperm flagellum. By treating spermatozoa with hemolysin we could demonstrate that a significant proportion of the tyrosine phosphorylation associated with capacitation could be suppressed by the c-Abl inhibitor, Gleevac. This is the first report of c-Abl being up-regulated by PKA for any cell type. We present a model, whereby these kinases may operate together with SRC to ensure optimal levels of tyrosine phosphorylation in the sperm flagellum during the attainment of a capacitated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Baker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development, Reproductive Science Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
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12
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Shalloway D, Bagrodia S, Chackalaparampil I, Shenoy S, Lin PH, Taylor SJ. c-Src and mitosis. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 170:248-65; discussion 265-75. [PMID: 1282857 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514320.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transforming potential and by inference the physiological function of the proto-oncoprotein pp60c-src closely correlate with the level of its protein tyrosine kinase activity. We have investigated the cell cycle-dependent regulation of this activity using mouse fibroblasts overexpressing chicken or mouse pp60c-src as a model system. During mitosis pp60c-src becomes phosphorylated at specific serine and threonine residues by p34cdc2. At the same time its tyrosine kinase activity, assayed in vitro, is increased approximately twofold and accessibility of its SH2 domain for binding relevant phosphotyrosine-containing ligands increases by about 15-fold. A kinase-defective mutant of pp60c-src exhibits a substantial (50-70%) decrease in phosphorylation at Tyr527 during mitosis. Phosphorylation of this residue negatively regulates kinase activity. Indirect evidence indicates a lesser decrease in wild-type pp60c-src Tyr527 phosphorylation during mitosis. Coordinate mutation of the mitosis-specific phosphorylation (MSP) sites in kinase-defective pp60c-src greatly reduces, though does not abolish, its mitosis-specific tyrosine dephosphorylation. Similarly, coordinate mutation of the three MSP sites in chicken pp60c-src or the corresponding two sites in mouse pp60c-src does not completely block mitotic stimulation of kinase activity. Thus, additional events beyond p34cdc2-mediated phosphorylation are involved in cell-cycle dependent regulation of pp60c-src activity. This is also suggested by the stimulation of pp60c-src kinase activity and decrease in phosphorylation of Tyr527 observed following treatment of fibroblasts with okadaic acid, a potent inhibitor of types 1 and 2A serine/threonine phosphatases. The potential role of cell cycle-dependent regulation of phosphatases and kinases acting on the regulatory tyrosine residue of pp60c-src is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shalloway
- Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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13
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Lin TY, Huang CH, Chou WG, Juang JL. Abi enhances Abl-mediated CDC2 phosphorylation and inactivation. J Biomed Sci 2005; 11:902-10. [PMID: 15591787 DOI: 10.1007/bf02254375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase which is frequently coupled with adaptor proteins to interact with its substrates for the regulation of cytoskeleton rearrangement, cell growth and apoptosis in response to a variety of biological stimuli. The Abl interactor (Abi) family members were first identified as adaptor proteins of Abl for regulating Abl transforming and kinase activity. In the present study, we used a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Cdc2 as a novel Abi-binding protein. This finding led us to investigate the role of Abi in linking Abl and Cdc2. These three proteins formed a trimeric complex in Drosophila and mammalian cells. The expression of Abi in cells greatly enhanced the formation of the Abl-Cdc2 complex, suggesting that Abi functions as an adaptor protein facilitating the binding between Abl and Cdc2. We show that Abi promotes Abl-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc2 at tyrosine 15 and inactivation of Cdc2 kinase activity. Furthermore, coexpression of Abl and Abi in Drosophila S2 cells led to suppression of cell growth. These data suggest that Abl signaling may be involved in the downregulation of Cdc2 kinase in cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yang Lin
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Wang
- Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92903-0116, USA
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15
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Woodring PJ, Hunter T, Wang JYJ. Mitotic phosphorylation rescues Abl from F-actin-mediated inhibition. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10318-25. [PMID: 15632178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410658200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that F-actin exerts a negative effect on Abl tyrosine kinase activity. This inhibition results from a direct association of F-actin with the C terminus of Abl and accounts, in part, for the loss of Abl activity in detached fibroblasts. We report here that Abl from mitotic cells or cells treated with the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid remains active when detached from the extracellular matrix. Aspartic acid substitution of Thr(566), which is phosphorylated in mitotic or okadaic acid-treated cells, is sufficient to abolish F-actin-mediated inhibition and to maintain Abl activity despite cell detachment. A recent crystal structure of the Abl N-terminal region has revealed autoinhibitory interactions among the Src homology 3 (SH3), SH2, and kinase domains. We found that deletion of the SH2 domain also abolished the negative effect of F-actin on kinase activity. Immediately following the kinase domain in Abl is a proline-rich linker (PRL) that binds to several SH3 adaptor proteins. Interestingly, binding of the Crk N-terminal SH3 domain to the PRL also disrupted F-actin-mediated inhibition of Abl kinase. These results suggest that F-actin may reinforce the autoinhibitory interactions to regulate Abl kinase and that inhibition can be relieved through phosphorylation and/or protein interactions with the Abl PRL region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Woodring
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037-1099, USA
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16
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Abstract
Auto-inhibition describes the capacity of proteins to adopt a self-imposed latent conformation. Recently, a crystal structure of the Abl tyrosine kinase has revealed its ability to auto-inhibit. However, a separate body of work suggests that other cellular proteins also inhibit Abl. To reconcile the crystal structure with Abl inhibitors, I propose that Abl is controlled by cellular 'co-inhibitors' that bind Abl, stabilizing the auto-inhibited conformation. The implication of co-inhibition on Abl function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Y J Wang
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences and the Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Power
- Department of Academic Surgery, Cork University Hospital and University College Cork, Ireland
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18
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Cao C, Ren X, Kharbanda S, Koleske AJ, Koleske A, Prasad KV, Kufe D. The ARG tyrosine kinase interacts with Siva-1 in the apoptotic response to oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:11465-8. [PMID: 11278261 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c100050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Abl family of mammalian nonreceptor tyrosine kinases consists of c-Abl and ARG (Abl-related gene). Certain insights are available regarding the involvement c-Abl in the response of cells to stress. ARG, however, has no known function in cell signaling. The present studies demonstrate that ARG associates with the proapoptotic Siva-1 protein. The functional significance of the ARG-Siva-1 interaction is supported by the finding that ARG is activated by oxidative stress and that this response involves ARG-mediated phosphorylation of Siva-1 on Tyr(48). The proapoptotic effects of Siva-1 are accentuated in cells stably expressing ARG and are inhibited in ARG-deficient cells. Moreover, the proapoptotic effects of Siva-1 are abrogated by mutation of the Tyr(48) site. We also show that the apoptotic response to oxidative stress is attenuated in ARG-deficient cells and that this defect is corrected by reconstituting ARG expression. These findings support a model in which the activation of ARG by oxidative stress induces apoptosis by a Siva-1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Laurent E, Talpaz M, Wetzler M, Kurzrock R. Cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of the 130 and 160 kDa Bcr proteins. Leukemia 2000; 14:1892-7. [PMID: 11069024 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the Bcr-Abl chimeric protein is the molecular hallmark of Philadelphia-positive leukemia. Normal Bcr is a complex protein which has been found in the cytoplasm, has serine kinase activity, and has been implicated in cellular signal transduction. However, we have recently demonstrated that Bcr can also associate with condensed chromatin. Since two major Bcr proteins have been characterized (p160Bcr and p130Bcr), we sought to determine if different forms of Bcr localized to the nucleus vs the cytoplasm. Metabolic labeling and Western blotting experiments were performed using nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts of three human Philadelphia-negative leukemia/lymphoma cell lines (KG-1, HL-60, and Jurkat). Both methodologies showed that p160Bcr and p130Bcr localized to the cytoplasm, but the p130 form predominated in the nucleus. These results suggest that Bcr serves both nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, and that different forms of Bcr may be preferentially involved in these distinct activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Laurent
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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22
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Shangary S, Brown KD, Adamson AW, Edmonson S, Ng B, Pandita TK, Yalowich J, Taccioli GE, Baskaran R. Regulation of DNA-dependent protein kinase activity by ionizing radiation-activated abl kinase is an ATM-dependent process. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:30163-8. [PMID: 10906134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004302200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) treatment results in activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl because of phosphorylation by ATM. In vitro evidence indicates that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) can also phosphorylate and thus potentially activate Abl kinase activity in response to IR exposure. To unravel the role of ATM and DNA-PK in the activation of Abl, we assayed Abl, ATM, and DNA-PK activity in ATM- and DNA-PKcs-deficient cells after irradiation. Our results show that despite the presence of higher than normal levels of DNA-PK kinase activity, c-Abl fails to become activated after IR exposure in ATM-deficient cells. Conversely, normal activation of both ATM and c-Abl occurs in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells, indicating that ATM but not DNA-PK is required for activation of Abl in response to IR treatment. Moreover, activation of Abl kinase activity by IR correlates well with activation of ATM activity in all phases of the cell cycle. These results indicate that ATM is primarily responsible for activation of Abl in response to IR exposure in a cell cycle-independent fashion. Examination of DNA-PK activity in response to IR treatment in Abl-deficient cells expressing mutant forms of Abl or in normal cells exposed to an inhibitor of Abl suggests an in vivo role for Abl in the down-regulation of DNA-PK activity. Collectively, these results suggest a convergence of the ATM and DNA-PK pathways in the cellular response to IR through c-Abl kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shangary
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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David-Cordonnier MH, Payet D, D'Halluin JC, Waring MJ, Travers AA, Bailly C. The DNA-binding domain of human c-Abl tyrosine kinase promotes the interaction of a HMG chromosomal protein with DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:2265-70. [PMID: 10325413 PMCID: PMC148790 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.11.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological activity of the c-Abl protein is linked to its tyrosine kinase and DNA-binding activities. The protein, which plays a major role in the cell cycle response to DNA damage, interacts preferentially with sequences containing an AAC motif and exhibits a higher affinity for bent or bendable DNA, as is the case with high mobility group (HMG) proteins. We have compared the DNA-binding characteristics of the DNA-binding domain of human c-Abl and the HMG-D protein from Drosophila melanogaster. c-Abl binds tightly to circular DNA molecules and potentiates the interaction of DNA with HMG-D. In addition, we used a series of DNA molecules containing modified bases to determine how the exocyclic groups of DNA influence the binding of the two proteins. Interfering with the 2-amino group of purines affects the binding of the two proteins similarly. Adding a 2-amino group to adenines restricts the access of the proteins to the minor groove, whereas deleting this bulky substituent from guanines facilitates the protein-DNA interaction. In contrast, c-Abl and HMG-D respond very differently to deletion or addition of the 5-methyl group of pyrimidine bases in the major groove. Adding a methyl group to cytosines favours the binding of c-Abl to DNA but inhibits the binding of HMG-D. Conversely, deleting the methyl group from thymines promotes the interaction of the DNA with HMG-D but diminishes its interaction with c-Abl. The enhanced binding of c-Abl to DNA containing 5-methylcytosine residues may result from an increased propensity of the double helix to denature locally coupled with a protein-induced reduction in the base stacking interaction. The results show that c-Abl has unique DNA-binding properties, quite different from those of HMG-D, and suggest an additional role for the protein kinase.
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Dorey K, Barilá D, Gavin AC, Nebreda AR, Superti-Furga G. Regulation of human c-Abl tyrosine kinase activity in Xenopus oocytes and acceleration of progesterone-induced G2/M transition by oncogenic forms. Biol Chem 1999; 380:223-30. [PMID: 10195429 DOI: 10.1515/bc.1999.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated activity of the Abl protein tyrosine kinase is oncogenic in humans and in animals. The normal cellular form of the enzyme is maintained at a low state of activity by mechanisms that have not yet been entirely elucidated. In particular, little is known about the trans-acting cellular factors involved. We have tested the activity of human c-Abl microinjected into oocytes of Xenopus laevis. In contrast to versions of Abl capable of transforming mammalian cells, which were highly active when introduced into oocytes, the activity of wild type c-Abl was inhibited. Oncogenic forms of Abl efficiently enhanced the ability of Xenopus oocytes to enter M phase following stimulation by progesterone. Abl-enhanced maturation was normal as judged by accumulation of Mos as well as activation of MAP kinase and Cdc2/CyclinB (MPF). Concomitant with maturation and activation of these kinases, Abl became extensively phosphorylated. Altogether, this suggests that an SH3 domain-dependent Abl regulation mechanism similar to the one observed in mammalian cells operates in Xenopus oocytes. Maturation enhancement by microinjection into Xenopus oocytes represents a useful novel assay for analyzing Abl activity. Moreover, the Xenopus oocyte may be a convenient source of trans-acting Abl regulators for biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dorey
- Developmental Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Perego RA, Bianchi C, Brando B, Urbano M, Del Monte U. Increment of nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Arg RNA as evaluated by semiquantitative RT-PCR in granulocyte and macrophage-like differentiation of HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 1998; 245:146-54. [PMID: 9828110 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The products of the human Arg gene and human, mouse, Drosophila, and nematode Abl genes characterize the Abelson family of nonreceptor tyrosine protein kinase. The Arg gene, expressed as a 12-kb transcript, codes a protein highly related to c-abl in the tyrosine kinase, SH2, and SH3 domains, and both proteins have a myristoylated isoform. The C-terminal domains of Arg and c-abl, poorly similar to each other, may account for their different functions. Arg is cytoplasmic, c-abl also has nuclear localization, and their products have different transforming activity. To gain insight about the role of Arg in myeloid differentiation we investigated Arg gene expression in HL-60 cells differentiated with all-trans retinoic acid and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. With a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay it was evident that the Arg transcript level in HL-60 cells differentiated toward granulocyte and macrophage-like lineage was, respectively, 3.5- and 2.8-fold the Arg level evidenced in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. In the HL-60 cells, under the same differentiating conditions, the c-abl RNA level did not change significantly, showing that Arg and c-abl responded in a different way to the inducers of differentiation used.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Perego
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Milan and CNR Center for Research in Cellular Pathology, Milan, Italy.
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Danial NN, Losman JA, Lu T, Yip N, Krishnan K, Krolewski J, Goff SP, Wang JY, Rothman PB. Direct interaction of Jak1 and v-Abl is required for v-Abl-induced activation of STATs and proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:6795-804. [PMID: 9774693 PMCID: PMC109263 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.11.6795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/1998] [Accepted: 07/23/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV)-transformed cells, members of the Janus kinase (Jak) family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family of signaling proteins are constitutively activated. In these cells, the v-Abl oncoprotein and the Jak proteins physically associate. To define the molecular mechanism of constitutive Jak-STAT signaling in these cells, the functional significance of the v-Abl-Jak association was examined. Mapping the Jak1 interaction domain in v-Abl demonstrates that amino acids 858 to 1080 within the carboxyl-terminal region of v-Abl bind Jak1 through a direct interaction. A mutant of v-Abl lacking this region exhibits a significant defect in Jak1 binding in vivo, fails to activate Jak1 and STAT proteins, and does not support either the proliferation or the survival of BAF/3 cells in the absence of cytokine. Cells expressing this v-Abl mutant show extended latency and decreased frequency in generating tumors in nude mice. In addition, inducible expression of a kinase-inactive mutant of Jak1 protein inhibits the ability of v-Abl to activate STATs and to induce cytokine-independent proliferation, indicating that an active Jak1 is required for these v-Abl-induced signaling pathways in vivo. We propose that Jak1 is a mediator of v-Abl-induced STAT activation and v-Abl induced proliferation in BAF/3 cells, and may be important for efficient transformation of immature B cells by the v-abl oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Danial
- Integrated Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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27
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Abstract
Biological scientists are eagerly confronting the challenge of understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control the cell division cycle in eukaryotes. New information will have major implications for the treatment of growth-related diseases and cancer in animals. In plants, cell division has a key role in root and shoot growth as well as in the development of vegetative storage organs and reproductive tissues such as flowers and seeds. Many of the strategies for crop improvement, especially those aimed at increasing yield, involve the manipulation of cell division. This review describes, in some detail, the current status of our understanding of the regulation of cell division in eukaryotes and especially in plants. It also features an outline of some preliminary attempts to exploit transgenesis for manipulation of plant cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Fowler
- Norman Borlaug Institute for Plant Science Research, De Montfort University, Scraptoft, Leicester, England
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28
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Daniel R, Chung S, Chen H, Wong PM. Retroviral transfer of antisense sequences results in reduction of C-Abl and induction of apoptosis in hemopoietic cells. J Biomed Sci 1998; 5:383-94. [PMID: 9758912 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Daniel
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
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29
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Guo XY, Fontana J, Kufe D, Deisseroth A. Antagonistic effects of ABL and BCRABL proteins on proliferation and the response to genotoxic stress in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Leuk Lymphoma 1998; 30:225-35. [PMID: 9713955 DOI: 10.3109/10428199809057536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Following the discovery of the p210bcrabl protein product of the bcrabl chimeric fusion gene generated by the Philadelphia chromosome translocation in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), structure function studies quickly identified which parts of this molecule were playing a role in the generation of the phenotypes of growth factor independent growth, anchorage independent growth, and genetic instability which are associated with this disease. These latter changes result in abnormally high levels of mature myeloid elements circulating in the systemic circulation of CML patients. In addition, the genetic instability which is associated with the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome drives the evolution of the disease from an indolent chronic non life-threatening leukemia, to a fulminant acute leukemic syndrome which results in the death of patients from bleeding and infection. Multiple sites of contact between the p210bcrabl and its substrates have already been identified which are relevant to the phenotypic changes characteristic of CML cells and define their response to therapy. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the relationships between the structural domains of the p210bcrabl protein and the characteristics of the disease process which it causes. We will also discuss how this information may be applied to the establishment of new directions in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Guo
- The Gene Therapy Program of the Yale Cancer Center and The Medical Oncology Section of the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06405, USA
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30
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David-Cordonnier MH, Hamdane M, Bailly C, D'Halluin JC. Determination of the human c-Abl consensus DNA binding site. FEBS Lett 1998; 424:177-82. [PMID: 9539146 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
c-Abl tyrosine kinase, an essential protein of the cell cycle signalling pathways, is implicated in the regulation of RNA polymerase II activity, apoptosis and DNA repair. Its DNA binding activity is important for its biological functions. However, the molecular basis of c-Abl interaction with DNA remains largely unclear. We delimited the human c-Abl DNA binding domain and identified its preferred binding site, 5'-A(A/C)AACAA(A/C). The central AAC motif is highly conserved and constitutes the major core element in the binding sites. EMSAs and footprinting experiments were performed to explore how the c-Abl fusion protein recognizes specific sequences in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H David-Cordonnier
- INSERM U 124 Onco-hématologie moléculaire, Institut de Recherches sur le Cancer de Lille, France
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31
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Norbury C. Principles of Cell Cycle Control. Compr Physiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp140121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Kharbanda S, Yuan ZM, Weichselbaum R, Kufe D. Functional role for the c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase in the cellular response to genotoxic stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1333:O1-7. [PMID: 9395286 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(97)00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Kharbanda
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Wen ST, Van Etten RA. The PAG gene product, a stress-induced protein with antioxidant properties, is an Abl SH3-binding protein and a physiological inhibitor of c-Abl tyrosine kinase activity. Genes Dev 1997; 11:2456-67. [PMID: 9334312 PMCID: PMC316562 DOI: 10.1101/gad.11.19.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the tyrosine kinase activity of c-Abl is tightly regulated in vivo by a cellular factor binding to the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of Abl. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify a gene, PAG, whose protein product (Pag) interacts specifically with the Abl SH3 domain. Pag, also known as macrophage 23-kD stress protein (MSP23), is a member of a novel family of proteins with antioxidant activity implicated in the cellular response to oxidative stress and in control of cell proliferation and differentiation. In a co-expression assay, Pag associates with c-Abl in vivo and inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation induced by overexpression of c-Abl. Inhibition requires the Abl SH3 and kinase domains and is not observed with other Abl SH3-binding proteins. Expression of Pag also inhibits the in vitro kinase activity of c-Abl, but not SH3-mutated Abl or v-Abl. When transfected in NIH-3T3 cells, Pag is localized to nucleus and cytoplasm and rescues the cytostatic effect induced by c-Abl. These observations suggest Pag is a physiological inhibitor of c-Abl in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Wen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Kiyokawa N, Lee EK, Karunagaran D, Lin SY, Hung MC. Mitosis-specific negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor, triggered by a decrease in ligand binding and dimerization, can be overcome by overexpression of receptor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:18656-65. [PMID: 9228035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.30.18656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was found to be negatively regulated in M phase in which it showed less phosphotyrosine content and reduced intrinsic kinase activity accompanied by retarded electrophoretic mobility owing to total hyperphosphorylation. Ligand-induced autophosphorylation and downstream signaling of EGFR were tightly suppressed in M phase due to a decrease in ligand binding affinity and the inability of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to induce receptor dimerization. There was no change in the number of surface-exposed EGF receptors between G0/G1 and M phases of the cell cycle. Hyperphosphorylation (due to serine and/or threonine phosphorylation) correlates with the unresponsiveness of cells to EGF-mediated stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation in cells that express the normal or basal level of EGFR. This M phase-specific negative regulation was overcome by overexpression of EGFR, which was responsive to ligand throughout the cell cycle and revealed ligand-induced signaling in the M phase. These findings indicate that EGFR does not respond to ligand stimulation in M phase and suggest that a negative regulation of ligand-receptor interactions in M phase may control the normal function of receptor tyrosine kinase and that receptor overexpression will disrupt this cell cycle-dependent regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kiyokawa
- Department of Tumor Biology, Breast Cancer Basic Research Program, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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35
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Wang B, Golemis EA, Kruh GD. ArgBP2, a multiple Src homology 3 domain-containing, Arg/Abl-interacting protein, is phosphorylated in v-Abl-transformed cells and localized in stress fibers and cardiocyte Z-disks. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:17542-50. [PMID: 9211900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.28.17542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arg and c-Abl represent the mammalian members of the Abelson family of protein-tyrosine kinases. A novel Arg/Abl-binding protein, ArgBP2, was isolated using a segment of the Arg COOH-terminal domain as bait in the yeast two-hybrid system. ArgBP2 contains three COOH-terminal Src homology 3 domains, a serine/threonine-rich domain, and several potential Abl phosphorylation sites. ArgBP2 associates with and is a substrate of Arg and v-Abl, and is phosphorylated on tyrosine in v-Abl-transformed cells. ArgBP2 is widely expressed in human tissues and extremely abundant in heart. In epithelial cells ArgBP2 is located in stress fibers and the nucleus, similar to the reported localization of c-Abl. In cardiac muscle cells ArgBP2 is located in the Z-disks of sarcomeres. These observations suggest that ArgBP2 functions as an adapter protein to assemble signaling complexes in stress fibers, and that ArgBP2 is a potential link between Abl family kinases and the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, the localization of ArgBP2 to Z-disks suggests that ArgBP2 may influence the contractile or elastic properties of cardiac sarcomeres and that the Z-disk is a target of signal transduction cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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36
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Abstract
Studies of the roles of oncoproteins in cell cycle progression have concentrated on G1 because transformation is frequently associated with loss of G1 checkpoint control. However, it has become evident that G2 and mitotic checkpoints are often compromised in transformed cells and that many tumour suppressor proteins and oncoprotein kinases regulate and/or are activated in G2 and M. Disruption of p53 and ATM tumour suppressor protein functions can eliminate G2 and M checkpoints. The Src family kinases are activated in mitosis and collectively play an indispensable role in progression through G2/M. In addition, evidence suggests that Mos and elements of the Ras/Raf/MAPK cascade are also active in mitosis and appear likely to regulate G2 and/or M. Potential targets of these kinases include likely regulators of gene expression and microtubule dynamics such as Sam68 and Oncoprotein 18/stathmin. The ability of some oncoproteins to perturb orderly progression through both G1 and/or S and G2 and/or M is probably important for transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Laird
- Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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37
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Kitay MK, Rowe DT. Cell cycle stage-specific phosphorylation of the Epstein-Barr virus immortalization protein EBNA-LP. J Virol 1996; 70:7885-93. [PMID: 8892911 PMCID: PMC190860 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.7885-7893.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
EBNA-LP is a viral nuclear oncoprotein implicated in the immortalization of B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus. An analysis of EBNA-LP migration on polyacrylamide gels was performed with protein derived from the X50-7 lymphoblastoid cell line blocked by hydroxyurea or aphidicolin at the G1/S phase of the cell cycle or by nocodazole at the G2/M phase. More slowly migrating species of EBNA-LP were detected in G2/M phase-arrested cell extracts. Release from nocodazole G2/M block or treatment with phosphatase caused the more slowly migrating species of EBNA-LP to disappear. Analyses of 32PO(4)(3-)-labeled EBNA-LP protein immunoprecipitated from the drug-synchronized cells showed that phosphorylated EBNA-LP was present throughout the cell cycle but that phosphorylation increased in G2 and was maximal at G2/M. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that all phosphorylation was on serine residues only. The ability of EBNA-LP to be phosphorylated by p34(cdc2) kinase and casein kinase II exclusively on serines implicates these enzymes as being potentially involved in EBNA-LP phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Kitay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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38
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Yuan ZM, Huang Y, Fan MM, Sawyers C, Kharbanda S, Kufe D. Genotoxic drugs induce interaction of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase and the tumor suppressor protein p53. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:26457-60. [PMID: 8900110 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.43.26457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase is unknown. The present studies demonstrate that the antimetabolite 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) induces binding of c-Abl and p53. Ara-C treatment of cells that express wild type or a dominant negative, kinase-inactive c-Abl(K-R) was associated with formation of c-Abl-p53 complexes and increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21. However, down-regulation of Cdk2 by ara-C was found in cells expressing wild type c-Abl and not in cells expressing c-Abl(K-R) or those deficient in p53. Similar findings were obtained following treatment of cells with the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Cells that express the c-Abl dominant negative or are null for c-Abl exhibited partial abrogation of Cdk2 down-regulation and G1 arrest in response to MMS exposure. Cells lacking the c-abl gene also responded to ara-C and MMS with increases in p53 levels and induction of p21. These findings indicate that the cellular response to certain genotoxic drugs involves binding of c-Abl to p53 and down-regulation of Cdk2 by a c-Abl kinase/p53-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Yuan
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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39
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Miao YJ, Wang JY. Binding of A/T-rich DNA by three high mobility group-like domains in c-Abl tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:22823-30. [PMID: 8798460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.37.22823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Abl tyrosine kinase has been shown previously to bind DNA. Using polymerase chain reaction-based binding site-selection methods, no consensus high affinity binding site for c-Abl was found. Instead, oligonucleotides with runs of A/T sequences were isolated, and purified c-Abl was shown to bind A/T-containing oligonucleotides better than those without A/T sequences. DNA binding of c-Abl was dependent on three high mobility group 1-like boxes (HLBs), which bound cooperatively to the A/T-rich oligonucleotides. To distinguish binding to A/T sequences per se from binding to nonspecific DNA with a bend at the A/T-rich region, two oligonucleotides were compared for binding to c-Abl. Both oligonucleotides contained A/T sequences. In one, the A/T motif was part of an 80-mer duplex DNA. In another, the A/T motif was in the duplex arm of an 80-mer "bubble DNA" containing an internal unpaired 20-mer region to provide a flexible hinge. Interestingly, the HLBs of c-Abl bound better to the oligonucleotide containing the bubble, suggesting a higher affinity for bent DNA rather than A/T sequences per se. Taken together, these observations define a new class of DNA binding domains, the HLBs, which do not bind DNA with a high degree of sequence specificity, but may selectively bind to bent DNA or to sequences that are easier to distort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Miao
- Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0347, USA
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40
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Tamaru T, Okada M. Purification and characterization of a p13suc1-bound serine/threonine kinase that is expressed in mature rat brain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 238:152-9. [PMID: 8665932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0152q.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the histone-H1 kinase activity bound to p13suc1 increased dramatically during development of the rat brain. In the present work, an in situ kinase assay in an SDS/polyacrylamide gel that contained substrate proteins was employed to characterize the enzyme. Two major proteins of 45 kDa and 100 kDa were found to have p13suc1-bound histone-H1 kinase activity. The former (p45) exhibited strong activity towards histone H1 and had weak autophosphorylation activity, whereas the latter (p100) acted on myelin basic protein or histone H1, and underwent autophosphorylation. p45 was further purified from the nuclear-enriched fraction of rat brain to near homogeneity through sequential column chromatographies. The purified enzyme retained its ability to bind specifically to p13suc1, which suggests that this binding does not require a cofactor. The immunochemical and enzymatic properties of p45 revealed that it differs from Cdk that are known to bind to p13suc1 with high affinity. However, in vitro p45 acted on the peptide motif that is conserved among substrates for cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) and mitogen-activated protein kinases, which implies that this protein might belong to the large family of proline-directed kinases. The evidence obtained in this study suggest that p45 is a nuclear p13suc1-bound kinase that has unique functions in the mature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tamaru
- Division of Protein Metabolism, Osaka University, Japan
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41
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Abstract
The notion of a critical role for protein tyrosine kinases in the nucleus is supported by recent findings linking these proteins with components of the cell cycle and with the transcription machinery. Several of these tyrosine kinases localize to both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of the cell, and may coordinate signal transduction events in the cytoplasm with specific changes in the nucleus. Among these proteins are Abl, Rak, Fes and Fer. The past year has brought significant progress both towards the elucidation of the pathways that lead to activation of the Abl tyrosine kinase and towards the identification of novel Abl targets. Recent advances have also been made in understanding the regulation of the nucleus-specific human WEE1 tyrosine kinase. Nuclear tyrosine kinases may participate in the regulation of multiple cellular processes including transcription, DNA repair and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology, Box 3813, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MLV) mutants expressing v-Abl proteins lacking the carboxyl terminus are compromised in the ability to transform lymphoid but not NIH 3T3 cells. This feature correlates with the presence of low levels of phosphotyrosine in lymphoid cells infected with carboxyl-terminal truncation mutants. In contrast, high levels of phosphotyrosine are observed in NIH 3T3 cells infected with wild-type and mutant Ab-MLV. Two downstream targets affected in lymphoid transformants are the GTPase-activating protein and GTPase-activating protein-associated protein p62, molecules which are heavily tyrosine phosphorylated in lymphoid cells transformed by wild-type Ab-MLV but not carboxyl-terminal truncation mutants of Ab-MLV. This difference suggested that signaling mediated via the Ras pathway may be compromised in lymphoid cells expressing the carboxyl-terminal truncation mutants. Consistent with this idea, expression of v-Ha-ras complemented these mutants in primary bone marrow transformation assays and increased transformation frequencies obtained with the Ab-MLV mutants 8- to 20-fold. These data suggest that a biologically important link exists between the carboxyl terminus of v-Abl protein and the Ras pathway. Signals transmitted via this connection may enhance those mediated via other regions of the v-Abl protein and facilitate transformation of primary, nonimmortalized cells such as pre-B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Parmar
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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43
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Kharbanda S, Pandey P, Ren R, Mayer B, Zon L, Kufe D. c-Abl activation regulates induction of the SEK1/stress-activated protein kinase pathway in the cellular response to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:30278-81. [PMID: 8530447 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.51.30278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that treatment of cells with the antimetabolite 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) is associated with induction of the c-jun gene. The present studies demonstrate that ara-C activates the c-Abl non-receptor tyrosine kinase. We also demonstrate that activity of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAP kinase/JNK) is increased in ara-C-treated cells. Using cells deficient in c-Abl (Abl-/-) and after introduction of the c-abl gene, we show that ara-C-induced c-Abl activity is necessary for the stimulation of SAP kinase. Other studies using cells transfected with a SEK1 dominant negative demonstrate that ara-C-induced SAP kinase activity is SEK1-dependent. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of truncated c-Abl results in activation of the SEK1/SAP kinase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kharbanda
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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44
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Dai Z, Pendergast AM. Abi-2, a novel SH3-containing protein interacts with the c-Abl tyrosine kinase and modulates c-Abl transforming activity. Genes Dev 1995; 9:2569-82. [PMID: 7590236 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.21.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A protein has been identified that interacts specifically with both the Src homologous 3 (SH3) domain and carboxy-terminal sequences of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase. The cDNA encoding the Abl interactor protein (Abi-2), was isolated from a human lymphocyte library using the yeast two-hybrid system with the Abl SH3 domain as bait. Abi-2 binds to c-Abl in vitro and in vivo. Abi-2 is a novel protein that contains an SH3 domain and proline-rich sequences critical for binding to c-Abl. A basic region in the amino terminus of Abi-2 is homologous to the DNA-binding sequence of homeo-domain proteins. We show that Abi-2 is a substrate for the c-Abl tyrosine kinase. Expression of an Abi-2 mutant protein that lacks sequences required for binding to the Abl SH3 domain but retains binding to the Abl carboxyl terminus activates the transforming capacity of c-Abl. The properties of Abi-2 are consistent with a dual role as regulator and potential effector of the c-Abl protein and suggest that Abi-2 may function as a tumor suppressor in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Jans
- Division for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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46
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Kharbanda S, Ren R, Pandey P, Shafman TD, Feller SM, Weichselbaum RR, Kufe DW. Activation of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase in the stress response to DNA-damaging agents. Nature 1995; 376:785-8. [PMID: 7651539 DOI: 10.1038/376785a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The product of the c-abl gene is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. The precise function of c-Abl is unknown. Here we show that ionizing radiation activates c-Abl. Similar results were obtained with the alkylating agents cis-platinum and mitomycin C. We also demonstrate that cells deficient in c-Abl fail to activate Jun kinase (JNK/SAP kinase) after ionizing radiation or alkylating agent exposure and that reconstitution of c-Abl in these cells restores that response. In contrast, the stress response to tumour-necrosis factor is stimulated by a c-Abl-independent mechanism. These findings indicate that c-abl is involved in the stress response to DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kharbanda
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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47
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Srinivasan J, Koszelak M, Mendelow M, Kwon YG, Lawrence DS. The design of peptide-based substrates for the cdc2 protein kinase. Biochem J 1995; 309 ( Pt 3):927-31. [PMID: 7639712 PMCID: PMC1135720 DOI: 10.1042/bj3090927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The substrate sequence specificity of the cdc2 protein kinase from Pisaster ochraceus has been evaluated. The peptide, Ac-Ser-Pro-Gly-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Lys-amide, serves as an efficient cdc2 kinase substrate with a Km of 1.50 +/- 0.04 microM and a Vmax. of 12.00 +/- 0.18 mumol/min per mg. The amino acid sequence of this peptide is not based on any sequence in a known protein substrate of the cyclin-dependent kinase, but rather was designed from structural attributes that appear to be important in the majority of cdc2 substrates. The cyclin-dependent enzyme is remarkably indiscriminate in its ability to recognize and phosphorylate peptides that contain an assortment of structurally diverse residues at the P-2, P-1 and P+2 positions. However, peptides that contain a free N-terminal serine or lack an arginine at the P+4 position are relatively poor substrates. These aspects of the substrate specificity of the cdc2 protein kinase are compared and contrasted with the previously reported substrate specificity of a cdc2-like protein kinase from bovine brain [Beaudette, Lew and Wang (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 20825-20830].
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Affiliation(s)
- J Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo 14226, USA
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48
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Abstract
The expression of bcr-abl in chronic myelogenous leukemia leads to a large increase in the generation of mature myeloid cells. The key biochemical alteration in this disease is an increased Abl kinase activity. This up-regulation in activity is mediated through the binding of a portion of the Bcr molecule to the SH2 regulatory domain of the Abl protein. One effect of this alteration is a marked increase in resistance to drug induced cell death by apoptosis. This resistance can be overcome with the use of appropriate antisense oligonucleotides to the bcr-abl gene. The role and contribution of apoptosis to the development of the disease and the prospect of using antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Cotter
- Department of Biochemistry, University College, Cork, Ireland
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pines
- Wellcome/CRC Institute, Cambridge, U.K
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50
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Sugarman JL, Schönthal AH, Glass CK. Identification of a cell-type-specific and E2F-independent mechanism for repression of cdc2 transcription. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:3282-90. [PMID: 7760824 PMCID: PMC230561 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.6.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human myeloid leukemia cells, such as HL60, U937, and THP1 cells, undergo macrophage differentiation and growth arrest following treatment with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Surprisingly, we find that growth of a significant percentage of THP1 cells is arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. G2 arrest correlates with cell-specific repression of the gene encoding p34cdc2, a crucial regulator of G2/M progression. Intriguingly, TPA-mediated repression of the cdc2 promoter was independent of the transcription factor E2F, distinguishing this pathway from mechanisms responsible for repression of cdc2 transcription in response to serum starvation. The region of the cdc2 promoter required for repression was located from bp -22 to -2 from the major transcriptional start site. This sequence, which we term the R box, directs the uncoupling of the basal promoter from upstream activators following TPA treatment. Analysis of THP1 nuclear proteins revealed a 55-kDa protein that was induced by TPA and interacted with the cdc2 promoter in an R-box-dependent manner. These observations provide evidence for the existence of cell-type- and promoter-specific pathways for the assembly of stable transcriptional initiation complexes that function to differentially regulate the expression of cell cycle control genes in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Sugarman
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0651, USA
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