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Campaña MB, Perkins MR, McCabe MC, Neumann A, Larson ED, Fantauzzo KA. PDGFRα/β heterodimer activation negatively affects downstream ERK1/2 signaling and cellular proliferation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.27.573428. [PMID: 38234806 PMCID: PMC10793460 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.27.573428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases allows cells to communicate with one another by binding to growth factors at the plasma membrane and activating intracellular signaling pathways to elicit responses such as migration, proliferation, survival and differentiation. The PDGFR family consists of two receptors, PDGFRα and PDGFRβ, that dimerize to form PDGFRα homodimers, PDGFRα/β heterodimers and PDGFRβ homodimers. Here, we overcame prior technical limitations in visualizing and purifying PDGFRα/β heterodimers by generating a cell line stably expressing C-terminal fusions of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ with bimolecular fluorescence complementation fragments corresponding to the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of the Venus fluorescent protein, respectively. We found that these receptors heterodimerize relatively quickly in response to PDGF-BB ligand treatment, with a peak of receptor autophosphorylation following 5 minutes of ligand stimulation. Moreover, we demonstrated that PDGFRα/β heterodimers are rapidly internalized into early endosomes, particularly signaling endosomes, where they dwell for extended lengths of time. We showed that PDGFRα/β heterodimer activation does not induce downstream phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and significantly inhibits cell proliferation. Further, we characterized the PDGFR dimer-specific interactome and identified MYO1D as a novel protein that preferentially binds PDGFRα/β heterodimers. We demonstrated that knockdown of MYO1D leads to retention of PDGFRα/β heterodimers at the plasma membrane, resulting in increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and increased cell proliferation. Collectively, our findings impart valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms by which specificity is introduced downstream of PDGFR activation to differentially propagate signaling and generate distinct cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B. Campaña
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Madison R. Perkins
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maxwell C. McCabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Neumann
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric D. Larson
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine A. Fantauzzo
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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2
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Li H, Dan QQ, Chen YJ, Chen L, Zhang HT, Mu DZ, Wang TH. Cellular Localization and Distribution of TGF-β1, GDNF and PDGF-BB in the Adult Primate Central Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2406-2423. [PMID: 36976393 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The available data on the localization of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in the adult primate and human central nervous system (CNS) are limited and lack comprehensive and systematic information. This study aimed to investigate the cellular localization and distribution of TGF-β1, GDNF, and PDGF-BB in the CNS of adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Seven adult rhesus macaques were included in the study. The protein levels of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and spinal cord were analyzed by western blotting. The expression and location of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF in the brain and spinal cord was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The mRNA expression of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF was detected by in situ hybridization. The molecular weight of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF in the homogenate of spinal cord was 25 KDa, 30 KDa, and 34 KDa, respectively. Immunolabeling revealed GDNF was ubiquitously distributed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. TGF-β1 was least distributed and found only in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord, and PDGF-BB expression was also limited and present only in the brainstem and spinal cord. Besides, TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF were localized in the astrocytes and microglia of spinal cord and hippocampus, and their expression was mainly found in the cytoplasm and primary dendrites. The mRNA of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF was localized to neuronal subpopulations in the spinal cord and cerebellum. These findings suggest that TGF-β1, GDNF and PDGF-BB may be associated with neuronal survival, neural regeneration and functional recovery in the CNS of adult rhesus macaques, providing the potential insights into the development or refinement of therapies based on these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi-Qin Dan
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yan-Jun Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hong-Tian Zhang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - De-Zhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Mitochondrial DNA Deficiency and Supplementation in Sus scrofa Oocytes Influence Transcriptome Profiles in Oocytes and Blastocysts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043783. [PMID: 36835193 PMCID: PMC9963854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deficiency correlates with poor oocyte quality and fertilisation failure. However, the supplementation of mtDNA deficient oocytes with extra copies of mtDNA improves fertilisation rates and embryo development. The molecular mechanisms associated with oocyte developmental incompetence, and the effects of mtDNA supplementation on embryo development are largely unknown. We investigated the association between the developmental competence of Sus scrofa oocytes, assessed with Brilliant Cresyl Blue, and transcriptome profiles. We also analysed the effects of mtDNA supplementation on the developmental transition from the oocyte to the blastocyst by longitudinal transcriptome analysis. mtDNA deficient oocytes revealed downregulation of genes associated with RNA metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, including 56 small nucleolar RNA genes and 13 mtDNA protein coding genes. We also identified the downregulation of a large subset of genes for meiotic and mitotic cell cycle process, suggesting that developmental competence affects the completion of meiosis II and first embryonic cell division. The supplementation of oocytes with mtDNA in combination with fertilisation improves the maintenance of the expression of several key developmental genes and the patterns of parental allele-specific imprinting gene expression in blastocysts. These results suggest associations between mtDNA deficiency and meiotic cell cycle and the developmental effects of mtDNA supplementation on Sus scrofa blastocysts.
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Rogers MA, Campaña MB, Long R, Fantauzzo KA. PDGFR dimer-specific activation, trafficking and downstream signaling dynamics. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259686. [PMID: 35946433 PMCID: PMC9482349 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) plays a critical role in multiple cellular processes during development. The two PDGFRs, PDGFRα and PDGFRβ, dimerize to form homodimers and/or heterodimers. Here, we overcome previous limitations in studying PDGFR dimer-specific dynamics by generating cell lines stably expressing C-terminal fusions of each PDGFR with bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) fragments corresponding to the N-terminal or C-terminal regions of the Venus fluorescent protein. We find that PDGFRβ receptors homodimerize more quickly than PDGFRα receptors in response to PDGF ligand, with increased levels of autophosphorylation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PDGFRα homodimers are trafficked and degraded more quickly, whereas PDGFRβ homodimers are more likely to be recycled back to the cell membrane. We show that PDGFRβ homodimer activation results in a greater amplitude of phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-AKT signaling, as well as increased proliferation and migration. Finally, we demonstrate that inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis leads to changes in cellular trafficking and downstream signaling, particularly for PDGFRα homodimers. Collectively, our findings provide significant insight into how biological specificity is introduced to generate unique responses downstream of PDGFR engagement. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katherine A. Fantauzzo
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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5
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Contreras O, Rossi FMV, Theret M. Origins, potency, and heterogeneity of skeletal muscle fibro-adipogenic progenitors-time for new definitions. Skelet Muscle 2021; 11:16. [PMID: 34210364 PMCID: PMC8247239 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-021-00265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Striated muscle is a highly plastic and regenerative organ that regulates body movement, temperature, and metabolism-all the functions needed for an individual's health and well-being. The muscle connective tissue's main components are the extracellular matrix and its resident stromal cells, which continuously reshape it in embryonic development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors are enigmatic and transformative muscle-resident interstitial cells with mesenchymal stem/stromal cell properties. They act as cellular sentinels and physiological hubs for adult muscle homeostasis and regeneration by shaping the microenvironment by secreting a complex cocktail of extracellular matrix components, diffusible cytokines, ligands, and immune-modulatory factors. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors are the lineage precursors of specialized cells, including activated fibroblasts, adipocytes, and osteogenic cells after injury. Here, we discuss current research gaps, potential druggable developments, and outstanding questions about fibro-adipogenic progenitor origins, potency, and heterogeneity. Finally, we took advantage of recent advances in single-cell technologies combined with lineage tracing to unify the diversity of stromal fibro-adipogenic progenitors. Thus, this compelling review provides new cellular and molecular insights in comprehending the origins, definitions, markers, fate, and plasticity of murine and human fibro-adipogenic progenitors in muscle development, homeostasis, regeneration, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Contreras
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, 2052, Australia.
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular and Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE-ChileUC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marine Theret
- Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Panagopoulos I, Heim S. Interstitial Deletions Generating Fusion Genes. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:167-196. [PMID: 33893073 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A fusion gene is the physical juxtaposition of two different genes resulting in a structure consisting of the head of one gene and the tail of the other. Gene fusion is often a primary neoplasia-inducing event in leukemias, lymphomas, solid malignancies as well as benign tumors. Knowledge about fusion genes is crucial not only for our understanding of tumorigenesis, but also for the diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of cancer. Balanced chromosomal rearrangements, in particular translocations and inversions, are the most frequent genetic events leading to the generation of fusion genes. In the present review, we summarize the existing knowledge on chromosome deletions as a mechanism for fusion gene formation. Such deletions are mostly submicroscopic and, hence, not detected by cytogenetic analyses but by array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) and/or high throughput sequencing (HTS). They are found across the genome in a variety of neoplasias. As tumors are increasingly analyzed using aCGH and HTS, it is likely that more interstitial deletions giving rise to fusion genes will be found, significantly impacting our understanding and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Zhao X, Wen X, Ji M, Guan X, Chen P, Hao X, Chen F, Hu Y, Duan P, Ge RS, Chen H. Differentiation of seminiferous tubule-associated stem cells into leydig cell and myoid cell lineages. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 525:111179. [PMID: 33515640 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Peritubular stem Leydig cells (SLCs) have been identified from rat testicular seminiferous tubules. However, no stem cells for peritubular myoid cells have been reported in the adult testis so far. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the peritubular SLCs are multipotent and able to form either Leydig or myoid cells. Using cultured tubules, we show that in the presence of PDGFAA and luteinizing hormone, SLCs became testosterone-producing Leydig cells, while in the presence of PDGFBB and TGFB, the cells formed α-smooth muscle actin-expressing myoid cells. This multipotency was also confirmed by culture of isolated CD90+ SLCs. These results suggest that these stem cells outside the myoid layer are multipotent and give rise to either Leydig or myoid cells, depending on the inducing factors. These cells may serve as a common precursor population for maintaining homeostasis of both Leydig and myoid cell populations in the adult testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Minpeng Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoju Guan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xinrui Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Fenfen Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ping Duan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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8
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The emerging complexity of PDGFRs: activation, internalization and signal attenuation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1167-1176. [PMID: 32369556 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases allows cells to communicate with the environment to regulate diverse cellular activities. Here, we highlight recent data investigating the structural makeup of individual PDGFRs upon activation, revealing the importance of the whole receptor in the propagation of extracellular ligand binding and dimerization. Furthermore, we review ongoing research demonstrating the significance of receptor internalization and signal attenuation in the regulation of PDGFR activity. Interactions with internalization machinery, signaling from endosomes, receptor degradation and receptor recycling are physiological means by which cells fine-tune PDGFR responses to growth factor stimulation. In this review, we discuss the biophysical, structural, in silico and biochemical data that have provided evidence for these mechanisms. We further highlight the commonalities and differences between PDGFRα and PDGFRβ signaling, revealing critical gaps in knowledge. In total, this review provides a conclusive summary on the state of the PDGFR field and underscores the need for novel techniques to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PDGFR activation, internalization and signal attenuation.
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Liu Y, Feng M, Cai J, Li S, Dai X, Shan G, Wu S. Repurposing bortezomib for choroidal neovascularization treatment via antagonizing VEGF-A and PDGF-D mediated signaling. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108446. [PMID: 33476605 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (neoAMD) is the leading cause of blindness in AMD and manifests as choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies are the mainstay treatments but with limited efficacy and cause detrimental effects on the retina after long-term application. These disadvantages warrant alternative strategy. Herein, we examined the effect on CNV by intravitreal injection of bortezomib, a reversible proteasome inhibitor, and further dissected the mechanism. Krypton red Laser was used to create CNV model in mice. The angiogenesis volume was assessed in choroidal flat-mount with isolectin GS-IB4 labeling and the leakage was examined with fluorescein fundus angiography. Injection of Borsub inhibited angiogenesis in the CNV model which was dose-dependent; the injection significantly inhibited leakage as well. Furthermore, Borsub injection reduced the contents of VEGF-A, macrophage chemotactic factor 1 (MCP-1), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D but not PDGF-B, examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in choroid/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tissue. These injections also reduced phospho-VEGFR-2 and phospho-PDGFRβ in choroid/RPE tissue examined by immunoblotting. Moreover, Borsub inhibited the recruitment of mural cells or macrophages to laser-injured spots. Injection of Borsub indicated negative effect on scotopic and photopic responses recorded by electroretinogram. Altogether, intravitreal injection of Borsub significantly reduced CNV by antagonizing VEGF-A/Flk-1 and PDGF-D/PDGFRβ pathways without impacting electroretinography parameters. Thus, Borsub may offer an invaluable therapy for the prevention and treatment of neoAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Liu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, PR China
| | - Meiling Feng
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, PR China
| | - Shifeng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Xufeng Dai
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, PR China
| | - Ge Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230027, China
| | - Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, PR China.
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Mao Y, Soni K, Sangani C, Yao Y. An Overview of Privileged Scaffold: Quinolines and Isoquinolines in Medicinal Chemistry as Anticancer Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2599-2633. [PMID: 32942976 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620999200917154225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most difficult diseases and causes of death for many decades. Many pieces of research are continuously going on to get a solution for cancer. Quinoline and isoquinoline derivatives have shown their possibilities to work as an antitumor agent in anticancer treatment. The members of this privileged scaffold quinoline and isoquinoline have shown their controlling impacts on cancer treatment through various modes. In particular, this review suggests the current scenario of quinoline and isoquinoline derivatives as antitumor agents and refine the path of these derivatives to find and develop new drugs against an evil known as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Mao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital,
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Kunjal Soni
- Shri Maneklal M. Patel Institute of Sciences and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 362024, India
| | - Chetan Sangani
- Shri Maneklal M. Patel Institute of Sciences and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 362024, India
| | - Yongfang Yao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital,
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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11
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An In Vitro Partial Lesion Model of Differentiated Human Mesencephalic Neurons: Effect of Pericyte Secretome on Phenotypic Markers. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1914-1925. [PMID: 32472394 PMCID: PMC7561585 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterised by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Post-mortem data suggests that the loss of DA markers may long precede the cell death, leaving a window to rescue the DA phenotype. Screening for potential neuroprotective or restorative therapies, however, requires that partial lesions of DA neurons can be modelled in vitro. In order to establish a partial lesion model of DA neurons in vitro, we evaluated the effects of different exposure times to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the cell survival and DA marker expression using DA neurons derived from the Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cell line. We show that 24-h incubation with 50 μM of MPP+ or 6-h incubation with 100 μM of 6-OHDA leads to a significant decrease in the protein expression of DA markers without affecting overall cell death, consistent with a mild DA lesion. Using conditioned medium of human brain–derived pericytes stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), we demonstrate a significant upregulation of DA markers. In conclusion, we provide an experimental model of an in vitro DA neuron partial lesion suitable to study different molecules and their potential neuroprotective or neurorestorative effects on the DA phenotype. We provide evidence that the secretome of brain pericytes stimulated via PDGF-BB/PDGFRβ affects DA marker expression and may represent one possible mechanism contributing to the neurorestoration previously observed in PD by this growth factor.
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12
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Lai YT, Chao HW, Lai ACY, Lin SH, Chang YJ, Huang YS. CPEB2-activated PDGFRα mRNA translation contributes to myofibroblast proliferation and pulmonary alveologenesis. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:52. [PMID: 32295602 PMCID: PMC7160907 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveologenesis is the final stage of lung development to form air-exchanging units between alveoli and blood vessels. Genetic susceptibility or hyperoxic stress to perturb this complicated process can cause abnormal enlargement of alveoli and lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)-associated emphysema. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) signaling is crucial for alveolar myofibroblast (MYF) proliferation and its deficiency is associated with risk of BPD, but posttranscriptional mechanisms regulating PDGFRα synthesis during lung development remain largely unexplored. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 2 (CPEB2) is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein and translational regulator. Because CPEB2-knockout (KO) mice showed emphysematous phenotypes, we investigated how CPEB2-controlled translation affects pulmonary development and function. METHODS Respiratory and pulmonary functions were measured by whole-body and invasive plethysmography. Histological staining and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze morphology, proliferation, apoptosis and cell densities from postnatal to adult lungs. Western blotting, RNA-immunoprecipitation, reporter assay, primary MYF culture and ectopic expression rescue were performed to demonstrate the role of CPEB2 in PDGFRα mRNA translation and MYF proliferation. RESULTS Adult CPEB2-KO mice showed emphysema-like dysfunction. The alveolar structure in CPEB2-deficient lungs appeared normal at birth but became simplified through the alveolar stage of lung development. In CPEB2-null mice, we found reduced proliferation of MYF progenitors during alveolarization, abnormal deposition of elastin and failure of alveolar septum formation, thereby leading to enlarged pulmonary alveoli. We identified that CPEB2 promoted PDGFRα mRNA translation in MYF progenitors and this positive regulation could be disrupted by H2O2, a hyperoxia-mimetic treatment. Moreover, decreased proliferating ability in KO MYFs due to insufficient PDGFRα expression was rescued by ectopic expression of CPEB2, suggesting an important role of CPEB2 in upregulating PDGFRα signaling for pulmonary alveologenesis. CONCLUSIONS CPEB2-controlled translation, in part through promoting PDGFRα expression, is indispensable for lung development and function. Since defective pulmonary PDGFR signaling is a key feature of human BPD, CPEB2 may be a risk factor for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Alan Chuan-Ying Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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Wattez JS, Qiao L, Lee S, Natale DRC, Shao J. The platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha promoter-directed expression of cre recombinase in mouse placenta. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:363-374. [PMID: 30843624 PMCID: PMC6488356 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous pathologies of pregnancy originate from placental dysfunction. It is essential to understand the functions of key genes in the placenta in order to discern the etiology of placental pathologies. A paucity of animal models that allow conditional and inducible expression of a target gene in the placenta is a major limitation for studying placental development and function. Results To study the platelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα)‐directed and tamoxifen‐induced Cre recombinase expression in the placenta, PDGFRα‐CreER mice were crossed with mT/mG dual‐fluorescent reporter mice. The expression of endogenous membrane‐localized enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) and/or dTomato in the placenta was examined to identify PDGFRα promoter‐directed Cre expression. Pregnant PDGFRα‐CreER;mT/mG mice were treated with tamoxifen at various gestational ages. Upon tamoxifen treatment, reporter protein mEGFP was observed in the junctional zone (JZ) and chorionic plate (CP). Furthermore, a single dose of tamoxifen was sufficient to induce the recombination. Conclusions PDGFRα‐CreER expression is restricted to the JZ and CP of mouse placentas. PDGFRα‐CreER mice provide a useful tool to conditionally knock out or overexpress a target gene in these regions of the mouse placenta. Inducible PDGFRα‐directed Cre expression trophoblasts cells. A single tamoxifen treatment is sufficient to induce the recombination. Valuable tool to temporary knockout or over‐express a target gene in the placenta. Do not require sophisticated system and suitable for ordinary laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liping Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samuel Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Jianhua Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Minato Y, Kuwahara-Otani S, Maeda S, Yagi H. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α gene is regulated by multiple first exons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:489-494. [PMID: 30654933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA/Pdgfra) gene is considered to be precisely regulated. We have previously reported that the PDGFRA/Pdgfra gene is regulated by a dual promoter system in human and mouse, in which a novel PDGFRA/Pdgfra transcript has a first exon (exon 1β) different from that of the canonical PDGFRA/Pdgfra transcript (exon 1α). To elucidate the function of each transcript, we first investigated the contribution of different PDGFRA transcripts to final protein levels. Notably, knockdown experiments suggested the existence of other PDGFRA transcripts, and we identified five additional first exons (exons 1γ, 1δ, 1ε, 1ζ, and 1η) in intron 1 in both the human and mouse genes. The first exons of the mouse Pdgfra gene showed unique expression patterns: exon 1α was broadly expressed; exon 1β was highly expressed in embryos; exon 1γ was observed at relatively high levels in the adult central nervous system (CNS); and exon 1δ was expressed at relatively high levels in the developing CNS. Furthermore, in silico analysis of common putative transcription factor binding sites in the upstream regions of the first exons of both human and mouse PDGFRA/Pdgfra genes predicted common (such as Sry, Mzf1, and Cdx) and unique (such as Sox5, Lmo2, and GATA) transcription factors. Our findings show the diversity of the transcriptional regulation of the PDGFRA/Pdgfra gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Minato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Sachi Kuwahara-Otani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Seishi Maeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yagi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
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15
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Qian C, Wu Z, Ng RCL, Garcia-Barceló MM, Yuan ZW, Wong KKY, Tam PKH, Lui VCH. Conditional deletion of platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfra) in urorectal mesenchyme causes mesenchyme apoptosis and urorectal developmental anomalies in mice. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1396-1410. [PMID: 30323271 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, urorectal development starts at early embryonic stage, defective urorectal development results in anorectal malformations, which are common congenital developmental defects of the anus and the urethra in newborns. The etiology and embryology of the defects are still largely unknown. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfra) is a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase, upon binding to its ligands (Pdgfa-d), mediates intracellular signaling and regulates embryonic development. The expression of Pdgfra is tightly regulated in the developing urorectal mesenchyme, and its dysregulation is associated with urorectal defects in animals with urorectal defects. Knockout of Pdgfra induces early embryo lethality which precludes investigation of Pdgfra in urorectal development. To address the temporal requirement of Pdgfra in urorectal development, we conditionally deleted Pdgfra in Pdgfra-expressing tissues using a tamoxifen inducible Cre-loxP approach in mice, examined the urorectal development in Pdgfra conditional knockout (Pdgfra-cKO) embryos. We showed that conditional deletion of Pdgfra in Pdgfra-expressing tissues at E10-E11 caused cloaca septation defect, anteriorly displaced anus, defective urogenital folds development and abnormal urethra tubularization in both male and female mice. Furthermore, we showed that Pdgfra was required for the survival of urorectal mesenchyme, deletion of Pdgfra caused apoptosis in the peri-cloacal, the peri-urethra and the urorectal septum mesenchyme of Pdgfra-cKO mutants, associated with an induction of p53, Ndrg1 and activation of caspase-3 in Pdgfra-cKO embryos. In conclusion, Pdgfra is required for the development and survival of the urorectal mesenchyme in embryo, dysregulated Pdgfra signaling induced urorectal defects in mice resembling human congenital diseases of anorectal malformations and hypospadias. Perturbation of PDGFRA signaling may contribute to anorectal malformations and hypospadias in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongluan Wu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Roy Chun-Laam Ng
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Maria-Mercè Garcia-Barceló
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Dr Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shengyang, China
| | - Kenneth Kak Yuen Wong
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Paul Kwong Hang Tam
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Dr Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Chi Hang Lui
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Dr Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Stage specific requirement of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α in embryonic development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184473. [PMID: 28934221 PMCID: PMC5608218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) is a cell-surface receptor tyrosine kinase for platelet-derived growth factors. Correct timing and level of Pdgfra expression is crucial for embryo development, and deletion of Pdgfra caused developmental defects of multiple endoderm and mesoderm derived structures, resulting in a complex phenotypes including orofacial cleft, spina bifida, rib deformities, and omphalocele in mice. However, it is not clear if deletion of Pdgfra at different embryonic stages differentially affects these structures. PURPOSE To address the temporal requirement of Pdgfra in embryonic development. METHODS We have deleted the Pdgfra in Pdgfra-expressing tissues at different embryonic stages in mice, examined and quantified the developmental anomalies. RESULTS Current study showed that (i) conditional deletion of Pdgfra at different embryonic days (between E7.5 and E10.5) resulted in orofacial cleft, spina bifida, rib cage deformities, and omphalocele, and (ii) the day of Pdgfra deletion influenced the combinations, incidence and severities of these anomalies. Deletion of Pdgfra caused apoptosis of Pdgfra-expressing tissues, and developmental defects of their derivatives. CONCLUSION Orofacial cleft, spina bifida and omphalocele are among the commonest skeletal and abdominal wall defects of newborns, but their genetic etiologies are largely unknown. The remarkable resemblance of our conditional Pdgfra knockout embryos to theses human congenital anomalies, suggesting that dysregulated PDGFRA expression could cause these anomalies in human. Future work should aim at defining (a) the regulatory elements for the expression of the human PDGFRA during embryonic development, and (b) if mutations / sequence variations of these regulatory elements cause these anomalies.
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17
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El-Rass S, Eisa-Beygi S, Khong E, Brand-Arzamendi K, Mauro A, Zhang H, Clark KJ, Ekker SC, Wen XY. Disruption of pdgfra alters endocardial and myocardial fusion during zebrafish cardiac assembly. Biol Open 2017; 6:348-357. [PMID: 28167492 PMCID: PMC5374395 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac development in vertebrates is a finely tuned process regulated by a set
of conserved signaling pathways. Perturbations of these processes are often
associated with congenital cardiac malformations. Platelet-derived growth factor
receptor α (PDGFRα) is a highly conserved tyrosine kinase
receptor, which is essential for development and organogenesis. Disruption of
Pdgfrα function in murine models is embryonic lethal
due to severe cardiovascular defects, suggesting a role in cardiac development,
thus necessitating the use of alternative models to explore its precise
function. In this study, we generated a zebrafish pdgfra mutant
line by gene trapping, in which the Pdgfra protein is truncated and fused with
mRFP (Pdgfra-mRFP). Our results demonstrate that pdgfra mutants
have defects in cardiac morphology as a result of abnormal fusion of myocardial
precursors. Expression analysis of the developing heart at later stages
suggested that Pdgfra-mRFP is expressed in the endocardium. Further examination
of the endocardium in pdgfra mutants revealed defective
endocardial migration to the midline, where cardiac fusion eventually occurs.
Together, our data suggests that pdgfra is required for proper
medial migration of both endocardial and myocardial precursors, an essential
step required for cardiac assembly and development. Summary: The molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac fusion are not
well understood. Here, we show that platelet-derived growth factor receptor
alpha is essential for normal endocardial and myocardial fusion during zebrafish
development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan El-Rass
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center. Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Edbert Khong
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8
| | - Koroboshka Brand-Arzamendi
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8
| | - Antonio Mauro
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2.,Department of Medicine & Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Wen
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8 .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2.,Department of Medicine & Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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Fantauzzo KA, Soriano P. PDGFRβ regulates craniofacial development through homodimers and functional heterodimers with PDGFRα. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2443-2458. [PMID: 27856617 PMCID: PMC5131783 DOI: 10.1101/gad.288746.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial development is a complex morphogenetic process, disruptions in which result in highly prevalent human birth defects. While platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α (PDGFRα) has well-documented functions in this process, the role of PDGFRβ in murine craniofacial development is not well established. We demonstrate that PDGFRα and PDGFRβ are coexpressed in the craniofacial mesenchyme of mid-gestation mouse embryos and that ablation of Pdgfrb in the neural crest lineage results in increased nasal septum width, delayed palatal shelf development, and subepidermal blebbing. Furthermore, we show that the two receptors genetically interact in this lineage, as double-homozygous mutant embryos exhibit an overt facial clefting phenotype more severe than that observed in either single-mutant embryo. We reveal a physical interaction between PDGFRα and PDGFRβ in the craniofacial mesenchyme and demonstrate that the receptors form functional heterodimers with distinct signaling properties. Our studies thus uncover a novel mode of signaling for the PDGF family during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Fantauzzo
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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20
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Liang L, Yan XE, Yin Y, Yun CH. Structural and biochemical studies of the PDGFRA kinase domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:667-672. [PMID: 27349873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) is a Type III receptor tyrosine kinase, and this kinase is a target for treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) as it is frequently mutated in these cancers. Most of the mutations that cause constitutive activation of PDGFRA occur in either the activation loop (A-loop) or in the juxtamembrane (JM) domain, such as the mutations D842V or V561D respectively. Treatment of PDGFRA-mutated GIST with imatinib is successful in some cases, but the D842V mutation is imatinib-resistant. To better understand the mechanism of PDGFRA drug-resistance, we have determined the crystal structure of the PDGFRA kinase domain in the auto-inhibited form, and studied the kinetics of the D842V mutation. Auto-inhibited PDGFRA is stabilized by the JM domain, which inserts into the active site of the kinase. The conserved residue Asp842 makes extensive contacts with several A-loop residues to maintain PDGFRA in the "DFG out" conformation, which stabilizes the kinase in the inactive state and facilitates the binding of imatinib. The D842V mutation would therefore be expected to activate the kinase and hinder the binding of drug through destabilizing the "DFG out" conformation. Furthermore, our kinetic data show that drug resistance in the D842V mutation may also in part result from its increased affinity for ATP. The PDGFRA kinase domain structure we report in this study has potential to facilitate development of new agents which can inhibit this kinase, including both its activating and drug-resistant mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiao-E Yan
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Cai-Hong Yun
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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McDerment NA, Hocking PM, Dunn IC. Identification and characterisation of alternative transcriptional variants of PDGFRL in two lines of commercial poultry. Anim Genet 2015. [PMID: 26202218 DOI: 10.1111/age.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family of genes and their receptors are involved in angiogenesis and steroid hormone production. A putative member of the family, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-like (PDGFRL), has been implicated in steroid-based feedback mechanisms within the chicken reproductive system. Three potential variants of PDGFRL were identified in the chicken, supported by in silico prediction and EST sequencing. The three potential transcripts have been further verified and the 5' terminal regions sequenced in this research. The sum of expression of all three transcripts in broiler breeders (the parents of broiler chickens) has been shown to be consistent with total expression of the gene. However, cumulative expression of the three transcripts in a range of tissues in egg layers was significantly short of total expression, indicating the existence of potential additional variants. Two additional variants were subsequently identified in egg layer cerebellum tissue and the 5' terminal regions sequenced. Sequence analysis of the three initial variants suggests that only one variant, which was the most abundant in broiler breeders and the majority of egg layer tissues, had a functional signal peptide. Although 5' RACE identified two additional transcripts in egg layers, the most likely protein translations indicated that these variants possessed no functional signal peptide, suggesting that, if they have a function, it is not a traditional one.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A McDerment
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, Midlothian, UK
| | - P M Hocking
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, Midlothian, UK
| | - I C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, Midlothian, UK
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22
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Synergistic effect of PDGF and FGF2 for cell proliferation and hair inductive activity in murine vibrissal dermal papilla in vitro. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:110-8. [PMID: 25975959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dermal papilla is composed of a small clump of mesenchymal cells, called dermal papilla cells (DPCs). DPCs closely interact with epidermal cells to give rise to hair follicles and shafts during hair follicle development and the hair cycle. DPCs are promising cell sources for hair regeneration therapy for alopecia patients. However, once DPCs are put into conventional two-dimensional culture conditions, they quickly lose their capability to produce hair follicles. OBJECTIVE We aimed to expand a sufficiently large population of DPCs that retain their hair inductive activity. METHODS Murine DPCs were cultured in the presence of platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Expressions of follicular-related genes were analyzed by real time PCR and hair inductive activity was determined by patch assay and chamber assay in vivo. RESULTS FGF2 significantly increased the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) in cultured vibrissal DPCs. PDGF-AA, a ligand of PDGFRα, promoted proliferation of DPCs synergistically when utilized with FGF2 and enhanced the expression of several follicular-related genes in DPCs. Hair reconstitution assays revealed that DPCs treated with both PDGF-AA and FGF-2 were able to maintain their hair inductive activity better than those treated with FGF2 alone. CONCLUSION Both cell proliferation and hair inductive activity in murine DPCs are maintained by the synergistic effect of FGF2 and PDGF-AA.
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Noskovičová N, Petřek M, Eickelberg O, Heinzelmann K. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Signaling in the Lung. From Lung Development and Disease to Clinical Studies. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:263-84. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0294tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Xu B, Luo Y, Liu Y, Li BY, Wang Y. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB enhances MSC-mediated cardioprotection via suppression of miR-320 expression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H980-9. [PMID: 25724494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00737.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to myocardium protects ischemic tissue through the paracrine release of beneficial angiogenic and cytoprotective factors. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, a potent mitogen of MSCs, is involved in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease. However, the role(s) of PDGF in MSC-mediated cardioprotection remains unknown. Here, we found that PDGF treatment of MSCs resulted in rapid activation of both Akt and ERK (central intracellular signal mediators), upregulated VEGF, and induced phosphorylation of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor c-Jun. Examination of several microRNA genes having predicted promoter c-Jun-binding sites showed that PDGF treatment resulted in upregulation of miR-16-2 and downregulation of miRs-23b, -27b, and -320b. To examine possible PDGF augmentation of therapeutic potential, we evaluated the effects of PDGF using an ex vivo isolated mouse heart ischemia-reperfusion model. Human MSCs, with or without PDGF preconditioning, were infused into the coronary circulation of isolated mouse hearts. The hearts that received PDGF-treated MSCs exhibited a greater functional recovery compared with naïve MSC-infused hearts, following ischemia-reperfusion injury. This enhanced functional recovery was abolished by overexpression of miR-320, a microRNA we found downregulated by PDGF-activated c-Jun. Overexpression of miR-320 also resulted in upregulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family members, suggesting PDGF "cross talk" with the mitogenic IGF signaling pathway. Collectively, we conclude that PDGF enhances MSC-mediated cardioprotection via a c-Jun/miR-320 signaling mechanism and PDGF MSC preconditioning may be an effective therapeutic strategy for cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana;
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Zhang Y, Zhang WDE, Wang KQ, Li T, Song SH, Yuan B. Expression of platelet-derived growth factor in the vascular walls of patients with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1223-1228. [PMID: 25780413 PMCID: PMC4353744 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to quantitatively analyze the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A and PDGF-B in the vascular walls of patients with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease (LEAOD). The expression levels of PDGF-A and PDGF-B in the lower extremity arteries of 19 LEAOD patients (case group) and three healthy subjects (control group) was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Intergroup comparisons revealed that the relative mRNA expression levels were higher in the case group, as compared with the control group, for PDGF-A (34.38±5.80 vs. 21.94±1.05; P<0.05) and PDGF-B (33.95±5.92 vs. 24.15±3.12; P<0.05). In addition, the expression of PDGF-A revealed a positive linear correlation with the expression of PDGF-B (P<0.05). Therefore, the expression levels of PDGF-A and PDGF-B were found to be higher in the vascular walls of LEAOD patients, while the expression of PDGF-A was found to correlate with the expression of PDGF-B. A significant increase in the expression levlels of PDGF-A and PDGF-B were observed in the vascular walls of patients with LEAOD, and the expression of PDGF-A was associated with the expression of PDGF-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Wang-DE Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Han Song
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Biao Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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Shah P, Keppler L, Rutkowski J. A review of platelet derived growth factor playing pivotal role in bone regeneration. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2014; 40:330-40. [PMID: 24914921 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is focused on the literature review and study of recent advances in the field of bone grafting, which involves platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) as one of the facilitating factors in bone regeneration. This article includes a description of the mechanism of PDGF for use in surgeries where bone grafting is required, which promotes future application of PDGF for faster bone regeneration or inhibition of bone growth if required as in osteosarcoma. The important specific activities of PDGF include mitogenesis (increase in the cell populations of healing cells), angiogenesis (endothelial mitoses into functioning capillaries), and macrophage activation (debridement of the wound site and a second phase source of growth factors for continued repair and bone regeneration). Thus PDGF can be utilized in wound with bone defect to conceal the wound with repair of bony defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Shah
- 1 Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
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Odeh HM, Kleinguetl C, Ge R, Zirkin BR, Chen H. Regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of Leydig stem cells in the adult testis. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:123. [PMID: 24740597 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.117473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that stem cells associated with adult rat testis seminiferous tubules are able to give rise to differentiated Leydig cells in vitro. The regulatory mechanisms by which they do so, however, are uncertain. Herein, we hypothesized that the proliferation and differentiation of Leydig cell stem cells (stem Leydig cells, SLCs) depend upon locally produced factors from the seminiferous tubules. Microarray analysis revealed that platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha) is up-regulated and PDGFRbeta is down-regulated with postnatal differentiation of SLCs. This suggested that their ligands, PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB, respectively, might have important roles in SLC proliferation and differentiation. To test this, we developed a unique in vitro culture system in which SLCs proliferate on the surfaces of cultured seminiferous tubules largely during Week 1 of culture and their progeny subsequently differentiate to testosterone-forming Leydig cells during Weeks 2 through 4. Using this system, seminiferous tubules from adult rat testes were cultured with PDGF-AA or PDGF-BB for up to 4 wk. Both ligands stimulated SLC proliferation during the first week of culture, with PDGF-BB significantly more potent than PDGF-AA. Furthermore, PDGF-AA had a stimulatory effect on SLC differentiation from Weeks 2 through 4 of culture. In contrast, PDGF-BB, which stimulated cell proliferation during Week 1, had a significant inhibitory effect on differentiation during Weeks 2 through 4. These findings, made possible by the development of the seminiferous tubule culture system, reveal distinct roles by locally produced PDGFs in SLC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M Odeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Colin Kleinguetl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Barry R Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Role of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands in glioblastoma. Cells 2014; 3:199-235. [PMID: 24709958 PMCID: PMC4092852 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most frequent, aggressive and fatal type of brain tumor. Glioblastomas are characterized by their infiltrating nature, high proliferation rate and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Recently, oncologic therapy experienced a rapid evolution towards “targeted therapy,” which is the employment of drugs directed against particular targets that play essential roles in proliferation, survival and invasiveness of cancer cells. A number of molecules involved in signal transduction pathways are used as molecular targets for the treatment of various tumors. In fact, inhibitors of these molecules have already entered the clinic or are undergoing clinical trials. Cellular receptors are clear examples of such targets and in the case of glioblastoma multiforme, some of these receptors and their ligands have become relevant. In this review, the importance of glioblastoma multiforme in signaling pathways initiated by extracellular tyrosine kinase receptors such as EGFR, PDGFR and IGF-1R will be discussed. We will describe their ligands, family members, structure, activation mechanism, downstream molecules, as well as the interaction among these pathways. Lastly, we will provide an up-to-date review of the current targeted therapies in cancer, in particular glioblastoma that employ inhibitors of these pathways and their benefits.
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Pennock S, Haddock LJ, Eliott D, Mukai S, Kazlauskas A. Is neutralizing vitreal growth factors a viable strategy to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy? Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 40:16-34. [PMID: 24412519 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a blinding disorder that occurs in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and in eyes that have recently undergone retinal detachment surgery. There are presently no treatment strategies to reduce the risk of developing PVR in eyes with retinal detachment, and surgical intervention is the only option for eyes with retinal detachment and established PVR. Given the poor visual outcome associated with the surgical treatment of PVR, considerable work has been done to identify pharmacologic agents that could antagonize the PVR process. Intensive efforts to identify molecular determinants of PVR implicate vitreal growth factors. A surprise that emerged in the course of testing the 'growth factor hypothesis' of PVR was the existence of a functional relationship amongst growth factors that engage platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α (PDGFRα), a receptor tyrosine kinase that is key to pathogenesis of experimental PVR. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF), which is best known for its ability to activate VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) and induce permeability and/or angiogenesis, enables activation of PDGFRα by a wide spectrum of vitreal growth factors outside of the PDGF family (non-PDGFs) in a way that triggers signaling events that potently enhance the viability of cells displaced into vitreous. Targeting these growth factors or signaling events effectively neutralizes the bioactivity of PVR vitreous and prevents PVR in a number of preclinical models. In this review, we discuss recent conceptual advances in understanding the role of growth factors in PVR, and consider the tangible treatment strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Pennock
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luis J Haddock
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dean Eliott
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shizuo Mukai
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrius Kazlauskas
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Inhibition of receptor signaling and of glioblastoma-derived tumor growth by a novel PDGFRβ aptamer. Mol Ther 2014; 22:828-41. [PMID: 24566984 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) is a cell-surface tyrosine kinase receptor implicated in several cellular processes including proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. It represents a compelling therapeutic target in many human tumors, including glioma. A number of tyrosine kinase inhibitors under development as antitumor agents have been found to inhibit PDGFRβ. However, they are not selective as they present multiple tyrosine kinase targets. Here, we report a novel PDGFRβ-specific antagonist represented by a nuclease-resistant RNA-aptamer, named Gint4.T. This aptamer is able to specifically bind to the human PDGFRβ ectodomain (Kd: 9.6 nmol/l) causing a strong inhibition of ligand-dependent receptor activation and of downstream signaling in cell lines and primary cultures of human glioblastoma cells. Moreover, Gint4.T aptamer drastically inhibits cell migration and proliferation, induces differentiation, and blocks tumor growth in vivo. In addition, Gint4.T aptamer prevents PDGFRβ heterodimerization with and resultant transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. As a result, the combination of Gint4.T and an epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted aptamer is better at slowing tumor growth than either single aptamer alone. These findings reveal Gint4.T as a PDGFRβ-drug candidate with translational potential.
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Mathey S, Graeser MK, Zu Eulenburg C, Woelber L, Trillsch F, Jaenicke F, Müller V, Milde-Langosch K, Mahner S. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta serum concentrations during first-line therapy in ovarian cancer. Oncology 2013; 85:69-77. [PMID: 23860180 DOI: 10.1159/000351032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiogenesis plays an important role in ovarian cancer. The interaction of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-β) with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the process of angiogenesis may represent an essential feature in the progression of the disease. METHODS Patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, who underwent primary surgery and platinum-based first-line chemotherapy, were included. A total of 133 serum samples from 39 patients were analyzed. Samples were prospectively collected at 4 time points: (1) before surgery, (2) after surgery and before chemotherapy, (3) during chemotherapy and (4) after chemotherapy. Serum PDGFR-β was quantified by ELISA. We analyzed the correlation of serum levels to chemotherapy response, progression-free and overall survival (PFS and OS) and the serum markers CA-125 and VEGF-165. RESULTS Serum concentration of PDGFR-β ranged between 4 and 72 ng/ml and increased significantly during first-line chemotherapy (p = 0.019). PDGFR-β serum concentrations showed an inverse correlation with CA-125 and VEGF-165 after chemotherapy (r = -0.495, p = 0.003 and r = -0.345, p = 0.04, respectively). Increased PDGFR-β serum levels after chemotherapy were significantly correlated with better PFS (p = 0.026) and OS (p = 0.013) in a univariate analysis. CONCLUSION PDGFR-β might be a useful biomarker in terms of prognosis and could be important as antiangiogenic agents become a component of standard treatment in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mathey
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Jadeja S, Mort RL, Keighren M, Hart AW, Joynson R, Wells S, Potter PK, Jackson IJ. A CNS-specific hypomorphic Pdgfr-beta mutant model of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:3569-78. [PMID: 23633653 PMCID: PMC4025949 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A mouse mutant identified during a recessive N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen exhibited ocular hemorrhaging resulting in a blood-filled orbit, and hence was named "redeye." We aimed to identify the causal mutation in redeye, and evaluate it as a model for diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS The causative gene mutation in redeye was identified by haplotype mapping followed by exome sequencing. Glucose tolerance tests, detailed histologic and immunofluorescence analyses, and vascular permeability assays were performed to determine the affect of redeye on glucose metabolism, pericyte recruitment, and the development of the retinal vasculature and blood-retinal barrier (BRB). RESULTS A mutation was identified in the Pdgfrb gene at position +2 of intron 6. We show that this change causes partial loss of normal splicing resulting in a frameshift and premature termination, and, therefore, a substantial reduction in normal Pdgfrb transcript. The animals exhibit defective pericyte recruitment restricted to the central nervous system (CNS) causing basement membrane and vascular patterning defects, impaired vascular permeability, and aberrant BRB development, resulting in vascular leakage and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. Despite exhibiting classic features of diabetic retinopathy, redeye glucose tolerance is normal. CONCLUSIONS The Pdgfrb(redeye/redeye) mice exhibit all of the features of nonproliferative DR, including retinal neurodegeneration. In addition, the perinatal onset of the CNS-specific vascular phenotype negates the need to age animals or manage diabetic complications in other organs. Therefore, they are a more useful model for diseases involving pericyte deficiencies, such as DR, than those currently being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Jadeja
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margaret Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan W. Hart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
The family of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) plays a number of critical roles in normal embryonic development, cellular differentiation, and response to tissue damage. Not surprisingly, as it is a multi-faceted regulatory system, numerous pathological conditions are associated with aberrant activity of the PDGFs and their receptors. As we and others have shown, human gliomas, especially glioblastoma, express all PDGF ligands and both the two cell surface receptors, PDGFR-α and -β. The cellular distribution of these proteins in tumors indicates that glial tumor cells are stimulated via PDGF/PDGFR-α autocrine and paracrine loops, while tumor vessels are stimulated via the PDGFR-β. Here we summarize the initial discoveries on the role of PDGF and PDGF receptors in gliomas and provide a brief overview of what is known in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Nazarenko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna-Maria Hede
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- (currently) Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaobing He
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hedrén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Healthcare Research Biobank (KHRBB), Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael S. Lindström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Healthcare Research Biobank (KHRBB), Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Activation of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors causes context-dependent cellular responses, including proliferation and migration, and studies in model organisms have demonstrated that this receptor family (PDGFRα and PDGFRβ) is required in many mesenchymal and migratory cell populations during embryonic development. One of these migratory cell populations is the neural crest, which forms cranial bone and mesenchyme, sympathetic neurons and ganglia, melanocytes, and smooth muscle. Mice with disruption of PDGF signaling exhibit defects in some of these neural crest derivatives including the palate, aortic arch, salivary gland, and thymus. Although many of these neural crest defects were identified many years ago, the mechanism of action of PDGF in neural crest remains controversial. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of PDGF function during neural crest cell (NCC) development, focusing on its role in the formation of different neural crest-derived tissues and the implications for PDGF receptors in NCC-related human birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Downs-Kelly E, Rubin BP. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:708596. [PMID: 21559207 PMCID: PMC3090201 DOI: 10.4061/2011/708596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and are diverse not only in their clinical behavior but also in their histologic appearance. GISTs are insensitive to conventional sarcoma chemotherapy and radiation. However GISTs are sensitive to small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors as 85–90% of GISTs have KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) mutations, which drive tumorigenesis. This review will briefly touch on the clinicopathological features of GIST, while the majority of the review will focus on the clinical and treatment ramifications of KIT and PDGFRA mutations found in GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn Downs-Kelly
- Departments of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, L25, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Shao M, Rossi S, Chelladurai B, Shimizu M, Ntukogu O, Ivan M, Calin GA, Matei D. PDGF induced microRNA alterations in cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:4035-47. [PMID: 21266476 PMCID: PMC3105413 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) regulates gene transcription by binding to specific receptors. PDGF plays a critical role in oncogenesis in brain and other tumors, regulates angiogenesis, and remodels the stroma in physiologic conditions. Here, we show by using microRNA (miR) arrays that PDGFs regulate the expression and function of miRs in glioblastoma and ovarian cancer cells. The two PDGF ligands AA and BB affect expression of several miRs in ligand-specific manner; the most robust changes consisting of let-7d repression by PDGF-AA and miR-146b induction by PDGF-BB. Induction of miR-146b by PDGF-BB is modulated via MAPK-dependent induction of c-fos. We demonstrate that PDGF regulates expression of some of its known targets (e.g. cyclin D1) through miR alterations and identify the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a new PDGF-BB target. We show that its expression and function are repressed by PDGF-induced miR-146b and that mir-146b and EGFR correlate inversely in human glioblastomas. We propose that PDGF-regulated gene transcription involves alterations in non-coding RNAs and provide evidence for a miR-dependent feedback mechanism balancing growth factor receptor signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Shao
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Normal development and function of the testis are controlled by endocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are growth factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in various tissues during normal and abnormal processes such as embryo development, wound healing, tissue fibrosis, vascular disorders, and cancer. PDGFs and their receptors (PDGFRs) have emerged as key players in the regulation of embryonic and postnatal development of the male gonad. Cells that express PDGFs and PDGFRs are found in the testis of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and their distribution, regulation, and function vary across species. Testicular PDGFs and PDGFRs appear after the process of sex determination in animals that use either genetic sex determination or environmental sex determination. Sertoli cells are the main PDGF-producing cells during the entire period of prenatal and postnatal testis development. Fetal Leydig cells and their precursors, adult Leydig cells and their stem cell precursors, peritubular myoid cells, cells of the blood vessels, and gonocytes are the testicular cell types expressing PDGFRs. Genetically targeted deletions of PDGFs, PDGFRs, PDGFR target genes or pharmacological silencing of PDGF signaling produce profound damage on the target cells that, depending on the developmental period, are under direct or indirect control of PDGF. PDGF signaling may also serve diverse functions outside of the realm of testis development, including testicular tumors. In this review, we provide a framework of the current knowledge to clarify the useful information regarding how PDGFs function in individual cells of the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Basciani
- Department of Medical Physiopathology, I Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Shah GD, Loizos N, Youssoufian H, Schwartz JD, Rowinsky EK. Rationale for the development of IMC-3G3, a fully human immunoglobulin G subclass 1 monoclonal antibody targeting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha. Cancer 2010; 116:1018-26. [PMID: 20127943 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests that the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family and associated receptors are potential targets in oncology therapeutic development because of their critical roles in the proliferation and survival of various cancers and in the regulation and growth of the tumor stroma and blood vessels. Several small molecules that nonspecifically target the PDGF signaling axis are in current use or development as anticancer therapies. However, for the majority of these agents, PDGF and its receptors are neither the primary targets nor the principal mediators of anticancer activity. IMC-3G3, a fully human monoclonal antibody of the immunoglobulin G subclass 1, specifically binds to the human PDGF receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha) with high affinity and blocks PDGF ligand binding and PDGFRalpha activation. The results of preclinical studies and the frequent expression of PDGFRalpha in many types of cancer and in cancer-associated stroma support a rationale for the clinical development of IMC-3G3. Currently, IMC-3G3 is being evaluated in early clinical development for patients with several types of solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav D Shah
- ImClone Systems Corporation, 33 ImClone Drive, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA.
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Zhang H, Li XF, Le XC. Differentiation and detection of PDGF isomers and their receptors by tunable aptamer capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7795-800. [PMID: 19691297 DOI: 10.1021/ac901471w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tunable aptamer capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques were developed to enable the separation and detection of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) isomers and their receptors. Using an aptamer that formed a stable complex with the B chain but not with the A chain of PDGF, we were able to tweak the electrophoretic mobilities of the PDGF isomers for their separation. PDGF-AB bound to a single aptamer molecule was well resolved from PDGF-BB bound to two aptamer molecules. Simultaneous determination of 50 pM of two isomers was accomplished in a single analysis. Furthermore, PDGF-AB was used as a connector to bring receptor alpha and fluorescent aptamer into a single complex molecule. As a result, the formation of a (receptor alpha)-(PDGF-AB)-(fluorescent aptamer) ternary complex enabled the detection of the receptor alpha by tunable aptamer CE. A competitive assay was developed to determine receptor beta, making use of the competition between the receptor beta and fluorescent aptamer in binding to PDGF-BB. Detection limits were 0.5 nM for PDGF receptor alpha and 3 nM for receptor beta. Determination of PDGF isomers and their receptors in diluted serum samples showed no interference from the sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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Recent developments in our understanding of how platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors contribute to proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2009; 90:376-81. [PMID: 19931527 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, a disease process occurring in the setting of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, is thought to develop as a result of exposure of retinal cells to vitreous. Vitreous contains many growth factors, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been considered a major contributor to PVR. Evaluation of both PDGF and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) as potential therapeutic targets in the context of a rabbit model of PVR revealed that PDGFR-based approaches protected from PVR, whereas neutralizing PDGFs was a much less effective strategy. The basis for these observations appears to reflect that fact that the PDGFR could be activated by a wide spectrum of vitreal agents that are outside of the PDGF family. Furthermore, blocking signaling events by which the non-PDGFs indirectly activated PDGF alpha receptor (PDGFRalpha) protected rabbits from developing PVR. These studies demonstrate that the best therapeutic targets for PVR are not PDGFs, but PDGFRalpha and certain signaling events required for indirectly activating PDGFRalpha.
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Masuda J, Tsuda M, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Inoue K. Intrathecal delivery of PDGF produces tactile allodynia through its receptors in spinal microglia. Mol Pain 2009; 5:23. [PMID: 19426564 PMCID: PMC2690582 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-5-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating pain condition that occurs after nerve damage. Such pain is considered to be a reflection of the aberrant excitability of dorsal horn neurons. Emerging lines of evidence indicate that spinal microglia play a crucial role in neuronal excitability and the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, but the mechanisms underlying neuron-microglia communications in the dorsal horn remain to be fully elucidated. A recent study has demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) expressed in dorsal horn neurons contributes to neuropathic pain after nerve injury, yet how PDGF produces pain hypersensitivity remains unknown. Here we report an involvement of spinal microglia in PDGF-induced tactile allodynia. A single intrathecal delivery of PDGF B-chain homodimer (PDGF-BB) to naive rats produced a robust and long-lasting decrease in paw withdrawal threshold in a dose-dependent manner. Following PDGF administration, the immunofluorescence for phosphorylated PDGF β-receptor (p-PDGFRβ), an activated form, was markedly increased in the spinal dorsal horn. Interestingly, almost all p-PDGFRβ-positive cells were double-labeled with an antibody for the microglia marker OX-42, but not with antibodies for other markers of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. PDGF-stimulated microglia in vivo transformed into a modest activated state in terms of their cell number and morphology. Furthermore, PDGF-BB-induced tactile allodynia was prevented by a daily intrathecal administration of minocycline, which is known to inhibit microglia activation. Moreover, in rats with an injury to the fifth lumbar spinal nerve (an animal model of neuropathic pain), the immunofluorescence for p-PDGFRβ was markedly enhanced exclusively in microglia in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. Together, our findings suggest that spinal microglia critically contribute to PDGF-induced tactile allodynia, and it is also assumed that microglial PDGF signaling may have a role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Masuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Ohshima M, Yamaguchi Y, Kappert K, Micke P, Otsuka K. bFGF rescues imatinib/STI571-induced apoptosis of sis-NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:165-70. [PMID: 19338769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PDGF-B-transfected, sis-NIH3T3 fibroblasts serve as a model system for examining the role of PDGF signaling in tumors. We have found that imatinib/STI571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting PDGF receptors, induces apoptosis of sis-NIH3T3 fibroblasts cultured under serum free conditions, which was rescued by the addition of 10% newborn calf serum (NCS). Therefore, growth factors included in serum were tested with regard to their ability to rescue imatinib-induced apoptosis. While PDGF-AB, EGF, and IGF-I failed to protect imatinib-induced sis-NIH3T3 cell apoptosis, bFGF rescued it. The effects of bFGF were confirmed by both cell viability assays and Bax/Bcl-2 gene expression ratio. An FGF receptor inhibitor, PD166866, invalidated the protective effect of bFGF. However, combination of imatinib and PD166866 failed to induce cell death of sis-NIH3T3 cells when cultured in 10% NCS. These results indicate that synergistic administration of some types of tyrosine kinase inhibitors need to be tested under in vivo-like conditions to establish novel strategies in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ohshima
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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Ricono JM, Wagner B, Gorin Y, Arar M, Kazlauskas A, Choudhury GG, Abboud HE. PDGF receptor-{beta} modulates metanephric mesenchyme chemotaxis induced by PDGF AA. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 296:F406-17. [PMID: 19019919 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90368.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PDGF B chain or PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-beta-deficient (-/-) mice lack mesangial cells. To study responses of alpha- and beta-receptor activation to PDGF ligands, metanephric mesenchymal cells (MMCs) were established from embryonic day E11.5 wild-type (+/+) and -/- mouse embryos. PDGF BB stimulated cell migration in +/+ cells, whereas PDGF AA did not. Conversely, PDGF AA was chemotactic for -/- MMCs. The mechanism by which PDGFR-beta inhibited AA-induced migration was investigated. PDGF BB, but not PDGF AA, increased intracellular Ca(2+) and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in +/+ cells. Transfection of -/- MMCs with the wild-type beta-receptor restored cell migration and ROS generation in response to PDGF BB and inhibited AA-induced migration. Inhibition of Ca(2+) signaling facilitated PDGF AA-induced chemotaxis in the wild-type cells. The antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) abolished the BB-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, suggesting that ROS act as upstream mediators of Ca(2+) in suppressing PDGF AA-induced migration. These data indicate that ROS and Ca(2+) generated by active PDGFR-beta play an essential role in suppressing PDGF AA-induced migration in +/+ MMCs. During kidney development, PDGFR beta-mediated ROS generation and Ca(2+) influx suppress PDGF AA-induced chemotaxis in metanephric mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Ricono
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Kazlauskas A. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor. Angiogenesis 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71518-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nagai H, Tokumaru S, Sayama K, Shirakata Y, Hanakawa Y, Hirakawa S, Dai X, Tohyama M, Yang L, Hashimoto K. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 negative regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in platelet-derived growth factor-induced fibroblast migration. J Dermatol 2007; 34:523-30. [PMID: 17683382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2007.00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is involved in wound healing, but PDGF-induced fibroblast migration and the intracellular signaling mechanisms of fibroblast migration are poorly understood. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is involved in migration and is negatively regulated by the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). We studied the PDGF induction of fibroblast migration in vitro and the involvement of STAT3 and SOCS3. We found that PDGF activated STAT3 and strongly induced fibroblast migration. Transfection with a dominant-negative mutant of STAT3 almost completely abolished PDGF-induced fibroblast migration and STAT3 phosphorylation. Next, we studied the mechanisms that regulate fibroblast migration. PDGF enhanced the expression of SOCS3 by 2.8-fold at 1 h. Transfection with SOCS3 almost completely abolished PDGF-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and reduced fibroblast migration to 47% of control, indicating that SOCS3 acts as a negative regulator of PDGF-induced fibroblast migration. In conclusion, PDGF induces fibroblast migration under the control of STAT3-SOCS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagai
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
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Sherr CJ, Kato JY, Borzillo G, Downing JR, Roussel MF. Signal-response coupling mediated by the transduced colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor and its oncogenic fms variants in naive cells. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 148:96-104; discussion 104-9. [PMID: 2156660 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513880.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1 or M-CSF) supports the proliferation and survival of mononuclear phagocytes by binding to a receptor (CSF-1R) encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene. Whereas the CSF-1R kinase is normally regulated by ligand, receptors bearing 'activating mutations' act constitutively as enzymes and can transform fibroblasts and haemopoietic cells of different lineages. Introduction of human CSF-1R enables mouse NIH-3T3 cells to form colonies in agar in response to human CSF-1 and to proliferate in serum-free medium supplemented with CSF-1, albumin, transferrin and insulin. Similarly, expression of human CSF-1R in interleukin 3-dependent mouse FDC-P1 myeloid cells enables them to grow in CSF-1. High levels of CSF-1R expression in FDC-P1 cells can induce factor-independent growth which is abrogated by a 'neutralizing' monoclonal antibody to the receptor. Therefore, critical mutations in the c-fms gene or overexpression of CSF-1R in immature myeloid precursors might each contribute to leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Sherr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
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Westermark B, Claesson-Welsh L, Heldin CH. Structural and functional aspects of platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 150:6-14; discussion 14-22. [PMID: 2164910 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513927.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a dimeric molecule that exists as homodimers or heterodimers of related polypeptide chains (A and B). Two types of PDGF receptor have been identified. The PDGF alpha-receptor binds all three isoforms with high affinity whereas the beta-receptor binds only PDGF-BB with high affinity, PDGF-AB with low affinity and does not appear to bind PDGF-AA. The alpha- and beta-receptors are structurally related, each having an intracellular protein tyrosine kinase domain. Ligand-induced functional activation of the receptors appears to involve receptor dimerization. Binding of PDGF to its receptor is followed by internalization and degradation of the ligand-receptor complex. Experiments with mutant receptors have shown that ligand-induced internalization is not absolutely dependent on the kinase activity of the beta-receptor. The v-sis oncogene of simian sarcoma virus (SSV) is a retroviral version of the PDGF B chain gene and SSV-transformation is mediated by an autocrine PDGF-like growth factor. Formal evidence that the expression of the PDGF beta-receptor is sufficient to confer susceptibility to SSV-transformation has been obtained using porcine endothelial cells expressing a recombinant human beta-receptor. PDGF is a chemotactic agent for several cell types. Recent experiments have shown that the PDGF beta-receptor mediates a chemotactic response and that this effect requires an intact protein tyrosine kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Westermark
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sada A, Katayama Y, Yamamoto K, Okuyama S, Nakata H, Shimada H, Oshimi K, Mori M, Matsui T. A multicenter analysis of the FIP1L1-αPDGFR fusion gene in Japanese idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: an aberrant splicing skipping the αPDGFR exon 12. Ann Hematol 2007; 86:855-63. [PMID: 17701174 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-007-0357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To study the clinical characteristics of hypereosionophilic syndrome and chronic eosinophilic leukemia (HES/CEL) in Japan, the clinical data of 29 HES/CEL patients throughout the country were surveyed. Moreover, the involvement of the FIP1L1-alphaPDGFR fusion gene resulting from a cryptic del (4)(q12q12) was examined in 24 cases. The FIP1L1-alphaPDGFR messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected in three patients (13% of patients fulfilled WHO criteria and 17% of Chusid criteria). One had a novel fusion transcript, which skipped the exon 12 of alphaPDGFR. The transcript appears to be generated by a splicing mechanism that is different from the previously reported splicing patterns. In silico analysis, the exon skipping was not related to a disruption of the exonic splicing enhancers within the exon but strongly associated with the loss of the vast majority of the FIP1L intron 8a where intronic splicing enhancers were accumulated. Unexpectedly, pseudo-chimera DNA fragments with some shared characteristic features were occasionally generated from healthy control samples by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Considering the relatively low incidence of the FIP1L1-alphaPDGFR transcript positive case, extreme care must therefore be taken when making a diagnosis using RT-PCR before imatinib therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sada
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Abstract
The standard treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer remains surgical debulking and chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. However, the majority of patients relapse, and few, if any, achieve a cure. Future advancement in treatment should aim at targeting the biology of the disease, specifically mechanisms critical to tumor initiation and progression. Several Phase I and II clinical trials have identified novel opportunities for therapy. The most promising venues appear to be the antiangiogenic agents and the inhibitors of intracellular signaling. Novel modalities of delivering cytotoxics to tumor cells by exploiting ovarian cancer-specific biomarkers are also being tested, and appear promising. Immunomodulatory agents are being developed for consolidation therapy. Although devoid of the common side effects associated with chemotherapy, the use of targeted agents is associated with specific toxicities, related to the biological processes they block. The main challenge for future successful clinical development will be defining molecular markers predictive of response and judicious patient selection based on the biological features of the tumor. Individualized treatment driven by molecular characteristics will open the door to a new age in anticancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Matei
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Abstract
Mutually exclusive KIT and PDGFRA mutations are central events in GIST pathogenesis, and their understanding is becoming increasingly important, because specific treatment targeting oncogenic KIT and PDGFRA activation (especially imatinib mesylate) has become available. KIT mutations in GIST are clustered in four exons. Most common are exon 11 (juxtamembrane domain) mutations that include deletions, point mutations (affecting a few codons), and duplications (mostly in the 3' region). The latter mutations most often occur in gastric GISTs. Among gastric GISTs, tumors with deletions are more aggressive than those with point mutations; this does not seem to hold true in small intestinal GISTs. Exon 9 mutations (5-10%) usually are 2-codon 502-503 duplications, and these occur predominantly in intestinal versus gastric GISTs. Lesser imatinib sensitivity of these tumors has been noted. Kinase domain mutations are very rare; GISTs with such mutations are variably sensitive to imatinib. PDGFRA mutations usually occur in gastric GISTs, especially in the epithelioid variants; their overall frequency is approximately 30% to 40% of KIT mutation negative GISTs. Most common is exon 18 mutation leading Asp842Val at the protein level. This mutation causes imatinib resistance. Exon 12 and 14 mutations are rare. Most mutations are somatic (in tumor tissue only), but patients with familial GIST syndrome have consitutitonal KIT/PDGFRA mutations; >10 families have been reported worldwide with mutations generally similar to those in sporadic GISTs. GISTs in neurofibromatosis 1 patients, children, and Carney triad seem to lack GIST-specific KIT and PDGFRA mutations and may have a different disease mechanism. Secondary mutations usually occur in KIT kinase domains in patients after imatinib treatment resulting in resistance to this drug. Mutation genotyping is a tool in GIST diagnosis and in assessment of sensitivity to kinase inhibitors. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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