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Duckett D, Troldborg M, Hendry S, Cousin H. Making waves: Promoting municipal water reuse without a prevailing scarcity driver. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120965. [PMID: 38096725 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The wealth of water reuse research in scarcity and/or rapid urbanisation contexts has underpinned significant change in many relatively water scarce contexts. Less progress has been achieved in water rich contexts; a fact illustrated by the lack of change on the ground. The Climate Emergency demands that all municipalities urgently contribute to more efficient resource management of water. Consequently, to advance municipal scale reuse projects in locations where scarcity is not forcing the issue, for example Scotland, there is a need to predicate water reuse on different drivers, specifically climate change and the circular economy. Moreover, greater contextual sensitivity needs to be applied when exploring barriers to reuse to more critically exploit opportunities, for example avenues to reform complex regulatory frameworks, different contingencies around trust, and different potential degrees of the yuck factor. To achieve this, new initiatives need to be urgently undertaken to consider the barriers to reuse that will not be swept aside by the imperative of scarcity. The notion of a yum factor, whereby positive sentiments are nurtured to combat instinctive repugnance, coined as yuck by the bioethicist Arthur Caplan, is advanced as a strategic objective to promote more rapid expansion of municipal scale reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mads Troldborg
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
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2
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Laughlin JM. Some observations on perceptions of radiation risks in the context of nuclear power plant accidents. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2023; 199:2169-2173. [PMID: 37934997 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
As highlighted by public reactions to accidents at nuclear plants in the past, such as those that occurred in Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011), and from numerous opinion surveys, there are considerable differences or gaps between how the public and radiation experts perceive the risks from radiation. Even within the community of experts, radiation risk perception differences can be present. The reasons for differences in radiation risk perceptions between the public and experts are complex and involve sociological, ethical and behavioural aspects of society. This presents significant challenges to authorities in trying to improve radiation risk communications targeted at the public within the context of radiation emergency preparedness planning. Of particular importance is to make the communications more citizen-centred than heretofore by having meaningful two-way communications and dialogue with the public. It is emphasised that such strategies should take into account and address the significant mental health and socio-economic impacts of such accidents on affected populations. In particular, the mental health impacts are inadequately addressed by current international radiation protection recommendations reflecting their long established emphasis only on physical health effects. This approach is no longer acceptable or justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mc Laughlin
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04V!W8, Ireland
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3
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Shirai K, Takada M, Murakami M, Ohnuma S, Yamada K, Osako M, Yasutaka T. Factors influencing acceptability of final disposal of incinerated ash and decontaminated soil from TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118610. [PMID: 37536131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident prompted extensive decontamination work. The decontaminated soil and incinerated ash generated by the process are scheduled for final disposal by March 2045 outside Fukushima Prefecture. The final disposal is unprecedented worldwide. Clarifying their acceptability will contribute to the final disposal of decontaminated soil and incinerated ash, as well as add knowledge about the perceived risk of low-concentration radioactive waste. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the psychological factors influencing final disposal acceptability. The results of the structural equation modeling demonstrated stable results, with risk perception decreasing acceptability, social benefits increasing acceptability, and personal benefits having limited impact. The initiative for the final disposal of decontaminated soil and incinerated ash can facilitate the reconstruction of Fukushima Prefecture after the disaster. Trust and intergenerational expectations are critical factors influencing the acceptability of this disposal. The responses were classified based on the relevance of moral norms using cluster analysis and moral foundations. The influence of each element on acceptability varied depending on the cluster. Trust was identified as the most influential factor in acceptability, regardless of the level of importance placed on moral norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Shirai
- Research Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan; Social Safety and Industrial Innovation Division, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc., 10-3, Nagatacho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8141, Japan.
| | - Momo Takada
- Research Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Michio Murakami
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohnuma
- Department of Behavioral Science, Faculty of Humanities and Human Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osako
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yasutaka
- Research Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
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Zaleskiewicz T, Traczyk J, Sobkow A, Fulawka K, Megías-Robles A. Visualizing risky situations induces a stronger neural response in brain areas associated with mental imagery and emotions than visualizing non-risky situations. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1207364. [PMID: 37795209 PMCID: PMC10546025 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1207364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In an fMRI study, we tested the prediction that visualizing risky situations induces a stronger neural response in brain areas associated with mental imagery and emotions than visualizing non-risky and more positive situations. We assumed that processing mental images that allow for "trying-out" the future has greater adaptive importance for risky than non-risky situations, because the former can generate severe negative outcomes. We identified several brain regions that were activated when participants produced images of risky situations and these regions overlap with brain areas engaged in visual, speech, and movement imagery. We also found that producing images of risky situations, in contrast to non-risky situations, was associated with increased neural activation in the insular cortex and cerebellum-the regions involved, among other functions, in emotional processing. Finally, we observed an increased BOLD signal in the cingulate gyrus associated with reward-based decision making and monitoring of decision outcomes. In summary, risky situations increased neural activation in brain areas involved in mental imagery, emotional processing, and decision making. These findings imply that the evaluation of everyday risky situations may be driven by emotional responses that result from mental imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Zaleskiewicz
- Faculty of Psychology in Wrocław, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Traczyk
- Faculty of Psychology in Wrocław, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Sobkow
- Faculty of Psychology in Wrocław, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Fulawka
- Faculty of Psychology in Wrocław, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wrocław, Poland
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5
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Zaleskiewicz T, Traczyk J, Sobkow A. Decision making and mental imagery: A conceptual synthesis and new research directions. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2198066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Zaleskiewicz
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Center for Research in Economic Behavior (CREB), Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Traczyk
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Center for Research on Improving Decision Making, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Sobkow
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Center for Research on Improving Decision Making, Wroclaw, Poland
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Chen J, He X, Cui C, Xia B, Skitmore M, Liu Y. Effects of perceived stress on public acceptance of waste incineration projects: evidence from three cities in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34952-34965. [PMID: 36525199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Public acceptance is important for the provision of potentially hazardous facilities and may be affected by many factors such as perceived risk/benefit/stress/fairness and public trust. In this study, the underlying mechanism behind the influence of perceived stress on public acceptance of waste-to-energy (WTE) incinerators was explored by structural equation modeling of a face-to-face questionnaire survey of 1066 urban residents in three regional central cities in China. The results indicate that, firstly, the perceived stress of the laypeople has an impact on their acceptance by influencing risk/fairness they perceived and public trust. Secondly, the paths of influence of individual perceptions on acceptance differ between cities with different economic, cultural, and social characteristics. Perceived stress mainly affects public acceptance through perceived risk in the eastern residents while perceived stress mainly affects public acceptance through public trust in the western residents. The findings clarify the theoretical role of perceived stress in shaping laypeople's acceptance of potentially hazardous facilities which are of value for both governments and owners in siting potentially hazardous facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928, No. 2 Street, Xiasha, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyao He
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928, No. 2 Street, Xiasha, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Cui
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928, No. 2 Street, Xiasha, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xia
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martin Skitmore
- Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928, No. 2 Street, Xiasha, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, China.
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Huang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Perceptional differences in the factors of local acceptance of waste incineration plant. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1067886. [PMID: 36600719 PMCID: PMC9806432 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1067886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing research has documented that public attitudes towards waste incineration plants are determined by various factors, such as risk perception, economic impacts, and social trust. However, the diversity in perceptions within communities hosting waste incineration plants is understudied. Adds to existing knowledge, the present paper employed the Q methodology to examine the perceptions of residents living in the vicinity of a waste incineration plant in Xuzhou, China. The results revealed four perspectives on residents' perceptions towards waste incineration plants: I do not trust them and feel besieged by risks; I trust local governments but I am unfairly treated; I attach this place a lot but I am unfairly treated; I possess knowledge of waste incineration and feel besieged by risks. Our data show that risk perception, trust perception, and political efficacy perception are underlying reasons for local acceptance of waste incineration plants. The diversified subjectivities we obtained supplement existing literature that quantitatively documents the influencing factors. These findings demonstrate that it is necessary to explicitly consider the deep-seated values and perspectives among hosting residents' for the siting of the waste incineration plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsen Huang
- School of Management, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- School of Marxism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ziqi Zhang,
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- School of Management Engineering and Business, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China,Yanbo Zhang,
| | - Zixing Wang
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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8
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Li Y, Li Z, Li R, Wang H, Zhao Y, Pei Y, Wang J. Highly efficient triiodide ion adsorption from water by ionic liquid hybrid metal-organic frameworks. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Yang X, Chen Y, Wang J, Zheng H, Liu H, Zhou D, He Y, Wang Z, Zhou Q. Online beam orbit correction of MEBT in CiADS based on multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2022.109346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Heard CL, Rakow T. Examining Insensitivity to Probability in Evidence-Based Communication of Relative Risks: The Role of Affect and Communication Format. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 42:2145-2159. [PMID: 34839529 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Affect can influence judgments of event riskiness and use of risk-related information. Two studies (Ns: 85 and 100) examined the insensitivity-to-probability effect-where people discount probability information when scenarios are affect-rich-applying it to evidence-informed risk communication. We additionally investigated whether this effect is moderated by format, based on predictions from the evaluability and pattern-recognition literatures, suggesting that graphical formats may attenuate insensitivity to probability. Participants completed a prior beliefs questionnaire (Study 1), and risk perception booklet (both studies) that presented identical statistical information about the relative risks associated with two scenarios-one with an affect-rich outcome, the other an affect-poorer outcome. In Study 1, this was presented graphically. In Study 2, information was presented in one of three formats: written, tabular, or graphical. Participants provided their perceptions of the risk for each scenario at a range of risk-levels. The affect-rich scenario was perceived as higher in risk, and, importantly, despite presenting identical relative risk information in both scenarios, was associated with a reduced sensitivity to probability information (both studies). These differences were predicted by participants' prior beliefs concerning the scenario events (Study 1) and were larger for the single-item written format than graphical format (Study 2). The findings illustrate that insensitivity to probability information can occur in evidence-informed risk communications and highlight how communication format can moderate this effect. This interplay between affect and format therefore reflects an important consideration for information designers and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Louise Heard
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Tim Rakow
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Tang P, Xie XX, Huang ZY, Cai XT, Zhang WG, Cai SL, Fan J, Zheng SR. Ethylenediamine grafted MIL-101 for iodine vapor capture with high capacity. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Risk Perceptions and Amplification Effects over Time: Evaluating Fukushima Longitudinal Surveys. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast body of literature addressing public risk perceptions of technological disasters such as nuclear accidents, longitudinal studies comparing pre- and post-disaster attitudes are scarce. This study examines (a) how perception factors such as concern, risk, political saliency, trust, and attitudes toward energy policies related to nuclear power changed over time and among different populations, and (b) if social amplification and ripple effects were present after the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster in Japan. The article compares 2010 survey data collected before the nuclear accident with data collected in 2013 and 2016. The analysis shows a clear trend regarding concern over nuclear power. Levels of concern and political saliency increased in the aftermath of the nuclear disaster but declined in 2016. These findings indicate amplification effects between the pre-disaster survey in 2010 and the first follow-up survey in 2013. However, the 2016 data indicate the Fukushima accident only had a significant short-term impact on public risk perceptions. The data also indicate high levels of uncertainty regarding trust and future energy policies. The high levels of uncertainty present an opportunity for nuclear power supporters and opponents alike to shape Japan’s future energy policy through well-crafted communication and outreach programs.
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A Study of the Impact of Predictive Maintenance Parameters on the Improvment of System Monitoring. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10132153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Predictive maintenance can be efficiently improved by studying the sensitivity of the maintenance decisions with respect to changes in the proposed model parameters (costs, duration of reparation, etc.). To address this issue, we first propose an original approach that includes both maintenance costs and maintenance risks in the same objective function to minimize. This approach uses the RUL as an indicator of the health state of the system and supposes that the system is under regular inspections and can only be replaced by a new system in case of serious deterioration or failure. Then, we present a process of human decision making under uncertainty based on several criteria. Finally, we study and analyze the influence of the model parameters and their implications on the obtained maintenance policies. The study will lead to some recommendations that can improve the predictive maintenance decisions and help experts better handle maintenance costs.
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Risk Determination versus Risk Perception: A New Model of Reality for Human–Machine Autonomy. INFORMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/informatics9020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the progress in developing a science of interdependence applied to the determinations and perceptions of risk for autonomous human–machine systems based on a case study of the Department of Defense’s (DoD) faulty determination of risk in a drone strike in Afghanistan; the DoD’s assessment was rushed, suppressing alternative risk perceptions. We begin by contrasting the lack of success found in a case study from the commercial sphere (Facebook’s use of machine intelligence to find and categorize “hate speech”). Then, after the DoD case study, we draw a comparison with the Department of Energy’s (DOE) mismanagement of its military nuclear wastes that created health risks to the public, DOE employees, and the environment. The DOE recovered by defending its risk determinations and challenging risk perceptions in public. We apply this process to autonomous human–machine systems. The result from this review is a major discovery about the costly suppression of risk perceptions to best determine actual risks, whether for the military, business, or politics. For autonomous systems, we conclude that the determinations of actual risks need to be limited in scope as much as feasible; and that a process of free and open debate needs to be adopted that challenges the risk perceptions arising in situations facing uncertainty as the best, and possibly the only, path forward to a solution.
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Trust in COVID-19 information sources and perceived risk among smokers: A nationally representative survey. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262097. [PMID: 35085293 PMCID: PMC8794215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health officials have classified smoking as a risk factor for COVID-19 disease severity. Smokers generally have less trust in health experts than do nonsmokers, leading to reduced risk perceptions. This study addresses smokers' trust in information sources about COVID-19 and how trust is associated with perceived COVID-19 susceptibility and severity among smokers. METHODS AND FINDINGS A nationally representative sample of 1,223 current smokers were surveyed between October and November 2020, indicating their level of trust in COVID-19 information sources, and their perceptions of risk from COVID-19. Multiple differences in trustworthiness emerged; smokers trusted their personal doctor for information about COVID-19 more than other information sources, while news media were generally distrusted. In addition, the FDA was trusted less than the NIH and CDC. Several "trust gaps" were observed, indicating disparities in levels of trust associated with gender, ethnicity, education, and political orientation, which had the strongest association with trust of all factors. Political orientation was also a significant predictor of COVID-19 risk perceptions, but there was no independent effect of political orientation when accounting for trust, which was predictive of all risk perception outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Trusted sources, such as personal doctors, may most effectively convey COVID-19 information across political orientations and sociodemographic groups. News media may be ineffective at informing smokers due to their low credibility. The results suggest that trust may explain the apparent effect of political orientation on COVID-19 risk perceptions. Implications for researchers, communication professionals, and policy makers are discussed.
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Lipkus IM, Mays D, Sheeran P, Pan W, Cameron LD, De Brigard F. Effects of mental simulation of future waterpipe tobacco smoking on attitudes, perceived harms and intended use among young adults. J Behav Med 2022; 45:76-89. [PMID: 34406549 PMCID: PMC8821143 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-021-00245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The desire to engage in waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) may occur when smokers and nonsmokers conjure positive mental simulations of WTS. However, effects of these simulations on desire to smoke waterpipe tobacco and potential mediators are unexplored. This research addressed these effects among young adult waterpipe tobacco smokers and nonsmokers. Two online studies were conducted with adults ages 18-30. In Study 1, 200 smokers, 190 susceptible nonsmokers, and 182 nonsusceptible nonsmokers were randomized to mentally simulate or not WTS in the future. In Study 2, 234 smokers and 241 susceptible nonsmokers were randomized to four arms: no simulation or simulations that varied valence of experience (positive, negative or no valence provided). Main outcomes were immediate desire to smoke waterpipe tobacco, cognitive and affective attitudes, and perceived harms. In Study 1, mental simulations increased the desire to smoke waterpipe tobacco among smokers. In Study 2, asking participants to simulate WTS positively or with no valence instruction increased desire to smoke relative to negative valence instruction or no simulation. Negative simulations reduced perceived probability of smoking within a month compared to positive simulations. Effects on desire to engage in WTS were mediated by cognitive and affective attitudes among susceptible nonsmokers and by cognitive attitudes among smokers. These findings suggest that exploring when and how often mental simulations about WTS are evoked and their potency for promoting prevention and cessation of WTS merit further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren Mays
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA
| | | | - Wei Pan
- Duke University School of Nursing
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17
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Construction of Tetrathiafulvalene-based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Superior Iodine Capture. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-1417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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People’s Perception of Experimental Installations for Sustainable Energy: The Case of IFMIF-DONES. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear facilities are a main milestone in the long way to sustainable energy. Beyond the well-known fission centrals, the necessity of cleaner, more efficient and almost unlimited energy reducing waste to almost zero is a major challenge in the next decades. This is the case with nuclear fusion. Different experimental installations to definitively control this nuclear power are proliferating in different countries. However, citizens in the surroundings of cities and villages where these installations are going to be settled are frequently reluctant because of doubts about the expected benefits and the potential hazards. In this framework, knowing the opinion of people and their perception of experimental fusion facilities is essential for researchers, administrations and rulemaking bodies planning future fusion plants. This is the case for IFMIF-DONES, a neutron irradiation facility to determine the most suitable materials for the future fusion reactors. The construction of this installation is starting in Escúzar (Granada, Spain), and this work presents a large survey among 311 people living or working in the village. Their perception, fears, hopes and other variables are analyzed, and the conclusions for future installations and their impact on the energy policy are presented.
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Searching for New Technology Acceptance Model under Social Context: Analyzing the Determinants of Acceptance of Intelligent Information Technology in Digital Transformation and Implications for the Requisites of Digital Sustainability. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent information technology (IIT) based on AI and intelligent network communication technology is rapidly changing the social structure and the personal lives. However, IIT acceptancefrom various perspectives still requires extensive research. The research question in this paper examines how five factors—psychological, technological, resource, risk perception, and value factors—influence IIT acceptance. Based on an analysis of survey data, it was first found that the acceptance rate of IIT itself was generally very high. Second, in terms of IIT acceptance, among twenty-five predictors, voluntariness (+), positive image of technology (+), performance expectancy (+), relative advantage (+), radical innovation (+), and experience of use (+) were found to have significant effects on the IIT acceptance. Third, in addition to technological factors, psychological factors and risk perception factors also played an important role in individuals’ decisions regarding IIT acceptance.
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Seidl R, Flüeler T, Krütli P. Sharp discrepancies between nuclear and conventional toxic waste: Technical analysis and public perception. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125422. [PMID: 34030397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Partly due to failed approaches in nuclear waste (NW) governance, years of high levels of attention have resulted in novel, more participatory avenues in Switzerland and other countries. What can be said about the case of conventional hazardous waste (CHW) from households? What technical and legal aspects are similar to or different from those of the NW domain? How does the public perceive CHW and its handling? We address these (so far) open questions in this study that comprises multiple methodological approaches. We combine a technical and system assessment with a societal (perception) assessment, based on a representative survey (N = 3082) among the German-speaking population of Switzerland. We draw some conclusions for a possible way forward in hazardous waste policy and governance. We find a remarkable disparity between technical analysis and public perception. The community should discuss whether the current NW management is forward-looking and may serve as a model for CHW. For CHW, the multiplicity of agents and the heterogeneity of substances may make the situation too complex, non-transparent, and thus less salient in the public perception. Paradoxically, the ubiquity of conventional waste, traditional community landfills, and everyday handling of some waste may make it appear less alarming than NW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Seidl
- D-USYS Transdisciplinarity Lab, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Flüeler
- Dept. of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Nuclear Technology Unit, Directorate of Public Works, Canton of Zurich, 8090 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Pius Krütli
- D-USYS Transdisciplinarity Lab, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Partanen L, Alberti S, Laasonen K. Hydrogen adsorption trends on two metal-doped Ni 2P surfaces for optimal catalyst design. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11538-11547. [PMID: 33969865 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00684c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we looked at the hydrogen evolution reaction on the doubly doped Ni3P2 terminated Ni2P surface. Two Ni atoms in the first three layers of the Ni2P surface model were exchanged with two transition metal atoms. We limited our investigation to combinations of Al, Co, and Fe based on their individual effectiveness as Ni2P dopants in our previous computational studies. The DFT calculated hydrogen adsorption free energy was employed as a predictor of the materials' catalytic HER activity. Our results indicate that the combination of Co and Fe dopants most improves the catalytic activity of the surface through the creation of multiple novel and active catalytic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Partanen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Simon Alberti
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Kari Laasonen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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22
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Kasap S. Development of foamy-like 3-dimensional graphene networks decorated with iron oxide nanoparticles for strontium adsorption. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1768121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kasap
- Sabanci University, Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, İstanbul, Turkey
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23
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Searching for Evidence-Based Public Policy and Practice: Analysis of the Determinants of Personal/Public Adaptation and Mitigation Behavior against Particulate Matter by Focusing on the Roles of Risk Perception, Communication, and Attribution Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020428. [PMID: 33430400 PMCID: PMC7827748 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, awareness about the risk of particulate matter (PM) has increased both domestically and internationally; consequently, various policies have been implemented to reduce PM. Since citizens are both victim and cause of this risk, PM cannot be successfully decreased only through government policies. Therefore, citizens' active participation is required to reduce PM and prevent its risks. However, a theoretical model about public behavior against PM has not been established. Therefore, we suggest the public behavior model about individuals' response against PM, in which response actions are classified into four types based on the combinations of the public-personal domains and mitigation-adaptation actions: Personal or public adaptations, and personal or public mitigations. We analyze how risk perception, risk communication, blame attribution factors influence the four types of responses against PM. The analysis results reveal that the receiver's ability, negative emotion, trust in government, and age influence personal mitigation behavior, personal adaptation, public mitigation, and public adaptation, respectively. As this study demonstrates the differences in the factors influencing each type of response actions against PM, evidence-based policy is needed that considers the differences in these influencing factors.
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24
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Zhou Y, Li Y, Liu D, Wang X, Liu D, Xu L. Synthesis of the inorganic-organic hybrid of two-dimensional polydopamine-functionalized titanate nanosheets and its efficient extraction of U(VI) from aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Pietrocola M, Rodrigues E, Bercot F, Schnorr S. Risk Society and Science Education: Lessons from the Covid-19 Pandemic. SCIENCE & EDUCATION 2020; 30:209-233. [PMID: 33250574 PMCID: PMC7685186 DOI: 10.1007/s11191-020-00176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic raises reflection on the new roles of science education in citizen education in a world characterized by civilization risks, derived from the current socioeconomic development. This specific type of risk is treated as a manufactured risk as proposed by the sociologist Ulrich Beck. In this paper, we report a document analysis starting from Beck's risk society theory, followed by notions of reflexive modernity, risk perception, and the Cynefin decision-making model for complex problems. COVID-19 pandemic is characterized as a manufactured risk. We state that students are unable to deal with manufactured risk because of the type of problems they are usually prepared to solve at school and the limited risk perception they have. In order to acquire better science education, we propose the integration of wicked problems in science programs alongside the use of a multidimensional schema, the so-called amplified risk perception space, a tool to locate students' risk perception. We hope to contribute to prepare citizens for a world of global and complex events, such as the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Pietrocola
- School of Education, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Bercot
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Schnorr
- School of Education, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Carter L, Mankad A, Zhang A, Curnock MI, Pollard CRJ. A multidimensional framework to inform stakeholder engagement in the science and management of invasive and pest animal species. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Turcanu C, Sala R, Perko T, Abelshausen B, Oltra C, Tomkiv Y, Oughton D, Liland A, Zeleznik N. How would citizens react to official advice in a nuclear emergency? Insights from research in three European countries. JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1468-5973.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roser Sala
- Sociotechnical Research Centre CISOT‐CIEMAT Barcelona Spain
| | - Tanja Perko
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN Mol Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Astrid Liland
- Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority Tromso Norway
| | - Nadja Zeleznik
- Milan Vidmar Electric Power Research Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
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28
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Mol JM, Botzen WJW, Blasch JE, de Moel H. Insights into Flood Risk Misperceptions of Homeowners in the Dutch River Delta. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:1450-1468. [PMID: 32311149 PMCID: PMC7496751 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is one of the most significant natural disasters worldwide. Nevertheless, voluntary take-up of individual damage reduction measures is low. A potential explanation is that flood risk perceptions of individual homeowners are below objective estimates of flood risk, which may imply that they underestimate the flood risk and the damage that can be avoided by damage reduction measures. The aim of this article is to assess possible flood risk misperceptions of floodplain residents in the Netherlands, and to offer insights into factors that are related with under- or overestimation of perceived flood risk. We analyzed survey data of 1,848 homeowners in the Dutch river delta and examine how perceptions of flood probability and damage relate to objective risk assessments, such as safety standards of dikes, as well as heuristics, including the availability heuristic and the affect heuristic. Results show that many Dutch floodplain inhabitants significantly overestimate the probability, but underestimate the maximum expected water level of a flood. We further observe that many respondents apply the availability heuristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantsje M. Mol
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - W. J. Wouter Botzen
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Utrecht University School of Economics (USE)Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Risk Management and Decision Processes CenterThe Wharton SchoolUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Julia E. Blasch
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hans de Moel
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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29
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Highly efficient removal of iodine ions using MXene-PDA-Ag2Ox composites synthesized by mussel-inspired chemistry. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 567:190-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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30
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Drummond C, Fischhoff B. Emotion and judgments of scientific research. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:319-334. [PMID: 32098582 DOI: 10.1177/0963662520906797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scientific research has the power to prompt strong emotional reactions. We investigated the relationship between such reactions and individuals' understanding and judgments of the research. Participants read an article describing recent cancer research and reported the extent to which it evoked six emotions: fear, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise. We modeled these emotions two ways, either considering each separately or clustering them into two groups, for emotions with positive or negative valence. Even after controlling for the number of predictors, models based on the six separate emotions better predicted participants' subjective understanding of the research, judgments of its quality, and trust in the scientists who conducted it. Participants who reported more disgust also had more negative judgments of the research and the scientists, but these relationships were weaker when participants reported their emotions before making these judgments, rather than after. We discuss practical and ethical implications of these results.
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31
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Liu Y, Wei G, Feng Y, Lu X, Chen Y, Sun R, Peng L, Ma M, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. The effect of boron on zeolite-4A immobilization of iodine waste forms with a novel preparation method. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Ulibarri N, Tracy CL, McCarty RJ. Cleanup and Complexity: Nuclear and Industrial Contamination at The Santa Susana Field Laboratory, California. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 65:257-271. [PMID: 31828410 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-019-01239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination, a legacy of industrial activity borne by numerous sites around the world, poses health risks for surrounding communities and presents serious cleanup challenges. One such site, the Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL), served as an aerospace and nuclear energy research facility for over 50 years, during which time radioactive and other hazardous materials were unintentionally and intentionally released into the surrounding environment. These releases, including the partial meltdown of a sodium reactor, were hidden from the public for three decades. The site is now located in suburban Los Angeles, with 730,000 people living within a 10-mile radius. This paper evaluates the technical and social challenges underlying site cleanup at SSFL, including a complex geological setting, uncertain contaminant information, and a convoluted, evolving regulatory framework. These challenges, paired with historical secrecy on the part of responsible organizations and unclear layers of responsibility, have led to uncertainty and distrust within the surrounding community. Lessons learned from other remediated sites are assessed and recommendations for the SSFL cleanup are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ulibarri
- Department of Urban Planning and Public Policy, University of California, Irvine, 300 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Cameron L Tracy
- Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 79 John F. Kennedy St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ryan J McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Li Q, Mao Q, Li M, Zhang S, He G, Zhang W. Cross-linked chitosan microspheres entrapping silver chloride via the improved emulsion technology for iodide ion adsorption. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115926. [PMID: 32070545 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radioactive iodine waste from nuclear plant became the severe environmental problem and led to the public health concern. The cross-linked chitosan adsorbed iodide anions through the electrical attraction, yet performing limited-efficiently. Targeting as the better adsorption, the modified chitosan sorbent as AgCl@CM (silver chloride entrapped in the cross-linked chitosan microspheres) for iodine adsorption was proposed and implemented by chemisorption from AgCl and physisorption from chitosan via the improved emulsion method (emulsions mixing-collision and polymerization). With the broad application from pH 2 to pH 10, the spherical AgCl@CM (from 0.20 g silver nitrate) performed the I127 anions (instead of radioactive iodine) adsorption efficiency of higher than 90 % in 20 min, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.5267 mmol/g, well-fitting with the pseudo-first-order model and Sips isothermal model. AgCl@CM also performed I127 adsorption with the significant selectivity relative to Cl-. The micro-spherical AgCl@CM sorbents were therefore prospective-effectively for iodine waste water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Qian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Gaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
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34
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Investigation on the effect of 238U replacement with 232Th in small modular reactor (SMR) fuel matrix. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.103108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shanahan EA, Reinhold AM, Raile ED, Poole GC, Ready RC, Izurieta C, McEvoy J, Bergmann NT, King H. Characters matter: How narratives shape affective responses to risk communication. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225968. [PMID: 31815957 PMCID: PMC6901229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Whereas scientists depend on the language of probability to relay information about hazards, risk communication may be more effective when embedding scientific information in narratives. The persuasive power of narratives is theorized to reside, in part, in narrative transportation. Purpose This study seeks to advance the science of stories in risk communication by measuring real-time affective responses as a proxy indicator for narrative transportation during science messages that present scientific information in the context of narrative. Methods This study employed a within-subjects design in which participants (n = 90) were exposed to eight science messages regarding flood risk. Conventional science messages using probability and certainty language represented two conditions. The remaining six conditions were narrative science messages that embedded the two conventional science messages within three story forms that manipulated the narrative mechanism of character selection. Informed by the Narrative Policy Framework, the characters portrayed in the narrative science messages were hero, victim, and victim-to-hero. Natural language processing techniques were applied to identify and rank hero and victim vocabularies from 45 resident interviews conducted in the study area; the resulting classified vocabulary was used to build each of the three story types. Affective response data were collected over 12 group sessions across three flood-prone communities in Montana. Dial response technology was used to capture continuous, second-by-second recording of participants’ affective responses while listening to each of the eight science messages. Message order was randomized across sessions. ANOVA and three linear mixed-effects models were estimated to test our predictions. Results First, both probabilistic and certainty science language evoked negative affective responses with no statistical differences between them. Second, narrative science messages were associated with greater variance in affective responses than conventional science messages. Third, when characters are in action, variation in the narrative mechanism of character selection leads to significantly different affective responses. Hero and victim-to-hero characters elicit positive affective responses, while victim characters produce a slightly negative response. Conclusions In risk communication, characters matter in audience experience of narrative transportation as measured by affective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Shanahan
- Department of Political Science, College of Letters & Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Montana Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann Marie Reinhold
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Raile
- Department of Political Science, College of Letters & Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey C. Poole
- Montana Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Ready
- Montana Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural Economics & Economics, College of Agriculture, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Clemente Izurieta
- Montana Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Gianforte School of Computing, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jamie McEvoy
- Montana Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Letters & Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Nicolas T. Bergmann
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Letters & Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Henry King
- Department of Computer Science, Gianforte School of Computing, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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Saleh R, Bearth A, Siegrist M. "Chemophobia" Today: Consumers' Knowledge and Perceptions of Chemicals. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:2668-2682. [PMID: 31290192 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This mixed-methods study investigated consumers' knowledge of chemicals in terms of basic principles of toxicology and then related this knowledge, in addition to other factors, to their fear of chemical substances (i.e., chemophobia). Both qualitative interviews and a large-scale online survey were conducted in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. A Mokken scale was developed to measure laypeople's toxicological knowledge. The results indicate that most laypeople are unaware of the similarities between natural and synthetic chemicals in terms of certain toxicological principles. Furthermore, their associations with the term "chemical substances" and the self-reported affect prompted by these associations are mostly negative. The results also suggest that knowledge of basic principles of toxicology, self-reported affect evoked by the term "chemical substances," risk-benefit perceptions concerning synthetic chemicals, and trust in regulation processes are all negatively associated with chemophobia, while general health concerns are positively related to chemophobia. Thus, to enhance informed consumer decisionmaking, it might be necessary to tackle the stigmatization of the term "chemical substances" as well as address and clarify prevalent misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Saleh
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 22, Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Bearth
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 22, Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Siegrist
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 22, Zuerich, Switzerland
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Zaleskiewicz T, Bernady A, Traczyk J. Entrepreneurial Risk Taking Is Related to Mental Imagery: A Fresh Look at the Old Issue of Entrepreneurship and Risk. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jakub Traczyk
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Poland
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38
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Nyman AL, Weaver SR, Huang J, Slovic P, Ashley DL, Eriksen MP. US Adult Smokers' Perceived Risk of Fire or Explosion-Related Injury Caused by Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. Public Health Rep 2019; 134:675-684. [PMID: 31600459 PMCID: PMC6831949 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919878433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Publicity on incidents of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) exploding or catching fire may influence smokers' risk perceptions and decisions about using ENDS for quitting smoking. We examined combustible cigarette smokers' perceptions of the possibility of injury from exploding ENDS and the relationship of those perceptions to ENDS use, perceived risk relative to smoking, and perceived costs and benefits of ENDS use. METHODS We used data from the 2017 Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Survey of a national probability sample of US adults, conducted online in August and September 2017. The analytic sample consisted of 1181 current combustible cigarette smokers aware of ENDS. RESULTS Among combustible cigarette smokers aware of ENDS, a medium/high perceived risk of injury from exploding ENDS was associated with lower odds of current ENDS use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.86; P = .01), perceiving ENDS to be at least as harmful as cigarettes (aOR = 3.22; 95% CI, 2.11-4.93; P < .001), and feeling that the negatives of ENDS use outweighed the positives (aOR = 3.50; 95% CI, 2.00-6.14; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Product standards, improved product labeling, and education about how to properly use, charge, and store ENDS can help protect consumers from injury. Communication efforts should seek to fully inform combustible cigarette smokers about both the absolute health risks of ENDS, including risk of explosions, and their relative risks compared with those of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Nyman
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, School of Public Health,
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott R. Weaver
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, School of Public Health,
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health,
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jidong Huang
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, School of Public Health,
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of
Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - David L. Ashley
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, School of Public Health,
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of
Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael P. Eriksen
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, School of Public Health,
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of
Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Yeo SK, Sun Y, McKasy M, Shugart EC. Disgusting microbes: The effect of disgust on perceptions of risks related to modifying microbiomes. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:433-448. [PMID: 30827192 DOI: 10.1177/0963662519832200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research on perceived risks of scientific issues has largely overlooked the influence of disgust as a predictor. Here, we examine the impact of disgust on perceived risks of modifying microbiomes using a 2 (emotion) × 2 (focus) experiment embedded in an online survey. We find evidence of moderated mediation where individuals exposed to an article about microbiome research and therapies with explicit references to disgusting stimuli perceived greater risk through a mediating variable, elicited disgust. This indirect effect is moderated by the focus of the article; those who viewed a human-focused article experienced greater disgust and reported greater perceived risks. These findings have implications for assessing and addressing lay audiences' reactions to an emerging issue that has significant societal implications.
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Zhang J, Chen L, Dai X, Zhu L, Xiao C, Xu L, Zhang Z, Alekseev EV, Wang Y, Zhang C, Zhang H, Wang Y, Diwu J, Chai Z, Wang S. Distinctive Two-Step Intercalation of Sr2+ into a Coordination Polymer with Record High 90Sr Uptake Capabilities. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Simulating 10,000 Years of Erosion to Assess Nuclear Waste Repository Performance. GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term environmental performance assessments of natural processes, including erosion, are critically important for waste repository site evaluation. However, assessing a site’s ability to continuously function is challenging due to parameter uncertainty and compounding nonlinear processes. In lieu of unavailable site data for model calibration, we present a workflow to include multiple sources of surrogate data and reduced-order models to validate parameters for a long-term erosion assessment of a low-level radioactive nuclear waste repository. We apply this new workflow to a low-level waste repository on mesas in Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. To account for parameter uncertainty, we simulate high-, moderate-, and low-erosion cases. The assessment extends to 10,000 years, which results in large erosion uncertainties, but is necessary given the nature of the interred waste. Our long-term erosion analysis shows that high-erosion scenarios produce rounded mesa tops and partially filled canyons, diverging from the moderate-erosion case that results in gullies and sharp mesa rims. Our novel model parameterization workflow and modeling exercise demonstrates the utility of long-term assessments, identifies sources of erosion forecast uncertainty, and demonstrates the utility of landscape evolution model development. We conclude with a discussion on methods to reduce assessment uncertainty and increase model confidence.
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Searching for New Directions for Energy Policy: Testing the Cross-Effect of Risk Perception and Cyberspace Factors on Online/Offline Opposition to Nuclear Energy in South Korea. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11051368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the internet age, a considerable amount of information about risk events and objects is shared in cyberspace. Since online and offline spaces are not discrete, there is a cross-effect in which perceptual or attitudinal factors in cyberspace influence offline actions, while offline attitudes affect online actions. However, few studies have examined this cross-effect. In the present study, the intention to engage in online or offline behaviors opposing nuclear energy was the dependent variable. The independent variables included risk perception factors (i.e., perceived risk, perceived benefit, trust, knowledge, and stigma) in the risk perception paradigm, and cyber factors (i.e., self-efficacy in cyberspace, involvement on the internet, trust in cyberspace, conformity to online opinion, and belief in online rumors) in the cyberpsychology paradigm. Our findings offer evidence for the cross-effect of online or offline predictors on online/offline behaviors opposing nuclear energy. All the variables in the cyberspace paradigm influenced offline opposition, while those in the risk perception paradigm affected online opposition. Moreover, the five online-related risk perception variables played a significant role in moderating the relationships of predictors in the risk perception paradigm with offline opposition.
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Liu HW, Wang KY, Ding D, Sun M, Cheng L, Wang C. Deep eutectic solvothermal synthesis of an open framework copper selenidogermanate with pH-resistant Cs+ ion exchange properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13884-13887. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06906b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is the deep eutectic solvothermal synthesis of an open framework copper selenidogermanate [NH3CH3]0.75Cu1.25GeSe3 (CuGeSe-1), which shows a pH-resistant Cs+ ion exchange performance (qm = 225.3 mg g−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Kai-Yao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Dong Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Meng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
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Facile synthesis of mesoporous Fe-based MOFs loading bismuth with high speed adsorption of iodide from solution. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Popova L, Majeed B, Owusu D, Spears CA, Ashley DL. Who are the smokers who never plan to quit and what do they think about the risks of using tobacco products? Addict Behav 2018; 87:62-68. [PMID: 29958136 PMCID: PMC6109416 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking cigarettes is the most harmful way to use tobacco. Smokers who do not plan to quit present a particular challenge in reducing the morbidity and mortality from tobacco use. Switching to a lower harm product might encourage them to end their use of combusted cigarettes. This study aimed to better understand smokers who do not intend to quit (including their demographic and worldviews as indicators of their social, cultural, and political dispositions) and their perceived risks of cigarettes and possible lower-risk products such as e-cigarettes. METHODS Participants were 2572 current smokers. Data were pooled from 2015 and 2016 cross-sectional surveys of national probability samples of U.S. adults and analyzed with multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS Smokers who never plan to quit comprise 14.3% of current U.S. smokers and are more likely to be older (24.2% among 65+ years old vs. 9.8% among 18-24) and less likely to have ever used e-cigarettes. A one-unit increase in hierarchical worldview (measured on a 1-6 scale) was associated with a 20% increase in the odds of never planning to quit. Those who denied that cigarettes cause disease or death (aORs between 1.6 and 2.0) or were uncertain (aORs: 2.5-2.7) were more likely to never plan to quit compared to those who agreed. They did not view risks of e-cigarettes substantially different compared to smokers who plan to quit. CONCLUSION One in seven U.S. smokers never plans to quit and might benefit from interventions which reflect their hierarchical worldviews and increase their risk perceptions of combustible cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Popova
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA.
| | - Ban Majeed
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Daniel Owusu
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Claire Adams Spears
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - David L Ashley
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
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Ionic liquids for TRansUranic Extraction (TRUEX)—Recent developments in nuclear waste management: A review. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rose KM, Howell EL, Scheufele DA, Brossard D, Xenos MA, Shapira P, Youtie J, Kwon S. The Values of Synthetic Biology: Researcher Views of Their Field and Participation in Public Engagement. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Research on Factors Affecting Public Risk Perception of Thai High-Speed Railway Projects Based on “Belt and Road Initiative”. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10061978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu Y, Sun C, Xia B, Cui C, Coffey V. Impact of community engagement on public acceptance towards waste-to-energy incineration projects: Empirical evidence from China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 76:431-442. [PMID: 29475616 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most popular methods for the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW), waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration offers effective solutions to deal with the MSW surge and globe energy issues. Nevertheless, the construction of WTE facilities faces considerable and strong opposition from local communities due to the perceived potential risks. The present study aims to understand whether, and how, community engagement improves local residents' public acceptance towards waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration facilities using a questionnaire survey conducted with nearby residents of two selected WTE incineration plants located in Zhejiang province, China. The results of data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) reveal that firstly, a lower level of public acceptance exists among local residents of over the age of 35, of lower education levels, living within 3 km from the WTE Plant and from WTE incineration Plants which are under construction. Secondly, the public trust of local government and other authorities was positively associated with the public acceptance of the WTE incineration project, both directly and indirectly based on perceived risk. Thirdly, community engagement can effectively enhance public trust in local government and other authorities related to the WTE incineration project. The findings contribute to the literature on MSW treatment policy-making and potentially hazardous facility siting, by exploring the determinants of public acceptance towards WTE incineration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Chenjunyan Sun
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Bo Xia
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Caiyun Cui
- Architectural Engineering College, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Langfang 065201, China
| | - Vaughan Coffey
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4001, Australia
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Prior J. Factors influencing residents' acceptance (support) of remediation technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1369-1386. [PMID: 29929249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An increasing diversity of technologies are being used to remediate contaminated sites, yet there remains little understanding of the level of acceptance that residents living near these sites hold for these technologies, and what factors influence their level of acceptance. This lack of understanding hinders the remediation industry's ability to effectively engage with these residents about remediation technology selection, at a time when such engagement is become part and parcel of remediation policy and practice. The study develops on wider research into public acceptance of technologies, using data from a telephone survey of 2009 residents living near thirteen contaminated sites across Australia. Within the survey acceptance is measured through residents' level of support for the application of remediation technologies in their local area. Firstly, a regression analysis of closed-ended questions, and coding of open-ended questions are combined to identify the main predictors of residents' support for remediation technologies. Secondly, coding of open-ended questions was analysed using Crawford and Ostrom's Institutional Grammar Tool to identify norms and sanctions guiding residents' willingness to negotiate their support. The research identifies factors associated with the residents' personal and demographic characteristics, their physical context and engagement with institution during remediation processes, and the technologies themselves which predict residents' level of support for the application of remediation technologies. Bioremediation technologies had higher levels of support than chemical, thermal and physical technologies. Furthermore, the paper identifies a core set of norms and sanctions residents use to negotiate their level of support for remediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Prior
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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