1
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Hu N, Brönmark C, Bourdeau PE, Hollander J. Marine gastropods at higher trophic level show stronger tolerance to ocean acidification. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Dept of Biology ‐ Aquatic Ecology, Lund Univ. Lund Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Hollander
- Dept of Biology ‐ Aquatic Ecology, Lund Univ. Lund Sweden
- Global Ocean Inst., World Maritime Univ. Malmö Sweden
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2
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Zhu Y, Xiong C, Wei Z, Chen Q, Ma B, Zhou S, Tan J, Zhang L, Cui H, Duan G. Impacts of global change on the phyllosphere microbiome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1977-1986. [PMID: 34921429 PMCID: PMC9306672 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants form complex interaction networks with diverse microbiomes in the environment, and the intricate interplay between plants and their associated microbiomes can greatly influence ecosystem processes and functions. The phyllosphere, the aerial part of the plant, provides a unique habitat for diverse microbes, and in return the phyllosphere microbiome greatly affects plant performance. As an open system, the phyllosphere is subjected to environmental perturbations, including global change, which will impact the crosstalk between plants and their microbiomes. In this review, we aim to provide a synthesis of current knowledge of the complex interactions between plants and the phyllosphere microbiome under global changes and to identify future priority areas of research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and HealthInstitute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Chao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Zhong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste UtilizationJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource UtilizationNational Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based FertilizersNanjing Agricultural UniversityWeigang, Nanjing210095China
| | - Qing‐Lin Chen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic3010Australia
| | - Bin Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and EnvironmentCollege of Environmental and Natural Resource SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Hangzhou Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311200China
| | - Shu‐Yi‐Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and HealthInstitute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Li‐Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Hui‐Ling Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Gui‐Lan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
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3
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Soil Nematodes as the Silent Sufferers of Climate-Induced Toxicity: Analysing the Outcomes of Their Interactions with Climatic Stress Factors on Land Cover and Agricultural Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2519-2586. [PMID: 35593954 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Unsustainable anthropogenic activities over the last few decades have resulted in alterations of the global climate. It can be perceived through changes in the rainfall patterns and rise in mean annual temperatures. Climatic stress factors exert their effects on soil health mainly by modifying the soil microenvironments where the soil fauna reside. Among the members of soil fauna, the soil nematodes have been found to be sensitive to these stress factors primarily because of their low tolerance limits. Additionally, because of their higher and diverse trophic positions in the soil food web they can integrate the effects of many stress factors acting together. This is important because under natural conditions the climatic stress factors do not exert their effect individually. Rather, they interact amongst themselves and other abiotic stress factors in the soil to generate their impacts. Some of these interactions may be synergistic while others may be antagonistic. As such, it becomes very difficult to assess their impacts on soil health by simply analysing the physicochemical properties of soil. This makes soil nematodes outstanding candidates for studying the effects of climatic stress factors on soil biology. The knowledge obtained therefrom can be used to design sustainable agricultural practices because most of the conventional techniques aim at short-term benefits with complete disregard of soil biology. This can partly ensure food security in the coming decades for the expanding population. Moreover, understanding soil biology can help to preserve landscapes that have developed over long periods of climatic stability and belowground soil biota interactions.
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Stein RA, Sheldon ND, Smith SY. C 3 plant carbon isotope discrimination does not respond to CO 2 concentration on decadal to centennial timescales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2576-2585. [PMID: 33098664 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant carbon isotope discrimination is complex, and could be driven by climate, evolution and/or edaphic factors. We tested the climate drivers of carbon isotope discrimination in modern and historical plant chemistry, and focus in particular on the relationship between rising [CO2 ] over Industrialization and carbon isotope discrimination. We generated temporal records of plant carbon isotopes from museum specimens collected over a climo-sequence to test plant responses to climate and atmospheric change over the past 200 yr (including Pinus strobus, Platycladus orientalis, Populus tremuloides, Thuja koraiensis, Thuja occidentalis, Thuja plicata, Thuja standishii and Thuja sutchuenensis). We aggregated our results with a meta-analysis of a wide range of C3 plants to make a comprehensive study of the distribution of carbon isotope discrimination and values among different plant types. We show that climate variables (e.g. mean annual precipitation, temperature and, key to this study, CO2 in the atmosphere) do not drive carbon isotope discrimination. Plant isotope discrimination is intrinsic to each taxon, and could link phylogenetic relationships and adaptation to climate quantitatively and over ecological to geological time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A Stein
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1100 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nathan D Sheldon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1100 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Selena Y Smith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1100 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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5
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Brenzinger K, Kujala K, Horn MA, Moser G, Guillet C, Kammann C, Müller C, Braker G. Soil Conditions Rather Than Long-Term Exposure to Elevated CO 2 Affect Soil Microbial Communities Associated with N-Cycling. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1976. [PMID: 29093701 PMCID: PMC5651278 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuously rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations may lead to an increased transfer of organic C from plants to the soil through rhizodeposition and may affect the interaction between the C- and N-cycle. For instance, fumigation of soils with elevated CO2 (eCO2) concentrations (20% higher compared to current atmospheric concentrations) at the Giessen Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (GiFACE) sites resulted in a more than 2-fold increase of long-term N2O emissions and an increase in dissimilatory reduction of nitrate compared to ambient CO2 (aCO2). We hypothesized that the observed differences in soil functioning were based on differences in the abundance and composition of microbial communities in general and especially of those which are responsible for N-transformations in soil. We also expected eCO2 effects on soil parameters, such as on nitrate as previously reported. To explore the impact of long-term eCO2 on soil microbial communities, we applied a molecular approach (qPCR, T-RFLP, and 454 pyrosequencing). Microbial groups were analyzed in soil of three sets of two FACE plots (three replicate samples from each plot), which were fumigated with eCO2 and aCO2, respectively. N-fixers, denitrifiers, archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers, and dissimilatory nitrate reducers producing ammonia were targeted by analysis of functional marker genes, and the overall archaeal community by 16S rRNA genes. Remarkably, soil parameters as well as the abundance and composition of microbial communities in the top soil under eCO2 differed only slightly from soil under aCO2. Wherever differences in microbial community abundance and composition were detected, they were not linked to CO2 level but rather determined by differences in soil parameters (e.g., soil moisture content) due to the localization of the GiFACE sets in the experimental field. We concluded that +20% eCO2 had little to no effect on the overall microbial community involved in N-cycling in the soil but that spatial heterogeneity over extended periods had shaped microbial communities at particular sites in the field. Hence, microbial community composition and abundance alone cannot explain the functional differences leading to higher N2O emissions under eCO2 and future studies should aim at exploring the active members of the soil microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Brenzinger
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Plant Ecology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kujala
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marcus A Horn
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerald Moser
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Cécile Guillet
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kammann
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Climate Change Research for Special Crops, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gesche Braker
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.,University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Gilbert M, Mack B, Payne G, Bhatnagar D. Use of functional genomics to assess the climate change impact on Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic and pathogenic fungus that infects several crops of agricultural importance and under certain conditions may produce carcinogenic mycotoxins. Rising global temperatures, disrupted precipitation patterns and increased CO2 levels that are associated with future climate conditions are expected to impact the growth and toxigenic potential of A. flavus. Both laboratory and real world observations have demonstrated this potential, especially when examining the effects of water availability and temperature. Recent experiments have also established that CO2 may also be affecting toxin production. The application of current technologies in the field of functional genomics, including genomic sequencing, RNA-seq, microarray technologies and proteomics have revealed climate change-related, abiotic regulation of the aflatoxin cluster and influence on the plant-fungus interaction. Furthermore, elevated CO2 levels have been shown to impact expression of the aflatoxin biosynthetic regulatory gene aflR. The use of functional genomics will allow researchers to better understand the underlying transcriptomic response within the fungus to climate change, with a view towards predicting changes in fungal infection and toxin production associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.K. Gilbert
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124-4305, USA
| | - B.M. Mack
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124-4305, USA
| | - G.A. Payne
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7567, USA
| | - D. Bhatnagar
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124-4305, USA
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7
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Sánchez-Guillén RA, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Hansson B, Ott J, Wellenreuther M. Evolutionary consequences of climate-induced range shifts in insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:1050-1064. [PMID: 26150047 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Range shifts can rapidly create new areas of geographic overlap between formerly allopatric taxa and evidence is accumulating that this can affect species persistence. We review the emerging literature on the short- and long-term consequences of these geographic range shifts. Specifically, we focus on the evolutionary consequences of novel species interactions in newly created sympatric areas by describing the potential (i) short-term processes acting on reproductive barriers between species and (ii) long-term consequences of range shifts on the stability of hybrid zones, introgression and ultimately speciation and extinction rates. Subsequently, we (iii) review the empirical literature on insects to evaluate which processes have been studied, and (iv) outline some areas that deserve increased attention in the future, namely the genomics of hybridisation and introgression, our ability to forecast range shifts and the impending threat from insect vectors and pests on biodiversity, human health and crop production. Our review shows that species interactions in de novo sympatric areas can be manifold, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing species diversity. A key issue that emerges is that climate-induced hybridisations in insects are much more widespread than anticipated and that rising temperatures and increased anthropogenic disturbances are accelerating the process of species mixing. The existing evidence only shows the tip of the iceberg and we are likely to see many more cases of species mixing following range shifts in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Sánchez-Guillén
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden. .,Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto of Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 70 275, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto of Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 70 275, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Ott
- L.U.P.O. GmbH, 67705, Trippstadt, Germany
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden.,Plant and Food Research, Nelson, 7043, New Zealand
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8
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A'Bear AD, Jones TH, Boddy L. Potential impacts of climate change on interactions among saprotrophic cord-forming fungal mycelia and grazing soil invertebrates. FUNGAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Adams BJ, Wall DH, Virginia RA, Broos E, Knox MA. Ecological biogeography of the terrestrial nematodes of victoria land, antarctica. Zookeys 2014:29-71. [PMID: 25061360 PMCID: PMC4109451 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.419.7180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The terrestrial ecosystems of Victoria Land, Antarctica are characteristically simple in terms of biological diversity and ecological functioning. Nematodes are the most commonly encountered and abundant metazoans of Victoria Land soils, yet little is known of their diversity and distribution. Herein we present a summary of the geographic distribution, habitats and ecology of the terrestrial nematodes of Victoria Land from published and unpublished sources. All Victoria Land nematodes are endemic to Antarctica, and many are common and widely distributed at landscape scales. However, at smaller spatial scales, populations can have patchy distributions, with the presence or absence of each species strongly influenced by specific habitat requirements. As the frequency of nematode introductions to Antarctica increases, and soil habitats are altered in response to climate change, our current understanding of the environmental parameters associated with the biogeography of Antarctic nematofauna will be crucial to monitoring and possibly mitigating changes to these unique soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Adams
- Department of Biology, and Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Diana H Wall
- Department of Biology and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499
| | - Ross A Virginia
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Emma Broos
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499
| | - Matthew A Knox
- Department of Biology and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499
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10
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A′Bear AD, Murray W, Webb R, Boddy L, Jones TH. Contrasting effects of elevated temperature and invertebrate grazing regulate multispecies interactions between decomposer fungi. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77610. [PMID: 24194892 PMCID: PMC3806825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on species interactions and ecosystem processes is among the primary aims of community ecologists. The composition of saprotrophic fungal communities is a consequence of competitive mycelial interactions, and a major determinant of woodland decomposition and nutrient cycling rates. Elevation of atmospheric temperature is predicted to drive changes in fungal community development. Top-down regulation of mycelial growth is an important determinant of, and moderator of temperature-driven changes to, two-species interaction outcomes. This study explores the interactive effects of a 4 °C temperature increase and soil invertebrate (collembola or woodlice) grazing on multispecies interactions between cord-forming basidiomycete fungi emerging from colonised beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood blocks. The fungal dominance hierarchy at ambient temperature (16 °C; Phanerochaete velutina > Resinicium bicolor > Hypholoma fasciculare) was altered by elevated temperature (20 °C; R. bicolor > P. velutina > H. fasciculare) in ungrazed systems. Warming promoted the competitive ability of the fungal species (R. bicolor) that was preferentially grazed by all invertebrate species. As a consequence, grazing prevented the effect of temperature on fungal community development and maintained a multispecies assemblage. Decomposition of fungal-colonised wood was stimulated by warming, with implications for increased CO2 efflux from woodland soil. Analogous to aboveground plant communities, increasing complexity of biotic and abiotic interactions appears to be important in buffering climate change effects on soil decomposers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Donald A′Bear
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - William Murray
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Webb
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Boddy
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - T. Hefin Jones
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Crowther TW, Stanton DWG, Thomas SM, A'Bear AD, Hiscox J, Jones TH, Voříšková J, Baldrian P, Boddy L. Top-down control of soil fungal community composition by a globally distributed keystone consumer. Ecology 2013; 94:2518-28. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0197.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Song Y, Song C, Yang G, Miao Y, Wang J, Guo Y. Changes in labile organic carbon fractions and soil enzyme activities after marshland reclamation and restoration in the Sanjiang Plain in northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 50:418-426. [PMID: 22744158 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-012-9890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The extensive reclamation of marshland into cropland has tremendously impacted the ecological environment of the Sanjiang Plain in northeast China. To understand the impacts of marshland reclamation and restoration on soil properties, we investigated the labile organic carbon fractions and the soil enzyme activities in an undisturbed marshland, a cultivated marshland and three marshlands that had been restored for 3, 6 and 12 years. Soil samples collected from the different management systems at a depth of 0-20 cm in July 2009 were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and easily degradable organic carbon. In addition, the activities of the invertase, β-glucosidase, urease and acid phosphatase were determined. These enzymes are involved in C, N and P cycling, respectively. Long-term cultivation resulted in decreased SOC, DOC, MBC, microbial quotient and C (invertase, β-glucosidase) and N-transforming (urease) enzyme activities compared with undisturbed marshland. After marshland restoration, the MBC and DOC concentrations and the soil invertase, β-glucosidase and urease activities increased. Soil DOC and MBC concentrations are probably the main factors responsible for the different invertase, β-glucosidase and urease activities. In addition, marshland restoration caused a significant increase in the microbial quotient, which reflects enhanced efficiency of organic substrate use by microbial biomass. Our observations demonstrated that soil quality recovered following marshland restoration. DOC, MBC and invertase, β-glucosidase and urease activities were sensitive for discriminating soil ecosystems under the different types of land use. Thus, these parameters should be considered to be indicators for detecting changes in soil quality and environmental impacts in marshlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agoecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3195 Weishan Road, Changchun, 130012, China
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13
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Bezemer TM, Jones TH. The effects of CO2 and nutrient enrichment on photosynthesis and growth of Poa annua in two consecutive generations. Ecol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-012-0961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Crowther TW, Littleboy A, Jones TH, Boddy L. Interactive effects of warming and invertebrate grazing on the outcomes of competitive fungal interactions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 81:419-26. [PMID: 22432587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Saprotrophic fungal community composition, determined by the outcomes of competitive mycelial interactions, represents a key determinant of woodland carbon and nutrient cycling. Atmospheric warming is predicted to drive changes in fungal community composition. Grazing by invertebrates can also exert selective pressures on fungal communities and alter the outcome of competitive fungal interactions; their potential to do so is determined by grazing intensity. Temperature regulates the abundance of soil collembola, but it remains unclear whether this will alter the top-down determination of fungal community composition. We use soil microcosms to explore the direct (via effects on interacting fungi) and indirect (by influencing top-down grazing pressures) effects of a 3 °C temperature increase on the outcomes of competitive interactions between cord-forming basidiomycete fungi. By differentially affecting the fungal growth rates, warming reversed the outcomes of specific competitive interactions. Collembola populations also increased at elevated temperature, and these larger, more active, populations exerted stronger grazing pressures. Consequently, grazing mitigated the effects of temperature on these interactions, restoring fungal communities to those recorded at ambient temperature. The interactive effects of biotic and abiotic factors are a key in determining the functional and ecological responses of microbial communities to climate change.
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15
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Crowther TW, A’Bear AD. Impacts of grazing soil fauna on decomposer fungi are species-specific and density-dependent. FUNGAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Sentis A, Hemptinne JL, Brodeur J. Using functional response modeling to investigate the effect of temperature on predator feeding rate and energetic efficiency. Oecologia 2012; 169:1117-25. [PMID: 22271203 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important environmental parameters influencing all the biological processes and functions of poikilothermic organisms. Although extensive research has been carried out to evaluate the effects of temperature on animal life histories and to determine the upper and lower temperature thresholds as well as the optimal temperatures for survival, development, and reproduction, few studies have investigated links between thermal window, metabolism, and trophic interactions such as predation. We developed models and conducted laboratory experiments to investigate how temperature influences predator-prey interaction strengths (i.e., functional response) using a ladybeetle larva feeding on aphid prey. As predicted by the metabolic theory of ecology, we found that handling time exponentially decreases with warming, but--in contrast with this theory--search rate follows a hump-shaped relationship with temperature. An examination of the model reveals that temperature thresholds for predation depend mainly on search rate, suggesting that predation rate is primarily determined by searching activities and secondly by prey handling. In contrast with prior studies, our model shows that per capita short-term predator-prey interaction strengths and predator energetic efficiency (per capita feeding rate relative to metabolism) generally increase with temperature, reach an optimum, and then decrease at higher temperatures. We conclude that integrating the concept of thermal windows in short- and long-term ecological studies would lead to a better understanding of predator-prey population dynamics at thermal limits and allow better predictions of global warming effects on natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada.
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17
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Research advances on source/sink intensities and greenhouse effects of CO 2, CH 4 and N 2O in agricultural soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2011.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Crowther TW, Jones TH, Boddy L. Species-specific effects of grazing invertebrates on mycelial emergence and growth from woody resources into soil. FUNGAL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Nguyen L, Buttner M, Cruz P, Smith S, Robleto E. Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO(2) on Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities in a Mojave Desert Ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS 2011; 75:917-925. [PMID: 21779135 PMCID: PMC3138535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO(2)] on microbial communities in arid rhizosphere soils beneath Larrea tridentata were examined. Roots of Larrea were harvested from plots fumigated with elevated or ambient levels of [CO(2)] using Free-Air CO(2) Enrichment (FACE) technology. Twelve bacterial and fungal rRNA gene libraries were constructed, sequenced and categorized into operational taxonomical units (OTUs). There was a significant decrease in OTUs within the Firmicutes (bacteria) in elevated [CO(2)], and increase in Basiomycota (fungi) in rhizosphere soils of plots exposed to ambient [CO(2)]. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that OTUs belonged to a wide range of bacterial and fungal taxa. To further study changes in bacterial communities, Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR) was used to quantify populations of bacteria in rhizosphere soil. The concentration of total bacteria 16S rDNA was similar in conditions of enriched and ambient [CO(2)]. However, QPCR of Gram-positive microorganisms showed a 43% decrease in the population in elevated [CO(2)]. The decrease in representation of Gram positives and the similar values for total bacterial DNA suggest that the representation of other bacterial taxa was promoted by elevated [CO(2)]. These results indicate that elevated [CO(2)] changes structure and representation of microorganisms associated with roots of desert plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Nguyen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - M.P. Buttner
- Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - P. Cruz
- Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - S.D. Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - E.A. Robleto
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- CORRESPONDENCE TO: Eduardo Robleto: ; School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway. Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA; Telephone: 702-895-2496; Fax: 702-895-3956
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Crowther TW, Boddy L, Jones TH. Outcomes of fungal interactions are determined by soil invertebrate grazers. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:1134-42. [PMID: 21929699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Saprotrophic fungal community composition, determined by the outcome of competitive mycelial interactions, is one of the many key factors affecting soil nutrient mineralisation and decomposition rates. Fungal communities are not generally predicted to be regulated by top-down factors, such as predation, but rather by bottom-up factors, including resource availability. We show that invertebrate grazers can exert selective pressures on fungal decomposer communities in soil, reversing the outcomes of competitive interactions. By feeding selectively on the cord-forming fungus Resinicium bicolor, isopods prevented the competitive exclusion of Hypholoma fasciculare and Phanerochaete velutina in soil and wood. Nematode populations also reversed the outcomes of competitive interactions by stimulating growth of less competitive fungi. These represent two opposing mechanisms by which soil fauna may influence fungal community composition and diversity. Factors affecting soil invertebrate communities will have direct consequences for fungal-mediated nutrient cycling in woodland soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Crowther
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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Cheng L, Booker FL, Burkey KO, Tu C, Shew HD, Rufty TW, Fiscus EL, Deforest JL, Hu S. Soil microbial responses to elevated CO₂ and O₃ in a nitrogen-aggrading agroecosystem. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21377. [PMID: 21731722 PMCID: PMC3120872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change factors such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ozone (O₃) can exert significant impacts on soil microbes and the ecosystem level processes they mediate. However, the underlying mechanisms by which soil microbes respond to these environmental changes remain poorly understood. The prevailing hypothesis, which states that CO₂- or O₃-induced changes in carbon (C) availability dominate microbial responses, is primarily based on results from nitrogen (N)-limiting forests and grasslands. It remains largely unexplored how soil microbes respond to elevated CO₂ and O₃ in N-rich or N-aggrading systems, which severely hinders our ability to predict the long-term soil C dynamics in agroecosystems. Using a long-term field study conducted in a no-till wheat-soybean rotation system with open-top chambers, we showed that elevated CO₂ but not O₃ had a potent influence on soil microbes. Elevated CO₂(1.5×ambient) significantly increased, while O₃ (1.4×ambient) reduced, aboveground (and presumably belowground) plant residue C and N inputs to soil. However, only elevated CO₂ significantly affected soil microbial biomass, activities (namely heterotrophic respiration) and community composition. The enhancement of microbial biomass and activities by elevated CO₂ largely occurred in the third and fourth years of the experiment and coincided with increased soil N availability, likely due to CO₂-stimulation of symbiotic N₂ fixation in soybean. Fungal biomass and the fungi∶bacteria ratio decreased under both ambient and elevated CO₂ by the third year and also coincided with increased soil N availability; but they were significantly higher under elevated than ambient CO₂. These results suggest that more attention should be directed towards assessing the impact of N availability on microbial activities and decomposition in projections of soil organic C balance in N-rich systems under future CO₂ scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fitzgerald L. Booker
- Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kent O. Burkey
- Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cong Tu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - H. David Shew
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Rufty
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edwin L. Fiscus
- Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jared L. Deforest
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Crowther TW, Boddy L, Jones TH. Species-specific effects of soil fauna on fungal foraging and decomposition. Oecologia 2011; 167:535-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The spatial factor, rather than elevated CO₂, controls the soil bacterial community in a temperate Forest Ecosystem. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7429-36. [PMID: 20851972 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00831-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration is expected to increase continuously over the next century. However, little is known about the responses of soil bacterial communities to elevated CO₂ in terrestrial ecosystems. This study aimed to partition the relative influences of CO₂, nitrogen (N), and the spatial factor (different sampling plots) on soil bacterial communities at the free-air CO₂ enrichment research site in Duke Forest, North Carolina, by two independent techniques: an entirely sequencing-based approach and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Multivariate regression tree analysis demonstrated that the spatial factor could explain more than 70% of the variation in soil bacterial diversity and 20% of the variation in community structure, while CO₂ or N treatment explains less than 3% of the variation. For the effects of soil environmental heterogeneity, the diversity estimates were distinguished mainly by the total soil N and C/N ratio. Bacterial diversity estimates were positively correlated with total soil N and negatively correlated with C/N ratio. There was no correlation between the overall bacterial community structures and the soil properties investigated. This study contributes to the information about the effects of elevated CO₂ and soil fertility on soil bacterial communities and the environmental factors shaping the distribution patterns of bacterial community diversity and structure in temperate forest soils.
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Kardol P, Cregger MA, Campany CE, Classen AT. Soil ecosystem functioning under climate change: plant species and community effects. Ecology 2010; 91:767-81. [PMID: 20426335 DOI: 10.1890/09-0135.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kardol
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
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25
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Johnson SN, McNicol JW. Elevated CO2 and aboveground–belowground herbivory by the clover root weevil. Oecologia 2009; 162:209-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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French S, Levy-Booth D, Samarajeewa A, Shannon KE, Smith J, Trevors JT. Elevated temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations: effects on selected microbial activities in temperate agricultural soils. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Specific rhizosphere bacterial and fungal groups respond differently to elevated atmospheric CO(2). ISME JOURNAL 2009; 3:1204-17. [PMID: 19536195 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2009.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Soil community responses to increased atmospheric CO(2) concentrations are expected to occur mostly through interactions with changing vegetation patterns and plant physiology. To gain insight into the effects of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on the composition and functioning of microbial communities in the rhizosphere, Carex arenaria (a non-mycorrhizal plant species) and Festuca rubra (a mycorrhizal plant species) were grown under defined atmospheric conditions with either ambient (350 p.p.m.) or elevated (700 p.p.m.) CO(2) concentrations. PCR-DGGE (PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and quantitative-PCR were carried out to analyze, respectively, the structure and abundance of the communities of actinomycetes, Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas spp., Burkholderia spp. and Bacillus spp. Responses of specific functional groups, such as phloroglucinol, phenazine and pyrrolnitrin producers, were also examined by quantitative-PCR, and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) was employed to assess changes in exuded sugars in the rhizosphere. Multivariate analysis of group-specific community profiles showed disparate responses to elevated CO(2) for the different bacterial and fungal groups examined, and these responses were dependent on plant type and soil nutrient availability. Within the bacterial community, the genera Burkholderia and Pseudomonas, typically known as successful rhizosphere colonizers, were significantly influenced by elevated CO(2), whereas the genus Bacillus and actinomycetes, typically more dominant in bulk soil, were not. Total sugar concentrations in the rhizosphere also increased in both plants in response to elevated CO(2). The abundances of phloroglucinol-, phenazine- and pyrrolnitrin-producing bacterial communities were also influenced by elevated CO(2), as was the abundance of the fungal genera Fusarium and Trichoderma.
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Rillig M, Hernández G, Newton P. Arbuscular mycorrhizae respond to elevated atmospheric CO2 after long-term exposure: evidence from a CO2 spring in New Zealand supports the resource balance model. Ecol Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2000.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Manning P, Morrison SA, Bonkowski M, Bardgett RD. Nitrogen enrichment modifies plant community structure via changes to plant-soil feedback. Oecologia 2008; 157:661-73. [PMID: 18629543 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that N enrichment modifies plant-soil feedback relationships, resulting in changes to plant community composition. This was done in a two-phase glasshouse experiment. In the first phase, we grew eight annual plant species in monoculture at two levels of N addition. Plants were harvested at senescence and the effect of each species on a range of soil properties was measured. In the second phase, the eight plant species were grown in multi-species mixtures in the eight soils conditioned by the species in the first phase, at both levels of N addition. At senescence, species performance was measured as aboveground biomass. We found that in the first phase, plant species identity strongly influenced several soil properties, including microbial and protist biomass, soil moisture content and the availability of several soil nutrients. Species effects on the soil were mostly independent of N addition and several were strongly correlated with plant biomass. In the second phase, both the performance of individual species and overall community structure were influenced by the interacting effects of the species identity of the previous soil occupant and the rate of N addition. This indicates that N enrichment modified plant-soil feedback. The performance of two species correlated with differences in soil N availability that were generated by the species formerly occupying the soil. However, negative feedback (poorer performance on the soil of conspecifics relative to that of heterospecifics) was only observed for one species. In conclusion, we provide evidence that N enrichment modifies plant-soil feedback relationships and that these modifications may affect plant community composition. Field testing and further investigations into which mechanisms dominate feedback are required before we fully understand how and when feedback processes determine plant community responses to N enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manning
- Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK.
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Lesaulnier C, Papamichail D, McCorkle S, Ollivier B, Skiena S, Taghavi S, Zak D, van der Lelie D. Elevated atmospheric CO2affects soil microbial diversity associated with trembling aspen. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:926-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Chapter 9 Interactions between basidiomycota and invertebrates. BRITISH MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY SYMPOSIA SERIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0275-0287(08)80011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Benton TG, Solan M, Travis JMJ, Sait SM. Microcosm experiments can inform global ecological problems. Trends Ecol Evol 2007; 22:516-21. [PMID: 17822805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Global-scale environmental problems are rarely regarded as amenable to traditional scientific experiment. We argue here that small-scale experiments using 'model organisms' in microcosms or mesocosms can be a useful approach for apparently intractable global problems, such as ecosystem responses to climate change or managing biodiversity through the design of nature reserves. An experimental, small-scale research programme can easily be coupled with the development of theory and act as a stimulus to further research, thereby hastening both understanding of the issues and development of practical solutions. This process--from microcosm experiment to the development of practical application--has previously been influential but also has a long time lag. We suggest short-cuts in an attempt to stimulate the use of small-scale experiments to address globally urgent issues with meaningful policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim G Benton
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK.
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BRADFORD MA, TORDOFF GM, BLACK HIJ, COOK R, EGGERS T, GARNETT MH, GRAYSTON SJ, HUTCHESON KA, INESON P, NEWINGTON JE, OSTLE N, SLEEP D, STOTT A, JONES THEFIN. Carbon dynamics in a model grassland with functionally different soil communities. Funct Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cole JJ, Prairie YT, Caraco NF, McDowell WH, Tranvik LJ, Striegl RG, Duarte CM, Kortelainen P, Downing JA, Middelburg JJ, Melack J. Plumbing the Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Inland Waters into the Terrestrial Carbon Budget. Ecosystems 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-006-9013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1711] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Manning P, Newington JE, Robson HR, Saunders M, Eggers T, Bradford MA, Bardgett RD, Bonkowski M, Ellis RJ, Gange AC, Grayston SJ, Kandeler E, Marhan S, Reid E, Tscherko D, Godfray HCJ, Rees M. Decoupling the direct and indirect effects of nitrogen deposition on ecosystem function. Ecol Lett 2006; 9:1015-24. [PMID: 16925650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated nitrogen (N) inputs into terrestrial ecosystems are causing major changes to the composition and functioning of ecosystems. Understanding these changes is challenging because there are complex interactions between 'direct' effects of N on plant physiology and soil biogeochemistry, and 'indirect' effects caused by changes in plant species composition. By planting high N and low N plant community compositions into high and low N deposition model terrestrial ecosystems we experimentally decoupled direct and indirect effects and quantified their contribution to changes in carbon, N and water cycling. Our results show that direct effects on plant growth dominate ecosystem response to N deposition, although long-term carbon storage is reduced under high N plant-species composition. These findings suggest that direct effects of N deposition on ecosystem function could be relatively strong in comparison with the indirect effects of plant community change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Manning
- Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.
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Grüter D, Schmid B, Brandl H. Influence of plant diversity and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on belowground bacterial diversity. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6:68. [PMID: 16872510 PMCID: PMC1552073 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in aboveground plant species diversity as well as variations of environmental conditions such as exposure of ecosystems to elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide may lead to changes in metabolic activity, composition and diversity of belowground microbial communities, both bacterial and fungal. Results We examined soil samples taken from a biodiversity × CO2 grassland experiment where replicate plots harboring 5, 12, or 31 different plant species had been exposed to ambient or elevated (600 ppm) levels of carbon dioxide for 5 years. Analysis of soil bacterial communities in these plots by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) showed that dominant soil bacterial populations varied only very little between different experimental treatments. These populations seem to be ubiquitous. Likewise, screening of samples on a high-resolution level by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) showed that increased levels of carbon dioxide had no significant influence on both soil bacterial community composition (appearance and frequency of operational taxonomic units, OTUs) and on bacterial richness (total number of different OTUs). In contrast, differences in plant diversity levels had a significant effect on bacterial composition but no influence on bacterial richness. Regarding species level, several bacterial species were found only in specific plots and were related to elevated carbon dioxide or varying plant diversity levels. For example, analysis of T-RFLP showed that the occurrence of Salmonella typhimurium was significantly increased in plots exposed to elevated CO2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Plant diversity levels are affecting bacterial composition (bacterial types and their frequency of occurrence). Elevated carbon dioxide does not lead to quantitative alteration (bacterial richness), whereas plant diversity is responsible for qualitative changes (bacterial diversity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Grüter
- University of Zurich, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- University of Zurich, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Brandl
- University of Zurich, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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HYODO F, TAYASU I, WADA E. Estimation of the longevity of C in terrestrial detrital food webs using radiocarbon (14C): how old are diets in termites? Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jossi M, Fromin N, Tarnawski S, Kohler F, Gillet F, Aragno M, Hamelin J. How elevated pCO2 modifies total and metabolically active bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of two perennial grasses grown under field conditions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006; 55:339-50. [PMID: 16466374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2005.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of total (DNA-based analysis) and active (RNA-based analysis) bacterial communities to a pCO2 increase under field conditions was assessed using two perennial grasses: the nitrophilic Lolium perenne and the oligonitrophilic Molinia coerulea. PCR- and reverse transcriptase-PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA genes generated contrasting profiles. The pCO2 increase influenced mainly the active and root-associated component of the bacterial community. Bacterial groups responsive to the pCO2 increase were identified by sequencing of corresponding denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis bands. About 50% of retrieved sequences were affiliated to Proteobacteria. Our data suggest that Actinobacteria in soil and Myxococcales (Deltaproteobacteria) in root are stimulated under elevated pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Jossi
- Microbiology Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Few studies have considered whether plant taxa can be used as predictors of belowground faunal diversity in natural ecosystems. We examined soil mite (Acari) diversity beneath six grass species at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas, USA. We tested the hypotheses that soil mite species richness, abundance, and taxonomic diversity are greater (1) beneath grasses in dicultures (different species) compared to monocultures (same species), (2) beneath grasses of higher resource quality (lower C:N) compared to lower resource quality, and (3) beneath heterogeneous mixes of grasses (C3 and C4 grasses growing together) compared to homogeneous mixes (C3 or C4 grasses) using natural occurrences of plant species as treatments. This study is the first to examine the interaction between above- and belowground diversity in a natural setting with species-level resolution of a hyper-diverse taxon. Our results indicate that grasses in diculture supported a more species and phylogenetically rich soil mite fauna than was observed for monocultures and that this relationship was significant at depth but not in the upper soil horizon. We noted that mite species richness was not linearly related to grass species richness, which suggests that simple extrapolations of soil faunal diversity based on plant species inventories may underestimate the richness of associated soil mite communities. The distribution of mite size classes in dicultures was considerably different than those for monocultures. There was no difference in soil mite richness between grass combinations of differing resource quality, or resource heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G St John
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1499, USA.
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Druart N, Rodríguez-Buey M, Barron-Gafford G, Sjödin A, Bhalerao R, Hurry V. Molecular targets of elevated [CO 2] in leaves and stems of Populus deltoides: implications for future tree growth and carbon sequestration. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:121-131. [PMID: 32689219 DOI: 10.1071/fp05139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the first comprehensive analysis of the effects of elevated [CO2] on gene expression in source leaf and stem sink tissues in woody plants. We have taken advantage of coppiced Populus deltoides (Bartr.) stands grown for 3 years under three different and constant elevated [CO2] in the agriforest mesocosms of Biosphere 2. Leaf area per tree was doubled by elevated [CO2] but although growth at 800 v. 400 µmol mol-1 CO2 resulted in a significant increase in stem biomass, growth was not stimulated at 1200 µmol mol-1 CO2. Growth under elevated [CO2] also resulted in significant increases in stem wood density. Analysis of expression data for the 13 490 clones present on POP1 microarrays revealed 95 and 277 [CO2]-responsive clones in leaves and stems respectively, with the response being stronger at 1200 µmol mol-1. When these [CO2]-responsive genes were assigned to functional categories, metabolism-related genes were the most responsive to elevated [CO2]. However within this category, expression of genes relating to bioenergetic processes was unchanged in leaves whereas the expression of genes for storage proteins and of those involved in control of wall expansion was enhanced. In contrast to leaves, the genes up-regulated in stems under elevated [CO2] were primarily enzymes responsible for lignin formation and polymerisation or ethylene response factors, also known to induce lignin biosynthesis. Concomitant with this enhancement of lignin biosynthesis in stems, there was a pronounced repression of genes related to cell wall formation and cell growth. These changes in gene expression have clear consequences for long-term carbon sequestration, reducing the carbon-fertilisation effect, and the potential for increased lignification may negatively impact on future wood quality for timber and paper production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Druart
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marisa Rodríguez-Buey
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Greg Barron-Gafford
- Biosphere 2 Laboratory, Columbia University, Oracle AZ 85623, USA. Current address: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vaughan Hurry
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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41
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Chung H, Zak DR, Lilleskov EA. Fungal community composition and metabolism under elevated CO(2) and O(3). Oecologia 2005; 147:143-54. [PMID: 16205953 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO(2) and O(3) concentrations are increasing due to human activity and both trace gases have the potential to alter C cycling in forest ecosystems. Because soil microorganisms depend on plant litter as a source of energy for metabolism, changes in the amount or the biochemistry of plant litter produced under elevated CO(2) and O(3) could alter microbial community function and composition. Previously, we have observed that elevated CO(2) increased the microbial metabolism of cellulose and chitin, whereas elevated O(3) dampened this response. We hypothesized that this change in metabolism under CO(2) and O(3) enrichment would be accompanied by a concomitant change in fungal community composition. We tested our hypothesis at the free-air CO(2) and O(3) enrichment (FACE) experiment at Rhinelander, Wisconsin, in which Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, and Acer saccharum were grown under factorial CO(2) and O(3) treatments. We employed extracellular enzyme analysis to assay microbial metabolism, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to determine changes in microbial community composition, and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) to analyze the fungal community composition. The activities of 1,4-beta-glucosidase (+37%) and 1,4,-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (+84%) were significantly increased under elevated CO(2), whereas 1,4-beta-glucosidase activity (-25%) was significantly suppressed by elevated O(3). There was no significant main effect of elevated CO(2) or O(3) on fungal relative abundance, as measured by PLFA. We identified 39 fungal taxonomic units from soil using DGGE, and found that O(3) enrichment significantly altered fungal community composition. We conclude that fungal metabolism is altered under elevated CO(2) and O(3), and that there was a concomitant change in fungal community composition under elevated O(3). Thus, changes in plant inputs to soil under elevated CO(2) and O(3) can propagate through the microbial food web to alter the cycling of C in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haegeun Chung
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1115, USA.
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42
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Heath J, Ayres E, Possell M, Bardgett RD, Black HIJ, Grant H, Ineson P, Kerstiens G. Rising atmospheric CO2 reduces sequestration of root-derived soil carbon. Science 2005; 309:1711-3. [PMID: 16151007 DOI: 10.1126/science.1110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Forests have a key role as carbon sinks, which could potentially mitigate the continuing increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and associated climate change. We show that carbon dioxide enrichment, although causing short-term growth stimulation in a range of European tree species, also leads to an increase in soil microbial respiration and a marked decline in sequestration of root-derived carbon in the soil. These findings indicate that, should similar processes operate in forest ecosystems, the size of the annual terrestrial carbon sink may be substantially reduced, resulting in a positive feedback on the rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Heath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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43
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Gao Z, Liu J, Cao M, Li K, Tao B. Impacts of land-use and climate changes on ecosystem productivity and carbon cycle in the cropping-grazing transitional zone in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1360/03yd0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Treseder K. Nutrient Acquisition Strategies of Fungi and Their Relation to Elevated Atmospheric CO2. Mycology 2005. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420027891.ch36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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45
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Madsen EL. Identifying microorganisms responsible for ecologically significant biogeochemical processes. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3:439-46. [PMID: 15864265 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Throughout evolutionary time, and each day in every habitat throughout the globe, microorganisms have been responsible for maintaining the biosphere. Despite the crucial part that they play in the cycling of nutrients in habitats such as soils, sediments and waters, only rarely have the microorganisms actually responsible for key processes been identified. Obstacles that have traditionally impeded fundamental microbial ecology inquiries are now yielding to technical advancements that have important parallels in medical microbiology. The pace of new discoveries that document ecological processes and their causative agents will no doubt accelerate in the near future, and might assist in ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene L Madsen
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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46
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Bezemer TM, De Deyn GB, Bossinga TM, Van Dam NM, Harvey JA, Van der Putten WH. Soil community composition drives aboveground plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions. Ecol Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Kang H, Kim SY, Fenner N, Freeman C. Shifts of soil enzyme activities in wetlands exposed to elevated CO(2). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2005; 337:207-212. [PMID: 15626391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands play a key role in global biogeochemical cycles, and as such, the effects of global climatic changes on these systems are of great importance. In this study, we assessed impacts of elevated CO(2) on soil enzyme activities in different types of wetlands. We hypothesised that elevated CO(2), by increasing DOC supply into the soil, would modify enzyme activities. Intact soil cores collected from four wetlands (a bog, a fen, a gully mire, and a marsh) in north Wales and Korea were incubated either under ambient conditions (370 ppm) or elevated CO(2) conditions (double ambient) for 4-2 months. Elevated CO(2) increased DOC concentrations in the pore-water, by which soil microbes appeared to be affected. Enzyme activities exhibited various responses. For example, elevated CO(2) had no effect on beta-glucosidase activity in any soil, suggesting little direct impact on carbon mineralisation. However, N-acetylglucosaminidase activity increased significantly (P<0.05, n=5) in the cores from the bog, whilst a similar response was found in the gully mire for phosphatase activity. Such changes were absent from the fen and marsh where inorganic nutrients were abundant, suggesting that enzyme activities involved in N or P mineralisation only increase under elevated CO(2) when nutrient limitation is strongly exerted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojeong Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
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48
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Fountain MT, Hopkin SP. Folsomia candida (Collembola): a "standard" soil arthropod. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 50:201-22. [PMID: 15355236 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Folsomia candida Willem 1902, a member of the order Collembola (colloquially called springtails), is a common and widespread arthropod that occurs in soils throughout the world. The species is parthenogenetic and is easy to maintain in the laboratory on a diet of granulated dry yeast. F. candida has been used as a "standard" test organism for more than 40 years for estimating the effects of pesticides and environmental pollutants on nontarget soil arthropods. However, it has also been employed as a model for the investigation of numerous other phenomena such as cold tolerance, quality as a prey item, and effects of microarthropod grazing on pathogenic fungi and mycorrhizae of plant roots. In this comprehensive review, aspects of the life history, ecology, and ecotoxicology of F. candida are covered. We focus on the recent literature, especially studies that have examined the effects of soil pollutants on reproduction in F. candida using the protocol published by the International Standards Organization in 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Fountain
- Center for Agri-Environmental Research, Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom.
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49
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NEWINGTON JE, SETALA H, BEZEMER TM, JONES TH. Potential effects of earthworms on leaf-chewer performance. Funct Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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He J, Wang Z, Fang J. Issues and prospects of belowground ecology with special reference to global climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03184277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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