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Zhang S, Butt MJ, Zulfiqar K. Interconnected principles of ocean governance through science-policy integration under the judgements of the international dispute settlement bodies. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504231205395. [PMID: 37814534 PMCID: PMC10566285 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231205395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
International Dispute Settlement Bodies (IDSBs), through their judgements, have consistently urged the States to take scientific approaches in ocean governance for marine environmental protection. There has been the development of significant jurisprudence which undertake policy principles with scientific prescription in ocean governance. The jurisprudence relating to maritime dispute resolution has primarily relied on the interpretative criteria of 'integration' for science and policy as specified in the Vienna Convention. Indeed, this principle of 'integration' integrated 'science-policy' through various concepts, and IDSBs applied and endorsed the 'rule of law', 'cooperation', 'precaution' and 'ecosystem-based approach' to lay stress on the progressive ocean governance. This also reflects that the scientific basis in jurisprudence demonstrates a change in the international organisations' interests (of environmental protection and global sustainability). Moreover, it is also suggested at the end how the provisions related to Marine Scientific Research can be purposefully developed and maintained to protect the marine environment and ecosystems in light of the decisions of the IDSBs. This research article analysed the relevant jurisprudence to explain the principles for science-policy integration, which operates in ocean governance for marine environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Zhang
- School of Law, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of the Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - M Jahanzeb Butt
- School of Law, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of the Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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2
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Sardá R, Pogutz S, de Silvio M, Allevi V, Saputo A, Daminelli R, Fumagalli F, Totaro L, Rizzi G, Magni G, Pachner J, Perrini F. Business for ocean sustainability: Early responses of ocean governance in the private sector. AMBIO 2023; 52:253-270. [PMID: 36260251 PMCID: PMC9755432 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A large sample of 1664 companies-69 directly working in the ocean economy-distributed across 19 industrial sectors was investigated to explore awareness and activation regarding direct and indirect pressures on the ocean, their responses to these pressures, and the disclosure tools used. We examined their accountability and disclosure practices on sustainable development goals (SDGs) using the drivers, pressures, state, welfare, and response accounting framework. Based on their 2019 sustainability reports, just 7% of the companies assessed disclosed on SDG14. However, 51% of these companies can be considered as aware, albeit to varying degrees, of the pressures their industries place on the oceans, 44% deploy mitigating activities, and 26% are aware and actively lead business responses to ocean challenges. Although we have seen just early responses in addressing ocean challenges, companies' awareness and activation must converge to achieve ocean sustainability and move businesses into a truly blue economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Sardá
- Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Carrer d’acces a la Cala Sant Francesc, 14, 17300 Blanes-Girona, Spain
| | - Stefano Pogutz
- Bocconi University, Via Roberto Sarfatti, 10, 20136 Milan, Italy
| | - Manlio de Silvio
- Bocconi University, Via Roberto Sarfatti, 10, 20136 Milan, Italy
| | - Virginia Allevi
- Bocconi University, Via Roberto Sarfatti, 10, 20136 Milan, Italy
| | - Aristea Saputo
- Bocconi University, Via Roberto Sarfatti, 10, 20136 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Daminelli
- McKinsey Global Institute, McKinsey & Company, Piazza del Duomo, 31, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Fumagalli
- McKinsey Global Institute, McKinsey & Company, Piazza del Duomo, 31, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Totaro
- McKinsey Global Institute, McKinsey & Company, Piazza del Duomo, 31, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rizzi
- One Ocean Foundation, Via Gesù 10, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Magni
- One Ocean Foundation, Via Gesù 10, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Jan Pachner
- One Ocean Foundation, Via Gesù 10, 20121 Milan, Italy
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3
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Alós J, Aarestrup K, Abecasis D, Afonso P, Alonso-Fernandez A, Aspillaga E, Barcelo-Serra M, Bolland J, Cabanellas-Reboredo M, Lennox R, McGill R, Özgül A, Reubens J, Villegas-Ríos D. Toward a decade of ocean science for sustainable development through acoustic animal tracking. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5630-5653. [PMID: 35929978 PMCID: PMC9541420 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ocean is a key component of the Earth's dynamics, providing a great variety of ecosystem services to humans. Yet, human activities are globally changing its structure and major components, including marine biodiversity. In this context, the United Nations has proclaimed a Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development to tackle the scientific challenges necessary for a sustainable use of the ocean by means of the Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG14). Here, we review how Acoustic animal Tracking, a widely distributed methodology of tracking marine biodiversity with electronic devices, can provide a roadmap for implementing the major Actions to achieve the SDG14. We show that acoustic tracking can be used to reduce and monitor the effects of marine pollution including noise, light, and plastic pollution. Acoustic tracking can be effectively used to monitor the responses of marine biodiversity to human-made infrastructures and habitat restoration, as well as to determine the effects of hypoxia, ocean warming, and acidification. Acoustic tracking has been historically used to inform fisheries management, the design of marine protected areas, and the detection of essential habitats, rendering this technique particularly attractive to achieve the sustainable fishing and spatial protection target goals of the SDG14. Finally, acoustic tracking can contribute to end illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing by providing tools to monitor marine biodiversity against poachers and promote the development of Small Islands Developing States and developing countries. To fully benefit from acoustic tracking supporting the SDG14 Targets, trans-boundary collaborative efforts through tracking networks are required to promote ocean information sharing and ocean literacy. We therefore propose acoustic tracking and tracking networks as relevant contributors to tackle the scientific challenges that are necessary for a sustainable use of the ocean promoted by the United Nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Alós
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - David Abecasis
- Center of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve (CCMAR), Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Institute of Marine Research (IMAR/Okeanos), University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | | | - Eneko Aspillaga
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | | | - Jonathan Bolland
- Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Robert Lennox
- NORCE Norwegian Research Center AS, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Aytaç Özgül
- Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - David Villegas-Ríos
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain
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4
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Sangha KK, Gordon IJ, Costanza R. Ecosystem Services and Human Wellbeing-Based Approaches Can Help Transform Our Economies. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.841215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite wider recognition of human interdependence with the rest of nature, our economies continue to fail to adequately value ecosystem services. This failure is largely attributed to the economic frameworks and related measures that focus on the production and consumption of marketed goods and services, but do not consider the other essential elements upon which our lives depend. This paper highlights how the Ecosystem Services approach can shift the focus to human wellbeing while remaining within biophysical planetary boundaries. An Ecosystem Services approach applies three fundamental principles of Ecological Economics: sustainable scale, efficient allocation, and fair distribution, which are vital for sustainable economies and societies. We provide case studies, from both a local and national scale, demonstrating how such an approach offers a holistic perspective of understanding what “development” actually means. Transforming our economies to appropriately consider planetary limits, overcome societal addictions, learn from Indigenous and local communities about ways of sustainable living, and realizing the importance of ecosystem services will contribute to developing economies that are resilient, and that enhance sustainable human wellbeing.
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Haas B, Mackay M, Novaglio C, Fullbrook L, Murunga M, Sbrocchi C, McDonald J, McCormack PC, Alexander K, Fudge M, Goldsworthy L, Boschetti F, Dutton I, Dutra L, McGee J, Rousseau Y, Spain E, Stephenson R, Vince J, Wilcox C, Haward M. The future of ocean governance. REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 2022. [PMID: 33456210 DOI: 10.22541/au.160193487.70124607/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ocean governance is complex and influenced by multiple drivers and actors with different worldviews and goals. While governance encompasses many elements, in this paper we focus on the processes that operate within and between states, civil society and local communities, and the market, including industry. Specifically, in this paper, we address the question of how to move towards more sustainable ocean governance aligning with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the UN Ocean Decade. We address three major risks to oceans that arise from governance-related issues: (1) the impacts of the overexploitation of marine resources; (2) inequitable distribution of access to and benefits from marine ecosystem services, and (3) inadequate or inappropriate adaptation to changing ocean conditions. The SDGs have been used as an underlying framework to develop these risks. We identify five drivers that may determine how ocean governance evolves, namely formal rules and institutions, evidence and knowledge-based decision-making, legitimacy of decision-making institutions, stakeholder engagement and participation, and empowering communities. These drivers were used to define two alternative futures by 2030: (a) 'Business as Usual'-a continuation of current trajectories and (b) 'More Sustainable Future'-optimistic, transformational, but technically achievable. We then identify what actions, as structured processes, can reduce the three major governance-related risks and lead to the More Sustainable Future. These actions relate to the process of co-creation and implementation of improved, comprehensive, and integrated management plans, enhancement of decision-making processes, and better anticipation and consideration of ambiguity and uncertainty. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version of this article (10.1007/s11160-020-09631-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Haas
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Mary Mackay
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Camilla Novaglio
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Liam Fullbrook
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 22, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Michael Murunga
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Carla Sbrocchi
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jan McDonald
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 89, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Phillipa C McCormack
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 89, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Karen Alexander
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Maree Fudge
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Lyn Goldsworthy
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Fabio Boschetti
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Crawley, WA Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Ian Dutton
- Department of Primary Industries Parks, Water and Environment, GPO Box 44, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Leo Dutra
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, St Lucia 4067, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jeffrey McGee
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 89, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Yannick Rousseau
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Erica Spain
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Robert Stephenson
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004 Australia
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
- St. Andrews Biological Station, St. Andrews, NB Canada
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Joanna Vince
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 22, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Chris Wilcox
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Marcus Haward
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
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6
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Kittinger JN, Bernard M, Finkbeiner E, Murphy E, Obregon P, Klinger DH, Schoon ML, Dooley KJ, Gerber LR. Applying a jurisdictional approach to support sustainable seafood. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John N. Kittinger
- Conservation International Center for Oceans Honolulu Hawaii USA
- Global Futures Laboratory & School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
- Conservation International Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science Arlington Virginia USA
| | - Miranda Bernard
- School of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Center Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Elena Finkbeiner
- Conservation International Center for Oceans Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Erin Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Center Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Pablo Obregon
- Conservation International Center for Oceans Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Dane H. Klinger
- Conservation International Center for Oceans Honolulu Hawaii USA
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Michael L. Schoon
- Global Futures Laboratory & School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Kevin J. Dooley
- The Sustainability Consortium Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University Scottsdale Arizona USA
| | - Leah R. Gerber
- School of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Center Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
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7
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Haas B, Mackay M, Novaglio C, Fullbrook L, Murunga M, Sbrocchi C, McDonald J, McCormack PC, Alexander K, Fudge M, Goldsworthy L, Boschetti F, Dutton I, Dutra L, McGee J, Rousseau Y, Spain E, Stephenson R, Vince J, Wilcox C, Haward M. The future of ocean governance. REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 2021; 32:253-270. [PMID: 33456210 PMCID: PMC7802408 DOI: 10.1007/s11160-020-09631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocean governance is complex and influenced by multiple drivers and actors with different worldviews and goals. While governance encompasses many elements, in this paper we focus on the processes that operate within and between states, civil society and local communities, and the market, including industry. Specifically, in this paper, we address the question of how to move towards more sustainable ocean governance aligning with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the UN Ocean Decade. We address three major risks to oceans that arise from governance-related issues: (1) the impacts of the overexploitation of marine resources; (2) inequitable distribution of access to and benefits from marine ecosystem services, and (3) inadequate or inappropriate adaptation to changing ocean conditions. The SDGs have been used as an underlying framework to develop these risks. We identify five drivers that may determine how ocean governance evolves, namely formal rules and institutions, evidence and knowledge-based decision-making, legitimacy of decision-making institutions, stakeholder engagement and participation, and empowering communities. These drivers were used to define two alternative futures by 2030: (a) 'Business as Usual'-a continuation of current trajectories and (b) 'More Sustainable Future'-optimistic, transformational, but technically achievable. We then identify what actions, as structured processes, can reduce the three major governance-related risks and lead to the More Sustainable Future. These actions relate to the process of co-creation and implementation of improved, comprehensive, and integrated management plans, enhancement of decision-making processes, and better anticipation and consideration of ambiguity and uncertainty. Supplementary information The online version of this article (10.1007/s11160-020-09631-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Haas
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Mary Mackay
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Camilla Novaglio
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Liam Fullbrook
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 22, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Michael Murunga
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Carla Sbrocchi
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jan McDonald
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 89, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Phillipa C. McCormack
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 89, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Karen Alexander
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Maree Fudge
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Lyn Goldsworthy
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Fabio Boschetti
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Crawley, WA Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Ian Dutton
- Department of Primary Industries Parks, Water and Environment, GPO Box 44, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Leo Dutra
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, St Lucia 4067, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jeffrey McGee
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 89, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Yannick Rousseau
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Erica Spain
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Robert Stephenson
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004 Australia
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
- St. Andrews Biological Station, St. Andrews, NB Canada
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Joanna Vince
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 22, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Chris Wilcox
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Marcus Haward
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
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8
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Pisor AC, Jones JH. Human adaptation to climate change: An introduction to the special issue. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23530. [PMID: 33230887 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite our focus on adaptation and human responses to climate, evolutionary and biological anthropologists (EBAs) are largely absent from conversations about contemporary "climate-change adaptation," a term popular in other disciplines, the development world, and related policy decisions. EBAs are missing a big opportunity to contribute to impactful, time-sensitive applied work: we have extensive theoretical and empirical knowledge pertinent to conversations about climate-change adaptation and to helping support communities as they cope. This special issue takes a tour of EBA contributions to our understanding of climate-change adaptation, from data on past and contemporary human communities to theoretically informed predictions about how individuals and communities will respond to climate change now and in the future. First, however, we must establish what we mean by "climate change" and "adaptation," along with other terms commonly used by EBAs; review what EBAs know about adaptation and about human responses to climate change; and identify just a few topics EBAs study that are pertinent to ongoing conversations about climate-change adaptation. In this article, we do just that. CONCLUSION From our work on energy use to our work on demography, subsistence, social networks, and the salience of climate change to local communities, EBAs have an abundance of data and theoretical insights to help inform responses to contemporary climate change. We need to better reach the climate community and general public with our contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Pisor
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, & Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - James H Jones
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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9
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Manullang CY. Distribution of plastic debris pollution and it is implications on mangrove vegetation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111642. [PMID: 32920254 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution in mangroves located in small islands was not well documented. This study found that mangrove ecosystem in small island was polluted by plastic debris (mainly film: 63% and fiber: 31%). Density of plastic debris in mangrove area was ranging from 10 ± 4 items m-2 to 230 ± 75 items m-2, mean density was 92 ± 28 items m-2. Landward was the most polluted zone mangrove (mean density: 155 ± 58 items m-2) or about 61% of plastic debris was distributed in this zone. This is corresponds to the sources of plastic waste was from land such as households and markets. Mean density of plastic debris was significantly correlated with mangrove health (r2 = 0.59, p = 0.00). This indicated that plastic debris negatively affected mangrove ecosystem directly and indirectly. Effective land-based plastic waste management and actions such as regular beach cleanup are essential to reduce plastic pollution and to ensure mangrove conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corry Yanti Manullang
- Research Center for Deep Sea, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Ambon, Indonesia
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10
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Sguotti C, Otto SA, Frelat R, Langbehn TJ, Ryberg MP, Lindegren M, Durant JM, Chr Stenseth N, Möllmann C. Catastrophic dynamics limit Atlantic cod recovery. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182877. [PMID: 30862289 PMCID: PMC6458326 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Collapses and regime changes are pervasive in complex systems (such as marine ecosystems) governed by multiple stressors. The demise of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks constitutes a text book example of the consequences of overexploiting marine living resources, yet the drivers of these nearly synchronous collapses are still debated. Moreover, it is still unclear why rebuilding of collapsed fish stocks such as cod is often slow or absent. Here, we apply the stochastic cusp model, based on catastrophe theory, and show that collapse and recovery of cod stocks are potentially driven by the specific interaction between exploitation pressure and environmental drivers. Our statistical modelling study demonstrates that for most of the cod stocks, ocean warming could induce a nonlinear discontinuous relationship between fishing pressure and stock size, which would explain hysteresis in their response to reduced exploitation pressure. Our study suggests further that a continuing increase in ocean temperatures will probably limit productivity and hence future fishing opportunities for most cod stocks of the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, our study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the importance of climate and fishing effects on commercially exploited fish stocks, highlighting the importance of considering discontinuous dynamics in holistic ecosystem-based management approaches, particularly under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Sguotti
- 1 Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg , 22767 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Saskia A Otto
- 1 Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg , 22767 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Romain Frelat
- 1 Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg , 22767 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Tom J Langbehn
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen , 5006 Bergen , Norway
| | - Marie Plambech Ryberg
- 3 National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua) , 2800 Kgs Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Martin Lindegren
- 3 National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua) , 2800 Kgs Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Joël M Durant
- 4 Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo , 0316 Oslo , Norway
| | - Nils Chr Stenseth
- 4 Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo , 0316 Oslo , Norway
| | - Christian Möllmann
- 1 Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg , 22767 Hamburg , Germany
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11
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Harrison HL, Kochalski S, Arlinghaus R, Aas Ø. ‘Do you care about the river?' A critical discourse analysis and lessons for management of social conflict over Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar
) conservation in the case of voluntary stocking in Wales. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Harrison
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) Ås Norway
- University of Guelph Department of Geography Environment, and Geomatics, and the Arrell Food Institute Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Sophia Kochalski
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Division of Integrative Fisheries Management Faculty of Life Sciences and Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human‐Environment Systems (IRI THESys) Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Øystein Aas
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) Ås Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Lillehammer Norway
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12
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Wallace RL, Gilbert S, Reynolds JE. Improving the Integration of Restoration and Conservation in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems: Lessons from the Deepwater Horizon Disaster. Bioscience 2019; 69:920-927. [PMID: 31719712 PMCID: PMC6829012 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, much has been learned about the biological, ecological, physical, and chemical conditions of the Gulf of Mexico. In parallel, the research community has also gained insight about the social and organizational structures and processes necessary for oil spill response and subsequent marine and coastal restoration. However, even with these lessons from both the Deepwater Horizon and previous spills, including 1989's Exxon Valdez and the Ixtoc 1 in 1979, our understanding of how to avoid future crises has not advanced at the same pace as offshore oil and gas development. We argue that this progress deficit indicates a continued devaluing of marine and coastal resources. We believe that we must, instead, advance a proactive conservation ethic based on the precautionary principle and an appropriately placed burden of proof-strategies that will help reduce our reliance on costly restoration and protect marine and coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Wallace
- Whittaker Environmental Research Station, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Sherryl Gilbert
- Center for Integrated Modeling and Analysis of Gulf Ecosystems, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg
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13
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Meng Y, Liu M, Guan X, Liu W. Comprehensive evaluation of ecological compensation effect in the Xiaohong River Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7793-7803. [PMID: 30680682 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of ecological compensation standards and methods, some problems cannot be expected before compensation, but the evaluation of eco-compensation effect can feedback the implementation effect of eco-compensation policies and provide reference for the improvement of eco-compensation policies. This paper constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system of eco-compensation, which covered social and economic development, pollution discharge and monitoring, and pollution treatment aspects. An eco-compensation comprehensive evaluation model was established, which consisted of the projection pursuit model (PP model) and the chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm (CPSO algorithm). The Xiaohong River Basin in China was selected as a case study. Before and after the implementation of eco-compensation policy, the compensation effects in the four counties in the basin from 2008 to 2015 were evaluated. The results showed that through the implementation of the basin eco-compensation policies, the comprehensive indicators in the four counties showed an upward trend, which indicated that the eco-compensation of the basin had achieved certain effects. Among them, Xincai was the best, and could provide reference for other counties. The research results can provide new ideas and new methods for the evaluation of eco-compensation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xinjian Guan
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Wenkang Liu
- China Water Resources Beifang Investigation, Design and Research Co. Ltd, Tianjin, 300222, China
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14
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Carroll EL, Gallego R, Sewell MA, Zeldis J, Ranjard L, Ross HA, Tooman LK, O'Rorke R, Newcomb RD, Constantine R. Multi-locus DNA metabarcoding of zooplankton communities and scat reveal trophic interactions of a generalist predator. Sci Rep 2019; 9:281. [PMID: 30670720 PMCID: PMC6342929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the ecosystem dynamics that underpin the year-round presence of a large generalist consumer, the Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni brydei), we use a DNA metabarcoding approach and systematic zooplankton surveys to investigate seasonal and regional changes in zooplankton communities and if whale diet reflects such changes. Twenty-four zooplankton community samples were collected from three regions throughout the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, over two temperature regimes (warm and cool seasons), as well as 20 samples of opportunistically collected Bryde's whale scat. Multi-locus DNA barcode libraries were constructed from 18S and COI gene fragments, representing a trade-off between identification and resolution of metazoan taxa. Zooplankton community OTU occurrence and relative read abundance showed regional and seasonal differences based on permutational analyses of variance in both DNA barcodes, with significant changes in biodiversity indices linked to season in COI only. In contrast, we did not find evidence that Bryde's whale diet shows seasonal or regional trends, but instead indicated clear prey preferences for krill-like crustaceans, copepods, salps and ray-finned fishes independent of prey availability. The year-round presence of Bryde's whales in the Hauraki Gulf is likely associated with the patterns of distribution and abundance of these key prey items.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Carroll
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - R Gallego
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M A Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Zeldis
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L Ranjard
- Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - H A Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L K Tooman
- The Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R O'Rorke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R D Newcomb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R Constantine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Abstract
Indigenous and place-based communities worldwide have self-organized to develop effective local-level institutions to conserve biocultural diversity. How communities maintain and adapt these institutions over time offers lessons for fostering more balanced human–environment relationships—an increasingly critical need as centralized governance systems struggle to manage declining fisheries. In this study, we focus on one long-enduring case of local level fisheries management, in Kahana, on the most populated Hawaiian island of O‘ahu. We used a mixed-methods approach including in-depth interviews, archival research, and participation in community gatherings to understand how relationships with place and local governance have endured despite changes in land and sea tenure, and what lessons this case offers for other communities engaged in restoring local-level governance. We detail the changing role of konohiki (head fishermen) in modern times (1850–1965) when they were managing local fisheries, not just for local subsistence but for larger commercial harvests. We also highlight ways in which families are reclaiming their role as caretakers following decades of state mismanagement. Considerations for fisheries co-management emerging from this research include the importance of (1) understanding historical contexts for enhancing institutional fit, (2) enduring community leadership, (3) balancing rights and responsibilities, and (4) fostering community ability to manage coastal resources through both formal and informal processes.
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16
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Ojea E, Pearlman I, Gaines SD, Lester SE. Fisheries regulatory regimes and resilience to climate change. AMBIO 2017; 46:399-412. [PMID: 27854068 PMCID: PMC5385667 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is already producing ecological, social, and economic impacts on fisheries, and these effects are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude in the future. Fisheries governance and regulations can alter socio-ecological resilience to climate change impacts via harvest control rules and incentives driving fisher behavior, yet there are no syntheses or conceptual frameworks for examining how institutions and their regulatory approaches can alter fisheries resilience to climate change. We identify nine key climate resilience criteria for fisheries socio-ecological systems (SES), defining resilience as the ability of the coupled system of interacting social and ecological components (i.e., the SES) to absorb change while avoiding transformation into a different undesirable state. We then evaluate the capacity of four fisheries regulatory systems that vary in their degree of property rights, including open access, limited entry, and two types of rights-based management, to increase or inhibit resilience. Our exploratory assessment of evidence in the literature suggests that these regulatory regimes vary widely in their ability to promote resilient fisheries, with rights-based approaches appearing to offer more resilience benefits in many cases, but detailed characteristics of the regulatory instruments are fundamental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ojea
- Future Oceans Lab, University of Vigo, Edificio Torre CACTI, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Basque Center for Climate Change (BC3), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Isaac Pearlman
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131 USA
| | - Steven D. Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131 USA
| | - Sarah E. Lester
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190 USA
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17
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Saint-Paul U, Schneider H. The need for a holistic approach in mangrove-related fisheries research: a specific review of the German and Brazilian research project MADAM. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:601-618. [PMID: 26799245 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the bilateral German-Brazilian mangrove development and management (MADAM) programme (mangrove dynamics and management) was to generate the scientific basis to enable the sustainable stewardship of the resources of the Caeté mangrove estuary in north-east Brazil in the sense of integrated coastal (zone) management. Main emphasis was given to fishes and crabs captured by artisanal fishermen. This paper describes the project strategy as developed and modified in the context of research results obtained over a period of 10 years. It is argued that a continuous discussion process is essential to assess the validity of the strategies formulated at the beginning of a medium-term project, particularly if the project is of an interdisciplinary nature. To achieve this, it was necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge of natural processes as well as of the relevant institutional, cultural, economic, social and political dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Saint-Paul
- Department of Mangrove Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - H Schneider
- Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
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18
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Rivera A, Gelcich S, García-Flórez L, Acuña JL. Assessing the sustainability and adaptive capacity of the gooseneck barnacle co-management system in Asturias, N. Spain. AMBIO 2016; 45:230-240. [PMID: 26204856 PMCID: PMC4752561 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The gooseneck barnacle fishery in Asturias (N. Spain) has undergone three important changes: (1) the early implementation of a co-management system based on Territorial User Rights for Fishing, (2) a change in management measures (due to a decrease in landings), and (3) an economic crisis. This has allowed us to analyze the systems' sustainability in time through examining five critical variables: landings, effort, catch per unit effort (CPUE), mean market prices, and annual revenue. Additionally, we used focus groups and questionnaires to determine the response of the system to these three changes. Co-management has succeeded in maintaining or increasing CPUE throughout all management areas and produced stable mean market prices. This was achieved through flexible management policies and adaptive strategies adopted by the fishers, such as increased selectivity and diversification. The analysis of this fishery provides important lessons regarding the need to understand the evolutionary dynamics of co-management and the importance of embracing adaptive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rivera
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) & Centro de Conservación Marina, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Lucía García-Flórez
- Centro de Experimentación Pesquera, Consejería de Agroganadería y Recursos Autóctonos del Principado de Asturias, Gijón, Spain.
| | - José Luis Acuña
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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19
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Kidé SO, Manté C, Dubroca L, Demarcq H, Mérigot B. Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Exploited Groundfish Species Assemblages Faced to Environmental and Fishing Forcings: Insights from the Mauritanian Exclusive Economic Zone. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141566. [PMID: 26505198 PMCID: PMC4623501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental changes and human activities can have strong impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This study investigates how, from a quantitative point of view, simultaneously both environmental and anthropogenic factors affect species composition and abundance of exploited groundfish assemblages (i.e. target and non-target species) at large spatio-temporal scales. We aim to investigate (1) the spatial and annual stability of groundfish assemblages, (2) relationships between these assemblages and structuring factors in order to better explain the dynamic of the assemblages’ structure. The Mauritanian Exclusive Economic Zone (MEEZ) is of particular interest as it embeds a productive ecosystem due to upwelling, producing abundant and diverse resources which constitute an attractive socio-economic development. We applied the multi-variate and multi-table STATICO method on a data set consisting of 854 hauls collected during 14-years (1997–2010) from scientific trawl surveys (species abundance), logbooks of industrial fishery (fishing effort), sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration as environmental variables. Our results showed that abiotic factors drove four main persistent fish assemblages. Overall, chlorophyll a concentration and sea surface temperature mainly influenced the structure of assemblages of coastal soft bottoms and those of the offshore near rocky bottoms where upwellings held. While highest levels of fishing effort were located in the northern permanent upwelling zone, effects of this variable on species composition and abundances of assemblages were relatively low, even if not negligible in some years and areas. The temporal trajectories between environmental and fishing conditions and assemblages did not match for all the entire time series analyzed in the MEEZ, but interestingly for some specific years and areas. The quantitative approach used in this work may provide to stakeholders, scientists and fishers a useful assessment for the spatio-temporal dynamics of exploited assemblages under stable or changing conditions in fishing and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïkou Oumar Kidé
- Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches, Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie des Organismes Aquatiques, Nouadhibou, Mauritanie
- Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Claude Manté
- Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Dubroca
- IFREMER, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14520, Port-en-Bessin-Huppain, France
| | - Hervé Demarcq
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 9190 MARBEC, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne, Sète, France
| | - Bastien Mérigot
- Université de Montpellier, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne, Sète, France
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20
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Lewison R, Hobday AJ, Maxwell S, Hazen E, Hartog JR, Dunn DC, Briscoe D, Fossette S, O'Keefe CE, Barnes M, Abecassis M, Bograd S, Bethoney ND, Bailey H, Wiley D, Andrews S, Hazen L, Crowder LB. Dynamic Ocean Management: Identifying the Critical Ingredients of Dynamic Approaches to Ocean Resource Management. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Dunlop ES, Baskett ML, Heino M, Dieckmann U. Propensity of marine reserves to reduce the evolutionary effects of fishing in a migratory species. Evol Appl 2015; 2:371-93. [PMID: 25567887 PMCID: PMC3352486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary effects of fishing can have unwanted consequences diminishing a fishery's value and sustainability. Reserves, or no-take areas, have been proposed as a management tool for reducing fisheries-induced selection, but their effectiveness for migratory species has remained unexplored. Here we develop an eco-genetic model to predict the effects of marine reserves on fisheries-induced evolution under migration. To represent a stock that undergoes an annual migration between feeding and spawning grounds, we draw model parameters from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the northern part of its range. Our analysis leads to the following conclusions: (i) a reserve in a stock's feeding grounds, protecting immature and mature fish alike, reduces fisheries-induced evolution, even though protected and unprotected population components mix on the spawning grounds; (ii) in contrast, a reserve in a stock's spawning grounds, protecting only mature fish, has little mitigating effects on fisheries-induced evolution and can sometimes even exacerbate its magnitude; (iii) evolutionary changes that are already underway may be difficult to reverse with a reserve; (iv) directly after a reserve is created or enlarged, most reserve scenarios result in yield losses; and (v) timescale is very important: short-term yield losses immediately after a reserve's creation can give way to long-term gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Dunlop
- Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ; Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria ; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Marissa L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
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22
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Frazão Santos C, Michel J, Neves M, Janeiro J, Andrade F, Orbach M. Marine spatial planning and oil spill risk analysis: finding common grounds. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 74:73-81. [PMID: 23941806 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A flow of key information links marine spatial planning (MSP) and oil spill risk analysis (OSRA), two distinct processes needed to achieve true sustainable management of coastal and marine areas. OSRA informs MSP on areas of high risk to oil spills allowing a redefinition of planning objectives and the relocation of activities to increase the ecosystem's overall utility and resilience. Concomitantly, MSP continuously generates a large amount of data that is vital to OSRA. The Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping system emerges as an operational tool to implement the MSP-OSRA link. Given the high level of commonalities between ESI and MSP data (both in biophysical and human dimensions), ESI tools (both paper maps and dynamic GIS-based product) are easily developed to further inform MSP and oil spill risk management. Finally, several other benefits from implementing the MSP-OSRA link are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Frazão Santos
- Centro de Oceanografia, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516-9721, USA.
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23
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Rethinking Study and Management of Agricultural Systems for Policy Design. SUSTAINABILITY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/su5093858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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25
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Potts T, O'Higgins T, Hastings E. Oceans of opportunity or rough seas? What does the future hold for developments in European marine policy? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:5682-5700. [PMID: 23129717 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The management of European seas is undergoing a process of major reform. In the past, oceans and coastal policy has traditionally evolved in a fragmented and uncoordinated manner, developed by different sector-based agencies and arms of government with competing aims and objectives. Recently, the call for integrated and ecosystem-based approaches has driven the conceptualization of a new approach. At the scale of Europe through the Integrated Maritime Policy and Marine Strategy Framework Directive and in national jurisdictions such as the Marine and Coastal Access Act in the United Kingdom, ecosystem-based planning is becoming the norm. There are major challenges to this process and this paper explores, in particular, the opportunities inherent in building truly integrated approaches that cross different sectors of activity, integrate across scales, incorporate public involvement and build a sense of oceans citizenship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavis Potts
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK.
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26
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Bavinck M, Pollnac R, Monnereau I, Failler P. Introduction to the Special Issue on Job Satisfaction in Fisheries in the Global South. SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH 2012; 109:1-10. [PMID: 22997477 PMCID: PMC3439614 DOI: 10.1007/s11205-012-0051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Bavinck
- University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Iris Monnereau
- Centre for Maritime Research (MARE), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Kelly RP, Foley MM, Fisher WS, Feely RA, Halpern BS, Waldbusser GG, Caldwell MR. Oceans. Mitigating local causes of ocean acidification with existing laws. Science 2011; 332:1036-7. [PMID: 21617060 DOI: 10.1126/science.1203815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R P Kelly
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Thorpe A, Bavinck M, Coulthard S. Tracking the debate around marine protected areas: key issues and the BEG framework. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2011; 47:546-563. [PMID: 21374091 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-011-9632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Marine conservation is often criticized for a mono-disciplinary approach, which delivers fragmented solutions to complex problems with differing interpretations of success. As a means of reflecting on the breadth and range of scientific research on the management of the marine environment, this paper develops an analytical framework to gauge the foci of policy documents and published scientific work on Marine Protected Areas. We evaluate the extent to which MPA research articles delineate objectives around three domains: biological-ecological [B]; economic-social[E]; and governance-management [G]. This permits us to develop an analytic [BEG] framework which we then test on a sample of selected journal article cohorts. While the framework reveals the dominance of biologically focussed research [B], analysis also reveals a growing frequency of the use of governance/management terminology in the literature over the last 15 years, which may be indicative of a shift towards more integrated consideration of governance concerns. However, consideration of the economic/social domain appears to lag behind biological and governance concerns in both frequency and presence in MPA literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Thorpe
- Department of Economics, University of Portsmouth, Richmond Building, Portland Street, Portsmouth, PO1 3DE, UK.
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Gutiérrez NL, Hilborn R, Defeo O. Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries. Nature 2011; 470:386-9. [PMID: 21209616 DOI: 10.1038/nature09689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Amekawa Y. Rethinking Sustainable Agriculture in Thailand: A Governance Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10440041003680254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Farley J, Batker D, de la Torre I, Hudspeth T. Conserving mangrove ecosystems in the Philippines: transcending disciplinary and institutional borders. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2010; 45:39-51. [PMID: 19830480 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-009-9379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Humans are rapidly depleting critical ecosystems and the life support functions they provide, increasing the urgency of developing effective conservation tools. Using a case study of the conversion of mangrove ecosystems to shrimp aquaculture, this article describes an effort to develop a transdisciplinary, transinstitutional approach to conservation that simultaneously trains future generations of environmental problem solvers. We worked in close collaboration with academics, non-government organizations, local government and local communities to organize a workshop in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines. The primary objectives of the workshop were to: (1) train participants in the basic principles of ecological economics and its goals of sustainable scale, just distribution and efficient allocation; (2) learn from local community stakeholders and participating scientists about the problems surrounding conversion of mangrove ecosystems to shrimp aquaculture; (3) draw on the skills and knowledge of all participants to develop potential solutions to the problem; and (4) communicate results to those with the power and authority to act on them. We found that the economic and ecological benefits of intact mangroves outweigh the returns to aquaculture. Perversely, however, private property rights to mangrove ecosystems favor inefficient, unjust and unsustainable allocation of the resource-a tragedy of the non-commons. We presented the workshop results to the press and local government, which shut down the aquaculture ponds to conserve the threatened ecosystem. Effective communication to appropriate audiences was essential for transforming research into action. Our approach is promising and can be readily applied to conservation research and advocacy projects worldwide, but should be improved through adaptive management-practitioners must continually build on those elements that work and discard or improve those that fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Farley
- Community Development and Applied Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Building Transformative Capacity for Ecosystem Stewardship in Social–Ecological Systems. SPRINGER SERIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12194-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Marques JC, Basset A, Brey T, Elliott M. The ecological sustainability trigon--a proposed conceptual framework for creating and testing management scenarios. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2009; 58:1773-1779. [PMID: 19766257 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability to achieve ecological sustainability and the sustainable development of marine and estuarine ecosystems constitutes a complex major challenge and depends on many driving forces, often conflicting with each other. In particular, there are three major drivers: (a) the search for human well-being, health and safety, (b) the maintenance of ecological sustainability and environmental equilibrium, and (c) the tolerance of an increasing human population pressure and demand for wealth creation. We propose here the use of a conceptual guidance tool--the ecological sustainability trigon (EST)--as a means of building and testing environmental management scenarios. Although it requires further testing, the EST allows us to (a) address those three major drivers using human society view as a common currency, and (b) describe our behaviour, energetics (economy) and dynamics through ecological theory. Moreover, the EST appears promising for gap analysis and the means to address new research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Marques
- Institute of Marine Research, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Castello L, Viana JP, Watkins G, Pinedo-Vasquez M, Luzadis VA. Lessons from integrating fishers of arapaima in small-scale fisheries management at the Mamirauá Reserve, Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2009; 43:197-209. [PMID: 18946698 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-008-9220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fishers and small-scale fisheries worldwide have been marginalized historically. Now it is clear that integrating fishers in management processes is key to resource conservation, but it is less clear how to do it. Here, based on a literature review and new information, we present and analyze a case in which the participation of fishers in the management process was crucial in recovering an overexploited small-scale fishery for the pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. In 8 years of experimental management, from 1999 to 2006, the population of pirarucu increased 9-fold (from about 2200 to 20,650 individuals), harvest quotas increased 10-fold (from 120 to 1249 individuals), and fishers' participation in the management process increased and they benefited from increased monetary returns. Additionally, the number of communities conducting the management scheme increased from 4 in 1999 to 108 in 2006, following the demands of fishers and regional government agencies. Based on our analysis, we suggest that the participation of fishers in the management of other small-scale fisheries in the world can be improved by focusing on (1) applying the knowledge and skills of fishers in resource monitoring and management, (2) bridging knowledge systems among all involved stakeholders, (3) collaborating with fishers that are interested in, and capable of conducting, resource conservation schemes, and (4) conducting management under conditions of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Castello
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 242 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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36
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Stephen C, Dicicco E, Munk B. British Columbia's fish health regulatory framework's contribution to sustainability goals related to salmon aquaculture. ECOHEALTH 2008; 5:472-481. [PMID: 19296177 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-008-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salmon farming is a significant contribution to the global seafood market to which the goal of sustainability is often applied. Diseases related to farms are perhaps the most contentious issues associated with sustainable salmon farming. We reviewed literature and policies in British Columbia, Canada, as well as interviewed key informants to examine how fish health regulations do or could support sustainability goals. We found four main obstacles to the development and application of a sustainability-based health management system. First, salmon farming faced the same challenges as other industries when trying to establish an operational definition of sustainability that captures all stakeholders' interests. Second, there was no program responsible for integrating the various regulations, responsible departments, and monitoring efforts to develop a comprehensive view of sustainability. Third, there was inadequate research base and social consensus on the criteria that should be used to track health outcomes for sustainability purposes. Fourth, the regulatory and management paradigm for salmon farming has been focused on diseases and pathogens as opposed to embracing a more inclusive health promotion model that includes biotic, abiotic, and social determinants of health. A transparent and inclusive participatory process that effectively links expert views with community and industry concerns should serve as the foundation for the next generation of health management regulations for salmon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Stephen
- Centre for Coastal Health, 900 5th Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada.
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Abstract
This article examines the relationship between local enforcement and forests used as commons. It uses a unique multicountry dataset, created over the past 15 years by the International Forestry Resources and Institutions Research Program. Drawing on original enforcement and forest commons data from 9 countries, we find that higher levels of local enforcement have a strong and positive but complex relationship to the probability of forest regeneration. This relationship holds even when the influence of a number of other factors such as user group size, subsistence, and commercial importance of forests, size of forest, and collective action for forest improvement activities is taken into account. Although several of the above factors have a statistically significant relationship to changes in the condition of forest commons, differences in levels of local enforcement strongly moderate their link with forest commons outcomes. The research, using data from diverse political, social, and ecological contexts, shows both the importance of enforcement to forest commons and some of the limits of forest governance through commons arrangements.
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Borja A, Bricker SB, Dauer DM, Demetriades NT, Ferreira JG, Forbes AT, Hutchings P, Jia X, Kenchington R, Carlos Marques J, Zhu C. Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:1519-37. [PMID: 18715596 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several sets of legislation worldwide (Oceans Act in USA, Australia or Canada; Water Framework Directive or Marine Strategy in Europe, National Water Act in South Africa, etc.) have been developed in order to address ecological quality or integrity, within estuarine and coastal systems. Most such legislation seeks to define quality in an integrative way, by using several biological elements, together with physico-chemical and pollution elements. Such an approach allows assessment of ecological status at the ecosystem level ('ecosystem approach' or 'holistic approach' methodologies), rather than at species level (e.g. mussel biomonitoring or Mussel Watch) or just at chemical level (i.e. quality objectives) alone. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of tools for different physico-chemical or biological (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, algae, phanerogams, fishes) elements of the ecosystems. However, few methodologies integrate all the elements into a single evaluation of a water body. The need for such integrative tools to assess ecosystem quality is very important, both from a scientific and stakeholder point of view. Politicians and managers need information from simple and pragmatic, but scientifically sound methodologies, in order to show to society the evolution of a zone (estuary, coastal area, etc.), taking into account human pressures or recovery processes. These approaches include: (i) multidisciplinarity, inherent in the teams involved in their implementation; (ii) integration of biotic and abiotic factors; (iii) accurate and validated methods in determining ecological integrity; and (iv) adequate indicators to follow the evolution of the monitored ecosystems. While some countries increasingly use the establishment of marine parks to conserve marine biodiversity and ecological integrity, there is awareness (e.g. in Australia) that conservation and management of marine ecosystems cannot be restricted to Marine Protected Areas but must include areas outside such reserves. This contribution reviews the current situation of integrative ecological assessment worldwide, by presenting several examples from each of the continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Borja
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia, Pasaia, Spain.
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Navigating the transition to ecosystem-based management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9489-94. [PMID: 18621698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706905105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the strategies and actions that enable transitions toward ecosystem-based management using the recent governance changes of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park as a case study. The interplay among individual actors, organizations, and institutions at multiple levels is central in such transitions. A flexible organization, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, was crucial in initiating the transition to ecosystem-based management. This agency was also instrumental in the subsequent transformation of the governance regime and provided leadership throughout the process. Strategies involved internal reorganization and management innovation, leading to an ability to coordinate the scientific community, to increase public awareness of environmental issues and problems, to involve a broader set of stakeholders, and to maneuver the political system for support at critical times. The transformation process was induced by increased pressure on the Great Barrier Reef (from terrestrial runoff, overharvesting, and global warming) that triggered a new sense of urgency to address these challenges. The focus of governance shifted from protection of selected individual reefs to stewardship of the larger-scale seascape. The study emphasizes the significance of stewardship that can change patterns of interactions among key actors and allow for new forms of management and governance to emerge in response to environmental change. This example illustrates that enabling legislations or other social bounds are essential, but not sufficient for shifting governance toward adaptive comanagement of complex marine ecosystems.
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deYoung B, Barange M, Beaugrand G, Harris R, Perry RI, Scheffer M, Werner F. Regime shifts in marine ecosystems: detection, prediction and management. Trends Ecol Evol 2008; 23:402-9. [PMID: 18501990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Regime shifts are abrupt changes between contrasting, persistent states of any complex system. The potential for their prediction in the ocean and possible management depends upon the characteristics of the regime shifts: their drivers (from anthropogenic to natural), scale (from the local to the basin) and potential for management action (from adaptation to mitigation). We present a conceptual framework that will enhance our ability to detect, predict and manage regime shifts in the ocean, illustrating our approach with three well-documented examples: the North Pacific, the North Sea and Caribbean coral reefs. We conclude that the ability to adapt to, or manage, regime shifts depends upon their uniqueness, our understanding of their causes and linkages among ecosystem components and our observational capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad deYoung
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
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41
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van den Belt M, Bianciotto OA, Costanza R, Demers S, Diaz S, Ferreyra GA, Koch EW, Momo FR, Vernet M. Mediated modeling of the impacts of enhanced UV-B radiation on ecosystem services. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 82:865-77. [PMID: 16618214 DOI: 10.1562/2005-10-19-ir-722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the use of group model building to facilitate interaction with stakeholders, synthesize research results and assist in the development of hypotheses about climate change at the global level in relation to UV-B radiation and ecosystem service valuation. The objective was to provide a platform for integration of the various research components within a multidisciplinary research project as a basis for interaction with stakeholders with backgrounds in areas other than science. An integrated summary of the scientific findings, along with stakeholder input, was intended to produce a bridge between science and policymaking. We used a mediated modeling approach that was implemented as a pilot project in Ushuaia, Argentina. The investigation was divided into two participatory workshops: data gathering and model evaluation. Scientists and the local stakeholders supported the valuation of ecosystem services as a useful common denominator for integrating the various scientific results. The concept of economic impacts in aquatic and marsh systems was represented by values for ecosystem services altered by UV-B radiation. In addition, direct local socioeconomic impacts of enhanced UV-B radiation were modeled, using data from Ushuaia. We worked with 5 global latitudinal regions, focusing on net primary production and biomass for the marine system and on 3 plant species for the marsh system. Ecosystem service values were calculated for both sectors. The synthesis model reflects the conclusions from the literature and from experimental research at the global level. UV-B is not a significant stress for the marshes, relative to the potential impact of increases in the sea level. Enhanced UV-B favors microbial dynamics in marine systems that could cause a significant shift from primary producers to bacteria at the community level. In addition, synergetic effects of UV-B and certain pollutants potentiate the shift to heterotrophs. This may impact the oceanic carbon cycle by increasing the ratio of respiratory to photosynthetic organisms in surface waters and, thus, the role of the ocean as a carbon sink for atmospheric CO2. In summary, although changes in the marine sector due to anthropogenic influences may affect global climate change, marshes are expected to primarily be affected by climate change.
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Hooper DU, Chapin FS, Ewel JJ, Hector A, Inchausti P, Lavorel S, Lawton JH, Lodge DM, Loreau M, Naeem S, Schmid B, Setälä H, Symstad AJ, Vandermeer J, Wardle DA. EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE. ECOL MONOGR 2005. [DOI: 10.1890/04-0922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5024] [Impact Index Per Article: 264.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wolter C, Arlinghaus R, Sukhodolov A, Engelhardt C. A model of navigation-induced currents in inland waterways and implications for juvenile fish displacement. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2004; 34:656-668. [PMID: 15549651 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-004-0201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The likely extension of commercial inland navigation in the future could increase hazards directly impacting on the nurseries of freshwater fish, especially for smaller individuals with limited swimming abilities. One limitation of the evaluation of inland navigation on fish assemblages is the lack of suitable hydraulic models. This article presents a hydraulic model to assess the increase of navigation-induced physical forces due to higher vessel speed, length, and drought in a low-flowing waterway related to maximum swimming performance of fish to (1) foresee hazards of enhancement of inland navigation, (2) derive construction measures to minimize the hydraulic impact on small fish, and (3) improve fish recruitment in waterways. The derived model computed current velocities induced by passing commercial vessels in inland waterways experimentally verified and parameterized in a German lowland waterway. Results were linked with a model of maximum fish swimming performance to elucidate consequences for freshwater fish populations. The absolute magnitude of navigation-induced current limits the availability of littoral habitats for small fish. Typical navigation-induced current velocities of 0.7-1 m/s in the straight reaches of waterways will be maintained by fish longer than 42 mm only. Smaller juveniles unable to withstand those currents could become washed out, injured, or displaced. In contrast, in small local bays, the navigation-induced current declined significantly. According to our model, in a 20-m extended bay, the return current drops below 0.11 m/s, corresponding to the maximum swimming speed of a 9-mm-long fish. Thus, enhancing shoreline development by connecting oxbows, tributaries, and especially by purpose-built bays limits the impact on fish recruitment without restricting navigation resulting in more precautionary and sustainable inland navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolter
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-lnstitute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Human institutions--ways of organizing activities--affect the resilience of the environment. Locally evolved institutional arrangements governed by stable communities and buffered from outside forces have sustained resources successfully for centuries, although they often fail when rapid change occurs. Ideal conditions for governance are increasingly rare. Critical problems, such as transboundary pollution, tropical deforestation, and climate change, are at larger scales and involve nonlocal influences. Promising strategies for addressing these problems include dialogue among interested parties, officials, and scientists; complex, redundant, and layered institutions; a mix of institutional types; and designs that facilitate experimentation, learning, and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dietz
- Environmental Science and Policy Program and Departments of Sociology and Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Abstract
Human institutions--ways of organizing activities--affect the resilience of the environment. Locally evolved institutional arrangements governed by stable communities and buffered from outside forces have sustained resources successfully for centuries, although they often fail when rapid change occurs. Ideal conditions for governance are increasingly rare. Critical problems, such as transboundary pollution, tropical deforestation, and climate change, are at larger scales and involve nonlocal influences. Promising strategies for addressing these problems include dialogue among interested parties, officials, and scientists; complex, redundant, and layered institutions; a mix of institutional types; and designs that facilitate experimentation, learning, and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dietz
- Environmental Science and Policy Program and Departments of Sociology and Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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46
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Graedel TE, Klee RJ. Getting serious about sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:523-529. [PMID: 11878365 DOI: 10.1021/es0106016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sustainability and sustainable development are catchwords that dominate today's environmental science and policy discourse. It is easy to demonstrate that most of the activities of today's industrial society are unsustainable. Unfortunately, much of the talk about sustainability lacks a basic understanding of what truly sustainable activity would be. To set sustainability as a target or goal for our industrial society, we must be able to quantify that target or goal. We propose four basic steps to begin this process for one aspect of sustainability, the rate of use of resources: (i) establish the available supply of the chosen resource; (ii) allocate the annual permissible supply according to a reasonable formula or market process; (iii) establish the "recaptureable" resource base; and (iv) derive the sustainable limiting rate of use and compare to the current rate of use. We apply these sustainability measurement methods to three common materials in industrial society: zinc, germanium, and greenhouse gases. These examples demonstrate that with some basic (although potentially controversial) assumptions, quantitative sustainable use goals can be set and current performance relative to those goals can be evaluated. The assumptions and approximates we have used are meant to stimulate thought and debate, beginning a long conversation on the measurement of sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Graedel
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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Abstract
Our global impact is finally receiving the scientific attention it deserves. The outcome will largely determine the future course of evolution. Human-modified ecosystems are shaped by our activities and their side effects. They share a common set of traits including simplified food webs, landscape homogenization, and high nutrient and energy inputs. Ecosystem simplification is the ecological hallmark of humanity and the reason for our evolutionary success. However, the side effects of our profligacy and poor resource practices are now so pervasive as to threaten our future no less than that of biological diversity itself. This article looks at human impact on ecosystems and the consequences for evolution. It concludes that future evolution will be shaped by our awareness of the global threats, our willingness to take action, and our ability to do so. Our ability is presently hampered by several factors, including the poor state of ecosystem and planetary knowledge, ignorance of human impact, lack of guidelines for sustainability, and a paucity of good policies, practices, and incentives for adopting those guidelines in daily life. Conservation philosophy, science, and practice must be framed against the reality of human-dominated ecosystems, rather than the separation of humanity and nature underlying the modern conservation movement. The steps scientists can take to imbed science in conservation and conservation in the societal process affecting the future of ecosystems and human well-being are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Western
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Box 62844, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Ostrom E, Burger J, Field CB, Norgaard RB, Policansky D. Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. Science 1999; 284:278-82. [PMID: 10195886 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5412.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In a seminal paper, Garrett Hardin argued in 1968 that users of a commons are caught in an inevitable process that leads to the destruction of the resources on which they depend. This article discusses new insights about such problems and the conditions most likely to favor sustainable uses of common-pool resources. Some of the most difficult challenges concern the management of large-scale resources that depend on international cooperation, such as fresh water in international basins or large marine ecosystems. Institutional diversity may be as important as biological diversity for our long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ostrom
- Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change and Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
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49
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Integrated Coastal Management: Sustaining Estuarine Natural Resources. ADV ECOL RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
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