1
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Ryu J, Jo JS, Choi JH, Kim DY, Kim J, Park DH, Jang JW. Aluminum Hydroxide Nano- and Microstructures Fabricated Using Scanning Probe Lithography with KOH Ink. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10439-10448. [PMID: 36969412 PMCID: PMC10034775 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using scanning probe lithography (SPL) with KOH ink, this study fabricates aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) nano- and microfeatures on a gold (Au) film that has been deposited on an aluminum (Al) layer. Hydroxyl ions (OH-) from the KOH ink loaded onto the Au film can react with the underlying Al layer to form Al(OH)3 structures due to the decrease in the pH of the reacting solution.1 In this process, Al(OH)3 solidification is governed by the pH of the KOH ink solution, which is affected by its volume. Suitably small volumes (down to hundreds of attoliters) of the KOH ink solution can be applied to the substrate surface using dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) and polymer-pen lithography (PPL). Using DPN and PPL printing with the solid (i.e., gel) and liquid phases of KOH ink, sub-micron- (minimum ≈300 nm) and micron-sized (≥4 μm) Al(OH)3 features can be obtained, respectively. The fabrication of Al(OH)3 structures using the proposed pH-dependent solidification process can be achieved with relatively small volumes in ambient conditions without requiring a previously reported molding process.1,2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehyeok Ryu
- Department
of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Jo
- Division
of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk
University, Seoul 04620, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Choi
- Department
of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Deuk Young Kim
- Division
of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk
University, Seoul 04620, Republic
of Korea
- Quantum-Functional
Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Park
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Division
of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk
University, Seoul 04620, Republic
of Korea
- Quantum-Functional
Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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3
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Qu Z, Zhou P, Min F, Chen S, Guo M, Huang Z, Ji S, Yan Y, Yin X, Jiang H, Ke Y, Zhao YS, Yan X, Qiao Y, Song Y. Bubble wall confinement-driven molecular assembly toward sub-12 nm and beyond precision patterning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3567. [PMID: 36921052 PMCID: PMC10017045 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Patterning is attractive for nanofabrication, electron devices, and bioengineering. However, achieving the molecular-scale patterns to meet the demands of these fields is challenging. Here, we propose a bubble-template molecular printing concept by introducing the ultrathin liquid film of bubble walls to confine the self-assembly of molecules and achieve ultrahigh-precision assembly up to 12 nanometers corresponding to the critical point toward the Newton black film limit. The disjoining pressure describing the intermolecular interaction could predict the highest precision effectively. The symmetric molecules exhibit better reconfiguration capacity and smaller preaggregates than the asymmetric ones, which are helpful in stabilizing the drainage of foam films and construct high-precision patterns. Our results confirm the robustness of the bubble template to prepare molecular-scale patterns, verify the criticality of molecular symmetry to obtain the ultimate precision, and predict the application potential of high-precision organic patterns in hierarchical self-assembly and high-sensitivity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Qu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fanyi Min
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhandong Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an JiaoTong University, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shiyang Ji
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yongli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Hanqiu Jiang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Ke
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, P. R. China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuehai Yan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yali Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Wang CM, Chan HS, Liao CL, Chang CW, Liao WS. Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:34-44. [PMID: 36703907 PMCID: PMC9830500 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a unique soft lithographic operation that exploits stamp roof collapse-induced gaps to selectively remove an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au to generate surface patterns that are orders of magnitude smaller than structures on the original elastomer stamp. The smallest achieved feature dimension is 5 nm using a micrometer-scale structured stamp in a chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) process. Molecular patterns retained in the gaps between stamp features and their circumscribed or inscribed circles follow mathematical predictions, and their sizes can be tuned by altering the stamp structure dimensions, including height, pitch, and shape. These generated surface molecular patterns can function as biorecognition arrays or be transferred to the underneath Au layer for metallic structure creation. By combining CLL process with this gap phenomenon, soft material properties that are previously thought as demerits can be used to achieve sub-10 nm features in a straightforward sketch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Pospíšil J, Hrabovský M, Bohačiaková D, Hovádková Z, Jurásek M, Mlčoušková J, Paruch K, Nevolová Š, Damborsky J, Hampl A, Jaros J. Geometric Control of Cell Behavior by Biomolecule Nanodistribution. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4789-4806. [PMID: 36202388 PMCID: PMC9667466 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Many dynamic interactions within the cell microenvironment
modulate
cell behavior and cell fate. However, the pathways and mechanisms
behind cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix interactions
remain understudied, as they occur at a nanoscale level. Recent progress
in nanotechnology allows for mimicking of the microenvironment at
nanoscale in vitro; electron-beam lithography (EBL)
is currently the most promising technique. Although this nanopatterning
technique can generate nanostructures of good quality and resolution,
it has resulted, thus far, in the production of only simple shapes
(e.g., rectangles) over a relatively small area (100 × 100 μm),
leaving its potential in biological applications unfulfilled. Here,
we used EBL for cell-interaction studies by coating cell-culture-relevant
material with electron-conductive indium tin oxide, which formed nanopatterns
of complex nanohexagonal structures over a large area (500 ×
500 μm). We confirmed the potential of EBL for use in cell-interaction
studies by analyzing specific cell responses toward differentially
distributed nanohexagons spaced at 1000, 500, and 250 nm. We found
that our optimized technique of EBL with HaloTags enabled the investigation
of broad changes to a cell-culture-relevant surface and can provide
an understanding of cellular signaling mechanisms at a single-molecule
level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Pospíšil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,Core Facility Cellular Imaging, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Hrabovský
- TESCAN Orsay Holding a.s., Libušina tř. 863, Brno 623 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dáša Bohačiaková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jarmila Mlčoušková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Paruch
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Nevolová
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hampl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jaros
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
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6
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Printing Technologies as an Emerging Approach in Gas Sensors: Survey of Literature. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093473. [PMID: 35591162 PMCID: PMC9102873 DOI: 10.3390/s22093473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we review printing technologies which are commonly approbated at recent time in the course of fabricating gas sensors and multisensor arrays, mainly of chemiresistive type. The most important characteristics of the receptor materials, which need to be addressed in order to achieve a high efficiency of chemisensor devices, are considered. The printing technologies are comparatively analyzed with regard to, (i) the rheological properties of the employed inks representing both reagent solutions or organometallic precursors and disperse systems, (ii) the printing speed and resolution, and (iii) the thickness of the formed coatings to highlight benefits and drawbacks of the methods. Particular attention is given to protocols suitable for manufacturing single miniature devices with unique characteristics under a large-scale production of gas sensors where the receptor materials could be rather quickly tuned to modify their geometry and morphology. We address the most convenient approaches to the rapid printing single-crystal multisensor arrays at lab-on-chip paradigm with sufficiently high resolution, employing receptor layers with various chemical composition which could replace in nearest future the single-sensor units for advancing a selectivity.
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7
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Dipolar Noise in Fluorinated Molecular Wires. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081371. [PMID: 35458080 PMCID: PMC9031467 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a strategy to directly map and quantify the effects of dipole formation on electrical transports and noises in the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of molecular wires. In this method, the SAM patterns of fluorinated molecules with dipole moments were prepared on conducting substrates, and a conducting probe in contact-mode atomic force microscopy was utilized to map currents and noises through the probe on the molecular patterns. The maps were analyzed to extract the characteristic parameters of dipolar noises in SAMs, and the results were compared with those of hydrogenated molecular patterns without dipole moments. At rather low bias conditions, the fluorinated molecular junctions exhibited a tunneling conduction and a resistance value comparable to that of the hydrogenated molecules with a six-times-longer length, which was attributed to stronger dipoles formation in fluorinated molecules. Interestingly, conductance (G) in different regions of fluorinated molecular patterns exhibited a strong correlation with a noise power spectral density of SI/I2 like SI/I2 ∝ G-2, which can be explained by enhanced barrier fluctuations produced by the dipoles of fluorinated molecules. Furthermore, we observed that the noise power spectral density of fluorinated molecules showed an anomalous frequency (f) dependence like SI/I2 ∝ 1/f1.7, possibly due to the slowing down of the tunneling of carriers from increased barrier fluctuations. In rather high bias conditions, conductions in both hydrogenated and fluorinated molecules showed a transition from tunneling to thermionic charge transports. Our results provide important insights into the effects of dipoles on mesoscopic transport and resistance-fluctuation in molecules and could have a significant impact on the fundamental understanding and applications in this area.
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8
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Bhatt M, Shende P. Surface patterning techniques for proteins on nano- and micro-systems: a modulated aspect in hierarchical structures. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1176-1195. [PMID: 35119060 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The surface patterning of protein using fabrication or the external functionalization of structures demonstrates various applications in the biomedical field for bioengineering, biosensing and antifouling. This review article offers an outline of the existing advances in protein patterning technology with a special emphasis on the current physical and physicochemical methods, including stencil patterning, trap- and droplet-based microfluidics, and chemical modification of surfaces via photolithography, microcontact printing and scanning probe nanolithography. Different approaches are applied for the biological studies of recent trends for single-protein patterning technology, such as robotic printing, stencil printing and colloidal lithography, wherein the concepts of physical confinement, electrostatic and capillary forces, as well as dielectrophoretics, are summarised to understand the design approaches. Photochemical alterations with diazirine, nitrobenzyl and aryl azide functional groups for the implication of modified substrates, such as self-assembled monolayers functionalized with amino silanes, organosilanes and alkanethiols on gold surfaces, as well as topographical effects of patterning techniques for protein functionalization and orientation, are discussed. Analytical methods for the evaluation of protein functionality are also mentioned. Regarding their selectivity, protein pattering methods will be readily used to fabricate modified surfaces and target-specific delivery systems for the transportation of macromolecules such as streptavidin, and albumin. Future applications of patterning techniques include high-throughput screening, the evaluation of intracellular interactions, accurate screening and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitri Bhatt
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
| | - Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
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9
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Yadav N, Ganguli AK. Mechanistic understanding of growth of nanorods in microemulsions. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Jo JS, Choi J, Lee SH, Song C, Noh H, Jang JW. Mass Fabrication of 3D Silicon Nano-/Microstructures by Fab-Free Process Using Tip-Based Lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005036. [PMID: 33369134 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methods for the mass fabrication of 3D silicon (Si) microstructures with a 100 nm resolution are developed using scanning probe lithography (SPL) combined with metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE). Protruding Si structures, including Si nanowires of over 10 µm in length and atypical shaped Si nano- and micropillars, are obtained via the MACE of a patterned gold film (negative tone) on Si substrates by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) with polymer or by nanoshaving alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Furthermore, recessed Si structures with arbitrary patterning and channels less than 160 nm wide and hundreds of nanometers in depth are obtained via the MACE of a patterned gold film (positive tone) on Si substrates by alkanethiol DPN. As an example of applications using protruded Si structures, nanoimprinting in an area of up to a centimeter is demonstrated through 1D and 2D SPL combined with MACE. Similarly, submicrometer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps are employed over millimeter-scale areas for applications using recessed Si structures. In particular, the mass production of arbitrarily shaped Si microparticles at submicrometer resolution is developed using silicon-on-insulator substrates, as demonstrated using optical microresonators, surface-enhanced Raman scattering templates, and smart microparticles for fluorescence signal coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Sik Jo
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Choi
- Department of Nano and Electronic Physics, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Changhoon Song
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeso Noh
- Department of Nano and Electronic Physics, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
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11
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Picosecond Laser Processing of Photosensitive Glass for Generation of Biologically Relevant Microenvironments. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10248947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Various material processing techniques have been proposed for fabrication of smart surfaces that can modulate cellular behavior and address specific clinical issues. Among them, laser-based technologies have attracted growing interest due to processing versatility. Latest development of ultrashort pulse lasers with pulse widths from several tens of femtoseconds (fs) to several picoseconds (ps) allows clean microfabrication of a variety of materials at micro- and nanoscale both at surface and in volume. In this study, we addressed the possibility of 3D microfabrication of photosensitive glass (PG) by high repetition rate ps laser-assisted etching (PLAE) to improve the fabrication efficiency for the development of useful tools to be used for specific biological applications. Microfluidic structures fabricated by PLAE should provide the flow aspects, 3D characteristics, and possibility of producing functional structures to achieve the biologically relevant microenvironments. Specifically, the microfluidic structures could induce cellular chemotaxis over extended periods in diffusion-based gradient media. More importantly, the 3D characteristics could reproduce capillaries for in vitro testing of relevant organ models. Single cell trapping and analysis by using the fabricated microfluidic structures are also essential for understanding individual cell behavior within the same population. To this end, this paper demonstrates: (1) generation of 3D structures in glass volume or on surface for fabrication of microfluidic channels, (2) subtractive 3D surface patterning to create patterned molds in a controlled manor for casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures and developing single cell microchambers, and (3) designing glass photo-masks to be used for sequel additive patterning of biocompatible nanomaterials with controlled shapes, sizes, and periodicity. Mesenchymal stem cells grown on laser-processed glass surfaces revealed no sign of cytotoxicity, while a collagen thin coating improved cellular adhesion.
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12
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Chemical carving lithography with scanning catalytic probes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13411. [PMID: 32770060 PMCID: PMC7415144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study introduces a new chemical carving technique as an alternative to existing lithography and etching techniques. Chemical carving incorporates the concept of scanning probe lithography and metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE). A catalyst-coated probe mechanically scans a Si substrate in a solution, and the Si is chemically etched into the shape of the probes, forming pre-defined 3D patterns. A metal catalyst is used to oxidize the Si, and the silicon oxide formed is etched in the solution; this local MaCE reaction takes place continuously on the Si substrate in the scanning direction of probes. Polymer resist patterning for subsequent etching is not required; instead, scanning probes pattern the oxidation mask directly and chemical etching of Si occurs concurrently. A prototype that drives the probe with an actuator was used to analyze various aspects of the etching profiles based on the scanning speeds and sizes of the probe used. This technique suggests the possibility of forming arbitrary structures because the carving trajectory is formed according to the scan direction of the probes.
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13
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Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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15
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Sethi V, Sen D, Ganguli AK. Hydrotrope-Driven Self-Assembly in CTAB/ n-Hexanol/Water/Heptane Reverse Micellar System. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6683-6692. [PMID: 31022342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization of nanoparticles into one-dimensional (1D) nanochains leads to new unpredicted physiochemical properties, which are further exploited to develop photonic or electronic devices. Thus, the controlled fabrication of 1D nanochains requires nanotemplate, which acts as building blocks for the self-assembly of nanoparticles. To address this issue, we designed a hydrotrope (sodium salicylate)-based CTAB/ n-hexanol/water/heptane reverse micellar system. Hydrotrope, herein, modulates electrostatic interactions between reverse micellar droplets and paves the way for the formation of self-assembled structures. Small-angle X-ray scattering studies were performed on the CTAB/heptane reverse micellar system by varying hydrotrope concentrations and water-to-surfactant ratios (W x). The aqueous content of the reverse micellar pool is determined from the W x value, where W x = [H2O]/[CTAB] and [CTAB] = 0.05 M. SAXS studies were performed for CTAB/heptane reverse micellar systems at three different W x values, that is, 6, 12, and 16 and represented by W6, W12, and W16, respectively. All SAXS profiles were modeled with a spherical form factor and a Baxter sticky hard sphere structure factor. The interaction between droplets was predicted in terms of stickiness parameter. The effect of W x on the formation of self-assembled structures and forces governing the assembly has been discussed in detail. For the W6 system, the electrostatic repulsion between reverse micellar droplets decreases, resulting in the formation of the 1D chain-like assembly of nanodroplets. In the case of the W12 system, the dual feature of the hydrotrope has been observed, it increases the size of the reverse micellar system and reduces electrostatic repulsion between droplets because of which the formation of chain-like assemblies cannot be determined with accuracy. For the W16 system, the decrease in micellar size with the increase in the hydrotrope concentration has been observed. Thus, our reverse micellar templates may provide a comprehensive method for the fabrication of high aspect ratio 1D nanochains of a variety of materials and harnessing their collective properties for magnetic, catalytic, and opto-electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Sethi
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Debasis Sen
- Solid State Physics Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085 , India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094 , India
| | - Ashok K Ganguli
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 , India
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Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Weydert S, Girardin S, Cui X, Zürcher S, Peter T, Wirz R, Sterner O, Stauffer F, Aebersold MJ, Tanner S, Thompson-Steckel G, Forró C, Tosatti S, Vörös J. A Versatile Protein and Cell Patterning Method Suitable for Long-Term Neural Cultures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2966-2975. [PMID: 30767535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an easy-to-use protein and cell patterning method relying solely on pipetting, rinsing steps and illumination with a desktop lamp, which does not require any expensive laboratory equipment, custom-built hardware or delicate chemistry. This method is based on the adhesion promoter poly(allylamine)-grafted perfluorophenyl azide, which allows UV-induced cross-linking with proteins and the antifouling molecule poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Versatility is demonstrated by creating patterns with two different proteins and a polysaccharide directly on plastic well plates and on glass slides, and by subsequently seeding primary neurons and C2C12 myoblasts on the patterns to form islands and mini-networks. Patterning characterization is done via immunohistochemistry, Congo red staining, ellipsometry, and infrared spectroscopy. Using a pragmatic setup, patterning contrasts down to 5 μm and statistically significant long-term stability superior to the gold standard poly(l-lysine)-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) could be obtained. This simple method can be used in any laboratory or even in classrooms and its outstanding stability is especially interesting for long-term cell experiments, e.g., for bottom-up neuroscience, where well-defined microislands and microcircuits of primary neurons are studied over weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Weydert
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zurich , Gloriastrasse 35 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sophie Girardin
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zurich , Gloriastrasse 35 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Xinnan Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Stefan Zürcher
- SuSoS AG , Lagerstrasse 14 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Peter
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zurich , Gloriastrasse 35 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Ronny Wirz
- Bruker Optics GmbH , Industriestrasse 26 , 8117 Fällanden , Switzerland
| | - Olof Sterner
- SuSoS AG , Lagerstrasse 14 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Flurin Stauffer
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zurich , Gloriastrasse 35 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Mathias J Aebersold
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zurich , Gloriastrasse 35 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Tanner
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zurich , Gloriastrasse 35 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Greta Thompson-Steckel
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zurich , Gloriastrasse 35 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Csaba Forró
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zurich , Gloriastrasse 35 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zurich , Gloriastrasse 35 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
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Wang X, Wang H, Ma J, Zhao X, Zhao J. Efficiently Rotating the Magnetization Vector in a Magnetic Semiconductor via Organic Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6615-6623. [PMID: 30652468 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Local manipulation of the magnetization direction is of significant importance in spintronics because it provides an effective way in nonvolatile device applications for ultrahigh density information storage. However, this modulation is usually restricted to a limited range even through large power input. We demonstrate a large rotation of the magnetization vector in a magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As (110) thin film by surface decoration of self-assembled molecules. The carrier density of the film is vastly changed by two kinds of molecules acting as electron donors and acceptors, resulting in a prominent variation of the Curie temperature and magnetic anisotropy. The magnetic anisotropic fields tuned by the molecules could be quantitatively determined by planar Hall measurements, based on which the largest rotation angle is calculated to be ∼27°. This value doubles the result obtained by the electric field up to 0.4 V/nm, which is approaching the breakdown strength of common dielectrics. Our work offers a new functionality for effectively tuning the magnetization direction of nanoscale bits, without relying on the magnetic field, spin current, or mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 912, Beijing 100083 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 912, Beijing 100083 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jialin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 912, Beijing 100083 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xupeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 912, Beijing 100083 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 912, Beijing 100083 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
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Vadnala S, Tripathy S, Paul N, Agrawal A, Singh SG. Facile Synthesis of Electrospun Nickel (II) Oxide Nanofibers and Its Application for Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nirupam Paul
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentIndian Institute of Technology Bombay
| | - S. G. Singh
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
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20
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Jia H, Kai L, Heymann M, García-Soriano DA, Härtel T, Schwille P. Light-Induced Printing of Protein Structures on Membranes in Vitro. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7133-7140. [PMID: 30295028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reconstituting functional modules of biological systems in vitro is an important yet challenging goal of bottom-up synthetic biology, in particular with respect to their precise spatiotemporal regulation. One of the most desirable external control parameters for the engineering of biological systems is visible light, owing to its specificity and ease of defined application in space and time. Here we engineered the PhyB-PIF6 system to spatiotemporally target proteins by light onto model membranes and thus sequentially guide protein pattern formation and structural assembly in vitro from the bottom up. We show that complex micrometer-sized protein patterns can be printed on time scales of seconds, and the pattern density can be precisely controlled by protein concentration, laser power, and activation time. Moreover, when printing self-assembling proteins such as the bacterial cytoskeleton protein FtsZ, the targeted assembly into filaments and large-scale structures such as artificial rings can be accomplished. Thus, light mediated sequential protein assembly in cell-free systems represents a promising approach to hierarchically building up the next level of complexity toward a minimal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Jia
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Lei Kai
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Michael Heymann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Daniela A García-Soriano
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
- Graduate School for Quantitative Biosciences (QBM) , Ludwig-Maximillians-University , Munich , Germany
| | - Tobias Härtel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
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21
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Ma H, Jiang Z, Xie X, Huang L, Huang W. Multiplexed Biomolecular Arrays Generated via Parallel Dip-Pen Nanolithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25121-25126. [PMID: 29986136 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The capability of transferring target materials especially functionality-reliable biomolecules, into specific locations and with arbitrarily designed patterns are of critical importance for high-throughput disease diagnosis, multiplexing, and drug screening. Herein, we report the simultaneous patterning of two types of biomolecules using the parallel dip-pen nanolithography technology where an array of the atomic force microscope (AFM) tips can be selectively and alternately coated with target biomolecules via a specially designed inkwell array. Moreover, mixing target biomolecules at a proper volumetric ratio with polyethylene glycol dissolved in PBS buffer solution that works as an ink carrier can not only facilitate the smooth transfer of ink materials from the AFM tip to the substrate, it can also help to adjust the ink diffusion constant of different biomolecules to be highly similar so that the multiplexed biofunctional dot and/or line arrays at similar sizes can be reliably generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Zhang Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Xiaoji Xie
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Ling Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
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22
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Jalali M, White AR, Marti J, Sheng J. Fabrication and characterization of a scalable surface textured with pico-liter oil drops for mechanistic studies of bacteria-oil interactions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7612. [PMID: 29765086 PMCID: PMC5954110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Texturing a large surface with oily micro-drops with controlled size, shape and volume provides an unprecedented capability in investigating complex interactions of bacteria, cells and interfaces. It has particular implications in understanding key microbial processes involved in remediation of environmental disasters, such as Deepwater Horizon oil spill. This work presents a development of scalable micro-transfer molding to functionalize a substrate with oily drop array to generate a microcosm mimicking bacteria encountering a rising droplet cloud. The volume of each drop within a large “printed” surface can be tuned by varying base geometry and area with characteristic scales from 5 to 50 μm. Contrary to macroscopic counterparts, drops with non-Laplacian shapes, i.e. sharp corners, that appears to violate Young-Laplacian relationship locally, are produced. Although the drop relaxes into a spherical cap with constant mean curvature, the contact line with sharp corners remains pinned. Relaxation times from initial to asymptotic shape require extraordinarily long time (>7 days). We demonstrate that non-Laplacian drops are the direct results of self-pinning of contact line by nanoparticles in the oil. This technique has been applied to study biofilm formation at the oil-water interface and can be readily extended to other colloidal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jalali
- Department of Engineering, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew R White
- Department of Engineering, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - James Marti
- Nano Fabrication Center, University of Minnesota, Twin City, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jian Sheng
- Department of Engineering, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA.
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23
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van Assenbergh P, Meinders E, Geraedts J, Dodou D. Nanostructure and Microstructure Fabrication: From Desired Properties to Suitable Processes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703401. [PMID: 29573546 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When designing a new nanostructure or microstructure, one can follow a processing-based manufacturing pathway, in which the structure properties are defined based on the processing capabilities of the fabrication method at hand. Alternatively, a performance-based pathway can be followed, where the envisioned performance is first defined, and then suitable fabrication methods are sought. To support the latter pathway, fabrication methods are here reviewed based on the geometric and material complexity, resolution, total size, geometric and material diversity, and throughput they can achieve, independently from processing capabilities. Ten groups of fabrication methods are identified and compared in terms of these seven moderators. The highest resolution is obtained with electron beam lithography, with feature sizes below 5 nm. The highest geometric complexity is attained with vat photopolymerization. For high throughput, parallel methods, such as photolithography (≈101 m2 h-1 ), are needed. This review offers a decision-making tool for identifying which method to use for fabricating a structure with predefined properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Assenbergh
- Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Meinders
- AMSYSTEMS Center, De Lismortel 31, 5612, AR, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jo Geraedts
- Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Landbergstraat 15, 2628, CE, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Dodou
- Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
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Casalini S, Bortolotti CA, Leonardi F, Biscarini F. Self-assembled monolayers in organic electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:40-71. [PMID: 27722675 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00509h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly is possibly the most effective and versatile strategy for surface functionalization. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be formed on (semi-)conductor and dielectric surfaces, and have been used in a variety of technological applications. This work aims to review the strategy behind the design and use of self-assembled monolayers in organic electronics, discuss the mechanism of interaction of SAMs in a microscopic device, and highlight the applications emerging from the integration of SAMs in an organic device. The possibility of performing surface chemistry tailoring with SAMs constitutes a versatile approach towards the tuning of the electronic and morphological properties of the interfaces relevant to the response of an organic electronic device. Functionalisation with SAMs is important not only for imparting stability to the device or enhancing its performance, as sought at the early stages of development of this field. SAM-functionalised organic devices give rise to completely new types of behavior that open unprecedented applications, such as ultra-sensitive label-free biosensors and SAM/organic transistors that can be used as robust experimental gauges for studying charge tunneling across SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Casalini
- Life Sciences Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Carlo Augusto Bortolotti
- Life Sciences Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy. and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute for Nanosciences, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Leonardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute for Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Life Sciences Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy. and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute for Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Schmaltz T, Sforazzini G, Reichert T, Frauenrath H. Self-Assembled Monolayers as Patterning Tool for Organic Electronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605286. [PMID: 28160336 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of functional materials represents a crucial step for the implementation of organic semiconducting materials into functional devices. Classical patterning techniques such as photolithography or shadow masking exhibit certain limitations in terms of choice of materials, processing techniques and feasibility for large area fabrication. The use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as a patterning tool offers a wide variety of opportunities, from the region-selective deposition of active components to guiding the crystallization direction. Here, we discuss general techniques and mechanisms for SAM-based patterning and show that all necessary components for organic electronic devices, i.e., conducting materials, dielectrics, organic semiconductors, and further functional layers can be patterned with the use of self-assembled monolayers. The advantages and limitations, and potential further applications of patterning approaches based on self-assembled monolayers are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmaltz
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Sforazzini
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reichert
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Patterned surfaces for biological applications: A new platform using two dimensional structures as biomaterials. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Ji C, Ma L, Yin M, Yang W, Pan K. A Cyanine Dye Encapsulated Porous Fibrous Mat for Naked-Eye Ammonia Sensing. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2316-21. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chendong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Lijing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Kai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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28
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Guardingo M, Busqué F, Ruiz-Molina D. Reactions in ultra-small droplets by tip-assisted chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11617-26. [PMID: 27468750 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03504c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The confinement of chemical reactions within small droplets has received much attention in the last few years. This approach has been proved successful for the in-depth study of naturally occurring chemical processes as well as for the synthesis of different sets of nanomaterials with control over their size, shape and properties. Different approaches such as the use of self-contained structures or microfluidic generated droplets have been followed over the years with success. However, novel approaches have emerged during the last years based on the deposition of femtolitre-sized droplets on surfaces using tip-assisted lithographic methods. In this feature article, we review the advances made towards the use of these ultra-small droplets patterned on surfaces as confined nano-reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guardingo
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Cunningham B, Zhang M, Zhuo Y, Kwon L, Race C. Recent Advances in Biosensing With Photonic Crystal Surfaces: A Review. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2016; 16:3349-3366. [PMID: 27642265 PMCID: PMC5021450 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2015.2429738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal surfaces that are designed to function as wavelength-selective optical resonators have become a widely adopted platform for label-free biosensing, and for enhancement of the output of photon-emitting tags used throughout life science research and in vitro diagnostics. While some applications, such as analysis of drug-protein interactions, require extremely high resolution and the ability to accurately correct for measurement artifacts, others require sensitivity that is high enough for detection of disease biomarkers in serum with concentrations less than 1 pg/ml. As the analysis of cells becomes increasingly important for studying the behavior of stem cells, cancer cells, and biofilms under a variety of conditions, approaches that enable high resolution imaging of live cells without cytotoxic stains or photobleachable fluorescent dyes are providing new tools to biologists who seek to observe individual cells over extended time periods. This paper will review several recent advances in photonic crystal biosensor detection instrumentation and device structures that are being applied towards direct detection of small molecules in the context of high throughput drug screening, photonic crystal fluorescence enhancement as utilized for high sensitivity multiplexed cancer biomarker detection, and label-free high resolution imaging of cells and individual nanoparticles as a new tool for life science research and single-molecule diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.T. Cunningham
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - M. Zhang
- Dept. of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Y. Zhuo
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - L. Kwon
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - C. Race
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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30
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Yu Q, Ista LK, Gu R, Zauscher S, López GP. Nanopatterned polymer brushes: conformation, fabrication and applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:680-700. [PMID: 26648412 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07107k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces with end-grafted, nanopatterned polymer brushes that exhibit well-defined feature dimensions and controlled chemical and physical properties provide versatile platforms not only for investigation of nanoscale phenomena at biointerfaces, but also for the development of advanced devices relevant to biotechnology and electronics applications. In this review, we first give a brief introduction of scaling behavior of nanopatterned polymer brushes and then summarize recent progress in fabrication and application of nanopatterned polymer brushes. Specifically, we highlight applications of nanopatterned stimuli-responsive polymer brushes in the areas of biomedicine and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Linnea K Ista
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Renpeng Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Gabriel P López
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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31
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Zhao Z, Nan H, Sun M, He X. Simultaneous topographic and chemical patterning via imprinting defined nano-reactors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22169f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, universal strategy to realize simultaneous topographic and chemical patterning via imprinting defined nano-reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zhao
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - H. Nan
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - M. Sun
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - X. He
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
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32
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Liu X, Zheng Y, Peurifoy SR, Kothari EA, Braunschweig AB. Optimization of 4D polymer printing within a massively parallel flow-through photochemical microreactor. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00283h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brush polymer patterns, where the position (x,y), height (z), and chemical composition of each feature in an array were controlled independently, were prepared by combining massively parallel tip-based photolithography, microfluidics, and photochemical radical polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
| | - Yeting Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
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33
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Wang X, Wang H, Pan D, Keiper T, Li L, Yu X, Lu J, Lochner E, von Molnár S, Xiong P, Zhao J. Robust Manipulation of Magnetism in Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As by Organic Molecules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:8043-8050. [PMID: 26540329 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface adsorption of organic molecules provides a new method for the robust manipulation of ferromagnetism in (Ga,Mn)As. Electron acceptor and donor molecules yield significant enhancement and suppression, respectively, of ferromagnetism with modulation of the Curie temperature spanning 36 K. Dip-pen nanolithography is employed to directly pattern monolayers on (Ga,Mn)As, which is presented as a novel pathway toward producing magnetic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Timothy Keiper
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Lixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuezhe Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Eric Lochner
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Stephan von Molnár
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Peng Xiong
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
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34
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Calborean A, Martin F, Marconi D, Turcu R, Kacso I, Buimaga-Iarinca L, Graur F, Turcu I. Adsorption mechanisms of l-Glutathione on Au and controlled nano-patterning through Dip Pen Nanolithography. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Liu F, Luber EJ, Huck LA, Olsen BC, Buriak JM. Nanoscale plasmonic stamp lithography on silicon. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2184-93. [PMID: 25654172 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale lithography on silicon is of interest for applications ranging from computer chip design to tissue interfacing. Block copolymer-based self-assembly, also called directed self-assembly (DSA) within the semiconductor industry, can produce a variety of complex nanopatterns on silicon, but these polymeric films typically require transformation into functional materials. Here we demonstrate how gold nanopatterns, produced via block copolymer self-assembly, can be incorporated into an optically transparent flexible PDMS stamp, termed a plasmonic stamp, and used to directly functionalize silicon surfaces on a sub-100 nm scale. We propose that the high intensity electric fields that result from the localized surface plasmons of the gold nanoparticles in the plasmonic stamps upon illumination with low intensity green light, lead to generation of electron-hole pairs in the silicon that drive spatially localized hydrosilylation. This approach demonstrates how localized surface plasmons can be used to enable functionalization of technologically relevant surfaces with nanoscale control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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36
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Yu XF, Liu JW, Cong HP, Xue L, Arshad MN, Albar HA, Sobahi TR, Gao Q, Yu SH. Template- and surfactant-free synthesis of ultrathin CeO 2 nanowires in a mixed solvent and their superior adsorption capability for water treatment. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2511-2515. [PMID: 28706659 PMCID: PMC5489027 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00104h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin CeO2 nanowires with a diameter of 5 nm and an aspect ratio of more than 100 can be prepared by a one-step refluxing approach in a mixed solvent composed of water and ethanol without using any templates or surfactants. The formation mechanism of the as-synthesized ultrathin nanowires has been investigated. The as-synthesized CeO2 nanowires with a high surface area of 125.31 m2 g-1 exhibited excellent wastewater treatment performance with high removal capacities towards organic dyes and heavy metal ions. In addition, the as-synthesized CeO2 nanowires can adsorb Congo red selectively from a mixed solution composed of several dyes. Successful access to high quality ultrathin nanowires will make it possible for their potential application in catalysis and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry , Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China .
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry , Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China .
| | - Huai-Ping Cong
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry , Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China .
| | - Lei Xue
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry , Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China .
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Arshad
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research , Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Albar
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq R Sobahi
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiang Gao
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry , Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China .
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry , Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China .
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37
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O'Connell CD, Higgins MJ, Sullivan RP, Moulton SE, Wallace GG. Ink-on-probe hydrodynamics in atomic force microscope deposition of liquid inks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3717-3728. [PMID: 24861023 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The controlled deposition of attolitre volumes of liquids may engender novel applications such as soft, nano-tailored cell-material interfaces, multi-plexed nano-arrays for high throughput screening of biomolecular interactions, and localized delivery of reagents to reactions confined at the nano-scale. Although the deposition of small organic molecules from an AFM tip, known as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), is being continually refined, AFM deposition of liquid inks is not well understood, and is often fraught with inconsistent deposition rates. In this work, the variation in feature-size over long term printing experiments for four model inks of varying viscosity is examined. A hierarchy of recurring phenomena is uncovered and there are attributed to ink movement and reorganisation along the cantilever itself. Simple analytical approaches to model these effects, as well as a method to gauge the degree of ink loading using the cantilever resonance frequency, are described. In light of the conclusions, the various parameters which need to be controlled in order to achieve uniform printing are dicussed. This work has implications for the nanopatterning of viscous liquids and hydrogels, encompassing ink development, the design of probes and printing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal D O'Connell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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38
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Gilles S, Steppert AK, Schaal PA, Barth M, Niewoehner L, Simon U. Challenging material patterning: fine lithography on coarse substrates. SCANNING 2014; 36:362-367. [PMID: 24170434 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Precise patterning of inorganic materials is important for many technological applications. Often lithography processes are required on challenging substrates with respect to topography, flexibility, and surface adhesion. Here we show the fabrication of artificial gunshot residues (GSR) on adhesive tape samples by means of dip-pen lithography as an example for fine lithography on coarse substrates. We deposited lead-, barium-, and antimony-containing inks on SEM adhesive tape by direct writing with a fine tip. Single as well as multiple element structures with dimensions in the range of 10-75 µm were fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gilles
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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39
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O'Connell CD, Higgins MJ, Marusic D, Moulton SE, Wallace GG. Liquid ink deposition from an atomic force microscope tip: deposition monitoring and control of feature size. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2712-2721. [PMID: 24548246 DOI: 10.1021/la402936z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The controlled deposition of attoliter volumes of liquid inks may engender novel applications such as targeted drug delivery to single cells and localized delivery of chemical reagents at nanoscale dimensions. Although the deposition of small organic molecules from an atomic force microscope tip, known as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), has been extensively studied, the deposition of liquid inks is little understood. In this work, we have used a set of model ink-substrate systems to develop an understanding of the deposition of viscous liquids using an unmodified AFM tip. First, the growth of dot size with increasing dwell time is characterized. The dynamics of deposition are found to vary for different ink-substrate systems, and the change in deposition rate over the course of an experiment limits our ability to quantify the ink-transfer dynamics in terms of liquid properties and substrate wettability. We find that the most critical parameter affecting the deposition rate is the volume of ink on the cantilever, an effect resulting in a 10-fold decrease in deposition rate (aL/s) over 2 h of printing time. We suggest that a driving force for deposition arises from the gradient in Laplace pressure set up when the tip touches the substrate. Second, the forces acting upon the AFM cantilever during ink deposition were measured in order to gain insight into the underlying ink-transfer mechanism. The force curve data and simple geometrical arguments were used to elucidate the shape of the ink meniscus at the instant of deposition, a methodology that may be used as an accurate and real-time means of monitoring the volume of deposited dots. Taken together, our results illustrate that liquid deposition involves a very different transfer mechanism than traditionally ascribed to DPN molecular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal D O'Connell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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40
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Lawrence J, Pham JT, Lee DY, Liu Y, Crosby AJ, Emrick T. Highly conductive ribbons prepared by stick-slip assembly of organosoluble gold nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1173-1179. [PMID: 24417627 DOI: 10.1021/nn4057726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Precisely positioning and assembling nanoparticles (NPs) into hierarchical nanostructures is opening opportunities in a wide variety of applications. Many techniques employed to produce hierarchical micrometer and nanoscale structures are limited by complex fabrication of templates and difficulties with scalability. Here we describe the fabrication and characterization of conductive nanoparticle ribbons prepared from surfactant-free organosoluble gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). We used a flow-coating technique in a controlled, stick-slip assembly to regulate the deposition of Au NPs into densely packed, multilayered structures. This affords centimeter-scale long, high-resolution Au NP ribbons with precise periodic spacing in a rapid manner, up to 2 orders-of-magnitude finer and faster than previously reported methods. These Au NP ribbons exhibit linear ohmic response, with conductivity that varies by changing the binding headgroup of the ligands. Controlling NP percolation during sintering (e.g., by adding polymer to retard rapid NP coalescence) enables the formation of highly conductive ribbons, similar to thermally sintered conductive adhesives. Hierarchical, conductive Au NP ribbons represent a promising platform to enable opportunities in sensing, optoelectronics, and electromechanical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Lawrence
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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41
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Gasiorowski JZ, Murphy CJ, Nealey PF. Biophysical cues and cell behavior: the big impact of little things. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2014; 15:155-76. [PMID: 23862676 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is composed of a variety of proteins, polysaccharides, and glycosaminoglycans that self-assemble into a hierarchical order of nanometer- to micrometer-scale fibrils and fibers. The shapes, sizes, and elasticity present within this highly ordered meshwork regulate behaviors in most cell types. It has been well documented that cellular migration, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue development are all influenced by matrix geometries and compliance, but how these external biophysical cues are translated into activated intracellular signaling cascades remains poorly understood. Fortunately, technological improvements in artificial substrate fabrication have provided biologists with tools to test cellular interactions within controlled three-dimensional environments. Here, we review cellular responses to biophysical cues and discuss their clinical relevancy and application. We focus especially on integrative approaches that aim to first characterize the properties of specific extracellular matrices and then precisely fabricate biomimetic materials to elucidate how relevant cells respond to the individual biophysical cues present in their native tissues. Through these types of comprehensive studies, biologists have begun to understand and appreciate how exceedingly small features can have a significant impact on the regulation, development, and homeostasis of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Gasiorowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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42
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Mirkin CA, Hong S, Demers L. Dip-pen nanolithography: controlling surface architecture on the sub-100 nanometer length scale. Chemphyschem 2014; 2:37-9. [PMID: 23696379 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7641(20010119)2:1<37::aid-cphc37>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new method for patterning surfaces with organic structures, termed "dip-pen" nanolithography (DPN), has been developed. DPN allows one to deliver collections of molecules to a surface in a positive printing mode. The technique offers 15 nm linewidths and 5 nm spatial resolution. Current capabilities and future applications of DPN are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mirkin
- Northwestern University Chemistry Department and NU Institute for Nanotechnology, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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43
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El Zubir O, Barlow I, Leggett GJ, Williams NH. Fabrication of molecular nanopatterns at aluminium oxide surfaces by nanoshaving of self-assembled monolayers of alkylphosphonates. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11125-11131. [PMID: 24068243 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04701f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoshaving, by tracing an atomic force microscope probe across a surface at elevated load, has been used to fabricate nanostructures in self-assembled monolayers of alkylphosphonates adsorbed at aluminium oxide surfaces. The simple process is implemented under ambient conditions. Because of the strong bond between the alkylphosphonates and the oxide surface, loads in excess of 400 nN are required to pattern the monolayer. Following patterning of octadecylphosphonate SAMs, adsorption of aminobutyl phosphonate yielded features as small as 39 nm. Shaving of monolayers of aryl azide-terminated alkylphosphonates, followed by attachment of polyethylene glycol to unmodified regions in a photochemical coupling reaction, yielded 102 nm trenches into which NeutrAvidin coated, dye-labelled, polymer nanospheres could be deposited, yielding bright fluorescence with little evidence of non-specific adsorption to other regions of the surface. Structures formed in alkylphosphonate films by nanoshaving were used to etch structures into the underlying metal. Because of the isotropic nature of the etch process, and the large grain size, some broadening was observed, but features 25-35 nm deep and 180 nm wide were fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama El Zubir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
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44
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Lin WF, Swartz LA, Li JR, Liu Y, Liu GY. Particle Lithography Enables Fabrication of Multicomponent Nanostructures. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2013; 117:23279-23285. [PMID: 24707328 PMCID: PMC3972815 DOI: 10.1021/jp406239d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent nanostructures with individual geometries have attracted much attention because of their potential to carry out multiple functions synergistically. The current work reports a simple method using particle lithography to fabricate multicomponent nanostructures of metals, proteins, and organosiloxane molecules, each with its own geometry. Particle lithography is well-known for its capability to produce arrays of triangular-shaped nanostructures with novel optical properties. This paper extends the capability of particle lithography by combining a particle template in conjunction with surface chemistry to produce multicomponent nanostructures. The advantages and limitations of this approach will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Logan A Swartz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jie-Ren Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gang-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States ; Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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45
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George S, Chaudhery V, Lu M, Takagi M, Amro N, Pokhriyal A, Tan Y, Ferreira P, Cunningham BT. Sensitive detection of protein and miRNA cancer biomarkers using silicon-based photonic crystals and a resonance coupling laser scanning platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4053-64. [PMID: 23963502 PMCID: PMC4522268 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of the fluorescent output of surface-based fluorescence assays by performing them upon nanostructured photonic crystal (PC) surfaces has been demonstrated to increase signal intensities by >8000×. Using the multiplicative effects of optical resonant coupling to the PC in increasing the electric field intensity experienced by fluorescent labels ("enhanced excitation") and the spatially biased funneling of fluorophore emissions through coupling to PC resonances ("enhanced extraction"), PC enhanced fluorescence (PCEF) can be adapted to reduce the limits of detection of disease biomarker assays, and to reduce the size and cost of high sensitivity detection instrumentation. In this work, we demonstrate the first silicon-based PCEF detection platform for multiplexed biomarker assay. The sensor in this platform is a silicon-based PC structure, comprised of a SiO2 grating that is overcoated with a thin film of high refractive index TiO2 and is produced in a semiconductor foundry for low cost, uniform, and reproducible manufacturing. The compact detection instrument that completes this platform was designed to efficiently couple fluorescence excitation from a semiconductor laser to the resonant optical modes of the PC, resulting in elevated electric field strength that is highly concentrated within the region <100 nm from the PC surface. This instrument utilizes a cylindrically focused line to scan a microarray in <1 min. To demonstrate the capabilities of this sensor-detector platform, microspot fluorescent sandwich immunoassays using secondary antibodies labeled with Cy5 for two cancer biomarkers (TNF-α and IL-3) were performed. Biomarkers were detected at concentrations as low as 0.1 pM. In a fluorescent microarray for detection of a breast cancer miRNA biomarker miR-21, the miRNA was detectable at a concentration of 0.6 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine George
- Department of Bioengineering, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA.
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Tsunemi E, Kobayashi K, Oyabu N, Hirose M, Takenaka Y, Matsushige K, Yamada H. Development of multi-environment dual-probe atomic force microscopy system using optical beam deflection sensors with vertically incident laser beams. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:083701. [PMID: 24007067 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We developed a dual-probe atomic force microscopy (DP-AFM) system with two cantilever probes that can be operated in various environments such as in air, vacuum, and liquid. The system employs the optical beam deflection method for measuring the deflection of each cantilever mounted on a probe scanner. The cantilever probes mounted on the probe scanners are attached to inertia sliders, which allow independent control of the probe positions. We constructed three types of probe scanners (tube, shear-piezo, and tripod types) and characterized their performance. We demonstrated AFM imaging in ambient air, vacuum, and ultrapure water, and also performed electrical measurement and pick-up manipulation of a Au nanorod using the DP-AFM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eika Tsunemi
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Tessmer I, Kaur P, Lin J, Wang H. Investigating bioconjugation by atomic force microscopy. J Nanobiotechnology 2013; 11:25. [PMID: 23855448 PMCID: PMC3723498 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnological applications increasingly exploit the selectivity and processivity of biological molecules. Integration of biomolecules such as proteins or DNA into nano-systems typically requires their conjugation to surfaces, for example of carbon-nanotubes or fluorescent quantum dots. The bioconjugated nanostructures exploit the unique strengths of both their biological and nanoparticle components and are used in diverse, future oriented research areas ranging from nanoelectronics to biosensing and nanomedicine. Atomic force microscopy imaging provides valuable, direct insight for the evaluation of different conjugation approaches at the level of the individual molecules. Recent technical advances have enabled high speed imaging by AFM supporting time resolutions sufficient to follow conformational changes of intricately assembled nanostructures in solution. In addition, integration of AFM with different spectroscopic and imaging approaches provides an enhanced level of information on the investigated sample. Furthermore, the AFM itself can serve as an active tool for the assembly of nanostructures based on bioconjugation. AFM is hence a major workhorse in nanotechnology; it is a powerful tool for the structural investigation of bioconjugation and bioconjugation-induced effects as well as the simultaneous active assembly and analysis of bioconjugation-based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Tessmer
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str, 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Han W, Jiang L, Li X, Liu P, Xu L, Lu Y. Continuous modulations of femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures and scanned line-widths on silicon by polarization changes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:15505-15513. [PMID: 23842337 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.015505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Large-area, uniform laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are of wide potential industry applications. The continuity and processing precision of LIPSS are mainly determined by the scanning intervals of adjacent scanning lines. Therefore, continuous modulations of LIPSS and scanned line-widths within one laser scanning pass are of great significance. This study proposes that by varying the laser (800 nm, 50 fs, 1 kHz) polarization direction, LIPSS and the scanned line-widths on a silicon (111) surface can be continuously modulated with high precision. It shows that the scanned line-width reaches the maximum when the polarization direction is perpendicular to the scanning direction. As an application example, the experiments show large-area, uniform LIPSS can be fabricated by controlling the scanning intervals based on the one-pass scanned line-widths. The simulation shows that the initially formed LIPSS structures induce directional surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) scattering along the laser polarization direction, which strengthens the subsequently anisotropic LIPSS fabrication. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experiments, which both support the conclusions of continuous modulations of the LIPSS and scanned line-widths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Han
- Laser Micro/Nano-Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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