1
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Mehrabipour M, Nakhaei-Rad S, Dvorsky R, Lang A, Verhülsdonk P, Ahmadian MR, Piekorz RP. SIRT4 as a novel interactor and candidate suppressor of C-RAF kinase in MAPK signaling. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302507. [PMID: 38499327 PMCID: PMC10948936 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses leading to development, proliferation, and differentiation depend on RAF/MEK/ERK signaling, which integrates and amplifies signals from various stimuli for downstream cellular responses. C-RAF activation has been reported in many types of tumor cell proliferation and developmental disorders, necessitating the discovery of potential C-RAF protein regulators. Here, we identify a novel and specific protein interaction between C-RAF among the RAF kinase paralogs, and SIRT4 among the mitochondrial sirtuin family members SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5. Structurally, C-RAF binds to SIRT4 through the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, whereas SIRT4 predominantly requires the C-terminus for full interaction with C-RAF. Interestingly, SIRT4 specifically interacts with C-RAF in a pre-signaling inactive (serine 259-phosphorylated) state. Consistent with this finding, the expression of SIRT4 in HEK293 cells results in an up-regulation of pS259-C-RAF levels and a concomitant reduction in MAPK signaling as evidenced by strongly decreased phospho-ERK signals. Thus, we propose an additional extra-mitochondrial function of SIRT4 as a cytosolic tumor suppressor of C-RAF-MAPK signaling, besides its metabolic tumor suppressor role of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate levels in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Mehrabipour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Stem Cell Biology, and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Verhülsdonk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland P Piekorz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Zhao YS, Liu DX, Tan FQ, Yang WX. KIF2A Upregulates PI3K/AKT Signaling through Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1) to Affect the Proliferation and Apoptosis Levels of Eriocheir sinensis Spermatogenic Cells. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:149. [PMID: 38534420 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
E. sinensis is an animal model for studying the reproduction and development of crustaceans. In this study, we knocked down the Es-Kif2a gene by injecting dsRNA into E. sinensis and inhibited Es-Plk1 gene expression by injecting PLK1 inhibitor BI6727 into E. sinensis. Then, the cell proliferation level, apoptosis level, and PI3K/AKT signaling expression level were detected. Our results showed that the proliferation level of spermatogenic cells decreased, while the apoptosis level increased after Es-Kif2a knockdown or Es-Plk1 inhibition. In order to verify whether these changes are caused by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, we detected the expression of PI3K and AKT proteins after Es-Kif2a knockdown or Es-Plk1 inhibition. Western Blot showed that in both the Es-Kif2a knockdown group and the Es-Plk1 inhibition group, the expression of PI3K and AKT proteins decreased. In addition, immunofluorescence showed that Es-KIF2A and Es-PLK1 proteins were co-localized during E. sinensis spermatogenesis. To further explore the upstream and downstream relationship between Es-KIF2A and Es-PLK1, we detected the expression level of Es-PLK1 after Es-Kif2a knockdown as well as the expression level of Es-KIF2A after Es-Plk1 inhibition. Western Blot showed that the expression of Es-PLK1 decreased after Es-Kif2a knockdown, while there was no significant change of Es-KIF2A after Es-Plk1 inhibition, indicating that Es-PLK1 may be a downstream factor of Es-KIF2A. Taken together, these results suggest that Es-KIF2A upregulates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through Es-PLK1 during the spermatogenesis of E. sinensis, thereby affecting the proliferation and apoptosis levels of spermatogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Shuang Zhao
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ding-Xi Liu
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Qing Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3
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Hoermann B, Dürr EM, Ludwig C, Ercan M, Köhn M. A strategy to disentangle direct and indirect effects on (de)phosphorylation by chemical modulators of the phosphatase PP1 in complex cellular contexts. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2792-2804. [PMID: 38404380 PMCID: PMC10882499 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04746f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical activators and inhibitors are useful probes to identify substrates and downstream effects of enzymes; however, due to the complex signaling environment within cells, it is challenging to distinguish between direct and indirect effects. This is particularly the case for phosphorylation, where a single (de)phosphorylation event can trigger rapid changes in many other phosphorylation sites. An additional complication arises when a single catalytic entity, which acts in the form of many different holoenzymes with different substrates, is activated or inhibited, as it is unclear which holoenzymes are affected, and in turn which of their substrates are (de)phosphorylated. Direct target engaging MS-based technologies to study targets of drugs do not address these challenges. Here, we tackle this by studying the modulation of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) activity by PP1-disrupting peptides (PDPs), as well as their selectivity toward PP1, by using a combination of mass spectrometry-based experiments. By combining cellular treatment with the PDP with in vitro dephosphorylation by the enzyme, we identify high confidence substrate candidates and begin to separate direct and indirect effects. Together with experiments analyzing which holoenzymes are particularly susceptible to this treatment, we obtain insights into the effect of the modulator on the complex network of protein (de)phosphorylation. This strategy holds promise for enhancing our understanding of PP1 in particular and, due to the broad applicability of the workflow and the MS-based read-out, of chemical modulators with complex mode of action in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hoermann
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Dürr
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich (TUM) Freising Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM) Freising Germany
| | - Melda Ercan
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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4
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Riaud M, Maxwell J, Soria-Bretones I, Dankner M, Li M, Rose AAN. The role of CRAF in cancer progression: from molecular mechanisms to precision therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:105-122. [PMID: 38195917 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF, drives tumour progression and drug resistance in many types of cancer. Although BRAF is the most studied RAF protein, partially owing to its high mutation incidence in melanoma, the role of CRAF in tumourigenesis and drug resistance is becoming increasingly clinically relevant. Here, we summarize the main known regulatory mechanisms and gene alterations that contribute to CRAF activity, highlighting the different oncogenic roles of CRAF, and categorize RAF1 (CRAF) mutations according to the effect on kinase activity. Additionally, we emphasize the effect that CRAF alterations may have on drug resistance and how precision therapies could effectively target CRAF-dependent tumours. Here, we discuss preclinical and clinical findings that may lead to improved treatments for all types of oncogenic RAF1 alterations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Riaud
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Maxwell
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabel Soria-Bretones
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Dankner
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meredith Li
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - April A N Rose
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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5
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Yip HYK, Shin SY, Chee A, Ang CS, Rossello FJ, Wong LH, Nguyen LK, Papa A. Integrative modeling uncovers p21-driven drug resistance and prioritizes therapies for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:20. [PMID: 38273040 PMCID: PMC10810864 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Utility of PI3Kα inhibitors like BYL719 is limited by the acquisition of genetic and non-genetic mechanisms of resistance which cause disease recurrence. Several combination therapies based on PI3K inhibition have been proposed, but a way to systematically prioritize them for breast cancer treatment is still missing. By integrating published and in-house studies, we have developed in silico models that quantitatively capture dynamics of PI3K signaling at the network-level under a BYL719-sensitive versus BYL719 resistant-cell state. Computational predictions show that signal rewiring to alternative components of the PI3K pathway promote resistance to BYL719 and identify PDK1 as the most effective co-target with PI3Kα rescuing sensitivity of resistant cells to BYL719. To explore whether PI3K pathway-independent mechanisms further contribute to BYL719 resistance, we performed phosphoproteomics and found that selection of high levels of the cell cycle regulator p21 unexpectedly promoted drug resistance in T47D cells. Functionally, high p21 levels favored repair of BYL719-induced DNA damage and bypass of the associated cellular senescence. Importantly, targeted inhibition of the check-point inhibitor CHK1 with MK-8776 effectively caused death of p21-high T47D cells, thus establishing a new vulnerability of BYL719-resistant breast cancer cells. Together, our integrated studies uncover hidden molecular mediators causing resistance to PI3Kα inhibition and provide a framework to prioritize combination therapies for PI3K-mutant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon Yan Kelvin Yip
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sung-Young Shin
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Annabel Chee
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Fernando J Rossello
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lee Hwa Wong
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lan K Nguyen
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Antonella Papa
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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6
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Vujovic F, Shepherd CE, Witting PK, Hunter N, Farahani RM. Redox-Mediated Rewiring of Signalling Pathways: The Role of a Cellular Clock in Brain Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1873. [PMID: 37891951 PMCID: PMC10604469 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metazoan signalling pathways can be rewired to dampen or amplify the rate of events, such as those that occur in development and aging. Given that a linear network topology restricts the capacity to rewire signalling pathways, such scalability of the pace of biological events suggests the existence of programmable non-linear elements in the underlying signalling pathways. Here, we review the network topology of key signalling pathways with a focus on redox-sensitive proteins, including PTEN and Ras GTPase, that reshape the connectivity profile of signalling pathways in response to an altered redox state. While this network-level impact of redox is achieved by the modulation of individual redox-sensitive proteins, it is the population by these proteins of critical nodes in a network topology of signal transduction pathways that amplifies the impact of redox-mediated reprogramming. We propose that redox-mediated rewiring is essential to regulate the rate of transmission of biological signals, giving rise to a programmable cellular clock that orchestrates the pace of biological phenomena such as development and aging. We further review the evidence that an aberrant redox-mediated modulation of output of the cellular clock contributes to the emergence of pathological conditions affecting the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Vujovic
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (F.V.); (N.H.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Paul K. Witting
- Redox Biology Group, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Neil Hunter
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (F.V.); (N.H.)
| | - Ramin M. Farahani
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (F.V.); (N.H.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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7
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Madsen RR, Toker A. PI3K signaling through a biochemical systems lens. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105224. [PMID: 37673340 PMCID: PMC10570132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following 3 decades of extensive research into PI3K signaling, it is now evidently clear that the underlying network does not equate to a simple ON/OFF switch. This is best illustrated by the multifaceted nature of the many diseases associated with aberrant PI3K signaling, including common cancers, metabolic disease, and rare developmental disorders. However, we are still far from a complete understanding of the fundamental control principles that govern the numerous phenotypic outputs that are elicited by activation of this well-characterized biochemical signaling network, downstream of an equally diverse set of extrinsic inputs. At its core, this is a question on the role of PI3K signaling in cellular information processing and decision making. Here, we review the determinants of accurate encoding and decoding of growth factor signals and discuss outstanding questions in the PI3K signal relay network. We emphasize the importance of quantitative biochemistry, in close integration with advances in single-cell time-resolved signaling measurements and mathematical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitsa R Madsen
- MRC-Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Alex Toker
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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8
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Greysson-Wong J, Rode R, Ryu JR, Chan JL, Davari P, Rinker KD, Childs SJ. rasa1-related arteriovenous malformation is driven by aberrant venous signalling. Development 2023; 150:dev201820. [PMID: 37708300 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) develop where abnormal endothelial signalling allows direct connections between arteries and veins. Mutations in RASA1, a Ras GTPase activating protein, lead to AVMs in humans and, as we show, in zebrafish rasa1 mutants. rasa1 mutants develop cavernous AVMs that subsume part of the dorsal aorta and multiple veins in the caudal venous plexus (CVP) - a venous vascular bed. The AVMs progressively enlarge and fill with slow-flowing blood. We show that the AVM results in both higher minimum and maximum flow velocities, resulting in increased pulsatility in the aorta and decreased pulsatility in the vein. These hemodynamic changes correlate with reduced expression of the flow-responsive transcription factor klf2a. Remodelling of the CVP is impaired with an excess of intraluminal pillars, which is a sign of incomplete intussusceptive angiogenesis. Mechanistically, we show that the AVM arises from ectopic activation of MEK/ERK in the vein of rasa1 mutants, and that cell size is also increased in the vein. Blocking MEK/ERK signalling prevents AVM initiation in mutants. Alterations in venous MEK/ERK therefore drive the initiation of rasa1 AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Greysson-Wong
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Rachael Rode
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jae-Ryeon Ryu
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jo Li Chan
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paniz Davari
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kristina D Rinker
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Childs
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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9
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Meng S, Liu X, Zhu S, Xie P, Fang H, Pan Q, Fang K, Li F, Zhang J, Che Z, Zhang Q, Mao G, Wang Y, Hu P, Chen K, Sun F, Xie W, Luo Z, Lin C. Young LINE-1 transposon 5' UTRs marked by elongation factor ELL3 function as enhancers to regulate naïve pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1319-1331. [PMID: 37591949 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
LINE-1s are the major clade of retrotransposons with autonomous retrotransposition activity. Despite the potential genotoxicity, LINE-1s are highly activated in early embryos. Here we show that a subset of young LINE-1s, L1Md_Ts, are marked by the RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL3, and function as enhancers in mouse embryonic stem cells. ELL3 depletion dislodges the DNA hydroxymethylase TET1 and the co-repressor SIN3A from L1Md_Ts, but increases the enrichment of the Bromodomain protein BRD4, leading to loss of 5hmC, gain of H3K27ac, and upregulation of the L1Md_T nearby genes. Specifically, ELL3 occupies and represses the L1Md_T-based enhancer located within Akt3, which encodes a key regulator of AKT pathway. ELL3 is required for proper ERK activation and efficient shutdown of naïve pluripotency through inhibiting Akt3 during naïve-primed transition. Our study reveals that the enhancer function of a subset of young LINE-1s controlled by ELL3 in transcription regulation and mouse early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haitong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Fang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanfan Li
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Che
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, China
| | - Guangyao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuojuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Southeast University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chengqi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Southeast University, Shenzhen, China.
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Van de Graaf MW, Eggertsen TG, Zeigler AC, Tan PM, Saucerman JJ. Benchmarking of protein interaction databases for integration with manually reconstructed signalling network models. J Physiol 2023:10.1113/JP284616. [PMID: 37199469 PMCID: PMC11073820 DOI: 10.1113/jp284616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interaction databases are critical resources for network bioinformatics and integrating molecular experimental data. Interaction databases may also enable construction of predictive computational models of biological networks, although their fidelity for this purpose is not clear. Here, we benchmark protein interaction databases X2K, Reactome, Pathway Commons, Omnipath and Signor for their ability to recover manually curated edges from three logic-based network models of cardiac hypertrophy, mechano-signalling and fibrosis. Pathway Commons performed best at recovering interactions from manually reconstructed hypertrophy (137 of 193 interactions, 71%), mechano-signalling (85 of 125 interactions, 68%) and fibroblast networks (98 of 142 interactions, 69%). While protein interaction databases successfully recovered central, well-conserved pathways, they performed worse at recovering tissue-specific and transcriptional regulation. This highlights a knowledge gap where manual curation is critical. Finally, we tested the ability of Signor and Pathway Commons to identify new edges that improve model predictions, revealing important roles of protein kinase C autophosphorylation and Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylation of CREB in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. This study provides a platform for benchmarking protein interaction databases for their utility in network model construction, as well as providing new insights into cardiac hypertrophy signalling. KEY POINTS: Protein interaction databases are used to recover signalling interactions from previously developed network models. The five protein interaction databases benchmarked recovered well-conserved pathways, but did poorly at recovering tissue-specific pathways and transcriptional regulation, indicating the importance of manual curation. We identify new signalling interactions not previously used in the network models, including a role for Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylation of CREB in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Van de Graaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Taylor G. Eggertsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Angela C. Zeigler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Philip M. Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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11
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Qi L, Li X, Zhang F, Zhu X, Zhao Q, Yang D, Hao S, Li T, Li X, Tian T, Feng J, Sun X, Wang X, Gao S, Wang H, Ye J, Cao S, He Y, Wang H, Wei B. VEGFR-3 signaling restrains the neuron-macrophage crosstalk during neurotropic viral infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112489. [PMID: 37167063 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon recognizing danger signals produced by virally infected neurons, macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) secrete multiple inflammatory cytokines to accelerate neuron apoptosis. The understanding is limited about which key effectors regulate macrophage-neuron crosstalk upon infection. We have used neurotropic-virus-infected murine models to identify that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) is upregulated in the CNS macrophages and that virally infected neurons secrete the ligand VEGF-C. When cultured with VEGF-C-containing supernatants from virally infected neurons, VEGFR-3+ macrophages suppress tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) secretion to reduce neuron apoptosis. Vegfr-3ΔLBD/ΔLBD (deletion of ligand-binding domain in myeloid cells) mice or mice treated with the VEGFR-3 kinase inhibitor exacerbate the severity of encephalitis, TNF-α production, and neuron apoptosis post Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Activating VEGFR-3 or blocking TNF-α can reduce encephalitis and neuronal damage upon JEV infection. Altogether, we show that the inducible VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 module generates protective crosstalk between neurons and macrophages to alleviate CNS viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qi
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xingguo Zhu
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shujie Hao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiangyue Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Taikun Tian
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xilin Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shangyan Gao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yulong He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cam-Su Genomic Resources Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Bin Wei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China.
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12
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Yang J, Li S, He J, Xu Q, Xie M, Yang C, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wan Q, Xiang M. Dual role of PID1 in regulating apoptosis induced by distinct anticancer-agents through AKT/Raf-1-dependent pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:139. [PMID: 37117198 PMCID: PMC10147665 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is severely hampered due to its etiology, and thus in depth understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying response of HCC to various anticancer agents is needed. Here, we have identified Phosphotyrosine interaction domain-containing protein 1 (PID1) as a novel regulator involved in modulation of apoptosis induced by anticancer agents in a context-dependent manner. PID1 relieved chemotherapy-induced ROS production, mitochondrial outer membrane permeability and mitochondrial respiratory depression. In addition, PID1 restricted AKT-mediated inhibition on Raf-1 through interacting with PDPK1 at phosphorylated tyrosine sites, thus enhancing Raf-1-mediated BAD inhibition. Interestingly, AKT, Bcl2 inhibition or Raf-1 silencing abolished PID1-mediated anti-apoptotic effects. However, PID1 altered the rhythmicity of pharmacological activity of Sorafenib on various survival-related kinases, thus resulting in AKT blockade via Raf-1/BRAF/ERK/MEK pathway. BRAF inhibition or Raf-1 depletion disrupted PID1-mediated barrier in AKT activation in response to Sorafenib. Moreover, in vivo study indicated that PID1 deficiency led to increased survival rate upon Doxorubicin treatment but reduced efficacy of Sorafenib. Overall, we propose that PID1 can function as an underlying biomarker of resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents but sensitivity towards Sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Senlin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jialuo He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mengyuan Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ci Yang
- Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, 33458, FL, USA
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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13
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Fricke AL, Mühlhäuser WWD, Reimann L, Zimmermann JP, Reichenbach C, Knapp B, Peikert CD, Heberle AM, Faessler E, Schäuble S, Hahn U, Thedieck K, Radziwill G, Warscheid B. Phosphoproteomics Profiling Defines a Target Landscape of the Basophilic Protein Kinases AKT, S6K, and RSK in Skeletal Myotubes. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:768-789. [PMID: 36763541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction plays an important role in regulating the functions and fate of skeletal muscle cells. Central players in the phospho-signaling network are the protein kinases AKT, S6K, and RSK as part of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR-S6K and RAF-MEK-ERK-RSK pathways. However, despite their functional importance, knowledge about their specific targets is incomplete because these kinases share the same basophilic substrate motif RxRxxp[ST]. To address this, we performed a multifaceted quantitative phosphoproteomics study of skeletal myotubes following kinase inhibition. Our data corroborate a cross talk between AKT and RAF, a negative feedback loop of RSK on ERK, and a putative connection between RSK and PI3K signaling. Altogether, we report a kinase target landscape containing 49 so far unknown target sites. AKT, S6K, and RSK phosphorylate numerous proteins involved in muscle development, integrity, and functions, and signaling converges on factors that are central for the skeletal muscle cytoskeleton. Whereas AKT controls insulin signaling and impinges on GTPase signaling, nuclear signaling is characteristic for RSK. Our data further support a role of RSK in glucose metabolism. Shared targets have functions in RNA maturation, stability, and translation, which suggests that these basophilic kinases establish an intricate signaling network to orchestrate and regulate processes involved in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Fricke
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wignand W D Mühlhäuser
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Reimann
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes P Zimmermann
- Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christa Reichenbach
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Knapp
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian D Peikert
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander M Heberle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erik Faessler
- Jena University Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Jena University Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology─Leibniz-HKI, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Udo Hahn
- Jena University Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands.,Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Gerald Radziwill
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Castro-Cruz A, Echeverría OM, Sánchez-Sánchez L, Muñoz-Velasco I, Juárez-Chavero S, Torres-Ramírez N, Vázquez-Nin GH, Escobar ML. Dissection of the autophagic route in oocytes from atretic follicles. Biol Cell 2023; 115:e2200046. [PMID: 36571578 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Autophagy is a conserved process that functions as a cytoprotective mechanism; it may function as a cell death process called programmed cell death type II. There is considerable evidence for the presence of autophagic cell death during oocyte elimination in prepubertal rats. However, the mechanisms involved in this process have not been deciphered. RESULTS Our observations revealed autophagic cell death in oocytes with increased labeling of the autophagic proteins Beclin 1, light chain 3 A (LC3 A), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp1). Furthermore, mTOR and phosphorylated (p)-mTOR (S2448) proteins were significantly decreased in oocytes with increased levels of autophagic proteins, indicating autophagic activation. Moreover, phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) was not expressed by oocytes, but mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signalregulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling was observed. Additionally, selective and elevated mitochondrial degradation was identified in altered oocytes. CONCLUSIONS All these results suggest that mTOR downregulation, which promotes autophagy, could be mediated by low energy levels and sustained starvation involving the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways. SIGNIFICANCE In this work, we analyzed the manner in which autophagy is carried out in oocytes undergoing autophagic cell death by studying the behavior of proteins involved in different steps of the autophagic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Castro-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Olga M Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Lab. 6, 2do piso, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Ciudad de México, Iztapalapa, México
| | - Israel Muñoz-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Silvia Juárez-Chavero
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Nayeli Torres-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gerardo H Vázquez-Nin
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Luisa Escobar
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
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15
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Stulpinas A, Sereika M, Vitkeviciene A, Imbrasaite A, Krestnikova N, Kalvelyte AV. Crosstalk between protein kinases AKT and ERK1/2 in human lung tumor-derived cell models. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1045521. [PMID: 36686779 PMCID: PMC9848735 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1045521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that cell signaling manipulation is a key strategy for anticancer therapy. Furthermore, cell state determines drug response. Thus, establishing the relationship between cell state and therapeutic sensitivity is essential for the development of cancer therapies. In the era of personalized medicine, the use of patient-derived ex vivo cell models is a promising approach in the translation of key research findings into clinics. Here, we were focused on the non-oncogene dependencies of cell resistance to anticancer treatments. Signaling-related mechanisms of response to inhibitors of MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways (regulators of key cellular functions) were investigated using a panel of patients' lung tumor-derived cell lines with various stemness- and EMT-related markers, varying degrees of ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation, and response to anticancer treatment. The study of interactions between kinases was the goal of our research. Although MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT interactions are thought to be cell line-specific, where oncogenic mutations have a decisive role, we demonstrated negative feedback loops between MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in all cell lines studied, regardless of genotype and phenotype differences. Our work showed that various and distinct inhibitors of ERK signaling - selumetinib, trametinib, and SCH772984 - increased AKT phosphorylation, and conversely, inhibitors of AKT - capivasertib, idelalisib, and AKT inhibitor VIII - increased ERK phosphorylation in both control and cisplatin-treated cells. Interaction between kinases, however, was dependent on cellular state. The feedback between ERK and AKT was attenuated by the focal adhesion kinase inhibitor PF573228, and in cells grown in suspension, showing the possible role of extracellular contacts in the regulation of crosstalk between kinases. Moreover, studies have shown that the interplay between MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways may be dependent on the strength of the chemotherapeutic stimulus. The study highlights the importance of spatial location of the cells and the strength of the treatment during anticancer therapy.
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16
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Boudreau HE, Robinson J, Kasid UN. Illuminating DEPDC1B in Multi-pronged Regulation of Tumor Progression. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2660:295-310. [PMID: 37191806 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3163-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
DEPDC1B (aliases BRCC3, XTP8, XTP1) is a DEP (Dishevelled, Egl-1, Pleckstrin) and Rho-GAP-like domains containing predominately membrane-associated protein. Earlier, we and others have reported that DEPDC1B is a downstream effector of Raf-1 and long noncoding RNA lncNB1, and an upstream positive effector of pERK. Consistently, DEPDC1B knockdown is associated with downregulation of ligand-stimulated pERK expression. We demonstrate here that DEPDC1B N-terminus binds to the p85 subunit of PI3K, and DEPDC1B overexpression results in decreased ligand-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of p85 and downregulation of pAKT1. Collectively, we propose that DEPDC1B is a novel cross-regulator of AKT1 and ERK, two of the prominent pathways of tumor progression. Our data showing high levels of DEPDC1B mRNA and protein during the G2/M phase have significant implications in cell entry into mitosis. Indeed, DEPDC1B accumulation during the G2/M phase has been associated with disassembly of focal adhesions and cell de-adhesion, referred to as a DEPDC1B-mediated de-adhesion mitotic checkpoint. DEPDC1B is a direct target of transcription factor SOX10, and SOX10-DEPDC1B-SCUBE3 axis has been associated with angiogenesis and metastasis. The Scansite analysis of the DEPDC1B amino acid sequence shows binding motifs for three well-established cancer therapeutic targets CDK1, DNA-PK, and aurora kinase A/B. These interactions and functionalities, if validated, may further implicate DEPDC1B in regulation of DNA damage-repair and cell cycle progression processes. Finally, a survey of the publicly available datasets indicates that high DEPDC1B expression is a viable biomarker in breast, lung, pancreatic and renal cell carcinomas, and melanoma. Currently, the systems and integrative biology of DEPDC1B is far from comprehensive. Future investigations are necessary in order to understand how DEPDC1B might impact AKT, ERK, and other networks, albeit in a context-dependent manner, and influence the actionable molecular, spatial, and temporal vulnerabilities within these networks in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard E Boudreau
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA, D.C
| | - Jennifer Robinson
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA, D.C
| | - Usha N Kasid
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA, D.C..
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17
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Yang H, Zhou X, Fu D, Le C, Wang J, Zhou Q, Liu X, Yuan Y, Ding K, Xiao Q. Targeting RAS mutants in malignancies: successes, failures, and reasons for hope. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2023; 43:42-74. [PMID: 36316602 PMCID: PMC9859734 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes and play critical roles in the development and progression of malignancies. The mutation, isoform (KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS), position, and type of substitution vary depending on the tissue types. Despite decades of developing RAS-targeted therapies, only small subsets of these inhibitors are clinically effective, such as the allele-specific inhibitors against KRASG12C . Targeting the remaining RAS mutants would require further experimental elucidation of RAS signal transduction, RAS-altered metabolism, and the associated immune microenvironment. This study reviews the mechanisms and efficacy of novel targeted therapies for different RAS mutants, including KRAS allele-specific inhibitors, combination therapies, immunotherapies, and metabolism-associated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Fu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Chenqin Le
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
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18
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Cellular signals integrate cell cycle and metabolic control in cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:397-423. [PMID: 37061338 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors are the small peptides that can promote growth, differentiation, and survival of most living cells. However, aberrant activation of receptor tyrosine kinases by GFs can generate oncogenic signals, resulting in oncogenic transformation. Accumulating evidence support a link between GF/RTK signaling through the major signaling pathways, Ras/Erk and PI3K/Akt, and cell cycle progression. In response to GF signaling, the quiescent cells in the G0 stage can re-enter the cell cycle and become the proliferative stage. While in the proliferative stage, tumor cells undergo profound changes in their metabolism to support biomass production and bioenergetic requirements. Accumulating data show that the cell cycle regulators, specifically cyclin D, cyclin B, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6, and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C-Cdh1) play critical roles in modulating various metabolic pathways. These cell cycle regulators can regulate metabolic enzyme activities through post-translational mechanisms or the transcriptional factors that control the expression of the metabolic genes. This fine-tune control allows only the relevant metabolic pathways to be active in a particular phase of the cell cycle, thereby providing suitable amounts of biosynthetic precursors available during the proliferative stage. The imbalance of metabolites in each cell cycle phase can induce cell cycle arrest followed by p53-induced apoptosis.
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Shin S, Han D, Cho H, Kim E, Choi K. Non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2 induces autophagy to enhance its replication. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:405-416. [PMID: 36533845 PMCID: PMC9856993 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an important viral pathogen that has an economic impact on the livestock industry worldwide. Autophagy is one of the earliest cell-autonomous defence mechanisms against microbial invasion, and many types of viruses can induce autophagy by infecting host cells. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV2 infection. METHODS Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were treated with ncp BVDV2, rapamycin, or 3-methyladenine (MA) and ncp BVDV2 and then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Cells were harvested, and the effects of autophagy were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal laser microscopy, western blotting and qRT-PCR. Apoptotic analysis was also performed using western blotting and flow cytometry. RESULTS In ncp BVDV2-infected MDBK cells, more autophagosomes were observed by TEM, and the number of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) with green fluorescent protein puncta was also increased. The ncp BVDV2-infected cells showed significantly enhanced conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, as well as upregulation of autophagy-related proteins, including ATG5 and Beclin 1, and substantial degradation of p62/SQSTM1. These results are similar to those induced by rapamycin, an autophagy inducer. E2 protein expression, which is associated with viral replication, increased over time in ncp BVDV2-infected cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA in ncp BVDV2-infected MDBK cells downregulated the expressions of LC3-II, ATG5 and Beclin 1 and prevented the degradation of p62/SQSTM1. Moreover, the expressions of phosphorylated Akt and procaspase-3 were significantly increased in ncp BVDV2-infected cells. In addition, the mRNA level of protein kinase R (PKR) was significantly reduced in ncp BVDV2-infected cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ncp BVDV2 infection induced autophagy in MDBK cells via anti-apoptosis and PKR suppression. Therefore, autophagy may play a role in establishing persistent infection caused by ncp BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung‐Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National UniversitySangjuSouth Korea
| | - Du‐Gyeong Han
- Korea National Institute of HealthCheongjuChungcheongbuk‐doSouth Korea
| | - Hyung‐Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National UniversitySangjuSouth Korea
| | - Eun‐Mi Kim
- Department of Animal Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National UniversitySangjuSouth Korea
| | - Kyoung‐Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National UniversitySangjuSouth Korea
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20
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McGrail K, Granado-Martínez P, Esteve-Puig R, García-Ortega S, Ding Y, Sánchez-Redondo S, Ferrer B, Hernandez-Losa J, Canals F, Manzano A, Navarro-Sabaté A, Bartrons R, Yanes O, Pérez-Alea M, Muñoz-Couselo E, Garcia-Patos V, Recio JA. BRAF activation by metabolic stress promotes glycolysis sensitizing NRAS Q61-mutated melanomas to targeted therapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7113. [PMID: 36402789 PMCID: PMC9675737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NRAS-mutated melanoma lacks a specific line of treatment. Metabolic reprogramming is considered a novel target to control cancer; however, NRAS-oncogene contribution to this cancer hallmark is mostly unknown. Here, we show that NRASQ61-mutated melanomas specific metabolic settings mediate cell sensitivity to sorafenib upon metabolic stress. Mechanistically, these cells are dependent on glucose metabolism, in which glucose deprivation promotes a switch from CRAF to BRAF signaling. This scenario contributes to cell survival and sustains glucose metabolism through BRAF-mediated phosphorylation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-2/3 (PFKFB2/PFKFB3). In turn, this favors the allosteric activation of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), generating a feedback loop that couples glycolytic flux and the RAS signaling pathway. An in vivo treatment of NRASQ61 mutant melanomas, including patient-derived xenografts, with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and sorafenib effectively inhibits tumor growth. Thus, we provide evidence for NRAS-oncogene contributions to metabolic rewiring and a proof-of-principle for the treatment of NRASQ61-mutated melanoma combining metabolic stress (glycolysis inhibitors) and previously approved drugs, such as sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley McGrail
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain
| | - Paula Granado-Martínez
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain
| | - Rosaura Esteve-Puig
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain ,Present Address: MAJ3 Capital S.L, Barcelona, 08018 Spain
| | - Sara García-Ortega
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain
| | - Yuxin Ding
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain
| | - Sara Sánchez-Redondo
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain ,grid.7719.80000 0000 8700 1153Present Address: Microenvironment & Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Ferrer
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Anatomy Pathology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain
| | - Javier Hernandez-Losa
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Anatomy Pathology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain
| | - Francesc Canals
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Proteomics Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, 08035 Spain
| | - Anna Manzano
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aura Navarro-Sabaté
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Bartrons
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Yanes
- grid.410367.70000 0001 2284 9230Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Electronic Engineering, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mileidys Pérez-Alea
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain ,Present Address: Advance Biodesign, 69800 Saint-Priest, France
| | - Eva Muñoz-Couselo
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Clinical Oncology Program, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain
| | - Vicenç Garcia-Patos
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Dermatology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain
| | - Juan A. Recio
- grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Biomedical Research in Melanoma-Animal Models and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, 08035 Spain
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The neuroprotective and neuroplastic potential of glutamatergic therapeutic drugs in bipolar disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Pudewell S, Lissy J, Nakhaeizadeh H, Mosaddeghzadeh N, Nakhaei-Rad S, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. New mechanistic insights into the RAS-SIN1 interaction at the membrane. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:987754. [PMID: 36274845 PMCID: PMC9583166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.987754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated MAP kinase-interacting protein 1 (SIN1) is a central member of the mTORC2 complex that contains an N-terminal domain (NTD), a conserved region in the middle (CRIM), a RAS-binding domain (RBD), and a pleckstrin homology domain. Recent studies provided valuable structural and functional insights into the interactions of SIN1 and the RAS-binding domain of RAS proteins. However, the mechanism for a reciprocal interaction of the RBD-PH tandem with RAS proteins and the membrane as an upstream event to spatiotemporal mTORC2 regulation is not clear. The biochemical assays in this study led to the following results: 1) all classical RAS paralogs, including HRAS, KRAS4A, KRAS4B, and NRAS, can bind to SIN1-RBD in biophysical and SIN1 full length (FL) in cell biology experiments; 2) the SIN1-PH domain modulates interactions with various types of membrane phosphoinositides and constantly maintains a pool of SIN1 at the membrane; and 3) a KRAS4A-dependent decrease in membrane binding of the SIN1-RBD-PH tandem was observed, suggesting for the first time a mechanistic influence of KRAS4A on SIN1 membrane association. Our study strengthens the current mechanistic understanding of SIN1-RAS interaction and suggests membrane interaction as a key event in the control of mTORC2-dependent and mTORC2-independent SIN1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Pudewell
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Lissy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hossein Nakhaeizadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niloufar Mosaddeghzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohammad R. Ahmadian,
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Laskovs M, Partridge L, Slack C. Molecular inhibition of RAS signalling to target ageing and age-related health. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276620. [PMID: 36111627 PMCID: PMC9510030 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/MAPK pathway is a highly conserved signalling pathway with a well-established role in cancer. Mutations that hyperactivate this pathway are associated with unregulated cell proliferation. Evidence from a range of model organisms also links RAS/MAPK signalling to ageing. Genetic approaches that reduce RAS/MAPK signalling activity extend lifespan and also improve healthspan, delaying the onset and/or progression of age-related functional decline. Given its role in cancer, therapeutic interventions that target and inhibit this pathway's key components are under intense investigation. The consequent availability of small molecule inhibitors raises the possibility of repurposing these compounds to ameliorate the deleterious effects of ageing. Here, we review evidence that RAS/MAPK signalling inhibitors already in clinical use, such as trametinib, acarbose, statins, metformin and dihydromyricetin, lead to lifespan extension and to improved healthspan in a range of model systems. These findings suggest that the repurposing of small molecule inhibitors of RAS/MAPK signalling might offer opportunities to improve health during ageing, and to delay or prevent the development of age-related disease. However, challenges to this approach, including poor tolerance to treatment in older adults or development of drug resistance, first need to be resolved before successful clinical implementation. Summary: This Review critically discusses the links between RAS signalling and ageing, and how RAS inhibitors could extend lifespan and enhance healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihails Laskovs
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University 1 , Birmingham B4 7ET , UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing 2 , Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment , , Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT , UK
- University College London 2 , Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment , , Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT , UK
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing 3 , Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne , Germany
| | - Cathy Slack
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University 1 , Birmingham B4 7ET , UK
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Ma B, Ma C, Li J, Fang Y. Revealing phosphorylation regulatory networks during embryogenesis of honey bee worker and drone (Apis mellifera). Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1006964. [PMID: 36225314 PMCID: PMC9548569 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1006964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is known to regulate a comprehensive scenario of critical cellular processes. However, phosphorylation-mediated regulatory networks in honey bee embryogenesis are mainly unknown. We identified 6342 phosphosites from 2438 phosphoproteins and predicted 168 kinases in the honey bee embryo. Generally, the worker and drone develop similar phosphoproteome architectures and major phosphorylation events during embryogenesis. In 24 h embryos, protein kinases A play vital roles in regulating cell proliferation and blastoderm formation. At 48–72 h, kinase subfamily dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), and induced pathways related to protein synthesis and morphogenesis suggest the centrality to enhance the germ layer development, organogenesis, and dorsal closure. Notably, workers and drones formulated distinct phosphoproteome signatures. For 24 h embryos, the highly phosphorylated serine/threonine-protein kinase minibrain, microtubule-associated serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (MAST2), and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) at Thr564 in workers, are likely to regulate the late onset of cell proliferation; in contrast, drone embryos enhanced the expression of CDK12, MAPK3, and MAST2 to promote the massive synthesis of proteins and cytoskeleton. In 48 h, the induced serine/threonine-protein kinase and CDK12 in worker embryos signify their roles in the construction of embryonic tissues and organs; however, the highly activated kinases CDK1, raf homolog serine/threonine-protein kinase, and MAST2 in drone embryos may drive the large-scale establishment of tissues and organs. In 72 h, the activated pathways and kinases associated with cell growth and tissue differentiation in worker embryos may promote the configuration of rudimentary organs. However, kinases implicated in cytoskeleton organization in drone embryos may drive the blastokinesis and dorsal closure. Our hitherto most comprehensive phosphoproteome offers a valuable resource for signaling research on phosphorylation dynamics in honey bee embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianke Li
- *Correspondence: Jianke Li, ; Yu Fang,
| | - Yu Fang
- *Correspondence: Jianke Li, ; Yu Fang,
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Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Caspases in Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3345637. [PMID: 35847583 PMCID: PMC9277153 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3345637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are an evolutionarily conserved family of proteases responsible for mediating and initiating cell death signals. In the past, the dysregulated activation of caspases was reported to play diverse but equally essential roles in neurodegenerative diseases, such as brain injury and neuroinflammatory diseases. A subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a traumatic event that is either immediately lethal or induces a high risk of stroke and neurological deficits. Currently, the prognosis of SAH after treatment is not ideal. Early brain injury (EBI) is considered one of the main factors contributing to the poor prognosis of SAH. The mechanisms of EBI are complex and associated with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and cell death. Based on mounting evidence, caspases are involved in neuronal apoptosis or death, endothelial cell apoptosis, and increased inflammatory cytokine-induced by apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in the initial stages after SAH. Caspases can simultaneously mediate multiple death modes and regulate each other. Caspase inhibitors (including XIAP, VX-765, and Z-VAD-FMK) play an essential role in ameliorating EBI after SAH. In this review, we explore the related pathways mediated by caspases and their reciprocal regulation patterns after SAH. Furthermore, we focus on the extensive crosstalk of caspases as a potential area of research on therapeutic strategies for treating EBI after SAH.
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Sorafenib inhibits LPS-induced inflammation by regulating Lyn-MAPK-NF-kB/AP-1 pathway and TLR4 expression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:281. [PMID: 35680841 PMCID: PMC9184561 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib is an anti-tumor drug widely used in clinical treatment, which can inhibit tyrosine kinase receptor on cell surface and serine/threonine kinase in downstream Ras/MAPK cascade signaling pathway of cells. Tyrosine kinase phosphorylation plays an important role in inflammatory mechanism, such as TLR4 tyrosine phosphorylation, MAPK pathway protein activation, and activation of downstream NF-кB. However, the effects of sorafenib on LPS-induced inflammatory reaction and its specific mechanism have still remained unknown. We found that sorafenib inhibited the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase Lyn induced by LPS, thereby reducing the phosphorylation level of p38 and JNK, inhibiting the activation of c-Jun and NF-κB, and then inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Furthermore, sorafenib also decreased the expression of TLR4 on the macrophage membrane to inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors latterly, which may be related to the inactivation of Lyn. These results provide a new perspective and direction for the clinical treatment of sepsis.
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Zhao J, Luo Z. Discovery of Raf Family Is a Milestone in Deciphering the Ras-Mediated Intracellular Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095158. [PMID: 35563547 PMCID: PMC9101324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, the first well-established MAPK pathway, plays essential roles in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and development. It is activated in over 40% of human cancers owing to mutations of Ras, membrane receptor tyrosine kinases and other oncogenes. The Raf family consists of three isoforms, A-Raf, B-Raf and C-Raf. Since the first discovery of a truncated mutant of C-Raf as a transforming oncogene carried by a murine retrovirus, forty years of extensive studies have provided a wealth of information on the mechanisms underlying the activation, regulation and biological functions of the Raf family. However, the mechanisms by which activation of A-Raf and C-Raf is accomplished are still not completely understood. In contrast, B-Raf can be easily activated by binding of Ras-GTP, followed by cis-autophosphorylation of the activation loop, which accounts for the fact that this isoform is frequently mutated in many cancers, especially melanoma. The identification of oncogenic B-Raf mutations has led to accelerated drug development that targets Raf signaling in cancer. However, the effort has not proved as effective as anticipated, inasmuch as the mechanism of Raf activation involves multiple steps, factors and phosphorylation of different sites, as well as complex interactions between Raf isoforms. In this review, we will focus on the physiological complexity of the regulation of Raf kinases and their connection to the ERK phosphorylation cascade and then discuss the role of Raf in tumorigenesis and the clinical application of Raf inhibitors in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtong Zhao
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- NCU-QMUL Joint Research Institute of Precision Medical Science, Nanchang 330031, China
- Correspondence:
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Hausott B, Glueckert R, Schrott-Fischer A, Klimaschewski L. Signal Transduction Regulators in Axonal Regeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091537. [PMID: 35563843 PMCID: PMC9104247 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular signal transduction in response to growth factor receptor activation is a fundamental process during the regeneration of the nervous system. In this context, intracellular inhibitors of neuronal growth factor signaling have become of great interest in the recent years. Among them are the prominent signal transduction regulators Sprouty (SPRY) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), which interfere with major signaling pathways such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in neurons and glial cells. Furthermore, SPRY and PTEN are themselves tightly regulated by ubiquitin ligases such as c-casitas b-lineage lymphoma (c-CBL) or neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4 (NEDD4) and by different microRNAs (miRs) including miR-21 and miR-222. SPRY, PTEN and their intracellular regulators play an important role in the developing and the lesioned adult central and peripheral nervous system. This review will focus on the effects of SPRY and PTEN as well as their regulators in various experimental models of axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Targeting these signal transduction regulators in the nervous system holds great promise for the treatment of neurological injuries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hausott
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rudolf Glueckert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.G.); (A.S.-F.)
| | - Anneliese Schrott-Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.G.); (A.S.-F.)
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Growth Factor-Induced Cell Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123327. [PMID: 34943835 PMCID: PMC8699227 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell, which drives it to divide and produce two new daughter cells. The typical cell cycle in eukaryotes is composed of the following phases: G1, S, G2, and M phase. Cell cycle progression is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their regulatory cyclin subunits. However, the driving force of cell cycle progression is growth factor-initiated signaling pathways that control the activity of various Cdk–cyclin complexes. While the mechanism underlying the role of growth factor signaling in G1 phase of cell cycle progression has been largely revealed due to early extensive research, little is known regarding the function and mechanism of growth factor signaling in regulating other phases of the cell cycle, including S, G2, and M phase. In this review, we briefly discuss the process of cell cycle progression through various phases, and we focus on the role of signaling pathways activated by growth factors and their receptor (mostly receptor tyrosine kinases) in regulating cell cycle progression through various phases.
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Kaur H, Erickson A, Moreau R. Divergent regulation of inflammatory cytokines by mTORC1 in THP-1-derived macrophages and intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Life Sci 2021; 284:119920. [PMID: 34478760 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The sustained activation of intestinal mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) brought about by repeated mucosal insult or injury has been linked to escalation of gut inflammatory response, which may progress to damage the epithelium if not controlled. This study investigated the role of mTORC1 in the response of macrophage and enterocyte to inflammatory stimuli. MATERIALS AND METHODS We genetically manipulated human THP-1 monocytes and epithelial intestinal Caco-2 cells to generate stable cell lines with baseline, low or high mTORC1 kinase activity. The effects of THP-1 macrophage secretions onto Caco-2 cells were investigated by means of conditioned media transfer experiments. KEY FINDINGS The priming of mTORC1 for activation promoted lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated THP-1 macrophage immune response as evidenced by the stimulation of inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and IL-10). The treatment of THP-1 macrophages with LPS more than the manipulated level of mTORC1 activity of macrophages determined whether cytokine gene expression was induced in Caco-2 cells. LPS carry over was not responsible for the stimulation of Caco-2 cells' cytokine response. Knocking down Raptor in Caco-2 cells or treating Caco-2 cells with rapamycin enhanced Caco-2 TNFα gene expression revealing the anti-inflammatory role of a functional mTORC1 in intestinal epithelial cells exposed to macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, mTORC1 differentially impacts the immune responses of THP-1-derived macrophages and Caco-2 epithelial cells when placed in a pro-inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Anjeza Erickson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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31
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Murai Y, Jo U, Murai J, Fukuda S, Takebe N, Pommier Y. Schlafen 11 expression in human acute leukemia cells with gain-of-function mutations in the interferon-JAK signaling pathway. iScience 2021; 24:103173. [PMID: 34693224 PMCID: PMC8517841 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schlafen11 (SLFN11) is referred to as interferon (IFN)-inducible. Based on cancer genomic databases, we identified human acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia cells with gain-of-function mutations in the Janus kinase (JAK) family as exhibiting high SLFN11 expression. In these cells, the clinical JAK inhibitors cerdulatinib, ruxolitinib, and tofacitinib reduced SLFN11 expression, but IFN did not further induce SLFN11 despite phosphorylated STAT1. We provide evidence that suppression of SLFN11 by JAK inhibitors is caused by inactivation of the non-canonical IFN pathway controlled by AKT and ERK. Accordingly, the AKT and ERK inhibitors MK-2206 and SCH77284 suppressed SLFN11 expression. Both also suppressed the E26 transformation-specific (ETS)-family genes ETS-1 and FLI-1 that act as transcription factors for SLFN11. Moreover, SLFN11 expression was inhibited by the ETS inhibitor TK216. Our study reveals that SLFN11 expression is regulated via the JAK, AKT and ERK, and ETS axis. Pharmacological suppression of SLFN11 warrants future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Ukhyun Jo
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Junko Murai
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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Dillon M, Lopez A, Lin E, Sales D, Perets R, Jain P. Progress on Ras/MAPK Signaling Research and Targeting in Blood and Solid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205059. [PMID: 34680208 PMCID: PMC8534156 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is responsible for regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Overexpression and overactivation of members within the signaling cascade have been observed in many solid and blood cancers. Research often focuses on targeting the pathway to disrupt cancer initiation and progression. We aimed to provide an overview of the pathway’s physiologic role and regulation, interactions with other pathways involved in cancer development, and mutations that lead to malignancy. Several blood and solid cancers are analyzed to illustrate the impact of the pathway’s dysregulation, stemming from mutation or viral induction. Finally, we summarized different approaches to targeting the pathway and the associated novel treatments being researched or having recently achieved approval. Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, consisting of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade, regulates genes that control cellular development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Within the cascade, multiple isoforms of Ras and Raf each display differences in functionality, efficiency, and, critically, oncogenic potential. According to the NCI, over 30% of all human cancers are driven by Ras genes. This dysfunctional signaling is implicated in a wide variety of leukemias and solid tumors, both with and without viral etiology. Due to the strong evidence of Ras-Raf involvement in tumorigenesis, many have attempted to target the cascade to treat these malignancies. Decades of unsuccessful experimentation had deemed Ras undruggable, but recently, the approval of Sotorasib as the first ever KRas inhibitor represents a monumental breakthrough. This advancement is not without novel challenges. As a G12C mutant-specific drug, it also represents the issue of drug target specificity within Ras pathway; not only do many drugs only affect single mutational profiles, with few pan-inhibitor exceptions, tumor genetic heterogeneity may give rise to drug-resistant profiles. Furthermore, significant challenges in targeting downstream Raf, especially the BRaf isoform, lie in the paradoxical activation of wild-type BRaf by BRaf mutant inhibitors. This literature review will delineate the mechanisms of Ras signaling in the MAPK pathway and its possible oncogenic mutations, illustrate how specific mutations affect the pathogenesis of specific cancers, and compare available and in-development treatments targeting the Ras pathway.
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33
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Toth AE, Helms HC, Harazin A, Johnsen KB, Goldeman C, Burkhart A, Thomsen MS, Kempen PJ, Klepe A, Lipka DV, Møller PL, Andresen TL, Nyegaard M, Moos T, Brodin B, Nielsen MS. Sortilin regulates blood-brain barrier integrity. FEBS J 2021; 289:1062-1079. [PMID: 34626084 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain homeostasis depends on the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite decades of research, the factors and signalling pathways for modulating and maintaining BBB integrity are not fully elucidated. Here, we characterise the expression and function of the multifunctional receptor, sortilin, in the cells of the BBB, in vivo and in vitro. We show that sortilin acts as an important regulatory protein of the BBB's tightness. In rats lacking sortilin, the BBB was leaky, which correlated well with relocated distribution of the localisation of zonula occludens-1, VE-cadherin and β-catenin junctional proteins. Furthermore, the absence of sortilin in brain endothelial cells resulted in decreased phosphorylation of Akt signalling protein and increased the level of phospho-ERK1/2. As a putative result of MAPK/ERK pathway activity, the junctions between the brain endothelial cells were disintegrated and the integrity of the BBB became compromised. The identified barrier differences between wild-type and Sort1-/- brain endothelial cells can pave the way for a better understanding of sortilin's role in the healthy and diseased BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Toth
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans C Helms
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andras Harazin
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kasper B Johnsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Goldeman
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Maj S Thomsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Paul J Kempen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adrián Klepe
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Dora V Lipka
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Peter L Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hua H, Zhang H, Chen J, Wang J, Liu J, Jiang Y. Targeting Akt in cancer for precision therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:128. [PMID: 34419139 PMCID: PMC8379749 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers-guided precision therapeutics has revolutionized the clinical development and administration of molecular-targeted anticancer agents. Tailored precision cancer therapy exhibits better response rate compared to unselective treatment. Protein kinases have critical roles in cell signaling, metabolism, proliferation, survival and migration. Aberrant activation of protein kinases is critical for tumor growth and progression. Hence, protein kinases are key targets for molecular targeted cancer therapy. The serine/threonine kinase Akt is frequently activated in various types of cancer. Activation of Akt promotes tumor progression and drug resistance. Since the first Akt inhibitor was reported in 2000, many Akt inhibitors have been developed and evaluated in either early or late stage of clinical trials, which take advantage of liquid biopsy and genomic or molecular profiling to realize personalized cancer therapy. Two inhibitors, capivasertib and ipatasertib, are being tested in phase III clinical trials for cancer therapy. Here, we highlight recent progress of Akt signaling pathway, review the up-to-date data from clinical studies of Akt inhibitors and discuss the potential biomarkers that may help personalized treatment of cancer with Akt inhibitors. In addition, we also discuss how Akt may confer the vulnerability of cancer cells to some kinds of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jieya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yangfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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35
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Zhang M, Jang H, Li Z, Sacks DB, Nussinov R. B-Raf autoinhibition in the presence and absence of 14-3-3. Structure 2021; 29:768-777.e2. [PMID: 33711246 PMCID: PMC9907365 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Raf-activating mutations are frequent in cancer. In the basal state, B-Raf is autoinhibited by its upstream Ras-binding domain (RBD) and cysteine-rich domain (RBD-CRD) interacting with its kinase domain (KD) and the 14-3-3 dimer. Our comprehensive molecular dynamics simulations explore two autoinhibition scenarios in the presence and absence of the 14-3-3 dimer. When present, the 14-3-3 interaction with B-Raf stabilizes the RBD-CRD-KD interaction, interfering with the KD dimerization. Raf's pSer365 removal fails to induce large disruption. RBD-CRD release promotes KD fluctuations and reorientation for dimerization, consistent with experimental data. In the absence of 14-3-3, our sampled B-Raf conformations suggest that RBD-CRD can block the KD dimerization surface. Our results suggest a B-Raf activation mechanism, whereby one KD monomer is donated by 14-3-3-free B-Raf KD and the other by 14-3-3-bound KD. This mechanism can lead to homo- and heterodimers. These autoinhibition scenarios can transform autoinhibited B-Raf monomers into active B-Raf dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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36
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Ghomlaghi M, Hart A, Hoang N, Shin S, Nguyen LK. Feedback, Crosstalk and Competition: Ingredients for Emergent Non-Linear Behaviour in the PI3K/mTOR Signalling Network. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6944. [PMID: 34203293 PMCID: PMC8267830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/mTOR signalling pathway plays a central role in the governing of cell growth, survival and metabolism. As such, it must integrate and decode information from both external and internal sources to guide efficient decision-making by the cell. To facilitate this, the pathway has evolved an intricate web of complex regulatory mechanisms and elaborate crosstalk with neighbouring signalling pathways, making it a highly non-linear system. Here, we describe the mechanistic biological details that underpin these regulatory mechanisms, covering a multitude of negative and positive feedback loops, feed-forward loops, competing protein interactions, and crosstalk with major signalling pathways. Further, we highlight the non-linear and dynamic network behaviours that arise from these regulations, uncovered through computational and experimental studies. Given the pivotal role of the PI3K/mTOR network in cellular homeostasis and its frequent dysregulation in pathologies including cancer and diabetes, a coherent and systems-level understanding of the complex regulation and consequential dynamic signalling behaviours within this network is imperative for advancing biology and development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ghomlaghi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Anthony Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Nhan Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sungyoung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lan K. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.G.); (A.H.); (N.H.); (S.S.)
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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37
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Entelon ® ( Vitis vinifera Seed Extract) Prevents Cancer Metastasis via the Downregulation of Interleukin-1 Alpha in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123644. [PMID: 34203721 PMCID: PMC8232270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL1) is a proinflammatory cytokine and promotes cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness in a diversity of cancers, such as breast and colon cancer. Here, we focused on the pharmacological effect of Entelon® (ETL) on the tumorigenesis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells by IL1-alpha (IL1A). IL1A enhanced the cell growth and invasiveness of TNBC cells. We observed that abnormal IL1A induction is related with the poor prognosis of TNBC patients. IL1A also increased a variety of chemokines such as CCL2 and IL8. Interestingly, IL1A expression was reduced by the ETL treatment. Here, we found that ETL significantly decreased the MEK/ERK signaling pathway in TNBC cells. IL1A expression was reduced by UO126. Lastly, we studied the effect of ETL on the metastatic potential of TNBC cells. Our results showed that ETL significantly reduced the lung metastasis of TNBC cells. Our results showed that IL1A expression was regulated by the MEK/ERK- and PI3K/AKT-dependent pathway. Taken together, ETL inhibited the MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and suppressing the lung metastasis of TNBC cells through downregulation of IL1A. Therefore, we propose the possibility of ETL as an effective adjuvant for treating TNBC.
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38
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Degan SE, Gelman IH. Emerging Roles for AKT Isoform Preference in Cancer Progression Pathways. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1251-1257. [PMID: 33931488 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway is one of the most mutated in human cancers, predominantly associated with the loss of the signaling antagonist, PTEN, and to lesser extents, with gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CA (encoding PI3K-p110α) and AKT1. In addition, most oncogenic driver pathways activate PI3K/AKT signaling. Nonetheless, drugs targeting PI3K or AKT have fared poorly against solid tumors in clinical trials as monotherapies, yet some have shown efficacy when combined with inhibitors of other oncogenic drivers, such as receptor tyrosine kinases or nuclear hormone receptors. There is growing evidence that AKT isoforms, AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have different, often distinct roles in either promoting or suppressing specific parameters of oncogenic progression, yet few if any isoform-preferred substrates have been characterized. This review will describe recent data showing that the differential activation of AKT isoforms is mediated by complex interplays between PTEN, PI3K isoforms and upstream tyrosine kinases, and that the efficacy of PI3K/AKT inhibitors will likely depend on the successful targeting of specific AKT isoforms and their preferred pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus E Degan
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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Benary M, Bohn S, Lüthen M, Nolis IK, Blüthgen N, Loewer A. Disentangling Pro-mitotic Signaling during Cell Cycle Progression using Time-Resolved Single-Cell Imaging. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107514. [PMID: 32294432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells rely on input from extracellular growth factors to control their proliferation during development and adult homeostasis. Such mitogenic inputs are transmitted through multiple signaling pathways that synergize to precisely regulate cell cycle entry and progression. Although the architecture of these signaling networks has been characterized in molecular detail, their relative contribution, especially at later cell cycle stages, remains largely unexplored. By combining quantitative time-resolved measurements of fluorescent reporters in untransformed human cells with targeted pharmacological inhibitors and statistical analysis, we quantify epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced signal processing in individual cells over time and dissect the dynamic contribution of downstream pathways. We define signaling features that encode information about extracellular ligand concentrations and critical time windows for inducing cell cycle transitions. We show that both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity are necessary for initial cell cycle entry, whereas only PI3K affects the duration of S phase at later stages of mitogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Benary
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Integrative Research Institute Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bohn
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mareen Lüthen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilias K Nolis
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Blüthgen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Integrative Research Institute Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Jiang SL, Fang DA, Xu DP. Transcriptome changes of Takifugu obscurus liver after acute exposure to phenanthrene. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:116-124. [PMID: 33459152 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00100.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenanthrene (Phe) is a model compound in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) research. Reportedly, Phe treatment induced oxidative stress and histological disorders to Takifugu obscurus liver. In this study, to further explore the molecular responses of T. obscurus liver to Phe exposure, transcriptome sequencing was applied to compare mRNA transcription profiles between Phe treatment and the control. Compared with the control, 1,581 and 1,428 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated in Phe treatment, respectively. Further analysis revealed that Phe treatment mainly upregulated genes in Ras-MAPK and PI3K-akt signaling pathways, which represented insulin resistance and further activated the FOXO signaling pathway. The triacylglycerol biosynthesis was promoted but the gluconeogenesis process was inhibited in response to Phe treatment, demonstrating that Phe exposure disturbed the sugar and lipid metabolism. Moreover, Phe treatment upregulated the Apelin-APJ and ErbB signaling pathways, promoting angiogenesis in T. obscurus liver. Insulin resistance, promoted triacylglycerol biosynthesis, and angiogenesis might explain the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenic toxicity of Phe. Overall, this study provides new insights to understand the environmental risk of Phe to fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lun Jiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Di-An Fang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Dong-Po Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
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41
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Datta N, Chakraborty S, Basu M, Ghosh MK. Tumor Suppressors Having Oncogenic Functions: The Double Agents. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010046. [PMID: 33396222 PMCID: PMC7824251 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression involves multiple genetic and epigenetic events, which involve gain-of-functions of oncogenes and loss-of-functions of tumor suppressor genes. Classical tumor suppressor genes are recessive in nature, anti-proliferative, and frequently found inactivated or mutated in cancers. However, extensive research over the last few years have elucidated that certain tumor suppressor genes do not conform to these standard definitions and might act as “double agents”, playing contrasting roles in vivo in cells, where either due to haploinsufficiency, epigenetic hypermethylation, or due to involvement with multiple genetic and oncogenic events, they play an enhanced proliferative role and facilitate the pathogenesis of cancer. This review discusses and highlights some of these exceptions; the genetic events, cellular contexts, and mechanisms by which four important tumor suppressors—pRb, PTEN, FOXO, and PML display their oncogenic potentials and pro-survival traits in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerajana Datta
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector–V, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India; (N.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Shrabastee Chakraborty
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector–V, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India; (N.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24 Paraganas, West Bengal PIN-743372, India;
| | - Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector–V, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India; (N.D.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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42
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Identifying patient-specific flow of signal transduction perturbed by multiple single-nucleotide alterations. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-020-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The current paradigm of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is gluco-centric, being exclusively categorized by glycemic characteristics. The gluco-centric paradigm views hyperglycemia as the primary target, being driven by resistance to insulin combined with progressive beta cells failure, and considers glycemic control its ultimate treatment goal. Most importantly, the gluco-centric paradigm considers the non-glycemic diseases associated with T2D, e.g., obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, macrovascular disease, microvascular disease and fatty liver as 'risk factors' and/or 'outcomes' and/or 'comorbidities', rather than primary inherent disease aspects of T2D. That is in spite of their high prevalence (60-90%) and major role in profiling T2D morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the gluco-centric paradigm fails to realize that the non-glycemic diseases of T2D are driven by insulin and, except for glycemic control, response to insulin in T2D is essentially the rule rather than the exception. Failure of the gluco-centric paradigm to offer an exhaustive unifying view of the glycemic and non-glycemic diseases of T2D may have contributed to T2D being still an unmet need. An mTORC1-centric paradigm maintains that hyperactive mTORC1 drives the glycemic and non-glycemic disease aspects of T2D. Hyperactive mTORC1 is proposed to act as double-edged agent, namely, to interfere with glycemic control by disrupting the insulin receptor-Akt transduction pathway, while concomitantly driving the non-glycemic diseases of T2D. The mTORC1-centric paradigm may offer a novel perspective for T2D in terms of pathogenesis, clinical focus and treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bar-Tana
- Hebrew University Medical School, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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44
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Wang Z, Song T, Guo Z, Cao K, Chen C, Feng Y, Wang H, Yin F, Zhou S, Dai J, Zhang Z. Targeting the Allosteric Pathway That Interconnects the Core-Functional Scaffold and the Distal Phosphorylation Sites for Specific Dephosphorylation of Bcl-2. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13733-13744. [PMID: 33197310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is the most significant post-translational modification for regulating cellular activities, but site-specific modulation of phosphorylation is still challenging. Using three-dimensional NMR spectra, molecular dynamics simulations, and alanine mutations, we identified that the interaction network between pT69/pS70 and R106/R109 residues prevents the phosphorylation sites from exposure to phosphatase and subsequent dephosphorylation. A Bcl-2-dephosphorylation probe, S1-6e, was designed by installing a carboxylic acid group to a Bcl-2 inhibitor. The carboxyl group competitively disrupts the interaction network between R106/R109 and pT69/pS70 and subsequently facilitates Bcl-2 dephosphorylation in living cells. As a result, S1-6e manifests a more effective apoptosis induction in pBcl-2-dependent cancer cells than other inhibitors exhibiting a similar binding affinity for Bcl-2. We believe that targeting the allosteric pathways interconnecting the core-functional domain and the phosphorylation site can be a general strategy for a rational design of site-specific dephosphorylating probes, since the allosteric pathway has been discovered in a variety of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zongwei Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Keke Cao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Hang Wang
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Fangkui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Jian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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45
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Kaur H, Moreau R. Curcumin represses mTORC1 signaling in Caco-2 cells by a two-sided mechanism involving the loss of IRS-1 and activation of AMPK. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109842. [PMID: 33234350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central modulator of inflammation and tumorigenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. Growth factors upregulate mTORC1 via the PI3K/AKT and/or Ras/MAPK signal pathways. Curcumin (CUR), a polyphenol found in turmeric roots (Curcuma longa) can repress mTORC1 kinase activity in colon cancer cell lines; however, key aspects of CUR mechanism of action remain to be elucidated including its primary cellular target. We investigated the molecular effects of physiologically attainable concentration of CUR (20 μM) in the intestinal lumen on mTORC1 signaling in Caco-2 cells. CUR markedly inhibited mTORC1 kinase activity as determined by the decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K (Thr389, -99%, P < 0.0001) and S6 (Ser235/236, -92%, P < 0.0001). Mechanistically, CUR decreased IRS-1 protein abundance (-80%, P < 0.0001) thereby downregulating AKT phosphorylation (Ser473, -94%, P < 0.0001) and in turn PRAS40 phosphorylation (Thr246, -99%, P < 0.0001) while total PRAS40 abundance was unchanged. The use of proteasome inhibitor MG132 showed that CUR-mediated loss of IRS-1 involved proteasomal degradation. CUR lowered Raptor protein abundance, which combined with PRAS40 hypophosphorylation, suggests CUR repressed mTORC1 activity by inducing compositional changes that hinder the complex assembly. In addition, CUR activated AMPK (Thr172 phosphorylation, P < 0.0001), a recognized repressor of mTORC1, and AMPK upstream regulator LKB1. Although cargo adapter protein p62 was decreased by CUR (-49%, P < 0.004), CUR did not significantly induce autophagy. Inhibition of AKT/mTORC1 signaling by CUR may have lifted the cross-inhibition onto MAPK signaling, which became induced; p-ERK1/2 (+670%, P < 0.0001), p-p38 (+1433%, P < 0.0001). By concomitantly targeting IRS-1 and AMPK, CUR's mechanism of mTORC1 inhibition is distinct from that of rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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46
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Autophagy is induced in human keratinocytes during human papillomavirus 11 pseudovirion entry. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23017-23028. [PMID: 33197887 PMCID: PMC7746385 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV11) is one of the main causes of condyloma acuminatum, a widespread sexually transmitted disease. During infection of its primary target cell, keratinocytes, it is likely to encounter the autophagy pathway, which is an intracellular maintenance process that is also able to target invading pathogens. It is currently unknown whether HPV11 is targeted by autophagy or whether it is able to escape autophagy-mediated killing. Here, we investigated the autophagy response during HPV11 pseudovirion (PsV) entry in human keratinocytes. Transmission electron microscopy showed that intracellular PsVs were sequestered in lumen of double-membrane autophagosomes that subsequently appeared to fuse with lysosomes, while confocal microscopy showed induction LC3 puncta, the hallmark of induced autophagy activity. Furthermore, quantitative infection assays showed that high autophagy activity resulted in reduced HPV11 PsV infectivity. Therefore, the autophagy pathway seemed to actively target invading HPV11 PsVs for destruction in the autolysosome. Western analysis on the phosphorylation state of autophagy regulators and upstream pathways indicated that autophagy was activated through interplay between Erk and Akt signaling. In conclusion, autophagy functions as a cellular protection mechanism against intracellular HPV11 and therefore therapies that stimulate autophagy may prevent recurrent condyloma acuminatum by helping eliminate latent HPV11 infections.
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47
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Bui K, Hong YK. Ras Pathways on Prox1 and Lymphangiogenesis: Insights for Therapeutics. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:597374. [PMID: 33263009 PMCID: PMC7688453 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.597374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, lymphatics research has accelerated and gained a much-needed recognition in pathophysiology. As the lymphatic system plays heavy roles in interstitial fluid drainage, immune surveillance and lipid absorption, the ablation or excessive growth of this vasculature could be associated with many complications, from lymphedema to metastasis. Despite their growing importance in cancer, few anti-lymphangiogenic therapies exist today, as they have yet to pass phase 3 clinical trials and acquire FDA approval. As such, many studies are being done to better define the signaling pathways that govern lymphangiogenesis, in hopes of developing new therapeutic approaches to inhibit or stimulate this process. This review will cover our current understanding of the Ras signaling pathways and their interactions with Prox1, the master transcriptional switch involved in specifying lymphatic endothelial cell fate and lymphangiogenesis, in hopes of providing insights to lymphangiogenesis-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Bui
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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48
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Horizontal Combination of MEK and PI3K/mTOR Inhibition in BRAF Mutant Tumor Cells with or without Concomitant PI3K Pathway Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207649. [PMID: 33081092 PMCID: PMC7589607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/RAF and PI3K/Akt pathways play a key regulatory role in cancer and are often hit by oncogenic mutations. Despite molecular targeting, the long-term success of monotherapy is often hampered by de novo or acquired resistance. In the case of concurrent mutations in both pathways, horizontal combination could be a reasonable approach. In our study, we investigated the MEK inhibitor selumetinib and PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor BEZ235 alone and in combination in BRAF-only mutant and BRAF + PI3K/PTEN double mutant cancer cells using short- and long-term 2D viability assays, spheroid assays, and immunoblots. In the 2D assays, selumetinib was more effective on BRAF-only mutant lines when compared to BRAF + PI3K/PTEN double mutants. Furthermore, combination therapy had an additive effect in most of the lines while synergism was observed in two of the double mutants. Importantly, in the SW1417 BRAF + PI3K double mutant cells, synergism was also confirmed in the spheroid and in the in vivo model. Mechanistically, p-Akt level decreased only in the SW1417 cell line after combination treatment. In conclusion, the presence of concurrent mutations alone did not predict a stronger response to combination treatment. Therefore, additional investigations are warranted to identify predictive factors that can select patients who can benefit from the horizontal combinational inhibition of these two pathways.
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Elucidating the Pivotal Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:4582612. [PMID: 33062720 PMCID: PMC7533005 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4582612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are derivatives of 4-aminoquinoline compounds with over 60 years of safe clinical usage. CQ and HCQ are able to inhibit the production of cytokines such as interleukin- (IL-) 1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-22. Also, CQ and HCQ inhibit the production of interferon- (IFN-) α and IFN-γ and/or tumor necrotizing factor- (TNF-) α. Furthermore, CQ blocks the production of prostaglandins (PGs) in the intact cell by inhibiting substrate accessibility of arachidonic acid necessary for the production of PGs. Moreover, CQ affects the stability between T-helper cell (Th) 1 and Th2 cytokine secretion by augmenting IL-10 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, CQ is capable of blocking lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) triggered stimulation of extracellular signal-modulated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 in human PBMCs. HCQ at clinical levels effectively blocks CpG-triggered class-switched memory B-cells from differentiating into plasmablasts as well as producing IgG. Also, HCQ inhibits cytokine generation from all the B-cell subsets. IgM memory B-cells exhibits the utmost cytokine production. Nevertheless, CQ triggers the production of reactive oxygen species. A rare, but serious, side effect of CQ or HCQ in nondiabetic patients is hypoglycaemia. Thus, in critically ill patients, CQ and HCQ are most likely to deplete all the energy stores of the body leaving the patient very weak and sicker. We advocate that, during clinical usage of CQ and HCQ in critically ill patients, it is very essential to strengthen the CQ or HCQ with glucose infusion. CQ and HCQ are thus potential inhibitors of the COVID-19 cytokine storm.
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50
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Muniyappa R, Chen H, Montagnani M, Sherman A, Quon MJ. Endothelial dysfunction due to selective insulin resistance in vascular endothelium: insights from mechanistic modeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E629-E646. [PMID: 32776829 PMCID: PMC7642854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00247.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have used mathematical modeling to gain mechanistic insights into insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent insulin signaling required for metabolic actions of insulin also regulates endothelium-dependent production of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). Vasodilation increases blood flow that augments direct metabolic actions of insulin in skeletal muscle. This is counterbalanced by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent insulin signaling in endothelium that promotes secretion of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1). In the present study, we extended our model of metabolic insulin signaling into a dynamic model of insulin signaling in vascular endothelium that explicitly represents opposing PI3K/NO and MAPK/ET-1 pathways. Novel NO and ET-1 subsystems were developed using published and new experimental data to generate model structures/parameters. The signal-response relationships of our model with respect to insulin-stimulated NO production, ET-1 secretion, and resultant vascular tone, agree with published experimental data, independent of those used for model development. Simulations of pathological stimuli directly impairing only insulin-stimulated PI3K/Akt activity predict altered dynamics of NO and ET-1 consistent with endothelial dysfunction in insulin-resistant states. Indeed, modeling pathway-selective impairment of PI3K/Akt pathways consistent with insulin resistance caused by glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, or inflammation predict diminished NO production and increased ET-1 secretion characteristic of diabetes and endothelial dysfunction. We conclude that our mathematical model of insulin signaling in vascular endothelium supports the hypothesis that pathway-selective insulin resistance accounts, in part, for relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. This may be relevant for developing novel approaches for the treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hui Chen
- Clinical and Integrative Diabetes and Obesity Integrated Review Group, Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael J Quon
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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