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Richard SA. Advances in synthetic lethality modalities for glioblastoma multiforme. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240981. [PMID: 38868315 PMCID: PMC11167713 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by a high mortality rate, high resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy, and radiotherapy due to its highly aggressive nature. The pathophysiology of GBM is characterized by multifarious genetic abrasions that deactivate tumor suppressor genes, induce transforming genes, and over-secretion of pro-survival genes, resulting in oncogene sustainability. Synthetic lethality is a destructive process in which the episode of a single genetic consequence is tolerable for cell survival, while co-episodes of multiple genetic consequences lead to cell death. This targeted drug approach, centered on the genetic concept of synthetic lethality, is often selective for DNA repair-deficient GBM cells with restricted toxicity to normal tissues. DNA repair pathways are key modalities in the generation, treatment, and drug resistance of cancers, as DNA damage plays a dual role as a creator of oncogenic mutations and a facilitator of cytotoxic genomic instability. Although several research advances have been made in synthetic lethality modalities for GBM therapy, no review article has summarized these therapeutic modalities. Thus, this review focuses on the innovative advances in synthetic lethality modalities for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidu A. Richard
- Department of Medicine, Princefield University, P. O. Box MA128, Volta Region, Ho, Ghana
- Institute of Neuroscience, Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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2
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Wang J, Sadeghi CA, Frock RL. DNA-PKcs suppresses illegitimate chromosome rearrangements. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5048-5066. [PMID: 38412274 PMCID: PMC11109964 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Two DNA repair pathways, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and alternative end joining (A-EJ), are involved in V(D)J recombination and chromosome translocation. Previous studies reported distinct repair mechanisms for chromosome translocation, with NHEJ involved in humans and A-EJ in mice predominantly. NHEJ depends on DNA-PKcs, a critical partner in synapsis formation and downstream component activation. While DNA-PKcs inhibition promotes chromosome translocations harboring microhomologies in mice, its synonymous effect in humans is not known. We find partial DNA-PKcs inhibition in human cells leads to increased translocations and the continued involvement of a dampened NHEJ. In contrast, complete DNA-PKcs inhibition substantially increased microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), thus bridging the two different translocation mechanisms between human and mice. Similar to a previous study on Ku70 deletion, DNA-PKcs deletion in G1/G0-phase mouse progenitor B cell lines, significantly impairs V(D)J recombination and generated higher rates of translocations as a consequence of dysregulated coding and signal end joining. Genetic DNA-PKcs inhibition suppresses NHEJ entirely, with repair phenotypically resembling Ku70-deficient A-EJ. In contrast, we find DNA-PKcs necessary in generating the near-exclusive MMEJ associated with Lig4 deficiency. Our study underscores DNA-PKcs in suppressing illegitimate chromosome rearrangement while also contributing to MMEJ in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Wang
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheyenne A Sadeghi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard L Frock
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Rahman R, Shi DD, Reitman ZJ, Hamerlik P, de Groot JF, Haas-Kogan DA, D'Andrea AD, Sulman EP, Tanner K, Agar NYR, Sarkaria JN, Tinkle CL, Bindra RS, Mehta MP, Wen PY. DNA damage response in brain tumors: A Society for Neuro-Oncology consensus review on mechanisms and translational efforts in neuro-oncology. Neuro Oncol 2024:noae072. [PMID: 38770568 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms are critical to maintenance of overall genomic stability, and their dysfunction can contribute to oncogenesis. Significant advances in our understanding of DDR pathways have raised the possibility of developing therapies that exploit these processes. In this expert-driven consensus review, we examine mechanisms of response to DNA damage, progress in development of DDR inhibitors in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma and IDH-mutant gliomas, and other important considerations such as biomarker development, preclinical models, combination therapies, mechanisms of resistance and clinical trial design considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifaquat Rahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diana D Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John F de Groot
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daphne A Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirk Tanner
- National Brain Tumor Society, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher L Tinkle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Minesh P Mehta
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Laroche-Clary A, Josensi C, Derieppe MA, Belhomme S, Vendrely V, Perret R, Cadogan E, Italiano A. Selective DNA-PK Inhibition Enhances Chemotherapy and Ionizing Radiation Activity in Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:629-637. [PMID: 37982819 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) exhibit a poor prognosis and have few therapeutic options. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) catalytic subunit is a multifunctional serine-threonine protein kinase that plays a crucial role in DNA double-strand damage repair via nonhomologous end joining. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To investigate the therapeutic potential of DNA-PK targeting in STS, we first evaluated the prognostic value of DNA-PK expression in two large cohorts of patients with STS. We then used the potent and selective DNA-PK inhibitor AZD7648 compound to investigate the antitumor effect of the pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PK in vitro via MTT, apoptosis, cell cycle, and proliferation assays. In vivo studies were performed with patient-derived xenograft models to evaluate the effects of AZD7648 in combination with chemotherapy or ionizing radiation on tumor growth. The mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to DNA-PK inhibition were investigated by using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 positive screen. RESULTS DNA-PK overexpression is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with sarcomas. Selective pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PK strongly synergizes with radiation- and doxorubicin-based regimen in sarcoma models. By using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 positive screen, we identified genes involved in sensitivity to DNA-PK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS DNA-PK inhibition deserves clinical investigation to improve response to current therapies in patients with sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Laroche-Clary
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1312, Bordeaux, France
| | - Coralie Josensi
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1312, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sarah Belhomme
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Raul Perret
- Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1312, Bordeaux, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Liu Q, Peng Q, Zhang B, Tan Y. X-ray cross-complementing family: the bridge linking DNA damage repair and cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:602. [PMID: 37679817 PMCID: PMC10483876 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a common hallmark of human tumours. As a carrier of genetic information, DNA is constantly threatened by various damaging factors that, if not repaired in time, can affect the transmission of genetic information and lead to cellular carcinogenesis. In response to these threats, cells have evolved a range of DNA damage response mechanisms, including DNA damage repair, to maintain genomic stability. The X-ray repair cross-complementary gene family (XRCC) comprises an important class of DNA damage repair genes that encode proteins that play important roles in DNA single-strand breakage and DNA base damage repair. The dysfunction of the XRCC gene family is associated with the development of various tumours. In the context of tumours, mutations in XRCC and its aberrant expression, result in abnormal DNA damage repair, thus contributing to the malignant progression of tumour cells. In this review, we summarise the significant roles played by XRCC in diverse tumour types. In addition, we discuss the correlation between the XRCC family members and tumour therapeutic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qiu Peng
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Yueqiu Tan
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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El Nachef L, Berthel E, Ferlazzo ML, Le Reun E, Al-Choboq J, Restier-Verlet J, Granzotto A, Sonzogni L, Bourguignon M, Foray N. Cancer and Radiosensitivity Syndromes: Is Impaired Nuclear ATM Kinase Activity the Primum Movens? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246141. [PMID: 36551628 PMCID: PMC9776478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of genetic syndromes associated with both high cancer risk and clinical radiosensitivity. However, the link between these two notions remains unknown. Particularly, some cancer syndromes are caused by mutations in genes involved in DNA damage signaling and repair. How are the DNA sequence errors propagated and amplified to cause cell transformation? Conversely, some cancer syndromes are caused by mutations in genes involved in cell cycle checkpoint control. How is misrepaired DNA damage produced? Lastly, certain genes, considered as tumor suppressors, are not involved in DNA damage signaling and repair or in cell cycle checkpoint control. The mechanistic model based on radiation-induced nucleoshuttling of the ATM kinase (RIANS), a major actor of the response to ionizing radiation, may help in providing a unified explanation of the link between cancer proneness and radiosensitivity. In the frame of this model, a given protein may ensure its own specific function but may also play additional biological role(s) as an ATM phosphorylation substrate in cytoplasm. It appears that the mutated proteins that cause the major cancer and radiosensitivity syndromes are all ATM phosphorylation substrates, and they generally localize in the cytoplasm when mutated. The relevance of the RIANS model is discussed by considering different categories of the cancer syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura El Nachef
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Elise Berthel
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie L. Ferlazzo
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Eymeric Le Reun
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Joelle Al-Choboq
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Juliette Restier-Verlet
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Granzotto
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Laurène Sonzogni
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Université Paris Saclay (UVSQ), 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Foray
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-04-7878-2828
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Maksoud S. The DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Glioma: Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5326-5365. [PMID: 35696013 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent type of tumor in the central nervous system, which exhibit properties that make their treatment difficult, such as cellular infiltration, heterogeneity, and the presence of stem-like cells responsible for tumor recurrence. The response of this type of tumor to chemoradiotherapy is poor, possibly due to a higher repair activity of the genetic material, among other causes. The DNA double-strand breaks are an important type of lesion to the genetic material, which have the potential to trigger processes of cell death or cause gene aberrations that could promote tumorigenesis. This review describes how the different cellular elements regulate the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair in gliomas, discussing the therapeutic potential of the induction of this type of lesion and the suppression of its repair as a control mechanism of brain tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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ÇAĞLAR HO. Identification of Genes Related to DNA Repair Mechanism in Glioblastoma by Bioinformatics Methods. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.1003777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Aberrant expression of genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms (DRM) have been associated with radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Identification of genes in DRM through bioinformatics methods may help identify potential novel therapeutic targets that can be used in GBM treatment. This study aims to identify genes that play a role in DRM in GBM using bioinformatics methods.
Methods: Genes associated with DRM were identified using the “Reactome” and “KEGG” databases. The mRNA expression profiles of DRM related genes were analyzed in the GEO GDS1813 and GDS2853 datasets including GBM tumor samples using the "Orange Canvas" software. Genetic changes of genes were identified in GBM TCGA cases using the cBioPortal database. The GEPIA2 was used to show the effect of altered expression profiles of these genes on patient survival.
Results: The mRNA expression profiles of ERCC6, FAN1, MBD4, PARP1 and UNG genes were found to be altered in GBM tumors. Mutations and copy number alterations for the identified genes were observed in TCGA GBM cases. The overall survival and disease-free survival of TCGA GBM patients were not significantly different between high and low expression groups.
Conclusion: ERCC6, PARP1 and UNG genes identified in the current study may be potential therapeutic targets that can increase the efficacy of radiotherapy in GBM in case of their suppression.
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Bukhari AB, Chan GK, Gamper AM. Targeting the DNA Damage Response for Cancer Therapy by Inhibiting the Kinase Wee1. Front Oncol 2022; 12:828684. [PMID: 35251998 PMCID: PMC8891215 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.828684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells typically heavily rely on the G2/M checkpoint to survive endogenous and exogenous DNA damage, such as genotoxic stress due to genome instability or radiation and chemotherapy. The key regulator of the G2/M checkpoint, the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), is tightly controlled, including by its phosphorylation state. This posttranslational modification, which is determined by the opposing activities of the phosphatase cdc25 and the kinase Wee1, allows for a more rapid response to cellular stress than via the synthesis or degradation of modulatory interacting proteins, such as p21 or cyclin B. Reducing Wee1 activity results in ectopic activation of CDK1 activity and drives premature entry into mitosis with unrepaired or under-replicated DNA and causing mitotic catastrophe. Here, we review efforts to use small molecule inhibitors of Wee1 for therapeutic purposes, including strategies to combine Wee1 inhibition with genotoxic agents, such as radiation therapy or drugs inducing replication stress, or inhibitors of pathways that show synthetic lethality with Wee1. Furthermore, it become increasingly clear that Wee1 inhibition can also modulate therapeutic immune responses. We will discuss the mechanisms underlying combination treatments identifying both cell intrinsic and systemic anti-tumor activities.
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Hashimoto T, Urushihara Y, Murata Y, Fujishima Y, Hosoi Y. AMPK increases expression of ATM through transcriptional factor Sp1 and induces radioresistance under severe hypoxia in glioblastoma cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 590:82-88. [PMID: 34973534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that severe hypoxia increases expression and activity of the DNA damage sensor ATM by activation of the key energy sensor AMPK. Here, to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying increased expression and activity of ATM by AMPK under severe hypoxia, we investigated roles of transcriptional factors Sp1 and FoxO3a using human glioblastoma cell lines T98G and A172. Severe hypoxia increased expression of ATM, AMPKα and Sp1 but not that of FoxO3a. Knockdown of AMPKα suppressed expression of ATM and Sp1 and suppressed cellular radioresistance under severe hypoxia without affecting cell cycle distribution. Knockdown of Sp1 suppressed expression of ATM. These results suggest that increased expression and activity of AMPK under severe hypoxia induce cellular radioresistance through AMPK/Sp1/ATM pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Hashimoto
- Department of Radiation Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yusuke Urushihara
- Department of Radiation Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Murata
- MSD K.K., 1-13-12 Kudankita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8667, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hosoi
- Department of Radiation Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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Matsumoto Y, Asa ADDC, Modak C, Shimada M. DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit: The Sensor for DNA Double-Strand Breaks Structurally and Functionally Related to Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081143. [PMID: 34440313 PMCID: PMC8394720 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is composed of a DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer. DNA-PK is thought to act as the “sensor” for DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB), which are considered the most deleterious type of DNA damage. In particular, DNA-PKcs and Ku are shown to be essential for DSB repair through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). The phenotypes of animals and human individuals with defective DNA-PKcs or Ku functions indicate their essential roles in these developments, especially in neuronal and immune systems. DNA-PKcs are structurally related to Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM), which is also implicated in the cellular responses to DSBs. DNA-PKcs and ATM constitute the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like kinases (PIKKs) family with several other molecules. Here, we review the accumulated knowledge on the functions of DNA-PKcs, mainly based on the phenotypes of DNA-PKcs-deficient cells in animals and human individuals, and also discuss its relationship with ATM in the maintenance of genomic stability.
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12
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Flint DB, Bright SJ, McFadden CH, Konishi T, Ohsawa D, Turner B, Lin SH, Grosshans DR, Chiu HS, Sumazin P, Shaitelman SF, Sawakuchi GO. Cell lines of the same anatomic site and histologic type show large variability in intrinsic radiosensitivity and relative biological effectiveness to protons and carbon ions. Med Phys 2021; 48:3243-3261. [PMID: 33837540 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To show that intrinsic radiosensitivity varies greatly for protons and carbon (C) ions in addition to photons, and that DNA repair capacity remains important in governing this variability. METHODS We measured or obtained from the literature clonogenic survival data for a number of human cancer cell lines exposed to photons, protons (9.9 keV/μm), and C-ions (13.3-77.1 keV/μm). We characterized their intrinsic radiosensitivity by the dose for 10% or 50% survival (D10% or D50% ), and quantified the variability at each radiation quality by the coefficient of variation (COV) in D10% and D50% . We also treated cells with DNA repair inhibitors prior to irradiation to assess how DNA repair capacity affects their variability. RESULTS We found no statistically significant differences in the COVs of D10% or D50% between any of the radiation qualities investigated. The same was true regardless of whether the cells were treated with DNA repair inhibitors, or whether they were stratified into histologic subsets. Even within histologic subsets, we found remarkable differences in radiosensitivity for high LET C-ions that were often greater than the variations in RBE, with brain cancer cells varying in D10% (D50% ) up to 100% (131%) for 77.1 keV/μm C-ions, and non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer cell lines varying up to 55% (76%) and 51% (78%), respectively, for 60.5 keV/μm C-ions. The cell lines with modulated DNA repair capacity had greater variability in intrinsic radiosensitivity across all radiation qualities. CONCLUSIONS Even for cell lines of the same histologic type, there are remarkable variations in intrinsic radiosensitivity, and these variations do not differ significantly between photon, proton or C-ion radiation. The importance of DNA repair capacity in governing the variability in intrinsic radiosensitivity is not significantly diminished for higher LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Flint
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott J Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Conor H McFadden
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ohsawa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Broderick Turner
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David R Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua-Sheng Chiu
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Simona F Shaitelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel O Sawakuchi
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Targeted Therapies for Pancreatic Cancer: Overview of Current Treatments and New Opportunities for Personalized Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040799. [PMID: 33672917 PMCID: PMC7918504 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the only treatment option for most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. Currently, the median overall survival of patients with advanced disease rarely exceeds 1 year. The complex network of pancreatic cancer composed of immune cells, endothelial cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts confers intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity with distinct proliferative and metastatic propensity. This heterogeneity can explain why tumors do not behave uniformly and are able to escape therapy. The advance in technology of whole-genome sequencing has now provided the possibility of identifying every somatic mutation, copy-number change, and structural variant in a given cancer, giving rise to personalized targeted therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of the current and emerging treatment strategies in pancreatic cancer. By highlighting new paradigms in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treatment, we hope to stimulate new thoughts for clinical trials aimed at improving patient outcomes.
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14
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Zhang J, Jing L, Tan S, Zeng EM, Lin Y, He L, Hu Z, Liu J, Guo Z. Inhibition of miR-1193 leads to synthetic lethality in glioblastoma multiforme cells deficient of DNA-PKcs. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:602. [PMID: 32732911 PMCID: PMC7393494 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor and has the highest mortality rate among cancers and high resistance to radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Although some targeted therapies can partially inhibit oncogenic mutation-driven proliferation of GBM cells, therapies harnessing synthetic lethality are ‘coincidental’ treatments with high effectiveness in cancers with gene mutations, such as GBM, which frequently exhibits DNA-PKcs mutation. By implementing a highly efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) platform using an in-house-constructed genome-wide human microRNA inhibitor library, we demonstrated that miR-1193 inhibition sensitized GBM tumor cells with DNA-PKcs deficiency. Furthermore, we found that miR-1193 directly targets YY1AP1, leading to subsequent inhibition of FEN1, an important factor in DNA damage repair. Inhibition of miR-1193 resulted in accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks and thus increased genomic instability. RPA-coated ssDNA structures enhanced ATR checkpoint kinase activity, subsequently activating the CHK1/p53/apoptosis axis. These data provide a preclinical theory for the application of miR-1193 inhibition as a potential synthetic lethal approach targeting GBM cancer cells with DNA-PKcs deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Li Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Subee Tan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Er-Ming Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - Lingfeng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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15
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Dianhydrogalactitol synergizes with topoisomerase poisons to overcome DNA repair activity in tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:577. [PMID: 32709853 PMCID: PMC7381652 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02780-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1,2:5,6-Dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) is a bi-functional DNA-targeting agent currently in phase II clinical trial for treatment of temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma (GBM). In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic activity of DAG alone or in combination with common chemotherapy agents in GBM and prostate cancer (PCa) cells, and determined the impact of DNA repair pathways on DAG-induced cytotoxicity. We found that DAG produced replication-dependent DNA lesions decorated with RPA32, RAD51, and γH2AX foci. DAG-induced cytotoxicity was unaffected by MLH1, MSH2, and DNA-PK expression, but was enhanced by knockdown of BRCA1. Acting in S phase, DAG displayed selective synergy with topoisomerase I (camptothecin and irinotecan) and topoisomerase II (etoposide) poisons in GBM, PCa, and lung cancer cells with no synergy observed for docetaxel. Importantly, DAG combined with irinotecan treatment enhanced tumor responses and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. This work provides mechanistic insight into DAG cytotoxicity in GBM and PCa cells and offers a rational for exploring combination regimens with topoisomerase I/II poisons in future clinical trials.
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16
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Douglas P, Ye R, Radhamani S, Cobban A, Jenkins NP, Bartlett E, Roveredo J, Kettenbach AN, Lees-Miller SP. Nocodazole-Induced Expression and Phosphorylation of Anillin and Other Mitotic Proteins Are Decreased in DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit-Deficient Cells and Rescued by Inhibition of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome with proTAME but Not Apcin. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00191-19. [PMID: 32284347 PMCID: PMC7296215 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00191-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) has well-established roles in DNA double-strand break repair, and recently, nonrepair functions have also been reported. To better understand its cellular functions, we deleted DNA-PKcs from HeLa and A549 cells using CRISPR/Cas9. The resulting cells were radiation sensitive, had reduced expression of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and exhibited multiple mitotic defects. Mechanistically, nocodazole-induced upregulation of cyclin B1, anillin, and securin was decreased in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells, as were phosphorylation of Aurora A on threonine 288, phosphorylation of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) on threonine 210, and phosphorylation of targeting protein for Xenopus Klp2 (TPX2) on serine 121. Moreover, reduced nocodazole-induced expression of anillin, securin, and cyclin B1 and phosphorylation of PLK1, Aurora A, and TPX2 were rescued by inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) by proTAME, which prevents binding of the APC/C-activating proteins Cdc20 and Cdh1 to the APC/C. Altogether, our studies suggest that loss of DNA-PKcs prevents inactivation of the APC/C in nocodazole-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Douglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruiqiong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Suraj Radhamani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander Cobban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole P Jenkins
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon Campus at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Edward Bartlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan Roveredo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon Campus at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Tay IJ, Park JJH, Price AL, Engelward BP, Floyd SR. HTS-Compatible CometChip Enables Genetic Screening for Modulators of Apoptosis and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:906-922. [PMID: 32452708 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220918367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of apoptosis and DNA damage response pathways often drive cancer, and so a better understanding of these pathways can contribute to new cancer therapeutic strategies. Diverse discovery approaches have identified many apoptosis regulators, DNA damage response, and DNA damage repair proteins; however, many of these approaches rely on indirect detection of DNA damage. Here, we describe a novel discovery platform based on the comet assay that leverages previous technical advances in assay precision by incorporating high-throughput robotics. The high-throughput screening (HTS) CometChip is the first high-throughput-compatible assay that can directly detect physical damage in DNA. We focused on DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and utilized our HTS CometChip technology to perform a first-of-its-kind screen using an shRNA library targeting 2564 cancer-relevant genes. Conditions of the assay enable detection of DNA fragmentation from both exogenous (ionizing radiation) and endogenous (apoptosis) sources. Using this approach, we identified LATS2 as a novel DNA repair factor as well as a modulator of apoptosis. We conclude that the HTS CometChip is an effective assay for HTS to identify modulators of physical DNA damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Tay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Agency of Science, Technology and Research Graduate Academy, A*STAR Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR Singapore, Singapore
| | - James J H Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna L Price
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Floyd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
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18
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Liu X, Jiang Y, Nowak B, Ichikawa S, Ohtawa M, Matsuda A, Plunkett W. Repair of DNA damage induced by the novel nucleoside analogue CNDAG through homologous recombination. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:661-672. [PMID: 32072218 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We postulate that the deoxyguanosine analogue CNDAG [9-(2-C-cyano-2-deoxy-1-β-D-arabino-pentofuranosyl)guanine] likely causes a single-strand break after incorporation into DNA, similar to the action of its cytosine congener CNDAC, and that subsequent DNA replication across the unrepaired nick would generate a double-strand break. This study aimed at identifying cellular responses and repair mechanisms for CNDAG prodrugs, 2-amino-9-(2-C-cyano-2-deoxy-1-β-D-arabino-pentofuranosyl)-6-methoxy purine (6-OMe) and 9-(2-C-cyano-2-deoxy-1-β-D-arabino-pentofuranosyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (6-NH2). Each compound is a substrate for adenosine deaminase, the action of which generates CNDAG. METHODS Growth inhibition assay, clonogenic survival assay, immunoblotting, and cytogenetic analyses (chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges) were used to investigate the impact of CNDAG on cell lines. RESULTS The 6-NH2 derivative was selectively potent in T cell malignant cell lines. Both prodrugs caused increased phosphorylation of ATM and its downstream substrates Chk1, Chk2, SMC1, NBS1, and H2AX, indicating activation of ATM-dependent DNA damage response pathways. In contrast, there was no increase in phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs, which participates in repair of double-strand breaks by non-homologous end-joining. Deficiency in ATM, RAD51D, XRCC3, BRCA2, and XPF, but not DNA-PK or p53, conferred significant clonogenic sensitivity to CNDAG or the prodrugs. Moreover, hamster cells lacking XPF acquired remarkably more chromosomal aberrations after incubation for two cell cycle times with CNDAG 6-NH2, compared to the wild type. Furthermore, CNDAG 6-NH2 induced greater levels of sister chromatid exchanges in wild-type cells exposed for two cycles than those for one cycle, consistent with increased double-strand breaks after a second S phase. CONCLUSION CNDAG-induced double-strand breaks are repaired mainly through homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- School of Health Professions, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yingjun Jiang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Billie Nowak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohtawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - William Plunkett
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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19
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Zicari S, Sharma AL, Sahu G, Dubrovsky L, Sun L, Yue H, Jada T, Ochem A, Simon G, Bukrinsky M, Tyagi M. DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) enhances HIV transcription by promoting RNA polymerase II activity and recruitment of transcription machinery at HIV LTR. Oncotarget 2020; 11:699-726. [PMID: 32133046 PMCID: PMC7041937 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite reductions in mortality from the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the presence of latent or transcriptionally silent proviruses prevents HIV cure/eradication. We have previously reported that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) facilitates HIV transcription by interacting with the RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) complex recruited at HIV LTR. In this study, using different cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-infected patients, we found that DNA-PK stimulates HIV transcription at several stages, including initiation, pause-release and elongation. We are reporting for the first time that DNA-PK increases phosphorylation of RNAP II C-terminal domain (CTD) at serine 5 (Ser5) and serine 2 (Ser2) by directly catalyzing phosphorylation and by augmenting the recruitment of the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) at HIV LTR. Our findings suggest that DNA-PK expedites the establishment of euchromatin structure at HIV LTR. DNA-PK inhibition/knockdown leads to the severe impairment of HIV replication and reactivation of latent HIV provirus. DNA-PK promotes the recruitment of Tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28) at LTR and assists the release of paused RNAP II through TRIM28 phosphorylation. These results provide the mechanisms through which DNA-PK controls the HIV gene expression and, likely, can be extended to cellular gene expression, including during cell malignancy, where the role of DNA-PK has been well-established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zicari
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice-Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Geetaram Sahu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Larisa Dubrovsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Lin Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Han Yue
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Tejaswi Jada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Alex Ochem
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Wernher and Beit Building (South), Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gary Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
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20
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Salguero I, Belotserkovskaya R, Coates J, Sczaniecka-Clift M, Demir M, Jhujh S, Wilson MD, Jackson SP. MDC1 PST-repeat region promotes histone H2AX-independent chromatin association and DNA damage tolerance. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5191. [PMID: 31729360 PMCID: PMC6858307 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H2AX and MDC1 are key DNA repair and DNA-damage signalling proteins. When DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) occur, H2AX is phosphorylated and then recruits MDC1, which in turn serves as a docking platform to promote the localization of other factors, including 53BP1, to DSB sites. Here, by using CRISPR-Cas9 engineered human cell lines, we identify a hitherto unknown, H2AX-independent, function of MDC1 mediated by its PST-repeat region. We show that the PST-repeat region directly interacts with chromatin via the nucleosome acidic patch and mediates DNA damage-independent association of MDC1 with chromatin. We find that this region is largely functionally dispensable when the canonical γH2AX-MDC1 pathway is operative but becomes critical for 53BP1 recruitment to DNA-damage sites and cell survival following DSB induction when H2AX is not available. Consequently, our results suggest a role for MDC1 in activating the DDR in areas of the genome lacking or depleted of H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Salguero
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Rimma Belotserkovskaya
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Julia Coates
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Matylda Sczaniecka-Clift
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Mukerrem Demir
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Satpal Jhujh
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marcus D Wilson
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
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21
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AZD7648 is a potent and selective DNA-PK inhibitor that enhances radiation, chemotherapy and olaparib activity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5065. [PMID: 31699977 PMCID: PMC6838110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a critical player in the DNA damage response (DDR) and instrumental in the non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) used to detect and repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). We demonstrate that the potent and highly selective DNA-PK inhibitor, AZD7648, is an efficient sensitizer of radiation- and doxorubicin-induced DNA damage, with combinations in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models inducing sustained regressions. Using ATM-deficient cells, we demonstrate that AZD7648, in combination with the PARP inhibitor olaparib, increases genomic instability, resulting in cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. AZD7648 enhanced olaparib efficacy across a range of doses and schedules in xenograft and PDX models, enabling sustained tumour regression and providing a clear rationale for its clinical investigation. Through its differentiated mechanism of action as an NHEJ inhibitor, AZD7648 complements the current armamentarium of DDR-targeted agents and has potential in combination with these agents to achieve deeper responses to current therapies. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a major role in the DNA damage response upon double-strand break formation. Here, the authors show that the DNA-PK inhibitor AZD7648, enhances the activity of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and the PARP inhibitor olaparib in multiple mouse tumour models.
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22
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Kopa P, Macieja A, Gulbas I, Pastwa E, Poplawski T. Inhibition of DNA-PK potentiates the synergistic effect of NK314 and etoposide combination on human glioblastoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:67-76. [PMID: 31583565 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide (VP-16) is the topoisomerase 2 (Top2) inhibitor used for treating of glioma patients however at high dose with serious side effects. It induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). These DNA lesions are repaired by non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) mediated by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). One possible approach to decrease the toxicity of etoposide is to reduce the dose while maintaining the anticancer potential. It could be achieved through combined therapy with other anticancer drugs. We have assumed that this objective can be obtained by (1) a parallel topo2 α inhibition and (2) sensitization of cancer cells to DSBs. In this work we investigated the effect of two Top2 inhibitors NK314 and VP-16 in glioma cell lines (MO59 K and MO59 J) sensitized by DNA-PK inhibitor, NU7441. Cytotoxic effect of VP-16, NK314 alone and in combination on human glioblastoma cell lines, was assessed by a colorimetric assay. Genotoxic effect of anticancer drugs in combination with NU7441 was assessed by comet assay. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analysed by flow cytometry. Compared with VP-16 or NK314 alone, the combined treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Combination treatment was associated with a strong accumulation of DSBs, modulated cell cycle phases distribution and apoptotic cell death. NU7441 potentiated these effects and additionally postponed DNA repair. Our findings suggest that NK314 could overcome resistance of MO59 cells to VP-16 and NU7441 could serve as sensitizer to VP-16/NK314 combined treatment. The combined tripartite approach of chemotherapy could reduce the overall toxicity associated with each individual therapy, while concomitantly enhancing the anticancer effect to treat human glioma cells. Thus, the use of a tripartite combinatorial approach could be promising and more efficacious than mono therapy or dual therapy to treat and increase the survival of the glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kopa
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Allergology, Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Macieja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Gulbas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pastwa
- Functional Genomics & Proteomics Unit, ITSI-Biosciences, Johnstown, PA, USA
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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23
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Jette NR, Radhamani S, Arthur G, Ye R, Goutam S, Bolyos A, Petersen LF, Bose P, Bebb DG, Lees-Miller SP. Combined poly-ADP ribose polymerase and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated/Rad3-related inhibition targets ataxia-telangiectasia mutated-deficient lung cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:600-610. [PMID: 31481733 PMCID: PMC6889280 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Up to 40% of lung adenocarcinoma have been reported to lack ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein expression. We asked whether ATM-deficient lung cancer cell lines are sensitive to poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and determined the mechanism of action of olaparib in ATM-deficient A549 cells. Methods We analysed drug sensitivity data for olaparib and talazoparib in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) project. We deleted ATM from A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells using CRISPR/Cas9 and determined the effects of olaparib and the ATM/Rad3-related (ATR) inhibitor VE-821 on cell viability. Results IC50 values for both olaparib and talazoparib positively correlated with ATM mRNA levels and gene amplification status in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. ATM mutation was associated with a significant decrease in the IC50 for olaparib while a similar trend was observed for talazoparib. A549 cells with deletion of ATM were sensitive to ionising radiation and olaparib. Olaparib induced phosphorylation of DNA damage markers and reversible G2 arrest in ATM-deficient cells, while the combination of olaparib and VE-821 induced cell death. Conclusions Patients with tumours characterised by ATM-deficiency may benefit from treatment with a PARP inhibitor in combination with an ATR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Jette
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Suraj Radhamani
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Greydon Arthur
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ruiqiong Ye
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Siddhartha Goutam
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Anthony Bolyos
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lars F Petersen
- Department Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - D Gwyn Bebb
- Department Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Department Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Bright SJ, Flint DB, Chakraborty S, McFadden CH, Yoon DS, Bronk L, Titt U, Mohan R, Grosshans DR, Sumazin P, Shaitelman SF, Asaithamby A, Sawakuchi GO. Nonhomologous End Joining Is More Important Than Proton Linear Energy Transfer in Dictating Cell Death. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:1119-1125. [PMID: 31425731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study seeks to identify biological factors that may yield a therapeutic advantage of proton therapy versus photon therapy. Specifically, we address the role of nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) in the survival of cells in response to clinical photon and proton beams. METHODS AND MATERIALS We irradiated HT1080, M059K (DNA-PKcs+/+), and HCC1937 human cancer cell lines and their isogenic counterparts HT1080-shDNA-PKcs, HT1080-shRAD51IND, M059J (DNA-PKcs-/-), and HCC1937-BRCA1 (BRCA1 complemented) to assess cell clonogenic survival and γ-H2AX radiation-induced foci. Cells were irradiated with either clinically relevant photons or 1 of 3 proton linear energy transfer (LET) values. RESULTS Our results indicate that NHEJ deficiency is more important in dictating cell survival than proton LET. Cells with disrupted HR through BRCA1 mutation showed increased radiosensitivity only for high-LET protons whereas RAD51 depletion showed increased radiosensitivity for both photons and protons. DNA double strand breaks, assessed by γ-H2AX radiation-induced foci, showed greater numbers after 24 hours in cells exposed to higher LET protons. We also observed that NHEJ-deficient cells were unable to repair the vast majority of double strand breaks after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS BRCA1 mutation significantly sensitizes cells to protons, but not photons. Loss of NHEJ renders cells hypersensitive to radiation, whereas the relative importance of HR increases with LET across several cell lines. This may be attributable to the more clustered damage induced by higher LET protons, which are harder to repair through NHEJ. This highlights the importance of tumor biology in dictating treatment modality and suggests BRCA1 as a potential biomarker for proton therapy response. Our data also support the use of pharmacologic inhibitors of DNA repair to enhance the sensitivity to different radiation types, although this raises issues for normal tissue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David B Flint
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sharmistha Chakraborty
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Conor H McFadden
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David S Yoon
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lawrence Bronk
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Uwe Titt
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Radhe Mohan
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David R Grosshans
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Simona F Shaitelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gabriel O Sawakuchi
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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25
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Liu Y, Efimova EV, Ramamurthy A, Kron SJ. Repair-independent functions of DNA-PKcs protect irradiated cells from mitotic slippage and accelerated senescence. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs229385. [PMID: 31189537 PMCID: PMC6633392 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs, also known as PRKDC) to Ku proteins at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) has long been considered essential for non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair, providing a rationale for use of DNA-PKcs inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Given lagging clinical translation, we reexamined mechanisms and observed instead that DSB repair can proceed independently of DNA-PKcs. While repair of radiation-induced DSBs was blocked in cells expressing shRNAs targeting Ku proteins or other NHEJ core factors, DSBs were repaired on schedule despite targeting DNA-PKcs. Although we failed to observe a DSB repair defect, the γH2AX foci that formed at sites of DNA damage persisted indefinitely after irradiation, leading to cytokinesis failure and accumulation of binucleated cells. Following this mitotic slippage, cells with decreased DNA-PKcs underwent accelerated cellular senescence. We identified downregulation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) as the critical role of DNA-PKcs in recovery from DNA damage, insofar as targeting ATM restored γH2AX foci resolution and cytokinesis. Considering the lack of direct impact on DSB repair and emerging links between senescence and resistance to cancer therapy, these results suggest reassessing DNA-PKcs as a target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elena V Efimova
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aishwarya Ramamurthy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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26
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Amiri Moghani AR, Sharma MK, Matsumoto Y. In cellulo phosphorylation of DNA double-strand break repair protein XRCC4 on Ser260 by DNA-PK. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:700-708. [PMID: 30247612 PMCID: PMC6251426 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
XRCC4 is one of the core factors for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). XRCC4 is phosphorylated by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), with Ser260 and Ser320 (Ser318 in the alternatively spliced form) being the major phosphorylation sites in vitro. It was recently reported that Ser320 is phosphorylated by DNA-PK in response to DNA damage; however, it is currently unclear whether Ser260 is phosphorylated in cellulo in response to DNA damage. Herein, we generated an antibody against XRCC4 phosphorylated on Ser260 and examined its phosphorylation status via Western blotting. XRCC4 Ser260 phosphorylation increased after irradiation with 30-300 Gy of γ-rays and was suppressed by DNA-PK inhibitor but not by ATM inhibitor. Moreover, XRCC4 Ser260 phosphorylation decreased in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells. These observations indicate that XRCC4 Ser260 is phosphorylated by DNA-PK in cellulo. The XRCC4S260A mutant reversed the high radiosensitivity of XRCC4-deficient M10 cells to a similar level to that of wild-type XRCC4. However, the clonogenic survival of cells expressing the XRCC4S260A mutant was slightly but significantly lower than that of those expressing wild-type XRCC4. In addition, XRCC4S260A-expressing cells displayed a significantly greater number of γ-H2AX foci than XRCC4WT-expressing cells 4 h after 1 Gy irradiation and without irradiation. The present results suggest a potential role of XRCC4 Ser260 phosphorylation by DNA-PK in DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Amiri Moghani
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1–30, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mukesh Kumar Sharma
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1–30, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Zoology, SPC Government College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1–30, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author. Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1–30, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan. Tel/Fax: +81-0-3-5734-3703;
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27
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Neal JA, Meek K. Deciphering phenotypic variance in different models of DNA-PKcs deficiency. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 73:7-16. [PMID: 30409670 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA-PKcs deficiency has been studied in numerous animal models and cell culture systems. In previous studies of kinase inactivating mutations in cell culture systems, ablation of DNA-PK's catalytic activity results in a cell phenotype that is virtually indistinguishable from that ascribed to complete loss of the enzyme. However, a recent compelling study demonstrates a remarkably more severe phenotype in mice harboring a targeted disruption of DNA-PK's ATP binding site as compared to DNA-PKcs deficient mice. Here we investigate the mechanism for these divergent results. We find that kinase inactivating DNA-PKcs mutants markedly radiosensitize immortalized DNA-PKcs deficient cells, but have no substantial effects on transformed DNA-PKcs deficient cells. Since the non-homologous end joining mechanism likely functions similarly in all of these cell strains, it seems unlikely that kinase inactive DNA-PK could impair the end joining mechanism in some cell types, but not in others. In fact, we observed no significant differences in either episomal or chromosomal end joining assays in cells expressing kinase inactivated DNA-PKcs versus no DNA-PKcs. Several potential explanations could explain these data including a non-catalytic role for DNA-PKcs in promoting cell death, or alteration of gene expression by loss of DNA-PKcs as opposed to inhibition of its catalytic activity. Finally, controversy exists as to whether DNA-PKcs autophosphorylates or is the target of other PIKKs; we present data demonstrating that DNA-PK primarily autophosphorylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Neal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, and Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Katheryn Meek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, and Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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28
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Lafont F, Ayadi N, Charlier C, Weigel P, Nabiev I, Benhelli-Mokrani H, Fleury F. Assessment of DNA-PKcs kinase activity by quantum dot-based microarray. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10968. [PMID: 30030458 PMCID: PMC6054677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic efficacy against cancer is often based on a variety of DNA lesions, including DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) which are repaired by homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways. In the past decade, the functions of the DNA repair proteins have been described as a potential mechanism of resistance in tumor cells. Therefore, the DNA repair proteins have become targets to improve the efficacy of anticancer therapy. Given the central role of DNA-PKcs in NHEJ, the therapeutic efficacy of targeting DNA-PKcs is frequently described as a strategy to prevent repair of treatment-induced DNA damage in cancer cells. The screening of a new inhibitor acting as a sensitizer requires the development of a high-throughput tool in order to identify and assess the most effective molecule. Here, we describe the elaboration of an antibody microarray dedicated to the NHEJ pathway that we used to evaluate the DNA-PKcs kinase activity in response to DNA damage. By combining a protein microarray with Quantum-Dot detection, we show that it is possible to follow the modification of phosphoproteomic cellular profiles induced by inhibitors during the response to DNA damage. Finally, we discuss the promising tool for screening kinase inhibitors and targeting DSB repair to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lafont
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Nizar Ayadi
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Cathy Charlier
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Weigel
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France.,Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Houda Benhelli-Mokrani
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Fabrice Fleury
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France.
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29
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Timme CR, Rath BH, O'Neill JW, Camphausen K, Tofilon PJ. The DNA-PK Inhibitor VX-984 Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Glioblastoma Cells Grown In Vitro and as Orthotopic Xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1207-1216. [PMID: 29549168 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a primary treatment modality for glioblastomas (GBM). Because DNA-PKcs is a critical factor in the repair of radiation-induced double strand breaks (DSB), this study evaluated the potential of VX-984, a new DNA-PKcs inhibitor, to enhance the radiosensitivity of GBM cells. Treatment of the established GBM cell line U251 and the GBM stem-like cell (GSC) line NSC11 with VX-984 under in vitro conditions resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of radiation-induced DNA-PKcs phosphorylation. In a similar concentration-dependent manner, VX-984 treatment enhanced the radiosensitivity of each GBM cell line as defined by clonogenic analysis. As determined by γH2AX expression and neutral comet analyses, VX-984 inhibited the repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand break in U251 and NSC11 GBM cells, suggesting that the VX-984-induced radiosensitization is mediated by an inhibition of DNA repair. Extending these results to an in vivo model, treatment of mice with VX-984 inhibited radiation-induced DNA-PKcs phosphorylation in orthotopic brain tumor xenografts, indicating that this compound crosses the blood-brain tumor barrier at sufficient concentrations. For mice bearing U251 or NSC11 brain tumors, VX-984 treatment alone had no significant effect on overall survival; radiation alone increased survival. The survival of mice receiving the combination protocol was significantly increased as compared with control and as compared with radiation alone. These results indicate that VX-984 enhances the radiosensitivity of brain tumor xenografts and suggest that it may be of benefit in the therapeutic management of GBM. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1207-16. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy R Timme
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara H Rath
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W O'Neill
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip J Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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30
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Chung JH. The role of DNA-PK in aging and energy metabolism. FEBS J 2018; 285:1959-1972. [PMID: 29453899 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a very large holoenzyme comprised of the p470 kDa DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs ) and the Ku heterodimer consisting of the p86 (Ku 80) and p70 (Ku 70) subunits. It is best known for its nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) activity, which repairs double-strand DNA (dsDNA) breaks (DSBs). As expected, the absence of DNA-PK activity results in sensitivity to ionizing radiation, which generates DSBs and defect in lymphocyte development, which requires NHEJ of the V(D)J region in the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor loci. DNA-PK also has been reported to have functions seemingly unrelated to NHEJ. For example, DNA-PK responds to insulin signaling to facilitate the conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids in the liver. More recent evidence indicates that DNA-PK activity increases with age in skeletal muscle, promoting mitochondrial loss and weight gain. These discoveries suggest that our understanding of DNA-PK is far from complete. As many excellent reviews have already been written about the role of DNA-PK in NHEJ, here we will review the non-NHEJ role of DNA-PK with a focus on its role in aging and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Chung
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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31
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The Role of the Core Non-Homologous End Joining Factors in Carcinogenesis and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9070081. [PMID: 28684677 PMCID: PMC5532617 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are deleterious DNA lesions that if left unrepaired or are misrepaired, potentially result in chromosomal aberrations, known drivers of carcinogenesis. Pathways that direct the repair of DSBs are traditionally believed to be guardians of the genome as they protect cells from genomic instability. The prominent DSB repair pathway in human cells is the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, which mediates template-independent re-ligation of the broken DNA molecule and is active in all phases of the cell cycle. Its role as a guardian of the genome is supported by the fact that defects in NHEJ lead to increased sensitivity to agents that induce DSBs and an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Conversely, evidence from tumors and tumor cell lines has emerged that NHEJ also promotes chromosomal aberrations and genomic instability, particularly in cells that have a defect in one of the other DSB repair pathways. Collectively, the data present a conundrum: how can a single pathway both suppress and promote carcinogenesis? In this review, we will examine NHEJ's role as both a guardian and a disruptor of the genome and explain how underlying genetic context not only dictates whether NHEJ promotes or suppresses carcinogenesis, but also how it alters the response of tumors to conventional therapeutics.
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32
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Blackford AN, Jackson SP. ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK: The Trinity at the Heart of the DNA Damage Response. Mol Cell 2017; 66:801-817. [PMID: 28622525 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1139] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrate cells, the DNA damage response is controlled by three related kinases: ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK. It has been 20 years since the cloning of ATR, the last of the three to be identified. During this time, our understanding of how these kinases regulate DNA repair and associated events has grown profoundly, although major questions remain unanswered. Here, we provide a historical perspective of their discovery and discuss their established functions in sensing and responding to genotoxic stress. We also highlight what is known regarding their structural similarities and common mechanisms of regulation, as well as emerging non-canonical roles and how our knowledge of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK is being translated to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Blackford
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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33
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Inhibiting DNA-PK CS radiosensitizes human osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:307-313. [PMID: 28300555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma survival rate has not improved over the past three decades, and the debilitating side effects of the surgical treatment suggest the need for alternative local control approaches. Radiotherapy is largely ineffective in osteosarcoma, indicating a potential role for radiosensitizers. Blocking DNA repair, particularly by inhibiting the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKCS), is an attractive option for the radiosensitization of osteosarcoma. In this study, the expression of DNA-PKCS in osteosarcoma tissue specimens and cell lines was examined. Moreover, the small molecule DNA-PKCS inhibitor, KU60648, was investigated as a radiosensitizing strategy for osteosarcoma cells in vitro. DNA-PKCS was consistently expressed in the osteosarcoma tissue specimens and cell lines studied. Additionally, KU60648 effectively sensitized two of those osteosarcoma cell lines (143B cells by 1.5-fold and U2OS cells by 2.5-fold). KU60648 co-treatment also altered cell cycle distribution and enhanced DNA damage. Cell accumulation at the G2/M transition point increased by 55% and 45%, while the percentage of cells with >20 γH2AX foci were enhanced by 59% and 107% for 143B and U2OS cells, respectively. These results indicate that the DNA-PKCS inhibitor, KU60648, is a promising radiosensitizing agent for osteosarcoma.
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34
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Ho CK, Kornaga EN, Klimowicz AC, Enwere EK, Dean M, Bebb GD, Phan T, Ghatage P, Magliocco AM, Lees-Miller SP, Doll CM. Expression of DNA damage response proteins in cervical cancer patients treated with radical chemoradiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 145:176-184. [PMID: 28131528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The management of locally advanced cervical cancer has improved significantly with the advent of cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy (CRT) as the primary treatment regimen. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients fail to respond or relapse on this treatment and have a very poor prognosis. Our goal was to determine the prognostic value of a panel of proteins involved in detection and repair of DNA damage. METHODS We performed fluorescence immunohistochemistry, and used software analysis to assess expression of DNA damage response proteins ATM, DNA-PKcs, PARP-1, Ku70 and Ku86 in 117 pre-treatment specimens from patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. We compared expression to clinicopathologic correlates to determine prognostic significance. RESULTS Five-year progression-free survival was significantly lower in the low expressors than in high expressors of ATM (35% vs. 58%, p=0.044) and PARP-1 (24% vs. 61%, p=0.003), and showed a trend to significance for DNA-PKcs (30% vs. 60%, p=0.050). Low expression of the same proteins also correlated significantly with lower overall survival. In multivariable analysis, adjusted for FIGO stage and tumor size, low ATM and PARP-1 expression was significantly associated with both poorer progression-free and overall survival. Pairwise analyses indicated that expression levels of these proteins were correlated. CONCLUSIONS Expression of DNA damage response proteins in cervical cancer is associated with outcome in patients treated with CRT. Immunohistochemical analysis of these proteins may be useful in guiding treatment decisions in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - E N Kornaga
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - A C Klimowicz
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - E K Enwere
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - M Dean
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - G D Bebb
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - T Phan
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - P Ghatage
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - A M Magliocco
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - S P Lees-Miller
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Building, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - C M Doll
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada.
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Hu B, Wang X, Hu S, Ying X, Wang P, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang H, Wang Y. miR-21-mediated Radioresistance Occurs via Promoting Repair of DNA Double Strand Breaks. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3531-3540. [PMID: 28096467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-21, as an oncogene that overexpresses in most human tumors, is involved in radioresistance; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that miR-21-mediated radioresistance occurs through promoting repair of DNA double strand breaks, which includes facilitating both non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR). The miR-21-promoted NHEJ occurs through targeting GSK3B (a novel target of miR-21), which affects the CRY2/PP5 pathway and in turn increases DNA-PKcs activity. The miR-21-promoted HRR occurs through targeting both GSK3B and CDC25A (a known target of miR-21), which neutralizes the effects of targeting GSK3B-induced CDC25A increase because GSK3B promotes degradation of both CDC25A and cyclin D1, but CDC25A and cyclin D1 have an opposite effect on HRR. A negative correlation of expression levels between miR-21 and GSK3β exists in a subset of human tumors. Our results not only elucidate miR-21-mediated radioresistance, but also provide potential new targets for improving radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Shuofeng Hu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaomin Ying
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xiangming Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
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Graham TGW, Walter JC, Loparo JJ. Two-Stage Synapsis of DNA Ends during Non-homologous End Joining. Mol Cell 2016; 61:850-8. [PMID: 26990988 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for genomic stability. The most common DSB repair mechanism in human cells, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), rejoins broken DNA ends by direct ligation. It remains unclear how components of the NHEJ machinery assemble a synaptic complex that bridges DNA ends. Here, we use single-molecule imaging in a vertebrate cell-free extract to show that synapsis of DNA ends occurs in at least two stages that are controlled by different NHEJ factors. DNA ends are initially tethered in a long-range complex whose formation requires the Ku70/80 heterodimer and the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. The ends are then closely aligned, which requires XLF, a non-catalytic function of XRCC4-LIG4, and DNA-PK activity. These results reveal a structural transition in the synaptic complex that governs alignment of DNA ends. Our approach provides a means of studying physiological DNA DSB repair at single-molecule resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G W Graham
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Joseph J Loparo
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Tomita M, Maeda M, Usami N, Yokoya A, Watanabe R, Kobayashi K. Enhancement of DNA double-strand break induction and cell killing by K-shell absorption of phosphorus in human cell lines. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:724-732. [PMID: 27185241 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1179811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate an enhancement of DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction and cell killing effect by K-shell ionization of phosphorus atoms and Auger electrons on human cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Induction of DSB, DNA damage responses, cell cycle distributions, and cell killing effects were investigated after exposures of the cells with monochromatic synchrotron radiation soft X-rays of 2153 and 2147 eV, which were the resonance peak and off peak, respectively, of the K-shell photoabsorption of phosphorus. RESULTS Higher biological effects in the cells irradiated with soft X-rays at 2153 eV than at 2147 eV were observed in (i) the efficiency of 53BP1/γ-H2AX co-localized foci formation per dose and residual number of foci, (ii) prolonged phosphorylation levels of DSB repair and/or cell cycle checkpoint related proteins and G2 arrest, (iii) the cell killing effects at the 10% survival level of normal human fibroblasts, HeLa cells, and human glioblastoma M059K cells (1.2-1.5 times higher) and that of human ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-defective cells and glioblastoma DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs)-defective cells (1.2 times). CONCLUSION The yield of DSB and partly less-reparable complex DNA damage induction in human cells was enhanced by K-shell photoabsorption of phosphorus and low-energy Auger electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tomita
- a Radiation Safety Research Center , Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry , Komae , Tokyo
| | - Munetoshi Maeda
- a Radiation Safety Research Center , Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry , Komae , Tokyo.,b Proton Medical Research Group, Research and Development Department , The Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center , Tsuruga-shi , Fukui
| | - Noriko Usami
- c Photon Factory , Institute of Material Structure Sciences, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba , Ibaraki
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- d Research Group for Radiation and Biomolecular Science, Quantum Beam Science Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Ritsuko Watanabe
- d Research Group for Radiation and Biomolecular Science, Quantum Beam Science Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Katsumi Kobayashi
- c Photon Factory , Institute of Material Structure Sciences, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba , Ibaraki
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Sharma MK, Imamichi S, Fukuchi M, Samarth RM, Tomita M, Matsumoto Y. In cellulo phosphorylation of XRCC4 Ser320 by DNA-PK induced by DNA damage. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:115-20. [PMID: 26666690 PMCID: PMC4795952 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
XRCC4 is a protein associated with DNA Ligase IV, which is thought to join two DNA ends at the final step of DNA double-strand break repair through non-homologous end joining. In response to treatment with ionizing radiation or DNA damaging agents, XRCC4 undergoes DNA-PK-dependent phosphorylation. Furthermore, Ser260 and Ser320 (or Ser318 in alternatively spliced form) of XRCC4 were identified as the major phosphorylation sites by purified DNA-PK in vitro through mass spectrometry. However, it has not been clear whether these sites are phosphorylated in vivo in response to DNA damage. In the present study, we generated an antibody that reacts with XRCC4 phosphorylated at Ser320 and examined in cellulo phosphorylation status of XRCC4 Ser320. The phosphorylation of XRCC4 Ser320 was induced by γ-ray irradiation and treatment with Zeocin. The phosphorylation of XRCC4 Ser320 was detected even after 1 Gy irradiation and increased in a manner dependent on radiation dose. The phosphorylation was observed immediately after irradiation and remained mostly unchanged for up to 4 h. The phosphorylation was inhibited by DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 and was undetectable in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells, indicating that the phosphorylation was mainly mediated by DNA-PK. These results suggested potential usefulness of the phosphorylation status of XRCC4 Ser320 as an indicator of DNA-PK functionality in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Sharma
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, N1-30 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan Department of Zoology, R.R. Government College, Alwar 301001, India
| | - Shoji Imamichi
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, N1-30 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Mikoto Fukuchi
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, N1-30 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ravindra Mahadeo Samarth
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, N1-30 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Raisen Bypass Road, Bhopal 462038, India National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kamla Nehru Hospital Building, Gandhi Medical College Campus, Bhopal 462001, India
| | - Masanori Tomita
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, N1-30 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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Wang L, Xie L, Ramachandran S, Lee Y, Yan Z, Zhou L, Krajewski K, Liu F, Zhu C, Chen DJ, Strahl BD, Jin J, Dokholyan NV, Chen X. Non-canonical Bromodomain within DNA-PKcs Promotes DNA Damage Response and Radioresistance through Recognizing an IR-Induced Acetyl-Lysine on H2AX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:849-61. [PMID: 26119999 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory mechanisms underlying γH2AX induction and the associated cell fate decision during DNA damage response (DDR) remain obscure. Here, we discover a bromodomain (BRD)-like module in DNA-PKcs (DNA-PKcs-BRD) that specifically recognizes H2AX acetyl-lysine 5 (K5ac) for sequential induction of γH2AX and concurrent cell fate decision(s). First, top-down mass spectrometry of radiation-phenotypic, full-length H2AX revealed a radiation-inducible, K5ac-dependent induction of γH2AX. Combined approaches of sequence-structure modeling/docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and biochemical experiments illustrated that through docking on H2AX K5ac, this non-canonical BRD determines not only the H2AX-targeting activity of DNA-PKcs but also the over-activation of DNA-PKcs in radioresistant tumor cells, whereas a Kac antagonist, JQ1, was able to bind to DNA-PKcs-BRD, leading to re-sensitization of tumor cells to radiation. This study elucidates the mechanism underlying the H2AX-dependent regulation of DNA-PKcs in ionizing radiation-induced, differential DDR, and derives an unconventional, non-catalytic domain target in DNA-PKs for overcoming resistance during cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ling Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Srinivas Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Program in Molecular & Cellular Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - YuanYu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Krzysztof Krajewski
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David J Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian D Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Program in Molecular & Cellular Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Program in Molecular & Cellular Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Song YZ, Han FJ, Liu M, Xia CC, Shi WY, Dong LH. Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in XRCC3 and Radiation-Induced Adverse Effects on Normal Tissue: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130388. [PMID: 26091483 PMCID: PMC4474802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) protein plays an important role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. The relationship between XRCC3 polymorphisms and the risk of radiation-induced adverse effects on normal tissue remains inconclusive. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to elucidate the association between XRCC3 polymorphisms and radiation-induced adverse effects on normal tissue. All eligible studies up to December 2014 were identified through a search of the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases. Seventeen studies involving 656 cases and 2193 controls were ultimately included in this meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the association between XRCC3 polymorphisms and the risk of radiation-induced normal tissue adverse effects. We found that the XRCC3 p.Thr241Met (rs861539) polymorphism was significantly associated with early adverse effects induced by radiotherapy (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.31-3.01, P = 0.001). A positive association lacking statistical significance with late adverse effects was also identified (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 0.97-1.68, P = 0.08). In addition, the rs861539 polymorphism was significantly correlated with a higher risk of adverse effects induced by head and neck area irradiation (OR = 2.41, 95%CI: 1.49-3.89, p = 0.0003) and breast irradiation (OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.02-1.95, p = 0.04), whereas the correlation was not significant for lung irradiation or pelvic irradiation. Furthermore, XRCC3 rs1799794 polymorphism may have a protective effect against late adverse effects induced by radiotherapy (OR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.26-0.86, P = 0.01). Well-designed large-scale clinical studies are required to further validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fu-Jun Han
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei-Yan Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li-Hua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail:
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41
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Park Y, Choi J, Lim JW, Kim H. β-Carotene-induced apoptosis is mediated with loss of Ku proteins in gastric cancer AGS cells. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:467. [PMID: 25981694 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High dietary intakes and high blood levels of β-carotene are associated with a decreased incidence of various cancers. The anticancer effect of β-carotene is related to its pro-oxidant activity. DNA repair Ku proteins, as a heterodimer of Ku70 and Ku80, play a crucial role in DNA double-strand break repair. Reductions in Ku70/80 contribute to apoptosis. Previously, we showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate caspase-3 which induces degradation of Ku proteins. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of β-carotene-induced apoptosis of gastric cancer AGS cells by determining cell viability, DNA fragmentation, apoptotic indices (increases in cytochrome c and Bax, decrease in Bcl-2), ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activity, Ku70/80 levels, and Ku-DNA-binding activity of the cells treated with or without antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine and caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVED-fmk. As a result, β-carotene induced apoptosis (decrease in cell viability, increases in DNA fragmentation and apoptotic indices) and caspase-3 activation, but decreased Ku70/80 levels and Ku-DNA-binding activity. β-Carotene-induced alterations (increase in caspase-3 activity, decrease in Ku proteins) and apoptosis were inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine and z-DEVED-fmk. Increment of intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were suppressed by N-acetyl cysteine, but not by z-DEVED-fmk in β-carotene-treated cells. Therefore, β-carotene-induced increases in ROS and caspase-3 activity may lead to reduction of Ku70/80 levels, which results in apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Loss of Ku proteins might be the underlying mechanism for β-carotene-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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Xi G, Hayes E, Lewis R, Ichi S, Mania-Farnell B, Shim K, Takao T, Allender E, Mayanil CS, Tomita T. CD133 and DNA-PK regulate MDR1 via the PI3K- or Akt-NF-κB pathway in multidrug-resistant glioblastoma cells in vitro. Oncogene 2015; 35:241-50. [PMID: 25823028 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an adjuvant treatment for glioblastomas, however, chemotherapy remains palliative because of the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Following prolonged chemotherapy, MDR protein 1 (MDR1) and CD133 increase in recurrent glioblastomas. CD133 positive (CD133+) glioma cancer stem-like cells (GCSCs) markedly promote drug resistance and exhibit increased DNA damage repair capability; thus they have a key role in determining tumor chemosensitivity. Although CD133, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and MDR1 are elevated in CD133+ GCSCs, the relationship among these molecules has not been elucidated. In this study, MDR glioblastoma cell lines were created in response to prolonged doxorubicin chemotherapy. CD133, DNA-PK and MDR1 were markedly elevated in these cells. CD133 and DNA-PK may increase MDR1 via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signal pathway. PI3K downstream targets Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which interacts with the MDR1 promoter, were also elevated in these cells. Downregulation of CD133 and DNA-PK by small interfering RNA, or inhibition of PI3K or Akt, decreased Akt, NF-κB and MDR1 expression. The results indicate that CD133 and DNA-PK regulate MDR1 through the PI3K- or Akt-NF-κB signal pathway. Consequently, a novel chemotherapeutic regimen targeting CD133 and DNA-PK in combination with traditional protocols may increase chemotherapeutic efficacy and improve prognosis for individuals who present with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Falk Brain Tumor Center, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Hayes
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Lewis
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Ichi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Mania-Farnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN, USA
| | - K Shim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Takao
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Allender
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C S Mayanil
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Falk Brain Tumor Center, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Godoy TF, Moreira GCM, Boschiero C, Gheyas AA, Gasparin G, Paduan M, Andrade SCS, Montenegro H, Burt DW, Ledur MC, Coutinho LL. SNP and INDEL detection in a QTL region on chicken chromosome 2 associated with muscle deposition. Anim Genet 2015; 46:158-63. [PMID: 25690762 DOI: 10.1111/age.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic improvement is important for the poultry industry, contributing to increased efficiency of meat production and quality. Because breast muscle is the most valuable part of the chicken carcass, knowledge of polymorphisms influencing this trait can help breeding programs. Therefore, the complete genome of 18 chickens from two different experimental lines (broiler and layer) from EMBRAPA was sequenced, and SNPs and INDELs were detected in a QTL region for breast muscle deposition on chicken chromosome 2 between microsatellite markers MCW0185 and MCW0264 (105,849-112,649 kb). Initially, 94,674 unique SNPs and 10,448 unique INDELs were identified in the target region. After quality filtration, 77% of the SNPs (85,765) and 60% of the INDELs (7828) were retained. The studied region contains 66 genes, and functional annotation of the filtered variants identified 517 SNPs and three INDELs in exonic regions. Of these, 357 SNPs were classified as synonymous, 153 as non-synonymous, three as stopgain, four INDELs as frameshift and three INDELs as non-frameshift. These exonic mutations were identified in 37 of the 66 genes from the target region, three of which are related to muscle development (DTNA, RB1CC1 and MOS). Fifteen non-tolerated SNPs were detected in several genes (MEP1B, PRKDC, NSMAF, TRAPPC8, SDR16C5, CHD7, ST18 and RB1CC1). These loss-of-function and exonic variants present in genes related to muscle development can be considered candidate variants for further studies in chickens. Further association studies should be performed with these candidate mutations as should validation in commercial populations to allow a better explanation of QTL effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Godoy
- Departamento de Zootecnia, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13419-900, Brazil
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44
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Liu B, Liu M, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang P, Wang H, Li W, Wang Y. DICER-dependent biogenesis of let-7 miRNAs affects human cell response to DNA damage via targeting p21/p27. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1626-36. [PMID: 25578966 PMCID: PMC4330351 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was reported that knockdown of DICER reduced the ATM-dependent DNA damage response and homologous recombination repair (HRR) via decreasing DICER-generated small RNAs at the damage sites. However, we found that knockdown of DICER dramatically increased cell resistance to camptothecin that induced damage required ATM to facilitate HRR. This phenotype is due to a prolonged G1/S transition via decreasing DICER-dependent biogenesis of miRNA let-7, which increased the p21(Waf1/Cip1)/p27(Kip1) levels and resulted in decreasing the HRR efficiency. These results uncover a novel function of DICER in regulating the cell cycle through miRNA biogenesis, thus affecting cell response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiangming Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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The DNA-dependent protein kinase: A multifunctional protein kinase with roles in DNA double strand break repair and mitosis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 117:194-205. [PMID: 25550082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase composed of a large catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the Ku70/80 heterodimer. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in elucidating the role of DNA-PK in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), the major pathway for repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks in human cells and recently, additional roles for DNA-PK have been reported. In this review, we will describe the biochemistry, structure and function of DNA-PK, its roles in DNA double strand break repair and its newly described roles in mitosis and other cellular processes.
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Gustafsson AS, Abramenkovs A, Stenerlöw B. Suppression of DNA-dependent protein kinase sensitize cells to radiation without affecting DSB repair. Mutat Res 2014; 769:1-10. [PMID: 25771720 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and correct repair of DNA double-strand break (DSB) is critical for cell survival. Defects in the DNA repair may lead to cell death, genomic instability and development of cancer. The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is an essential component of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) which is the major DSB repair pathway in mammalian cells. In the present study, by using siRNA against DNA-PKcs in four human cell lines, we examined how low levels of DNA-PKcs affected cellular response to ionizing radiation. Decrease of DNA-PKcs levels by 80-95%, induced by siRNA treatment, lead to extreme radiosensitivity, similar to that seen in cells completely lacking DNA-PKcs and low levels of DNA-PKcs promoted cell accumulation in G2/M phase after irradiation and blocked progression of mitosis. Surprisingly, low levels of DNA-PKcs did not affect the repair capacity and the removal of 53BP1 or γ-H2AX foci and rejoining of DSB appeared normal. This was in strong contrast to cells completely lacking DNA-PKcs and cells treated with the DNA-PKcs inhibitor NU7441, in which DSB repair were severely compromised. This suggests that there are different mechanisms by which loss of DNA-PKcs functions can sensitize cells to ionizing radiation. Further, foci of phosphorylated DNA-PKcs (T2609 and S2056) co-localized with DSB and this was independent of the amount of DNA-PKcs but foci of DNA-PKcs was only seen in siRNA-treated cells. Our study emphasizes on the critical role of DNA-PKcs for maintaining survival after radiation exposure which is uncoupled from its essential function in DSB repair. This could have implications for the development of therapeutic strategies aiming to radiosensitize tumors by affecting the DNA-PKcs function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sofie Gustafsson
- Section of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andris Abramenkovs
- Section of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Stenerlöw
- Section of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wortmannin potentiates the combined effect of etoposide and cisplatin in human glioma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:423-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Abnormal cytoplasmic accumulation of Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) in neurons defines subtypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). FUS is a member of the FET protein family that includes Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) and TATA-binding protein-associated factor 2N (TAF15). FET proteins are predominantly localized to the nucleus, where they bind RNA and DNA to modulate transcription, mRNA splicing, and DNA repair. In ALS cases with FUS inclusions (ALS-FUS), mutations in the FUS gene cause disease, whereas FTLD cases with FUS inclusions (FTLD-FUS) do not harbor FUS mutations. Notably, in FTLD-FUS, all FET proteins accumulate with their nuclear import receptor Transportin 1 (TRN1), in contrast ALS-FUS inclusions are exclusively positive for FUS. In the present study, we show that induction of DNA damage replicates several pathologic hallmarks of FTLD-FUS in immortalized human cells and primary human neurons and astrocytes. Treatment with the antibiotic calicheamicin γ1, which causes DNA double-strand breaks, leads to the cytoplasmic accumulation of FUS, TAF15, EWS, and TRN1. Moreover, cytoplasmic translocation of FUS is mediated by phosphorylation of its N terminus by the DNA-dependent protein kinase. Finally, we observed elevated levels of phospho-H2AX in FTLD-FUS brains, indicating that DNA damage occurs in patients. Together, our data reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for FUS localization in cells and suggest that DNA damage may contribute to the accumulation of FET proteins observed in human FTLD-FUS cases, but not in ALS-FUS.
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The repair of environmentally relevant DNA double strand breaks caused by high linear energy transfer irradiation – No simple task. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Radhakrishnan SK, Jette N, Lees-Miller SP. Non-homologous end joining: emerging themes and unanswered questions. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:2-8. [PMID: 24582502 PMCID: PMC4084493 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the major pathway for the repair of ionizing radiation induced DNA double strand breaks in human cells. Here, we discuss current insights into the mechanism of NHEJ and the interplay between NHEJ and other pathways for repair of IR-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvan Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Nicholas Jette
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
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