1
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Rogers J, Bajur AT, Salaita K, Spillane KM. Mechanical control of antigen detection and discrimination by T and B cell receptors. Biophys J 2024:S0006-3495(24)00347-3. [PMID: 38794795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by just two cell types, T cells and B cells. Both cells possess the remarkable ability to recognize virtually any antigen through their respective antigen receptors-the T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR). Despite extensive investigations into the biochemical signaling events triggered by antigen recognition in these cells, our ability to predict or control the outcome of T and B cell activation remains elusive. This challenge is compounded by the sensitivity of T and B cells to the biophysical properties of antigens and the cells presenting them-a phenomenon we are just beginning to understand. Recent insights underscore the central role of mechanical forces in this process, governing the conformation, signaling activity, and spatial organization of TCRs and BCRs within the cell membrane, ultimately eliciting distinct cellular responses. Traditionally, T cells and B cells have been studied independently, with researchers working in parallel to decipher the mechanisms of activation. While these investigations have unveiled many overlaps in how these cell types sense and respond to antigens, notable differences exist. To fully grasp their biology and harness it for therapeutic purposes, these distinctions must be considered. This review compares and contrasts the TCR and BCR, placing emphasis on the role of mechanical force in regulating the activity of both receptors to shape cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhordan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna T Bajur
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Katelyn M Spillane
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Zhou FY, Yapp C, Shang Z, Daetwyler S, Marin Z, Islam MT, Nanes B, Jenkins E, Gihana GM, Chang BJ, Weems A, Dustin M, Morrison S, Fiolka R, Dean K, Jamieson A, Sorger PK, Danuser G. A general algorithm for consensus 3D cell segmentation from 2D segmented stacks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.03.592249. [PMID: 38766074 PMCID: PMC11100681 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.03.592249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Cell segmentation is the fundamental task. Only by segmenting, can we define the quantitative spatial unit for collecting measurements to draw biological conclusions. Deep learning has revolutionized 2D cell segmentation, enabling generalized solutions across cell types and imaging modalities. This has been driven by the ease of scaling up image acquisition, annotation and computation. However 3D cell segmentation, which requires dense annotation of 2D slices still poses significant challenges. Labelling every cell in every 2D slice is prohibitive. Moreover it is ambiguous, necessitating cross-referencing with other orthoviews. Lastly, there is limited ability to unambiguously record and visualize 1000's of annotated cells. Here we develop a theory and toolbox, u-Segment3D for 2D-to-3D segmentation, compatible with any 2D segmentation method. Given optimal 2D segmentations, u-Segment3D generates the optimal 3D segmentation without data training, as demonstrated on 11 real life datasets, >70,000 cells, spanning single cells, cell aggregates and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Y. Zhou
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhiguo Shang
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephan Daetwyler
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zach Marin
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Md Torikul Islam
- Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Nanes
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Edward Jenkins
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY UK
| | - Gabriel M. Gihana
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bo-Jui Chang
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Weems
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY UK
| | - Sean Morrison
- Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Reto Fiolka
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Dean
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Jamieson
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter K. Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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3
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Mai Z, Lin Y, Lin P, Zhao X, Cui L. Modulating extracellular matrix stiffness: a strategic approach to boost cancer immunotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:307. [PMID: 38693104 PMCID: PMC11063215 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and the tumor microenvironment is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in cancer progression and the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review comprehensively discusses the key factors regulating ECM remodeling, including the activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts and the accumulation and crosslinking of ECM proteins. Furthermore, it provides a detailed exploration of how ECM stiffness influences the behaviors of both tumor and immune cells. Significantly, the impact of ECM stiffness on the response to various immunotherapy strategies, such as immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, and therapeutic cancer vaccines, is thoroughly examined. The review also addresses the challenges in translating research findings into clinical practice, highlighting the need for more precise biomaterials that accurately mimic the ECM and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The insights offered aim to guide future research, with the potential to enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhao Mai
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Cui
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Kvalvaag A, Dustin ML. Clathrin controls bidirectional communication between T cells and antigen presenting cells. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300230. [PMID: 38412391 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In circulation, T cells are spherical with selectin enriched dynamic microvilli protruding from the surface. Following extravasation, these microvilli serve another role, continuously surveying their environment for antigen in the form of peptide-MHC (pMHC) expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Upon recognition of their cognate pMHC, the microvilli are initially stabilized and then flatten into F-actin dependent microclusters as the T cell spreads over the APC. Within 1-5 min, clathrin is recruited by the ESCRT-0 component Hrs to mediate release of T cell receptor (TCR) loaded vesicles directly from the plasma membrane by clathrin and ESCRT-mediated ectocytosis (CEME). After 5-10 min, Hrs is displaced by the endocytic clathrin adaptor epsin-1 to induce clathrin-mediated trans-endocytosis (CMTE) of TCR-pMHC conjugates. Here we discuss some of the functional properties of the clathrin machinery which enables it to control these topologically opposite modes of membrane transfer at the immunological synapse, and how this might be regulated during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun Kvalvaag
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Querol Cano L, Dunlock VME, Schwerdtfeger F, van Spriel AB. Membrane organization by tetraspanins and galectins shapes lymphocyte function. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:193-212. [PMID: 37758850 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Immune receptors are not randomly distributed at the plasma membrane of lymphocytes but are segregated into specialized domains that function as platforms to initiate signalling, as exemplified by the B cell or T cell receptor complex and the immunological synapse. 'Membrane-organizing proteins' and, in particular, tetraspanins and galectins, are crucial for controlling the spatiotemporal organization of immune receptors and other signalling proteins. Deficiencies in specific tetraspanins and galectins result in impaired immune synapse formation, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production and migration, which can lead to impaired immunity, tumour development and autoimmunity. In contrast to conventional ligand-receptor interactions, membrane organizers interact in cis (on the same cell) and modulate receptor clustering, receptor dynamics and intracellular signalling. New findings have uncovered their complex and dynamic nature, revealing shared binding partners and collaborative activity in determining the composition of membrane domains. Therefore, immune receptors should not be envisaged as independent entities and instead should be studied in the context of their spatial organization in the lymphocyte membrane. We advocate for a novel approach to study lymphocyte function by globally analysing the role of membrane organizers in the assembly of different membrane complexes and discuss opportunities to develop therapeutic approaches that act via the modulation of membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Querol Cano
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera-Marie E Dunlock
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fabian Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Sengupta K, Dillard P, Limozin L. Morphodynamics of T-lymphocytes: Scanning to spreading. Biophys J 2024:S0006-3495(24)00157-7. [PMID: 38425041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Binding of the T cell receptor complex to its ligand, the subsequent molecular rearrangement, and the concomitant cell-scale shape changes represent the very first steps of adaptive immune recognition. The first minutes of the interaction of T cells and antigen presenting cells have been extensively scrutinized; yet, gaps remain in our understanding of how the biophysical properties of the environment may impact the sequence of events. In particular, many pioneering experiments were done on immobilized ligands and gave major insights into the process of T cell activation, whereas later experiments have indicated that ligand mobility was of paramount importance, especially to enable the formation of T cell receptor clusters. Systematic experiments to compare and reconcile the two schools are still lacking. Furthermore, recent investigations using compliant substrates have elucidated other intriguing aspects of T cell mechanics. Here we review experiments on interaction of T cells with planar artificial antigen presenting cells to explore the impact of mechanics on adhesion and actin morphodynamics during the spreading process. We enumerate a sequence tracing first contact to final spread state that is consistent with current understanding. Finally, we interpret the presented experimental results in light of a mechanical model that captures all the different morphodynamic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheya Sengupta
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINAM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINAM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Limozin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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7
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Lee M, Jeong H, Lee C, Lee MJ, Delmo BR, Heo WD, Shin JH, Park Y. High-resolution assessment of multidimensional cellular mechanics using label-free refractive-index traction force microscopy. Commun Biol 2024; 7:115. [PMID: 38245624 PMCID: PMC10799850 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A critical requirement for studying cell mechanics is three-dimensional assessment of cellular shapes and forces with high spatiotemporal resolution. Traction force microscopy with fluorescence imaging enables the measurement of cellular forces, but it is limited by photobleaching and a slow acquisition speed. Here, we present refractive-index traction force microscopy (RI-TFM), which simultaneously quantifies the volumetric morphology and traction force of cells using a high-speed illumination scheme with 0.5-Hz temporal resolution. Without labelling, our method enables quantitative analyses of dry-mass distributions and shear (in-plane) and normal (out-of-plane) tractions of single cells on the extracellular matrix. When combined with a constrained total variation-based deconvolution algorithm, it provides 0.55-Pa shear and 1.59-Pa normal traction sensitivity for a 1-kPa hydrogel substrate. We demonstrate its utility by assessing the effects of compromised intracellular stress and capturing the rapid dynamics of cellular junction formation in the spatiotemporal changes in non-planar traction components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moosung Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies, Universität Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hyuntae Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Chaeyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Mahn Jae Lee
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Benedict Reve Delmo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury (KIB), KAIST, Jaejeo, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Jennifer H Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - YongKeun Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Tomocube Inc., Daejeon, 34109, South Korea.
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8
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Ruiz-Navarro J, Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Extracellular vesicles and microvilli in the immune synapse. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1324557. [PMID: 38268920 PMCID: PMC10806406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1324557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) binding to cognate antigen on the plasma membrane of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) triggers the immune synapse (IS) formation. The IS constitutes a dedicated contact region between different cells that comprises a signaling platform where several cues evoked by TCR and accessory molecules are integrated, ultimately leading to an effective TCR signal transmission that guarantees intercellular message communication. This eventually leads to T lymphocyte activation and the efficient execution of different T lymphocyte effector tasks, including cytotoxicity and subsequent target cell death. Recent evidence demonstrates that the transmission of information between immune cells forming synapses is produced, to a significant extent, by the generation and secretion of distinct extracellular vesicles (EV) from both the effector T lymphocyte and the APC. These EV carry biologically active molecules that transfer cues among immune cells leading to a broad range of biological responses in the recipient cells. Included among these bioactive molecules are regulatory miRNAs, pro-apoptotic molecules implicated in target cell apoptosis, or molecules triggering cell activation. In this study we deal with the different EV classes detected at the IS, placing emphasis on the most recent findings on microvilli/lamellipodium-produced EV. The signals leading to polarized secretion of EV at the synaptic cleft will be discussed, showing that the IS architecture fulfills a fundamental task during this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ruiz-Navarro
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Wang Y, Sun Z, Ping J, Tang J, He B, Chang T, Zhou Q, Yuan S, Tang Z, Li X, Lu Y, He R, He X, Liu Z, Yin L, Wu N. Cell volume controlled by LRRC8A-formed volume-regulated anion channels fine-tunes T cell activation and function. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7075. [PMID: 37925509 PMCID: PMC10625614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis drives the cell volume increase during T cell activation. However, the contribution of cell volume regulation in TCR signaling during T lymphoblast formation and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that cell volume regulation is required for optimal T cell activation. Inhibition of VRACs (volume-regulated anion channels) and deletion of leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A (LRRC8A) channel components impair T cell activation and function, particularly under weak TCR stimulation. Additionally, LRRC8A has distinct influences on mRNA transcriptional profiles, indicating the prominent effects of cell volume regulation for T cell functions. Moreover, cell volume regulation via LRRC8A controls T cell-mediated antiviral immunity and shapes the TCR repertoire in the thymus. Mechanistically, LRRC8A governs stringent cell volume increase via regulated volume decrease (RVD) during T cell blast formation to keep the TCR signaling molecules at an adequate density. Together, our results show a further layer of T cell activation regulation that LRRC8A functions as a cell volume controlling "valve" to facilitate T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuman Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaiqiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jieming Ping
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianlong Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Boxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Teding Chang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijie Yuan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ximiao He
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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10
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Hui E. Cis Interactions of Membrane Receptors and Ligands. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:391-408. [PMID: 37339682 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120420-103941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical for the development and function of multicellular organisms. A crucial means by which cells communicate with one another is physical interactions between receptors on one cell and their ligands on a neighboring cell. Trans ligand:receptor interactions activate the receptor, ultimately leading to changes in the fate of the receptor-expressing cells. Such trans signaling is known to be critical for the functions of cells in the nervous and immune systems, among others. Historically, trans interactions are the primary conceptual framework for understanding cell-cell communication. However, cells often coexpress many receptors and ligands, and a subset of these has been reported to interact in cis and profoundly impact cell functions. Cis interactions likely constitute a fundamental, understudied regulatory mechanism in cell biology. Here, I discuss how cis interactions between membrane receptors and ligands regulate immune cell functions, and I also highlight outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Hui
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
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11
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Dustin ML. Recent advances in understanding TCR signaling: a synaptic perspective. Fac Rev 2023; 12:25. [PMID: 37900153 PMCID: PMC10608137 DOI: 10.12703/r/12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor is a multi-subunit complex that carries out a range of recognition tasks for multiple lymphocyte types and translates recognition into signals that regulate survival, growth, differentiation, and effector functions for innate and adaptive host defense. Recent advances include the cryo-electron microscopy-based structure of the extracellular and transmembrane components of the complex, new information about coupling to intracellular partners, lateral associations in the membrane that all add to our picture of the T cell signaling machinery, and how signal termination relates to effector function. This review endeavors to integrate structural and biochemical information through the lens of the immunological synapse- the critical interface with the antigen-presenting cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Gardeazabal Rodriguez PF, Lilach Y, Ambegaonkar A, Vitali T, Jafri H, Sohn HW, Dalva M, Pierce S, Chung I. MAxSIM: multi-angle-crossing structured illumination microscopy with height-controlled mirror for 3D topological mapping of live cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1034. [PMID: 37828050 PMCID: PMC10570291 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mapping 3D plasma membrane topology in live cells can bring unprecedented insights into cell biology. Widefield-based super-resolution methods such as 3D-structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) can achieve twice the axial ( ~ 300 nm) and lateral ( ~ 100 nm) resolution of widefield microscopy in real time in live cells. However, twice-resolution enhancement cannot sufficiently visualize nanoscale fine structures of the plasma membrane. Axial interferometry methods including fluorescence light interference contrast microscopy and its derivatives (e.g., scanning angle interference microscopy) can determine nanoscale axial locations of proteins on and near the plasma membrane. Thus, by combining super-resolution lateral imaging of 2D-SIM with axial interferometry, we developed multi-angle-crossing structured illumination microscopy (MAxSIM) to generate multiple incident angles by fast, optoelectronic creation of diffraction patterns. Axial localization accuracy can be enhanced by placing cells on a bottom glass substrate, locating a custom height-controlled mirror (HCM) at a fixed axial position above the glass substrate, and optimizing the height reconstruction algorithm for noisy experimental data. The HCM also enables imaging of both the apical and basal surfaces of a cell. MAxSIM with HCM offers high-fidelity nanoscale 3D topological mapping of cell plasma membranes with near-real-time ( ~ 0.5 Hz) imaging of live cells and 3D single-molecule tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yigal Lilach
- Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Abhijit Ambegaonkar
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Teresa Vitali
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haani Jafri
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hae Won Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Dalva
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Susan Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Inhee Chung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, GW School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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13
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Craig EW, Black EC, Goo CE, Swearer AA, Yee NG, Rasmussen JP. Dendritic atoh1a+ cells serve as transient intermediates during zebrafish Merkel cell development and regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557830. [PMID: 37745341 PMCID: PMC10515958 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sensory cells often adopt specific morphologies that aid in the detection of external stimuli. Merkel cells encode gentle touch stimuli in vertebrate skin and adopt a reproducible shape characterized by spiky, actin-rich microvilli that emanate from the cell surface. The mechanism by which Merkel cells acquire this stereotyped morphology from basal keratinocyte progenitors is unknown. Here, we establish that dendritic Merkel cells (dMCs) express atonal homolog 1a (atoh1a), extend dynamic filopodial processes, and arise in transient waves during zebrafish skin development and regeneration. We find that dMCs share molecular similarities with both basal keratinocytes and Merkel cells, yet display mesenchymal-like behaviors, including local cell motility and proliferation within the epidermis. Furthermore, dMCs can directly adopt the mature, microvilliated Merkel cell morphology through substantial remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Loss of Ectodysplasin A signaling alters the morphology of dMCs and Merkel cells within specific skin regions. Our results show that dMCs represent an intermediate state in the Merkel cell maturation program and identify Ectodysplasin A signaling as a key regulator of Merkel cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W. Craig
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik C. Black
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Camille E.A. Goo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Avery Angell Swearer
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel G. Yee
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Manca F, Eich G, N'Dao O, Normand L, Sengupta K, Limozin L, Puech PH. Probing mechanical interaction of immune receptors and cytoskeleton by membrane nanotube extraction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15652. [PMID: 37730849 PMCID: PMC10511455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of force application in immune cell recognition is now well established, the force being transmitted between the actin cytoskeleton to the anchoring ligands through receptors such as integrins. In this chain, the mechanics of the cytoskeleton to receptor link, though clearly crucial, remains poorly understood. To probe this link, we combine mechanical extraction of membrane tubes from T cells using optical tweezers, and fitting of the resulting force curves with a viscoelastic model taking into account the cell and relevant molecules. We solicit this link using four different antibodies against various membrane bound receptors: antiCD3 to target the T Cell Receptor (TCR) complex, antiCD45 for the long sugar CD45, and two clones of antiCD11 targeting open or closed conformation of LFA1 integrins. Upon disruption of the cytoskeleton, the stiffness of the link changes for two of the receptors, exposing the existence of a receptor to cytoskeleton link-namely TCR-complex and open LFA1, and does not change for the other two where a weaker link was expected. Our integrated approach allows us to probe, for the first time, the mechanics of the intracellular receptor-cytoskeleton link in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Manca
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Gautier Eich
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Omar N'Dao
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Lucie Normand
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurent Limozin
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
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15
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Xiong Y, Libby KA, Su X. The physical landscape of CAR-T synapse. Biophys J 2023:S0006-3495(23)00581-7. [PMID: 37715447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells form dynamic immunological synapses with their cancer cell targets. After a CAR-antigen engagement, the CAR-T synapse forms, matures, and finally disassembles, accompanied by substantial remodeling of cell surface proteins, lipids, and glycans. In this review, we provide perspectives for understanding protein distribution, membrane topology, and force transmission across the CAR-T synapse. We highlight the features of CAR-T synapses that differ from T cell receptor synapses, including the disorganized protein pattern, adjustable synapse width, diverse mechano-responding properties, and resulting signaling consequences. Through a range of examples, we illustrate how revealing the biophysical nature of the CAR-T synapse could guide the design of CAR-Ts with improved anti-tumor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kendra A Libby
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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16
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Abstract
T cell activation is initiated by the recognition of specific antigenic peptides and subsequently accomplished by complex signaling cascades. These aspects have been extensively studied for decades as pivotal factors in the establishment of adaptive immunity. However, how receptors or signaling molecules are organized in the resting state prior to encountering antigens has received less attention. Recent advancements in super-resolution microscopy techniques have revealed topographically controlled pre-formed organization of key molecules involved in antigen recognition and signal transduction on microvillar projections of T cells before activation and substantial effort has been dedicated to characterizing the topological structure of resting T cells over the past decade. This review will summarize our current understanding of how key surface receptors are pre-organized on the T-cell plasma membrane and discuss the potential role of these receptors, which are preassembled prior to ligand binding in the early activation events of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Jung
- Department of Nano-Biomedical Engineering, Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Barr VA, Piao J, Balagopalan L, McIntire KM, Schoenberg FP, Samelson LE. Heterogeneity of Signaling Complex Nanostructure in T Cells Activated Via the T Cell Antigen Receptor. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1503-1522. [PMID: 37488826 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a key step in initiating the adaptive immune response. Single-molecule localization techniques have been used to investigate the arrangement of proteins within the signaling complexes formed around activated TCRs, but a clear picture of nanoscale organization in stimulated T cells has not emerged. Here, we have improved the examination of T cell nanostructure by visualizing individual molecules of six different proteins in a single sample of activated Jurkat T cells using the multiplexed antibody-size limited direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (madSTORM) technique. We formally define irregularly shaped regions of interest, compare areas where signaling complexes are concentrated with other areas, and improve the statistical analyses of the locations of molecules. We show that nanoscale organization of proteins is mainly confined to the areas with dense concentrations of TCR-based signaling complexes. However, randomly distributed molecules are also found in some areas containing concentrated signaling complexes. These results are consistent with the view that the proteins within signaling complexes are connected by numerous weak interactions, leading to flexible, dynamic, and mutable structures which produce large variations in the nanostructure found in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarie A Barr
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Building 37 Room 2066, 37 Convent Drive, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Juan Piao
- Department of Statistics, University of California at Los Angeles, 8965 Math Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1554, USA
| | - Lakshmi Balagopalan
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Building 37 Room 2066, 37 Convent Drive, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Katherine M McIntire
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Building 37 Room 2066, 37 Convent Drive, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Frederic P Schoenberg
- Department of Statistics, University of California at Los Angeles, 8965 Math Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1554, USA
| | - Lawrence E Samelson
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Building 37 Room 2066, 37 Convent Drive, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA
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18
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Zhao Y, Caron C, Chan YY, Lee CK, Xu X, Zhang J, Masubuchi T, Wu C, Bui JD, Hui E. cis-B7:CD28 interactions at invaginated synaptic membranes provide CD28 co-stimulation and promote CD8 + T cell function and anti-tumor immunity. Immunity 2023; 56:1187-1203.e12. [PMID: 37160118 PMCID: PMC10330546 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
B7 ligands (CD80 and CD86), expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), activate the main co-stimulatory receptor CD28 on T cells in trans. However, in peripheral tissues, APCs expressing B7 ligands are relatively scarce. This raises the questions of whether and how CD28 co-stimulation occurs in peripheral tissues. Here, we report that CD8+ T cells displayed B7 ligands that interacted with CD28 in cis at membrane invaginations of the immunological synapse as a result of membrane remodeling driven by phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and sorting-nexin-9 (SNX9). cis-B7:CD28 interactions triggered CD28 signaling through protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) and promoted CD8+ T cell survival, migration, and cytokine production. In mouse tumor models, loss of T cell-intrinsic cis-B7:CD28 interactions decreased intratumoral T cells and accelerated tumor growth. Thus, B7 ligands on CD8+ T cells can evoke cell-autonomous CD28 co-stimulation in cis in peripheral tissues, suggesting cis-signaling as a general mechanism for boosting T cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Christine Caron
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ya-Yuan Chan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Calvin K Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaozheng Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jibin Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Takeya Masubuchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Enfu Hui
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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19
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Rochussen AM, Lippert AH, Griffiths GM. Imaging the T-cell receptor: new approaches, new insights. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102309. [PMID: 37011462 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
T cells recognize pathogenic antigens via the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). This protein complex binds to antigen fragments on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. To understand how cellular activation can ensue rapidly from molecular recognition, the localization and distribution of the TCR on the surface of the resting T cell are of particular importance. Conflicting results regarding TCR distribution have emerged from recent studies using a range of imaging techniques, including total internal reflection and single-molecule localization microscopy modalities. Here, we review the differing results and the potential biases inherent in differing imaging approaches. In addition, we review studies showing the impact of differing imaging surfaces on T-cell activation.
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20
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Park JS, Chung IJ, Kim HR, Jun CD. The Immunosuppressive Potential of Cholesterol Sulfate Through T Cell Microvilli Disruption. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e29. [PMID: 37416932 PMCID: PMC10320417 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol (CL) is required for various biomolecular production processes, including those of cell membrane components. Therefore, to meet these needs, CL is converted into various derivatives. Among these derivatives is cholesterol sulfate (CS), a naturally produced CL derivative by the sulfotransferase family 2B1 (SULT2B1), which is widely present in human plasma. CS is involved in cell membrane stabilization, blood clotting, keratinocyte differentiation, and TCR nanocluster deformation. This study shows that treatment of T cells with CS resulted in the decreased surface expression of some surface T-cell proteins and reduced IL-2 release. Furthermore, T cells treated with CS significantly reduced lipid raft contents and membrane CLs. Surprisingly, using the electron microscope, we also observed that CS led to the disruption of T-cell microvilli, releasing small microvilli particles containing TCRs and other microvillar proteins. However, in vivo, T cells with CS showed aberrant migration to high endothelial venules and limited infiltrating splenic T-cell zones compared with the untreated T cells. Additionally, we observed significant alleviation of atopic dermatitis in mice injected with CS in the animal model. Based on these results, we conclude that CS is an immunosuppressive natural lipid that impairs TCR signaling by disrupting microvillar function in T cells, suggesting its usefulness as a therapeutic agent for alleviating T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity and a potential target for treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
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21
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Park JS, Kim JH, Soh WC, Kim NY, Lee KS, Kim CH, Chung IJ, Lee S, Kim HR, Jun CD. Trogocytic molting of T cell microvilli upregulates T cell receptor surface expression and promotes clonal expansion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2980. [PMID: 37221214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although T cell activation is known to involve the internalization of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), much less is known regarding the release of TCRs following T cell interaction with cognate antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we examine the physiological mechanisms underlying TCR release following T cell activation. We show that T cell activation results in the shedding of TCRs in T cell microvilli, which involves a combined process of trogocytosis and enzymatic vesiculation, leading to the loss of membrane TCRs and microvilli-associated proteins and lipids. Surprisingly, unlike TCR internalization, this event results in the rapid upregulation of surface TCR expression and metabolic reprogramming of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis to support cell division and survival. These results demonstrate that TCRs are lost through trogocytic 'molting' following T cell activation and highlight this mechanism as an important regulator of clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chang Soh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sik Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjae Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Pettmann J, Awada L, Różycki B, Huhn A, Faour S, Kutuzov M, Limozin L, Weikl TR, van der Merwe PA, Robert P, Dushek O. Mechanical forces impair antigen discrimination by reducing differences in T-cell receptor/peptide-MHC off-rates. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111841. [PMID: 36484367 PMCID: PMC10068313 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells use their T-cell receptors (TCRs) to discriminate between lower-affinity self and higher-affinity foreign peptide major-histocompatibility-complexes (pMHCs) based on the TCR/pMHC off-rate. It is now appreciated that T cells generate mechanical forces during this process but how force impacts the TCR/pMHC off-rate remains debated. Here, we measured the effect of mechanical force on the off-rate of multiple TCR/pMHC interactions. Unexpectedly, we found that lower-affinity TCR/pMHCs with faster solution off-rates were more resistant to mechanical force (weak slip or catch bonds) than higher-affinity interactions (strong slip bonds). This was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Consistent with these findings, we show that the best-characterized catch bond, involving the OT-I TCR, has a low affinity and an exceptionally fast solution off-rate. Our findings imply that reducing forces on the TCR/pMHC interaction improves antigen discrimination, and we suggest a role for the adhesion receptors CD2 and LFA-1 in force-shielding the TCR/pMHC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lama Awada
- Laboratoire Adhesion et InflammationAix Marseille University UM 61, INSERM UMRS 1067, CNRS UMR 7333MarseilleFrance
| | | | - Anna Huhn
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sara Faour
- Laboratoire Adhesion et InflammationAix Marseille University UM 61, INSERM UMRS 1067, CNRS UMR 7333MarseilleFrance
| | - Mikhail Kutuzov
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Laurent Limozin
- Laboratoire Adhesion et InflammationAix Marseille University UM 61, INSERM UMRS 1067, CNRS UMR 7333MarseilleFrance
| | - Thomas R Weikl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Philippe Robert
- Laboratoire Adhesion et InflammationAix Marseille University UM 61, INSERM UMRS 1067, CNRS UMR 7333MarseilleFrance
- Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseilleFrance
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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23
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Zheng X, Hou Z, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Cui Q, Wang X, Shen Y, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Fu B, Sun R, Tian Z, Huang G, Wei H. Tumors evade immune cytotoxicity by altering the surface topology of NK cells. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:802-813. [PMID: 36959292 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The highly variable response rates to immunotherapies underscore our limited knowledge about how tumors can manipulate immune cells. Here the membrane topology of natural killer (NK) cells from patients with liver cancer showed that intratumoral NK cells have fewer membrane protrusions compared with liver NK cells outside tumors and with peripheral NK cells. Dysregulation of these protrusions prevented intratumoral NK cells from recognizing tumor cells, from forming lytic immunological synapses and from killing tumor cells. The membranes of intratumoral NK cells have altered sphingomyelin (SM) content and dysregulated serine metabolism in tumors contributed to the decrease in SM levels of intratumoral NK cells. Inhibition of SM biosynthesis in peripheral NK cells phenocopied the disrupted membrane topology and cytotoxicity of the intratumoral NK cells. Targeting sphingomyelinase confers powerful antitumor efficacy, both as a monotherapy and as a combination therapy with checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhuanghao Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yeben Qian
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Quanwei Cui
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuben Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yiqing Shen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenbang Liu
- Core Facility Center for Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Binqing Fu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Research Unit Of NK Cells, Chinese Academy Of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - Guangming Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Haiming Wei
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Research Unit Of NK Cells, Chinese Academy Of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China.
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24
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Jenkins E, Körbel M, O'Brien-Ball C, McColl J, Chen KY, Kotowski M, Humphrey J, Lippert AH, Brouwer H, Santos AM, Lee SF, Davis SJ, Klenerman D. Antigen discrimination by T cells relies on size-constrained microvillar contact. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1611. [PMID: 36959206 PMCID: PMC10036606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells use finger-like protrusions called 'microvilli' to interrogate their targets, but why they do so is unknown. To form contacts, T cells must overcome the highly charged, barrier-like layer of large molecules forming a target cell's glycocalyx. Here, T cells are observed to use microvilli to breach a model glycocalyx barrier, forming numerous small (<0.5 μm diameter) contacts each of which is stabilized by the small adhesive protein CD2 expressed by the T cell, and excludes large proteins including CD45, allowing sensitive, antigen dependent TCR signaling. In the absence of the glycocalyx or when microvillar contact-size is increased by enhancing CD2 expression, strong signaling occurs that is no longer antigen dependent. Our observations suggest that, modulated by the opposing effects of the target cell glycocalyx and small adhesive proteins, the use of microvilli equips T cells with the ability to effect discriminatory receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jenkins
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Markus Körbel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Caitlin O'Brien-Ball
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - James McColl
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kevin Y Chen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Mateusz Kotowski
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jane Humphrey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anna H Lippert
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Heather Brouwer
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - David Klenerman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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25
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Jiang H, Wang S. Immune cells use active tugging forces to distinguish affinity and accelerate evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213067120. [PMID: 36897986 PMCID: PMC10089171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213067120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are known to exert forces to sense their physical surroundings for guidance of motion and fate decisions. Here, we propose that cells might do mechanical work to drive their own evolution, taking inspiration from the adaptive immune system. Growing evidence indicates that immune B cells-capable of rapid Darwinian evolution-use cytoskeletal forces to actively extract antigens from other cells' surfaces. To elucidate the evolutionary significance of force usage, we develop a theory of tug-of-war antigen extraction that maps receptor binding characteristics to clonal reproductive fitness, revealing physical determinants of selection strength. This framework unifies mechanosensing and affinity-discrimination capabilities of evolving cells: Pulling against stiff antigen tethers enhances discrimination stringency at the expense of absolute extraction. As a consequence, active force usage can accelerate adaptation but may also cause extinction of cell populations, resulting in an optimal range of pulling strength that matches molecular rupture forces observed in cells. Our work suggests that nonequilibrium, physical extraction of environmental signals can make biological systems more evolvable at a moderate energy cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Shenshen Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
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26
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Kvalvaag A, Valvo S, Céspedes PF, Saliba DG, Kurz E, Korobchevskaya K, Dustin ML. Clathrin mediates both internalization and vesicular release of triggered T cell receptor at the immunological synapse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211368120. [PMID: 36730202 PMCID: PMC9963302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211368120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligation of T cell receptor (TCR) to peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes initiates signaling leading to T cell activation and TCR ubiquitination. Ubiquitinated TCR is then either internalized by the T cell or released toward the antigen-presenting cell (APC) in extracellular vesicles. How these distinct fates are orchestrated is unknown. Here, we show that clathrin is first recruited to TCR microclusters by HRS and STAM2 to initiate release of TCR in extracellular vesicles through clathrin- and ESCRT-mediated ectocytosis directly from the plasma membrane. Subsequently, EPN1 recruits clathrin to remaining TCR microclusters to enable trans-endocytosis of pMHC-TCR conjugates from the APC. With these results, we demonstrate how clathrin governs bidirectional membrane exchange at the immunological synapse through two topologically opposite processes coordinated by the sequential recruitment of ecto- and endocytic adaptors. This provides a scaffold for direct two-way communication between T cells and APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun Kvalvaag
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo0379, Norway
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
| | - Pablo F Céspedes
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
| | - David G Saliba
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Malta, MsidaMSD 2080, Malta
| | - Elke Kurz
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
| | - Kseniya Korobchevskaya
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7FY, UK
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27
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Huang A, Adler J, Parmryd I. Optimised generalized polarisation analysis of C-laurdan reveals clear order differences between T cell membrane compartments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184094. [PMID: 36379264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterogenous packing of plasma membrane lipids is important for cellular processes like signalling, adhesion and sorting of membrane components. Solvatochromic membrane fluorophores that respond to changes from liquid-ordered (lo) phase to liquid-disordered (ld) by red shifts in their emission spectra are often used to assess lipid packing. Their response can be quantified using generalized polarisation (GP) using fluorescence microscopy images from two emission ranges, preferably from a region of interest (ROI) limited to a specific membrane compartment. However, image quality is limited by Poisson noise and convolution by the point spread function of the imaging system. Examining GP-analysis of C-laurdan labelled T cells using the image restoration procedure deconvolution, we demonstrate that deconvolution substantially improves the image resolution by making the plasma membrane clearly discernible and facilitating plasma membrane ROI selection. We conclude that automatic ROI selection has advantages over manual ROI selection when it comes to reproducibility and speed, but reliable GP-measurements can also be obtained by manually demarcated ROIs. We find that deconvolution enhances the difference in GP-values between the plasma and intracellular membranes and demonstrate that moving an intensity defined plasma membrane ROI outwards from the cell further improves this differentiation. By systematically changing the key deconvolution regularization parameter signal to noise, we establish a protocol for deconvolution optimisation applicable to any solvatochromic dye and imaging system. The image processing and ROI selection protocol presented improves both the resolution and precision of GP-measurement and will enable detection of smaller changes in membrane order than is currently achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley Huang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Adler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingela Parmryd
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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28
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Kim HR, Park JS, Soh WC, Kim NY, Moon HY, Lee JS, Jun CD. T Cell Microvilli: Finger-Shaped External Structures Linked to the Fate of T Cells. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e3. [PMID: 36911802 PMCID: PMC9995986 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvilli are outer membrane organelles that contain cross-linked filamentous actin. Unlike well-characterized epithelial microvilli, T-cell microvilli are dynamic similar to those of filopodia, which grow and shrink intermittently via the alternate actin-assembly and -disassembly. T-cell microvilli are specialized for sensing Ags on the surface of Ag-presenting cells (APCs). Thus, these finger-shaped microprotrusions contain many signaling-related proteins and can serve as a signaling platforms that induce intracellular signals. However, they are not limited to sensing external information but can provide sites for parts of the cell-body to tear away from the cell. Cells are known to produce many types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, microvesicles, and membrane particles. T cells also produce EVs, but little is known about under what conditions T cells generate EVs and which types of EVs are released. We discovered that T cells produce few exosomes but release large amounsts of microvilli-derived particles during physical interaction with APCs. Although much is unanswered as to why T cells use the same organelles to sense Ags or to produce EVs, these events can significantly affect T cell fate, including clonal expansion and death. Since TCRs are localized at microvilli tips, this membrane event also raises a new question regarding long-standing paradigm in T cell biology; i.e., surface TCR downmodulation following T cell activation. Since T-cell microvilli particles carry T-cell message to their cognate partner, these particles are termed T-cell immunological synaptosomes (TISs). We discuss the potential physiological role of TISs and their application to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Won-Chang Soh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Na-Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyun-Yoong Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
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29
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Understanding How Cells Probe the World: A Preliminary Step towards Modeling Cell Behavior? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032266. [PMID: 36768586 PMCID: PMC9916635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell biologists have long aimed at quantitatively modeling cell function. Recently, the outstanding progress of high-throughput measurement methods and data processing tools has made this a realistic goal. The aim of this paper is twofold: First, to suggest that, while much progress has been done in modeling cell states and transitions, current accounts of environmental cues driving these transitions remain insufficient. There is a need to provide an integrated view of the biochemical, topographical and mechanical information processed by cells to take decisions. It might be rewarding in the near future to try to connect cell environmental cues to physiologically relevant outcomes rather than modeling relationships between these cues and internal signaling networks. The second aim of this paper is to review exogenous signals that are sensed by living cells and significantly influence fate decisions. Indeed, in addition to the composition of the surrounding medium, cells are highly sensitive to the properties of neighboring surfaces, including the spatial organization of anchored molecules and substrate mechanical and topographical properties. These properties should thus be included in models of cell behavior. It is also suggested that attempts at cell modeling could strongly benefit from two research lines: (i) trying to decipher the way cells encode the information they retrieve from environment analysis, and (ii) developing more standardized means of assessing the quality of proposed models, as was done in other research domains such as protein structure prediction.
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30
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Qin R, An C, Chen W. Physical-Chemical Regulation of Membrane Receptors Dynamics in Viral Invasion and Immune Defense. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167800. [PMID: 36007627 PMCID: PMC9394170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues dynamically regulate membrane receptors functions to trigger various physiological and pathological processes from viral invasion to immune defense. These cues mainly include various types of dynamic mechanical forces and the spatial confinement of plasma membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms of how they couple with biochemical cues in regulating membrane receptors functions still remain mysterious. Here, we review recent advances in methodologies of single-molecule biomechanical techniques and in novel biomechanical regulatory mechanisms of critical ligand recognition of viral and immune receptors including SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, T cell receptor (TCR) and other co-stimulatory immune receptors. Furthermore, we provide our perspectives of the general principle of how force-dependent kinetics determine the dynamic functions of membrane receptors and of biomechanical-mechanism-driven SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody design and TCR engineering for T-cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenyi An
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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31
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Li L, Ji J, Song F, Hu J. Intercellular Receptor-ligand Binding: Effect of Protein-membrane Interaction. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167787. [PMID: 35952805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insights into the intercellular receptor-ligand binding is of great importance for understanding numerous physiological and pathological processes, and stimulating new strategies in drug design and discovery. In contrast to the in vitro protein interaction in solution, the anchored receptor and ligand molecules interact with membrane in situ, which affects the intercellular receptor-ligand binding. Here, we review theoretical, simulation and experimental works regarding the regulatory effects of protein-membrane interactions on intercellular receptor-ligand binding mainly from the following aspects: membrane fluctuations, membrane curvature, glycocalyx, and lipid raft. In addition, we discuss biomedical significances and possible research directions to advance the field and highlight the importance of understanding of coupling effects of these factors in pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China.
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32
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Kim HR, Park JS, Kim NY, Jun CD. T Cell Immunological Synaptosomes: Definition and Isolation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:201-215. [PMID: 37106184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In addition to microvilli's role as structural scaffold for TCR clustering, we recently discovered a novel function as message senders. We found that microvilli are separated from the T cell body shortly upon TCR stimulation and vesiculated to form T cell microvilli particles (TMPs), a new type of membrane vesicles. TMPs and synaptic ectosomes, which bud from the synaptic cleft, constitute "T cell immunological synaptosomes (TISs)" and act as conveyors of T cell messages or traits to cognate antigen-presenting cells. In practice, it is almost impossible to distinguish between TMPs and synaptic ectosomes. Here, we describe a newly developed protocol to isolate TISs from activated T cells using antibody-immobilized agarose beads and density gradient ultracentrifugation. We further describe the methods for TIS quantification with flow cytometry and to evaluate TIS efficacy on dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Immuno-oncology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Na-Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.
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33
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Ghasempour S, Freeman SA. The glycocalyx and immune evasion in cancer. FEBS J 2023; 290:55-65. [PMID: 34665926 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to establish malignant lesions, tumors must first evade their detection by immune cells. Tumors achieve this by embellishing and tailoring their glycocalyx, a network of polysaccharides and glycosylated proteins that refracts the phagocytic efforts of myeloid cells, shrouds neoantigens and other ligands from cells of the acquired immune system, and skews immune responses. The barriers imposed by the glycocalyx are biophysical and also linked to the inhibitory receptor signaling pathways of immune cells that engage tumor sialic acids as markers of healthy "self". This would explain the pressure for cancers to upregulate the synthases, transmembrane mucins, and other heavily sialylated glycoproteins involved in establishing a repulsive glycocalyx. Accordingly, individual tumor cells that are best capable of constructing a shielding glycocalyx on their surface show higher metastatic potential in immunocompetent mice. Reciprocally, therapeutics have recently been devised to edit and dismantle the glycocalyx barrier in an effort to invigorate an immune response aimed at tumor destruction. We discuss the features of the tumor-associated glycocalyx that afford immune evasion of cancers and how strategies that target this barrier may potentiate antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ghasempour
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada
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34
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Cai E. Dynamics of Immune Cell Microvilli. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:217-229. [PMID: 37106185 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microvilli are actin-based microscopic membrane protrusions that are present in a wide variety of immune cells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the T cell surface is covered by microvilli. Growing evidence shows that microvilli play important roles in T cell antigen detection and signal transduction. T cell microvilli are highly dynamic and constantly scan and palpate the opposing antigen-presenting cell (APC) surface in search of antigens. Visualizing the rapid movement of microvilli that are only hundreds of nanometers in size requires imaging technologies with high spatial and temporal resolution. Lattice light-sheet microscopy can achieve diffraction-limited resolution in all three dimensions with a temporal resolution of seconds, making it the perfect tool for studying dynamic events of microvilli during T cell antigen detection and activation. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for imaging localization and movement of T cell microvilli and surface receptors using lattice light-sheet microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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35
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Ghosh S, Alcover A, Haran G. Microvillar Cartography: A Super-Resolution Single-Molecule Imaging Method to Map the Positions of Membrane Proteins with Respect to Cellular Surface Topography. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:169-199. [PMID: 37106183 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe microvillar cartography (MC), a method to map proteins on cellular surfaces with respect to the membrane topography. The surfaces of many cells are not smooth, but are rather covered with various protrusions such as microvilli. These protrusions may play key roles in multiple cellular functions, due to their ability to control the distribution of specific protein assemblies on the cell surface. Thus, for example, we have shown that the T-cell receptor and several of its proximal signaling proteins reside on microvilli, while others are excluded from these projections. These results have indicated that microvilli can function as key signaling hubs for the initiation of the immune response. MC has facilitated our observations of particular surface proteins and their specialized distribution on microvillar and non-microvillar compartments. MC combines membrane topography imaging, using variable-angle total internal microscopy, with stochastic localization nanoscopy, which generates deep sub-diffraction maps of protein distribution. Since the method is based on light microscopy, it avoids some of the pitfalls inherent to electron-microscopy-based techniques, such as dehydration, the need for carbon coating, and immunogold clustering, and is amenable to future developments involving, for example, live-cell imaging. This protocol details the procedures we developed for MC, which can be readily adopted to study a broad range of cell-surface molecules and dissect their distribution within distinct surface assemblies under multiple cell activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsendu Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andres Alcover
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Paris, France
| | - Gilad Haran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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36
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Beppler C, Eichorst J, Marchuk K, Cai E, Castellanos CA, Sriram V, Roybal KT, Krummel MF. Hyperstabilization of T cell microvilli contacts by chimeric antigen receptors. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213760. [PMID: 36520493 PMCID: PMC9757849 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells typically recognize their ligands using a defined cell biology-the scanning of their membrane microvilli (MV) to palpate their environment-while that same membrane scaffolds T cell receptors (TCRs) that can signal upon ligand binding. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) present both a therapeutic promise and a tractable means to study the interplay between receptor affinity, MV dynamics and T cell function. CARs are often built using single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) with far greater affinity than that of natural TCRs. We used high-resolution lattice lightsheet (LLS) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging to visualize MV scanning in the context of variations in CAR design. This demonstrated that conventional CARs hyper-stabilized microvillar contacts relative to TCRs. Reducing receptor affinity, antigen density, and/or multiplicity of receptor binding sites normalized microvillar dynamics and synapse resolution, and effector functions improved with reduced affinity and/or antigen density, highlighting the importance of understanding the underlying cell biology when designing receptors for optimal antigen engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Beppler
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Eichorst
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - En Cai
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A. Castellanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA,Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Correspondence to Matthew F. Krummel:
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37
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Morgan J, Pettmann J, Dushek O, Lindsay AE. T cell microvilli simulations show operation near packing limit and impact on antigen recognition. Biophys J 2022; 121:4128-4136. [PMID: 36181267 PMCID: PMC9675027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are immune cells that continuously scan for foreign-derived antigens on the surfaces of nearly all cells, termed antigen-presenting cells (APCs). They do this by dynamically extending numerous protrusions called microvilli (MVs) that contain T cell receptors toward the APC surface in order to scan for antigens. The number, size, and dynamics of these MVs, and the complex multiscale topography that results, play a yet unknown role in antigen recognition. We develop an anatomically informed model that confines antigen recognition to small areas representing MVs that can dynamically form and dissolve and use the model to study how MV dynamics impact antigen sensitivity and discrimination. We find that MV surveillance reduces antigen sensitivity compared with a completely flat interface, unless MV are stabilized in an antigen-dependent manner, and observe that MVs have only a modest impact on antigen discrimination. The model highlights that MV contacts optimize the competing demands of fast scanning speeds of the APC surface with antigen sensitivity. Our model predicts an interface packing fraction that corresponds closely to those observed experimentally, indicating that T cells operate their MVs near the limits imposed by anatomical and geometric constraints. Finally, we find that observed MV contact lifetimes can be largely influenced by conditions in the T cell/APC interface, with these lifetimes often being longer than the simulation or experimental observation period. This work highlights the role of MVs in antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Morgan
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alan E Lindsay
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
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38
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Butte MJ, Stein JV, Delon J. Editorial: The cytoskeleton in T cell migration and activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057533. [PMID: 36311712 PMCID: PMC9614363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manish J. Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Delon
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Jérôme Delon,
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39
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Wheatley BA, Rey-Suarez I, Hourwitz MJ, Kerr S, Shroff H, Fourkas JT, Upadhyaya A. Nanotopography modulates cytoskeletal organization and dynamics during T cell activation. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar88. [PMID: 35830602 PMCID: PMC9582624 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to MHC-antigen complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) activates T cells, inducing the formation of the immune synapse (IS). Antigen detection at the APC surface is thus a critical step in the adaptive immune response. The physical properties of antigen-presenting surfaces encountered by T cells in vivo are believed to modulate T cell activation and proliferation. Although stiffness and ligand mobility influence IS formation, the effect of the complex topography of the APC surface on this process is not well understood. Here we investigate how nanotopography modulates cytoskeletal dynamics and signaling during the early stages of T cell activation using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy on nanofabricated surfaces with parallel nanoridges of different spacings. We find that although nanoridges reduce the maximum spread area as compared with cells on flat surfaces, the ridges enhance the accumulation of actin and the signaling kinase ZAP-70 at the IS. Actin polymerization is more dynamic in the presence of ridges, which influence the directionality of both actin flows and microtubule (MT) growth. Our results demonstrate that the topography of the activating surface exerts both global effects on T cell morphology and local changes in actin and MT dynamics, collectively influencing T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Wheatley
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and.,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Matt J Hourwitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Sarah Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - Hari Shroff
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John T Fourkas
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Maryland Quantum Materials Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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40
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Inaba M, Ridwan SM, Antel M. Removal of cellular protrusions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:126-134. [PMID: 35260295 PMCID: PMC9378436 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communications are central to a variety of physiological and pathological processes in multicellular organisms. Cells often rely on cellular protrusions to communicate with one another, which enable highly selective and efficient signaling within complex tissues. Owing to significant improvements in imaging techniques, identification of signaling protrusions has increased in recent years. These protrusions are structurally specialized for signaling and facilitate interactions between cells. Therefore, physical regulation of these structures must be key for the appropriate strength and pattern of signaling outcomes. However, the typical approaches for understanding signaling regulation tend to focus solely on changes in signaling molecules, such as gene expression, protein-protein interaction, and degradation. In this short review, we summarize the studies proposing the removal of different types of signaling protrusions-including cilia, neurites, MT (microtubule based)-nanotubes and microvilli-and discuss their mechanisms and significance in signaling regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Inaba
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Sharif M Ridwan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew Antel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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41
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Sun L, Yeo T, Middha E, Gao Y, Lim CT, Watanabe S, Liu B. In Situ Visualization of Dynamic Cellular Effects of Phospholipid Nanoparticles via High-Speed Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203285. [PMID: 35946985 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid nanoparticles have been actively employed for numerous biomedical applications. A key factor in ensuring effective and safe applications of these nanomaterials is the regulation of their interactions with target cells, which is significantly dependent on an in-depth understanding of the nanoparticle-cell interactions. To date, most studies investigating these nano-bio interactions have been performed under static conditions and may lack crucial real-time information. It is, however, noteworthy that the nanoparticle-cell interactions are highly dynamic. Consequently, to gain a deeper insight into the cellular effects of phospholipid nanoparticles, real-time observation of cellular dynamics after nanoparticle introduction is necessary. Herein, a proof-of-concept in situ visualization of the dynamic cellular effects of sub-100 nm phospholipid nanoparticles using high-speed scanning ion conductance microscopy (HS-SICM) is reported. It is revealed that upon introduction into the cellular environment, within a short timescale of hundreds of seconds, phospholipid nanoparticles can selectively modulate the edge motility and surface roughness of healthy fibroblast and cancerous epithelial cells. Furthermore, the dynamic deformation profiles of these cells can be selectively altered in the presence of phospholipid nanoparticles. This work is anticipated to further shed light on the real-time nanoparticle-cell interactions for improved formulation of phospholipid nanoparticles for numerous bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Sun
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Trifanny Yeo
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Eshu Middha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yuji Gao
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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42
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Covalent TCR-peptide-MHC interactions induce T cell activation and redirect T cell fate in the thymus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4951. [PMID: 35999236 PMCID: PMC9399087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between a T cell receptor (TCR) and a peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand are typically mediated by noncovalent bonds. By studying T cells expressing natural or engineered TCRs, here we describe covalent TCR-pMHC interactions that involve a cysteine-cysteine disulfide bond between the TCR and the peptide. By introducing cysteines into a known TCR-pMHC combination, we demonstrate that disulfide bond formation does not require structural rearrangement of the TCR or the peptide. We further show these disulfide bonds still form even when the initial affinity of the TCR-pMHC interaction is low. Accordingly, TCR-peptide disulfide bonds facilitate T cell activation by pMHC ligands with a wide spectrum of affinities for the TCR. Physiologically, this mechanism induces strong Zap70-dependent TCR signaling, which triggers T cell deletion or agonist selection in the thymus cortex. Covalent TCR-pMHC interactions may thus underlie a physiological T cell activation mechanism that has applications in basic immunology and potentially in immunotherapy. Differentiation and activation of T cells are normally modulated by non-covalent interactions between T cell receptor (TCR) and antigenic peptides. Here the authors use step-wise mutations, biochemical characterization and structural insights to describe the contributions of natural covalent bonds between TCR and antigenic peptides during these processes.
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43
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Cai E, Beppler C, Eichorst J, Marchuk K, Eastman SW, Krummel MF. T cells use distinct topographical and membrane receptor scanning strategies that individually coalesce during receptor recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203247119. [PMID: 35914144 PMCID: PMC9372542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203247119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During immune surveillance, CD8 T cells scan the surface of antigen-presenting cells using dynamic microvillar palpation and movements as well as by having their receptors preconcentrated into patches. Here, we use real-time lattice light-sheet microscopy to demonstrate the independence of microvillar and membrane receptor patch scanning. While T cell receptor (TCR) patches can distribute to microvilli, they do so stochastically and not preferentially as for other receptors such as CD62L. The distinctness of TCR patch movement from microvillar movement extends to many other receptors that form patches that also scan independent of the TCR. An exception to this is the CD8 coreceptor which largely comigrates in patches that overlap with or are closely adjacent to those containing TCRs. Microvilli that assemble into a synapse contain various arrays of the engaged patches, notably of TCRs and the inhibitory receptor PD-1, creating a pastiche of occupancies that vary from microvillar contact to contact. In summary, this work demonstrates that localization of receptor patches within the membrane and on microvillar projections is random prior to antigen detection and that such random variation may play into the generation of many individually composed receptor patch compositions at a single synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
| | - Casey Beppler
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
| | - John Eichorst
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
- ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
| | - Scott W. Eastman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
- ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
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44
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Molon B, Liboni C, Viola A. CD28 and chemokine receptors: Signalling amplifiers at the immunological synapse. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938004. [PMID: 35983040 PMCID: PMC9379342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are master regulators of the immune response tuning, among others, B cells, macrophages and NK cells. To exert their functions requiring high sensibility and specificity, T cells need to integrate different stimuli from the surrounding microenvironment. A finely tuned signalling compartmentalization orchestrated in dynamic platforms is an essential requirement for the proper and efficient response of these cells to distinct triggers. During years, several studies have depicted the pivotal role of the cytoskeleton and lipid microdomains in controlling signalling compartmentalization during T cell activation and functions. Here, we discuss mechanisms responsible for signalling amplification and compartmentalization in T cell activation, focusing on the role of CD28, chemokine receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. We also take into account the detrimental effect of mutations carried by distinct signalling proteins giving rise to syndromes characterized by defects in T cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molon
- Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Barbara Molon,
| | - Cristina Liboni
- Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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45
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Kersten K, Hu KH, Combes AJ, Samad B, Harwin T, Ray A, Rao AA, Cai E, Marchuk K, Artichoker J, Courau T, Shi Q, Belk J, Satpathy AT, Krummel MF. Spatiotemporal co-dependency between macrophages and exhausted CD8 + T cells in cancer. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:624-638.e9. [PMID: 35623342 PMCID: PMC9197962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell exhaustion is a major impediment to antitumor immunity. However, it remains elusive how other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to this dysfunctional state. Here, we show that the biology of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and exhausted T cells (Tex) in the TME is extensively linked. We demonstrate that in vivo depletion of TAMs reduces exhaustion programs in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and reinvigorates their effector potential. Reciprocally, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling reveals that Tex express factors that actively recruit monocytes to the TME and shape their differentiation. Using lattice light sheet microscopy, we show that TAM and CD8+ T cells engage in unique, long-lasting, antigen-specific synaptic interactions that fail to activate T cells but prime them for exhaustion, which is then accelerated in hypoxic conditions. Spatially resolved sequencing supports a spatiotemporal self-enforcing positive feedback circuit that is aligned to protect rather than destroy a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kersten
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
| | - Kenneth H Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
| | - Alexis J Combes
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bushra Samad
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tory Harwin
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arja Ray
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arjun Arkal Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - En Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jordan Artichoker
- UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tristan Courau
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Department of Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Belk
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA.
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46
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Göhring J, Schrangl L, Schütz GJ, Huppa JB. Mechanosurveillance: Tiptoeing T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886328. [PMID: 35693808 PMCID: PMC9178122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient scanning of tissue that T cells encounter during their migratory life is pivotal to protective adaptive immunity. In fact, T cells can detect even a single antigenic peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) among thousands of structurally similar yet non-stimulatory endogenous pMHCs on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or target cells. Of note, the glycocalyx of target cells, being composed of proteoglycans and bulky proteins, is bound to affect and even modulate antigen recognition by posing as a physical barrier. T cell-resident microvilli are actin-rich membrane protrusions that puncture through such barriers and thereby actively place the considerably smaller T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) in close enough proximity to APC-presented pMHCs so that productive interactions may occur efficiently yet under force. We here review our current understanding of how the plasticity of T-cell microvilli and physicochemical properties of the glycocalyx may affect early events in T-cell activation. We assess insights gained from studies on T-cell plasma membrane ultrastructure and provide an update on current efforts to integrate biophysical aspects such as the amplitude and directionality of TCR-imposed mechanical forces and the distribution and lateral mobility of plasma membrane-resident signaling molecules into a more comprehensive view on sensitized T-cell antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Göhring
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Janett Göhring,
| | | | | | - Johannes B. Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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47
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Zhao X, Kolawole EM, Chan W, Feng Y, Yang X, Gee MH, Jude KM, Sibener LV, Fordyce PM, Germain RN, Evavold BD, Garcia KC. Tuning T cell receptor sensitivity through catch bond engineering. Science 2022; 376:eabl5282. [PMID: 35389803 PMCID: PMC9513562 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy using engineered T cell receptors (TCRs) is a promising approach for targeting cancer antigens, but tumor-reactive TCRs are often weakly responsive to their target ligands, peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs). Affinity-matured TCRs can enhance the efficacy of TCR-T cell therapy but can also cross-react with off-target antigens, resulting in organ immunopathology. We developed an alternative strategy to isolate TCR mutants that exhibited high activation signals coupled with low-affinity pMHC binding through the acquisition of catch bonds. Engineered analogs of a tumor antigen MAGE-A3-specific TCR maintained physiological affinities while exhibiting enhanced target killing potency and undetectable cross-reactivity, compared with a high-affinity clinically tested TCR that exhibited lethal cross-reactivity with a cardiac antigen. Catch bond engineering is a biophysically based strategy to tune high-sensitivity TCRs for T cell therapy with reduced potential for adverse cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Waipan Chan
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yinnian Feng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinbo Yang
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marvin H Gee
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leah V Sibener
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Polly M Fordyce
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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48
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Understanding immune signaling using advanced imaging techniques. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:853-866. [PMID: 35343569 PMCID: PMC9162467 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced imaging is key for visualizing the spatiotemporal regulation of immune signaling which is a complex process involving multiple players tightly regulated in space and time. Imaging techniques vary in their spatial resolution, spanning from nanometers to micrometers, and in their temporal resolution, ranging from microseconds to hours. In this review, we summarize state-of-the-art imaging methodologies and provide recent examples on how they helped to unravel the mysteries of immune signaling. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current technologies and share our insights on how to overcome these limitations to visualize immune signaling with unprecedented fidelity.
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49
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Simulation of receptor triggering by kinetic segregation shows role of oligomers and close-contacts. Biophys J 2022; 121:1660-1674. [PMID: 35367423 PMCID: PMC9117938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of T cells, key players of the immune system, involves local evacuation of phosphatase CD45 from a region of the T cell's surface, segregating it from the T cell receptor. What drives this evacuation? In the presence of antigen, what ensures evacuation happens in the subsecond timescales necessary to initiate signaling? In the absence of antigen, what mechanisms ensure that evacuation does not happen spontaneously, which could cause signaling errors? Phenomena known to influence spatial organization of CD45 or similar surface molecules include diffusive motion in the lipid bilayer, oligomerization reactions, and mechanical compression against a nearby surface, such as that of the cell presenting the antigen. Computer simulations can investigate hypothesized spatiotemporal mechanisms of T cell signaling. The challenge to computational studies of evacuation is that the base process, spontaneous evacuation by simple diffusion, is in the extreme rare event limit, meaning direct stochastic simulation is unfeasible. Here, we combine particle-based spatial stochastic simulation with the weighted ensemble method for rare events to compute the mean first passage time for cell surface availability by surface reorganization of CD45. We confirm mathematical estimates that, at physiological concentrations, spontaneous evacuation is extremely rare, roughly 300 years. We find that dimerization decreases the time required for evacuation. A weak bimolecular interaction (dissociation constant estimate 460 μM) is sufficient for an order of magnitude reduction of spontaneous evacuation times, and oligomerization to hexamers reduces times to below 1 s. This introduces a mechanism whereby externally induced CD45 oligomerization could significantly modify T cell function. For large regions of close contact, such as those induced by large microvilli, molecular size and compressibility imply a nonzero reentry probability of 60%, decreasing evacuation times. Simulations show that these reduced evacuation times are still unrealistically long (even with a fourfold variation centered around previous estimates of parameters), suggesting that a yet-to-be-described mechanism, besides compressional exclusion at a close contact, drives evacuation.
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50
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Cassioli C, Baldari CT. Lymphocyte Polarization During Immune Synapse Assembly: Centrosomal Actin Joins the Game. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830835. [PMID: 35222415 PMCID: PMC8873515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions among immune cells are essential for the development of adaptive immune responses. The immunological synapse (IS) provides a specialized platform for integration of signals and intercellular communication between T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APCs). In the T cell the reorganization of surface molecules at the synaptic interface is initiated by T cell receptor binding to a cognate peptide-major histocompatibility complex on the APC surface and is accompanied by a polarized remodelling of the cytoskeleton and centrosome reorientation to a subsynaptic position. Although there is a general agreement on polarizing signals and mechanisms driving centrosome reorientation during IS assembly, the primary events that prepare for centrosome repositioning remain largely unexplored. It has been recently shown that in resting lymphocytes a local polymerization of filamentous actin (F-actin) at the centrosome contributes to anchoring this organelle to the nucleus. During early stages of IS formation centrosomal F-actin undergoes depletion, allowing for centrosome detachment from the nucleus and its polarization towards the synaptic membrane. We recently demonstrated that in CD4+ T cells the reduction in centrosomal F-actin relies on the activity of a centrosome-associated proteasome and implicated the ciliopathy-related Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein in the dynein-dependent recruitment of the proteasome 19S regulatory subunit to the centrosome. In this short review we will feature our recent findings that collectively provide a new function for BBS proteins and the proteasome in actin dynamics, centrosome polarization and T cell activation.
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