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Xu B, Duan H, Chen X, Wang J, Ma Y, Jiang P, Yuan F, Wang Y, Ren Y, Du K, Wei Y, Wu X. Harnessing instability for work hardening in multi-principal element alloys. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:755-761. [PMID: 38605195 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The strength-ductility trade-off has long been a Gordian knot in conventional metallic structural materials and it is no exception in multi-principal element alloys. In particular, at ultrahigh yield strengths, plastic instability, that is, necking, happens prematurely, because of which ductility almost entirely disappears. This is due to the growing difficulty in the production and accumulation of dislocations from the very beginning of tensile deformation that renders the conventional dislocation hardening insufficient. Here we propose that premature necking can be harnessed for work hardening in a VCoNi multi-principal element alloy. Lüders banding as an initial tensile response induces the ongoing localized necking at the band front to produce both triaxial stress and strain gradient, which enables the rapid multiplication of dislocations. This leads to forest dislocation hardening, plus extra work hardening due to the interaction of dislocations with the local-chemical-order regions. The dual work hardening combines to restrain and stabilize the premature necking in reverse as well as to facilitate uniform deformation. Consequently, a superior strength-and-ductility synergy is achieved with a ductility of ~20% and yield strength of 2 GPa during room-temperature and cryogenic deformation. These findings offer an instability-control paradigm for synergistic work hardening to conquer the strength-ductility paradox at ultrahigh yield strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huichao Duan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuefei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Ren
- Department of Physics, Centre for Neutron Scattering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kui Du
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yueguang Wei
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Synergistic work hardening by rapid multiplication of dislocations in a multi-principal-element alloy. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:737-738. [PMID: 38671163 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
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3
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Niu P, Li R, Gan K, Fan Z, Yuan T, Han C. Manipulating Stacking Fault Energy to Achieve Crack Inhibition and Superior Strength-Ductility Synergy in an Additively Manufactured High-Entropy Alloy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2310160. [PMID: 38489830 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a revolutionary technology that heralds a new era in metal processing, yet the quality of AM-produced parts is inevitably compromised by cracking induced by severe residual stress. In this study, a novel approach is presented to inhibit cracks and enhance the mechanical performances of AM-produced alloys by manipulating stacking fault energy (SFE). A high-entropy alloy (HEA) based on an equimolar FeCoCrNi composition is selected as the prototype material due to the presence of microcracks during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) AM process. Introducing a small amount (≈2.4 at%) of Al doping can effectively lower SFE and yield the formation of multiscale microstructures that efficiently dissipate thermal stress during LPBF processing. Distinct from the Al-free HEA containing visible microcracks, the Al-doped HEA (Al0.1CoCrFeNi) is crack free and demonstrates ≈55% improvement in elongation without compromising tensile strength. Additionally, the lowered SFE enhances the resistance to crack propagation, thereby improving the durability of AM-printed products. By manipulating SFE, the thermal cycle-induced stress during the printing process can be effectively consumed via stacking faults formation, and the proposed strategy offers novel insights into the development of crack-free alloys with superior strength-ductility synergy for intricate structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengda Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for High-Strength Structural Materials, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ruidi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for High-Strength Structural Materials, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kefu Gan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqi Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tiechui Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for High-Strength Structural Materials, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Changjun Han
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
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Hu Z, Gao S, Mikula J, Shen X, Seet HL, Quek SS, Zhou K, Nai SML. Enhanced Plastic Stability: Achieving High Performance in a Al6xxx Alloy Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2307825. [PMID: 38489562 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) facilitates the creation of materials with unique microstructural features and distinctive phenomena as compared to conventional manufacturing methods. Among the various well-fabricated AM alloys, aluminum alloys garner substantial attention due to their extensive applications in the automotive and aerospace industries. In this work, an Al6xxx alloy is successfully fabricated with outstanding performance. A nucleation agent is introduced to diminish the susceptibility to cracking during the AM process, thereby inducing a heterogeneous microstructure in this alloy. However, the introduction of ultrafine grains induces plastic instability, evidenced by the presence of Lüders band. This work investigates the evolution of the Lüders band and the strategy to reduce their undesirable effect. The heterogeneity destabilizes the band propagation and thus deteriorates the ductility. Through a T6 heat treatment, the local Lüders strain decreases from 10.0% to 6.2%, leading to a substantial enhancement in plastic stability. With the increase in grain growth and the enlargement of coarse grain regions, the mismatch between the local and macroscopic Lüders strain disappears. Importantly, the strength and the thermal conductivity are concurrently increased. The findings demonstrate the significance of ensuring plastic stability to achieve improved strength-ductility trade-off in AM alloys with heterogeneous microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Hu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 5 Cleantech Loop, #01-01 CleanTech Two Block B, Singapore, 636732, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shubo Gao
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 5 Cleantech Loop, #01-01 CleanTech Two Block B, Singapore, 636732, Republic of Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jakub Mikula
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaojun Shen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hang Li Seet
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 5 Cleantech Loop, #01-01 CleanTech Two Block B, Singapore, 636732, Republic of Singapore
| | - Siu Sin Quek
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sharon Mui Ling Nai
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 5 Cleantech Loop, #01-01 CleanTech Two Block B, Singapore, 636732, Republic of Singapore
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Moon J, Bae G, Jeong BY, Shin C, Kwon MJ, Kim DI, Choi DJ, Lee BH, Lee CH, Hong HU, Suh DW, Ponge D. Ultrastrong and ductile steel welds achieved by fine interlocking microstructures with film-like retained austenite. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1301. [PMID: 38346945 PMCID: PMC10861522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The degradation of mechanical properties caused by grain coarsening or the formation of brittle phases during welding reduces the longevity of products. Here, we report advances in the weld quality of ultra-high strength steels by utilizing Nb and Cr instead of Ni. Sole addition of Cr, as an alternative to Ni, has limitations in developing fine weld microstructure, while it is revealed that the coupling effects of Nb and Cr additions make a finer interlocking weld microstructures with a higher fraction of retained austenite due to the decrease in austenite to acicular ferrite and bainite transformation temperature and carbon activity. As a result, an alloying design with Nb and Cr creates ultrastrong and ductile steel welds with enhanced tensile properties, impact toughness, and fatigue strength, at 45% lower material costs and lower environmental impact by removing Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonoh Moon
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyuyeol Bae
- Steel Solution Research Lab., Technical Research Lab., POSCO, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo-Young Jeong
- Steel Solution Research Lab., Technical Research Lab., POSCO, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansun Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kwon
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ik Kim
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Choi
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Ho Lee
- Advanced Analysis Team, Inst. of Next-Generation Semicond. Convergence Technol., Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Steel Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Uk Hong
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Suh
- Graduate Institute of Ferrous & Energy Materials Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Dong Q, Lu H, Wang Y, Yang X, Zhang L, Dong H. The Influence of Strain Aging at Different Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of Cold-Drawn 10B21 Steel Combined with an Electron Microscope Study of the Structures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:826. [PMID: 38399076 PMCID: PMC10890677 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The effect of aging treatments at various temperatures on the mechanical properties and microstructure of 10B21 cold heading steel with a 20% reduction in area (ε = 0.1) was investigated. The mechanical properties were evaluated based on tensile tests and hardness tests, while the evolution of microstructure was observed by using an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results reveal that aging treatment enhance the strength and hardness of 10B21 cold heading steel after drawing, and the highest values of strength and hardness are attained at an aging temperature of 300 °C. Specifically, the yield and ultrahigh tensile strength after aging at 300 °C are measured at 620 MPa and 685 MPa, respectively, which are 30 MPa and 50 MPa higher than the cold-drawn sample. Moreover, the hardness after aging at 300 °C reaches 293 HV, which has an increase of 30 HV compared to the cold-drawn state. The improvement in mechanical properties may be related to the strain-aging mechanism and the increased density of dislocations. In addition, the analysis of the TEM results reveal that the presence of the second-phase Ti(C,N) contributes to pinning the dislocations, whereas the dislocations are pinned between the cementite (Fe3C) lamellar and stacked at the grain boundaries, leading to strain hardening of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyao Dong
- School of Materials and Science Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.D.); (Y.W.); (H.D.)
| | - Hengchang Lu
- School of Materials and Science Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.D.); (Y.W.); (H.D.)
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Materials, Shanghai University, Jiaxing 314100, China;
| | - Yangxin Wang
- School of Materials and Science Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.D.); (Y.W.); (H.D.)
| | - Xianliang Yang
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Materials, Shanghai University, Jiaxing 314100, China;
| | - Linxiang Zhang
- Technology Centre of Jiangsu Yonggang Group Company Limited, Suzhou 215600, China;
| | - Han Dong
- School of Materials and Science Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.D.); (Y.W.); (H.D.)
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Materials, Shanghai University, Jiaxing 314100, China;
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7
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Zheng H, Liu G, Tong S, Su G, Liang X, Sun X. Optimizing the Strength and Toughness of V/Mo-Modified 0.22C-5.24Mn Steel by Short-Time Partial Austenitization Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:687. [PMID: 38591568 PMCID: PMC10856368 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In order to obtain the good match between yield strength and low-temperature toughness, the short-time partial austenitization (SPA) process was employed for V/Mo-bearing 0.22C-5.24Mn steel. The initial microstructure after intercritical tempering was dual-phase ferrite and reversed austenite (RA), while the final microstructure consisted of ferrite, RA, and secondary martensite (SM) after being subjected to the SPA process. (V, Mo)C with disclike morphology mainly precipitated during intercritical tempering, and the aspect ratio of particles decreased, leading to the appearance of near-spherical morphology. After being subjected to SPA process, the resultant multiphase hierarchical microstructure (three layers: outer layer of ferrite, interlayer of SM, and inner layer of RA) enabled a high yield strength of 1097 MPa, a total elongation of 14%, and an impressive impact energy of 33.3 J at -20 °C. The strengthening contribution of (V, Mo)C precipitation was estimated to be about 108 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group, Panzhihua 617000, China (G.S.)
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (S.T.); (X.L.)
- Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuai Tong
- Department of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (S.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Guanqiao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group, Panzhihua 617000, China (G.S.)
| | - Xiaokai Liang
- Department of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (S.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinjun Sun
- Department of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (S.T.); (X.L.)
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8
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Huang M, Kong Z, Ai Z, Shi D, Yang M, Yao X, Shao Y, Wu Y, Hao X. Twin Zn 1- x Cd x S Solid Solution: Highly Efficient Photocatalyst for Water Splitting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304784. [PMID: 37699758 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Twins in crystal defect, one of the significant factors affecting the physicochemical properties of semiconductor materials, are applied in catalytic conversion. Among the catalysts serving for photocatalytic water splitting, Zn1- x Cdx S has become a hot-point due to its adjustable energy band structure. Via limiting mass transport to control the release rate of anions/cations, twin Zn1- x Cdx S solid solution is prepared successfully, which lays a foundation for the construction of other twin crystals in the future. On twin Zn1- x Cdx S, water tends to be dissociated after being adsorbed by Zn2+ /Cd2+ at twin boundary, then the fast-moving electrons at twin boundary quickly combine with the protons already attached to S2- to form hydrogen. According to the theoretical calculation, not only the intracrystalline electron mobility, but also the extracrystalline capacity of water-adsorption/dissociation and proton-adsorption on the twin boundary are superior to those of the counterpart plane in defect-free phase. The synthetic twin Zn1- x Cdx S apparent quantum efficiency of photocatalysis water splitting for hydrogen reached 82.5% (λ = 420 nm). This research opens up an avenue to introduce twins in crystals and it hopes to shed some light on photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zizheng Ai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Dong Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhi Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yongliang Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
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Cheng Z, Gao M, Liu J, Wang S, Wu G, Gao J, Wu H, Mao X. Multi-Scale Microstructural Tailoring and Associated Properties of Press-Hardened Steels: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103799. [PMID: 37241427 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High-strength press-hardened steels (PHS) are highly desired in the automotive industry to meet the requirement of carbon neutrality. This review aims to provide a systematic study of the relationship between multi-scale microstructural tailoring and the mechanical behavior and other service performance of PHS. It begins with a brief introduction to the background of PHS, followed by an in-depth description of the strategies used to enhance their properties. These strategies are categorized into traditional Mn-B steels and novel PHS. For traditional Mn-B steels, extensive research has verified that the addition of microalloying elements can refine the microstructure of PHS, resulting in improved mechanical properties, hydrogen embrittlement resistance, and other service performance. In the case of novel PHS, recent progress has principally demonstrated that the novel composition of steels coupling with innovative thermomechanical processing can obtain multi-phase structure and superior mechanical properties compared with traditional Mn-B steels, and their effect on oxidation resistance is highlighted. Finally, the review offers an outlook on the future development of PHS from the perspective of academic research and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Cheng
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengjie Gao
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinyue Liu
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuize Wang
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Guilin Wu
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Junheng Gao
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Honghui Wu
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xinping Mao
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
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10
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He Q, Wang M, Yang B, Guo F, Ran H, Wei W, Zhang C, Zhai Y, Wang Q, Cao W, Huang C. Microstructure Heterogeneity and Mechanical Properties of a High-Strength Ductile Laminated Steel by Electron Beam Welding. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3211. [PMID: 37110046 PMCID: PMC10143643 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to fabricate high-strength steel with exceptional yield strength and superior ductility by employing a novel design approach of nanolamellar/equiaxial crystal "sandwich" heterostructures, utilizing rolling and electron-beam-welding techniques. The microstructural heterogeneity of the steel is manifested in the phase content and grain size, ranging from nanolamellae comprising a small quantity of martensite on both sides to the completely coarse austenite in the center, which are interconnected via gradient interfaces. The structural heterogeneity and phase-transformation-induced plasticity (TIRP) offer remarkable strength and ductility for the samples. Furthermore, the synergistic confinement of the heterogeneous structures leads to the formation of Lüders bands, which exhibit stable propagation under the TIRP effect and impede the onset of plastic instability, ultimately resulting in a significant improvement in the ductility of the high-strength steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong He
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mingsai Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fengjiao Guo
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hao Ran
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yu Zhai
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wenquan Cao
- Central Iron and Steel Research Institute (CISRI), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chongxiang Huang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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11
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Tan C, Li Q, Yao X, Chen L, Su J, Ng FL, Liu Y, Yang T, Chew Y, Liu CT, DebRoy T. Machine Learning Customized Novel Material for Energy-Efficient 4D Printing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206607. [PMID: 36739604 PMCID: PMC10074080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Existing commercial powders for laser additive manufacturing (LAM) are designed for traditional manufacturing methods requiring post heat treatments (PHT). LAM's unique cyclic thermal history induces intrinsic heat treatment (IHT) on materials during deposition, which offers an opportunity to develop LAM-customized new materials. This work customized a novel Fe-Ni-Ti-Al maraging steel assisted by machine learning to leverage the IHT effect for in situ forming massive precipitates during LAM without PHT. Fast precipitation kinetics in steel, tailored intermittent deposition strategy, and the IHT effect facilitate the in situ Ni3 Ti precipitation in the martensitic matrix via heterogeneous nucleation on high-density dislocations. The as-built steel achieves a tensile strength of 1538 MPa and a uniform elongation of 8.1%, which is superior to a wide range of as-LAM-processed high-strength steel. In the current mainstream ex situ 4D printing, the time-dependent evolutions (i.e., property or functionality changes) of a 3D printed structure occur after part formation. This work highlights in situ 4D printing via the synchronous integration of time-dependent precipitation hardening with 3D geometry shaping, which shows high energy efficiency and sustainability. The findings provide insight into developing LAM-customized materials by understanding and utilizing the IHT-materials interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolin Tan
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing TechnologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Xiling Yao
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing TechnologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
| | - Lequn Chen
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing TechnologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
| | - Jinlong Su
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing TechnologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
| | - Fern Lan Ng
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing TechnologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
| | - Yuchan Liu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing TechnologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Youxiang Chew
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing TechnologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
| | - Chain Tsuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Tarasankar DebRoy
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA 16802United States
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12
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Trifunctional nanoprecipitates ductilize and toughen a strong laminated metastable titanium alloy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1397. [PMID: 36914678 PMCID: PMC10011607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastability-engineering, e.g., transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), can enhance the ductility of alloys, however it often comes at the expense of relatively low yield strength. Here, using a metastable Ti-1Al-8.5Mo-2.8Cr-2.7Zr (wt.%) alloy as a model material, we fabricate a heterogeneous laminated structure decorated by multiple-morphological α-nanoprecipitates. The hard α nanoprecipitate in our alloy acts not only as a strengthener to the material, but also as a local stress raiser to activate TRIP in the soft matrix for great uniform elongation and as a promoter to trigger interfacial delamination toughening for superior fracture resistance. By elaborately manipulating the activation sequence of lamellar-thickness-dependent deformation mechanisms in Ti-1Al-8.5Mo-2.8Cr-2.7Zr alloys, the yield strength of the present submicron-laminated alloy is twice that of equiaxed-coarse grained alloys with the same composition, yet without sacrificing the large uniform elongation. The desired mechanical properties enabled by this strategy combining the laminated metastable structure and trifunctional nanoprecipitates provide new insights into designing ultra-strong and ductile materials with great toughness.
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13
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Bi N, Tang H, Shi Z, Wang X, Han F, Liang J. Effects of Vanadium Microalloying and Intercritical Annealing on Yield Strength-Ductility Trade-Offs of Medium-Manganese Steels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2220. [PMID: 36984112 PMCID: PMC10054445 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effects of vanadium on the strength and ductility of medium-manganese steels by analyzing the microstructural evolution and strain hardening rates and performing quantitative calculations. Two significantly different contents of vanadium, 0.05 and 0.5 wt.%, were independently added to model steel (0.12C-10Mn) and annealed at different intercritical temperatures. The results show that higher vanadium addition increases the yield strength but decreases the ductility. The maximum yield strength can increase from 849 MPa to 1063 MPa at low temperatures. The model calculations reveal that this is due to a precipitation strengthening increment of up to 148 MPa and a dislocation strengthening increment of 50 MPa caused by a higher quantity of V4C3 precipitates. However, the high density of vanadium carbides leads them to easily segregate at grain boundaries or phase interfaces, which prevents strain from uniformly distributing throughout the phases. This results in stress concentrations which cause a high strain hardening rate in the early stages of loading and a delayed transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. Additionally, the precipitates decrease the austenite proportion and its carbon concentrations, rendering the TRIP effect unsustainable. Accordingly, the ductility of high vanadium steels is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huaiguang Tang
- Anhui Chaohu Foundry Factory Co., Ltd., Hefei 238004, China
| | - Zimu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xingfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fusheng Han
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Juhua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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14
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Abstract
Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes of by-products every year. Therefore, metals must become more sustainable. A circular economy model does not work, because market demand exceeds the available scrap currently by about two-thirds. Even under optimal conditions, at least one-third of the metals will also in the future come from primary production, creating huge emissions. Although the influence of metals on global warming has been discussed with respect to mitigation strategies and socio-economic factors, the fundamental materials science to make the metallurgical sector more sustainable has been less addressed. This may be attributed to the fact that the field of sustainable metals describes a global challenge, but not yet a homogeneous research field. However, the sheer magnitude of this challenge and its huge environmental effects, caused by more than 2 billion tonnes of metals produced every year, make its sustainability an essential research topic not only from a technological point of view but also from a basic materials research perspective. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and discuss the most pressing scientific bottleneck questions and key mechanisms, considering metal synthesis from primary (minerals), secondary (scrap), and tertiary (re-mined) sources as well as the energy-intensive downstream processing. Focus is placed on materials science aspects, particularly on those that help reduce CO2 emissions, and less on process engineering or economy. The paper does not describe the devastating influence of metal-related greenhouse gas emissions on climate, but scientific approaches how to solve this problem, through research that can render metallurgy fossil-free. The content is considering only direct measures to metallurgical sustainability (production) and not indirect measures that materials leverage through their properties (strength, weight, longevity, functionality).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Xia Q, Ren P, Meng H. Corrosion Resistance of Amorphous-Nanocrystalline Composite Structure Materials. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3348-3353. [PMID: 36713718 PMCID: PMC9878650 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the corrosion resistance of different nanoscale microstructures in the same material system and propose a novel method to obtain high-performance materials. During the last 2 decades, microstructure refinement and microalloying have become the main methods to prepare high-performance materials. The tensile strength of nanocrystalline solid solutions can reach 2.3 gigapascal, which is more than 1 fold the strength of traditional steel. However, there are few studies about the corrosion resistance of different nanoscale microstructures. In this paper, coatings with different microstructures (nanocrystalline, amorphous, and amorphous-nanocrystalline composite) have been successfully prepared by electrodeposition in the same material system (nickel-phosphorus alloy). Electrochemical test and high-pressure corrosion immersion test were carried out. The results show that the material loss of amorphous-nanocrystalline coating (P = 9.2 wt %) is about 1/4 that of crystalline coating at 8 MPa. In the range of 0.1 and 8 MPa, the average acceleration effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion rate was calculated to be 1.611 × 10-6 g·cm-2·d-1·MPa-1.
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16
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Li Y, Yuan G, Li L, Kang J, Yan F, Du P, Raabe D, Wang G. Ductile 2-GPa steels with hierarchical substructure. Science 2023; 379:168-173. [PMID: 36634172 DOI: 10.1126/science.add7857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically strong and ductile load-carrying materials are needed in all sectors, from transportation to lightweight design to safe infrastructure. Yet, a grand challenge is to unify both features in one material. We show that a plain medium-manganese steel can be processed to have a tensile strength >2.2 gigapascals at a uniform elongation >20%. This requires a combination of multiple transversal forging, cryogenic treatment, and tempering steps. A hierarchical microstructure that consists of laminated and twofold topologically aligned martensite with finely dispersed retained austenite simultaneously activates multiple micromechanisms to strengthen and ductilize the material. The dislocation slip in the well-organized martensite and the gradual deformation-stimulated phase transformation synergistically produce the high ductility. Our nanostructure design strategy produces 2 gigapascal-strength and yet ductile steels that have attractive composition and the potential to be produced at large industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengkai Yan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Du
- Jiangyin Xingcheng Special Steel Works Co., Ltd, Jiangyin 214400, People's Republic of China
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
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17
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Li M, Tang W, Gong J. Unusual shape-preserved pathway of a core-shell phase transition triggered by orientational disorder. IUCRJ 2023; 10:38-51. [PMID: 36598501 PMCID: PMC9812221 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522011034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of crystal defects provides great potential and opportunities to construct the desired structure (hence with the desired properties) and tailor the synthetic process of crystalline materials. However, little is known about their regulation role in phase transition and crystallization pathways. It was generally thought that a phase transition in solution proceeds predominantly via the solvent-mediated phase-transformation pathway due to energetically high-cost solid-state phase transitions (if any). Herein, we report an unprecedented finding that an orientational disorder defect present in the crystal structure triggers an unusual pathway of a core-shell phase transition with apparent shape-preserved evolution. In the pathway, the solid-state dehydration phase transition occurs inside the crystal prior to its competitive transformation approach mediated by solvent, forming an unconventional core-shell structure. Through a series of combined experimental and computational techniques, we revealed that the presence of crystal defects, introduced by urate tautomerism over the course of crystallization, elevates the metastability of uric acid dihydrate (UAD) crystals and triggers UAD dehydration to the uric acid anhydrate (UAA) phase in the crystal core which precedes with surface dissolution of the shell UAD crystal and recrystallization of the core phase. This unique phase transition could also be related to defect density, which appears to be influenced by the thickness of UAD crystals and crystallization driving force. The discovery of an unusual pathway of the core-shell phase transition suggests that the solid-state phase transition is not necessarily slower than the solvent-mediated phase transformation in solution and provides an alternative approach to constructing the core-shell structure. Moreover, the fundamental role of orientational disorder defects on the phase transition identified in this study demonstrates the feasibility to tailor phase transition and crystallization pathways by strategically importing crystal defects, which has broad applications in crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junbo Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Li L, Jiang Z, Li Y, Li F, Pan Y, Zhang X, Liang Y, Zheng Z. Regulating Morphological Features of Nickel Single-Atom Catalysts for Selective and Enhanced Electroreduction of CO 2. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201213. [PMID: 36538738 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are of interest for chemical transformations of significant energy and environmental relevance because of the envisioned efficient use of active sites and the flexibility in tuning their coordination environment. Future advancement in this vein hinges upon the ability to further increase the number and accessibility of active sites in addition to fine-tuning their chemical environment. In this work, a Ni SAC is reported with a unique hierarchical hollow structure (Ni/HH) that allows increased accessibility of the active sites. The successful obtainment of such a uniquely structured catalyst was enabled by the judiciously chosen solvent mixtures for the preparation of the precursor whose hierarchical feature is maintained during the subsequent pyrolysis and etching of the pyrolysis product. Comparative catalytic and mechanistic studies with reference to three closely related but more compact Ni SACs established the superior performance of Ni/HH for selective electroreduction of CO2 to CO. Experimental analyses by in situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy reveal that it is the facilitated formation of the *COOH intermediate in the rate-determining step that leads to the enhanced reaction kinetics and the overall catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Ministry of Education), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Ministry of Education), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Fayan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Ministry of Education), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Ministry of Education), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Ministry of Education), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yongye Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Ministry of Education), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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19
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Zhang B, He B. On the Formability of Medium Mn Steel Treated with Varied Thermal Processing Routes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:258. [PMID: 36614596 PMCID: PMC9822393 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we investigate the influence of thermal processing routes on the formability of medium Mn steel by assessing the strain hardening coefficient and anisotropy factor using the uniaxial tensile test. Medium Mn steel processed by intercritical annealing (IA) at 680 °C for 4 h demonstrates better formability than steel treated with a combination of IA at 800 °C for 10 min and quenching and partitioning (Q&P), based on the much higher strain hardening coefficient (n) and comparable anisotropy factor (r, rm, ∆r). The higher strain hardening coefficient of medium Mn steel with single IA treatment is ascribed to the enhanced transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect resulting from the large amount of austenite that is transformed into martensite during deformation. In addition, the IA process allows for the production of medium Mn steel with high ductility, which is beneficial for its high formability and good 'part ductility' in lightweight automotive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Binbin He
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-755-88015374
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20
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Ma J, Song Y, Jiang H, Rong L. Effect of Cu on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Low-Carbon Martensitic Stainless Steel. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15248849. [PMID: 36556655 PMCID: PMC9787517 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Reversed austenite is of vital importance in low-carbon martensitic stainless steel because it improves impact toughness. However, a proper amount of reversed austenite is obtained by tempering at a critical temperature, which reduces the strength of the steel. Therefore, how to improve strength-toughness matching is an important problem. Copper (Cu) is an effective strengthening element in steels. However, there is little in-depth discussion on the role of Cu on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon martensite steel. In this work, the effect of different Cu content on the reversed austenite formation, tensile strength, and impact toughness of a low-carbon martensitic stainless steel (0Cr13Ni4Mo) was systematically investigated through use of a transmission electron microscope (TEM), transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), atom probe tomography (APT), and other characterization methods and mechanical property tests. The results showed that the addition of Cu decreased the phase transition temperatures of martensite and austenite and increased the volume fraction of the reversed austenite. APT results indicated that Cu-rich clusters first formed with alloying elements such as ferrum (Fe) and nickel (Ni) and then grew to be precipitates through rejection of the alloying elements. The Ni atoms diffused towards the interface between the precipitates and the martensite matrix, which provided heterogeneous nucleation sites for the reversed austenite. Cu precipitations strengthened tensile strength during tempering. However, it generated temper brittleness in the steel at a tempering temperature of 450 °C, resulting in the impact energy of the 3Cu-steel being only 7 J. A good combination with higher tensile strength (863 MPa) and ductility (192 J) was obtained when tempering at 600 °C in the presence of Cu-rich precipitates and a sufficient volume fraction of the reversed austenite. The results provide guidance for the design of steels with reversed austenite and Cu and promote the development of high-strength and high-toughness steels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-24-23971976
| | - Haichang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lijian Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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21
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Mechanically derived short-range order and its impact on the multi-principal-element alloys. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6766. [PMID: 36351925 PMCID: PMC9646780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical short-range order in disordered solid solutions often emerges with specific heat treatments. Unlike thermally activated ordering, mechanically derived short-range order (MSRO) in a multi-principal-element Fe40Mn40Cr10Co10 (at%) alloy originates from tensile deformation at 77 K, and its degree/extent can be tailored by adjusting the loading rates under quasistatic conditions. The mechanical response and multi-length-scale characterisation pointed to the minor contribution of MSRO formation to yield strength, mechanical twinning, and deformation-induced displacive transformation. Scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and the anlaysis of electron diffraction patterns revealed the microstructural features responsible for MSRO and the dependence of the ordering degree/extent on the applied strain rates. Here, we show that underpinned by molecular dynamics, MSRO in the alloys with low stacking-fault energies forms when loaded at 77 K, and these systems that offer different perspectives on the process of strain-induced ordering transition are driven by crystalline lattice defects (dislocations and stacking faults). Unlike diffusion-mediated chemical short-range orders (SROs) in multi-principal element alloys, diffusionless SROs and their impact on alloys have been elusive. Here, the authors show the formation of strain-induced SROs by crystalline lattice defects, upon external loading at 77 K.
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22
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Prosgolitis CG, Kermanidis AT, Kamoutsi H, Haidemenopoulos GN. Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Plastically Pre-Strained HSLA S355MC and S460MC Steels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7927. [PMID: 36431413 PMCID: PMC9694675 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cold roll forming used in the manufacturing of lightweight steel profiles for racking storage systems is associated with localized, non-uniform plastic deformations in the corner sections of the profiles, which act as fatigue damage initiation sites. In order to obtain a clearer insight on the role of existing plastic deformation on material fatigue performance, the effect of plastic pre-straining on the low cycle fatigue behavior of S355MC and S460MC steels was investigated. The steels were plastically deformed at different pre-strain levels under tension, and subsequently subjected to cyclic strain-controlled testing. Plastic pre-straining was found to increase cyclic yield strength, decrease ductility, and induce cyclic softening, which, in S460MC, degrades fatigue resistance compared to the unstrained material. In unstrained conditions, the materials present a cyclic softening to hardening transition with increasing plastic strain amplitude, which in S355MC occurs at lower strain amplitudes and degrades its fatigue resistance with regard to the pre-strained material. Pre-straining also leads to a reduction in transition life from low to high cycle fatigue. SEM fractography, performed following the onset of crack initiation, revealed that plastic pre-straining reduces the fatigue fracture section as well as striation spacing, predominantly in the S355MC steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos G. Prosgolitis
- Laboratory of Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38334 Volos, Greece
| | - Alexis T. Kermanidis
- Laboratory of Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38334 Volos, Greece
| | - Helen Kamoutsi
- Laboratory of Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38334 Volos, Greece
| | - Gregory N. Haidemenopoulos
- Laboratory of Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38334 Volos, Greece
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23
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Zheng X, Han W, Yang K, Wong LW, Tsang CS, Lai KH, Zheng F, Yang T, Lau SP, Ly TH, Yang M, Zhao J. Phase and polarization modulation in two-dimensional In 2Se 3 via in situ transmission electron microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0773. [PMID: 36269828 PMCID: PMC9586485 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phase transitions in two-dimensional (2D) materials promise reversible modulation of material physical and chemical properties in a wide range of applications. 2D van der Waals layered In2Se3 with bistable out-of-plane ferroelectric (FE) α phase and antiferroelectric (AFE) β' phase is particularly attractive for its electronic applications. However, reversible phase transition in 2D In2Se3 remains challenging. Here, we introduce two factors, dimension (thickness) and strain, which can effectively modulate the phases of 2D In2Se3. We achieve reversible AFE and out-of-plane FE phase transition in 2D In2Se3 by delicate strain control inside a transmission electron microscope. In addition, the polarizations in 2D FE In2Se3 can also be manipulated in situ at the nanometer-sized contacts, rendering remarkable memristive behavior. Our in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) work paves a previously unidentified way for manipulating the correlated FE phases and highlights the great potentials of 2D ferroelectrics for nanoelectromechanical and memory device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lok Wing Wong
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chi Shing Tsang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Hei Lai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fangyuan Zheng
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiefeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu Ping Lau
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Sadeghpour S, Javaheri V, Somani M, Kömi J, Karjalainen P. Heterogeneous Multiphase Microstructure Formation through Partial Recrystallization of a Warm-Deformed Medium Mn Steel during High-Temperature Partitioning. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7322. [PMID: 36295387 PMCID: PMC9609609 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel processing route is proposed to create a heterogeneous, multiphase structure in a medium Mn steel by incorporating partial quenching above the ambient, warm deformation, and partial recrystallization at high partitioning temperatures. The processing schedule was implemented in a Gleeble thermomechanical simulator and microstructures were examined by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The hardness of the structures was measured as the preliminary mechanical property. Quenching of the reaustenitized sample to 120 °C provided a microstructure consisting of 73% martensite and balance (27%) untransformed austenite. Subsequent warm deformation at 500 °C enabled partially recrystallized ferrite and retained austenite during subsequent partitioning at 650 °C. The final microstructure consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of several phases and morphologies including lath-tempered martensite, partially recrystallized ferrite, lath and equiaxed austenite, and carbides. The volume fraction of retained austenite was 29% with a grain size of 200-300 nm and an estimated average stacking fault energy of 45 mJ/m2. The study indicates that desired novel microstructures can be imparted in these steels through suitable process design, whereby various hardening mechanisms, such as transformation-induced plasticity, bimodal grain size, phase boundary, strain partitioning, and precipitation hardening can be activated, resulting presumably in enhanced mechanical properties.
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25
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Zhao H, Zhu Y, Ye H, He Y, Li H, Sun Y, Yang F, Wang R. Atomic-Scale Structure Dynamics of Nanocrystals Revealed By In Situ and Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2206911. [PMID: 36153832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystals are of great importance in material sciences and industry. Engineering nanocrystals with desired structures and properties is no doubt one of the most important challenges in the field, which requires deep insight into atomic-scale dynamics of nanocrystals during the process. The rapid developments of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), especially environmental TEM, reveal insights into nanocrystals to digest. According to the considerable progress based on in situ electron microscopy, a comprehensive review on nanocrystal dynamics from three aspects: nucleation and growth, structure evolution, and dynamics in reaction conditions are given. In the nucleation and growth part, existing nucleation theories and growth pathways are organized based on liquid and gas-solid phases. In the structure evolution part, the focus is on in-depth mechanistic understanding of the evolution, including defects, phase, and disorder/order transitions. In the part of dynamics in reaction conditions, solid-solid and gas-solid interfaces of nanocrystals in atmosphere are discussed and the structure-property relationship is correlated. Even though impressive progress is made, additional efforts are required to develop the integrated and operando TEM methodologies for unveiling nanocrystal dynamics with high spatial, energy, and temporal resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huanyu Ye
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rongming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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26
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Liang H, He R, Lin W, Liu L, Xiang X, Zhang Z, Guan S, Peng F, Fang L. Strain-induced strengthening in superconducting β-Mo2C through high pressure and high temperature. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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Li S, Wang Y, Hu B, Tao W, Yang S, Luo H. A shrinkage-based criterion for evaluating resistance spot weldability of alloyed steels. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac161. [PMID: 36714872 PMCID: PMC9802252 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For many decades, several classical formulas on carbon equivalent (CE) have been widely used for evaluating the weldability of steels. Unfortunately, a single CE is impossible for various types of steels. In this study, the resistance spot weldability of medium-Mn steels was investigated. In particular, the influences of paint baking processes at different temperatures on the mechanical properties, fracture mode, and microstructure of weldment were studied. It was found that the paint baking above 170°C can change the tensile-shear failure of weldment from the undesired interfacial failure to the desired pull-out one, because the shrinkage of weldment during welding was compensated by the thermal expansion during the baking, leading to the "cold welding" realized for solid joining. Furthermore, a shrinkage-based criterion (∆l) was established for evaluating the weldability of greater range of alloyed steels more accurately and robustly than CE. The proposed criterion on measuring the weldability of high alloyed steels opens a promising path forward for designing a new generation of advanced high strength steels requiring good weldability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China,Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China,Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wu Tao
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | | | - Haiwen Luo
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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28
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Huang H, Zhang T, Chen C, Hosseini SRE, Zhang J, Zhou K. Anisotropy in the Tensile Properties of a Selective Laser Melted Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe Alloy during Aging Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5493. [PMID: 36013629 PMCID: PMC9410053 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the anisotropic microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted (SLMed) Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe (Ti-55511) alloy before and after aging treatment are investigated. Owing to the unique thermal gradient, the prior columnar β grains with {001} texture component grow in the building direction, and the mechanical properties of the as-fabricated Ti-55511 alloy exhibit slight anisotropy. Aging treatment creates uniform precipitation of the α phase at the boundaries as well as the interior of β grains. Due to the microstructure of the aged samples with a weak texture, the mechanical properties exhibit almost isotropic characteristics with an ultimate tensile strength of 1133 to 1166 MPa, yield strength of 1093 to 1123 MPa, and elongation from 13 to 16%, which meet the aerospace allowable specification very well. By XRD and EBSD analyses, the total dislocation density of the aged samples (~134.8 × 1013 m-2) is significantly lower than that of the as-fabricated samples (~259.4 × 1013 m-2); however, the aged samples exhibit a higher geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density (~28.5 × 1013 m-2) compared with the as-fabricated samples GND density (~2.9 × 1013 m-2). Thus, a new approach to strengthening theory for estimating the anisotropic mechanical properties of AM alloys is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Taomei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Seyed Reza Elmi Hosseini
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Kechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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29
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The Importance of Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Steels/alloys are widely used in various aspects of human society, such as transportation and construction, machinery manufacturing, oil, chemical, petrochemical, marine, and nuclear power industries, etc [...]
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30
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Effect of Bending Process on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Crack Formation of 5% Ni Steel. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12071188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The 5% Ni steel is often used to make steel storage tanks to store liquefied natural gas (LNG). Herein, the microstructure and mechanical properties of 5% Ni steel samples during bending were studied through combining scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron backscattered diffractometer methods with tensile tests. The outer and inner arcs underwent tensile and compressive stress, respectively, resulting in a severely deformed microstructure with a high density of dislocation, improving both the tensile and yield strengths. The ductility of the 5% Ni steel samples decreased significantly after bending due to the work hardening and dislocation accumulation. During bending, the shear bands occurred at the surface or subsurface, which were caused by strain localization. Amounts of “harder” grains with high TF and more orange and red KAM areas with high local strain at the outer and inner arcs produced a greater stress concentration than that of the mid-thickness, which can induce crack initiation and propagation due to the large deformation during bending.
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31
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The Microstructural Evolution of Cu-Sn-P Alloy during Hot Deformation Process. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134501. [PMID: 35806628 PMCID: PMC9267601 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The microstructure evolution of Cu-Sn-P alloy subjected to hot deformation was researched through electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) in the present study. The results indicated that after hot deformation, grains perpendicular to the force direction were elongated, and mostly became deformed grains, and then exhibited an obvious hardening effect. The Cu-Sn-P alloy could be strain hardened during hot deformation, but, with recrystallization, a softening effect occurred. Changes in dislocation density, textures, and grain sizes play different roles in flow stress behaviors of Cu-Sn-P alloy, and the dislocation density has a more evident effect at low temperature. However, with increase in temperature, recrystallization softening gradually dominates. Low-angle grain boundaries (LABs) account for the majority of hot deformed microstructures of Cu-Sn-P alloy. High dislocation densities in these zones make it easy to initiate the dislocation slipping systems. Deformation is realized through dislocation slipping and the slipping of edge dislocation pairs. The dislocation pile-up zones have high distortion energies, and, thus, elements of diffusion and recrystallization nucleation can occur easily. At different temperatures, the maximum polar density of textures gradually increases, and there are preferred orientations of grains. At 500 °C, stacking faults accumulate and promote the growth of twins. The twin growth direction is mainly determined by the migration of high-angle grain boundaries (HABs) and the clustering of high-stress zones.
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32
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Advanced High-Strength Steels for Automotive Applications: Arc and Laser Welding Process, Properties, and Challenges. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12061051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) has increased to improve the durability and service life of steel structures. The development of these steels involves innovative processing technologies and steel alloy design concepts. Joining these steels is predominantly conducted by following fusion welding techniques, such as gas metal arc welding, tungsten inert gas welding, and laser welding. These fusion welding techniques often lead to a loss of mechanical properties due to the weld thermal cycles in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the deposited filler wire chemistry. This review paper elucidates the current studies on the state-of-the-art of weldability on AHSS, with ultimate strength levels above 800 MPa. The effects of alloy designs on the HAZ softening, microstructure evolution, and the mechanical properties of the weld joints corresponding to different welding techniques and filler wire chemistry are discussed. More specifically, the fusion welding techniques used for the welding of AHSS were summarized. This review article gives an insight into the issues while selecting a particular fusion welding technique for the welding of AHSS.
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33
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang J, Qin S, Wu X, Yuan F. Tensile Behaviors and Strain Hardening Mechanisms in a High-Mn Steel with Heterogeneous Microstructure. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103542. [PMID: 35629571 PMCID: PMC9143466 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous structures with both heterogeneous grain structure and dual phases have been designed and obtained in a high-Mn microband-induced plasticity (MBIP) steel. The heterogeneous structures show better synergy of strength and ductility as compared to the homogeneous structures. Higher contribution of hetero-deformation induced hardening to the overall strain hardening was observed and higher density of geometrically necessary dislocations were found to be induced at various domain boundaries in the heterogeneous structures, resulting in higher extra strain hardening for the observed better tensile properties as compared to the homogeneous structures. MBIP effect is found to be still effective in the coarse austenite grains of heterogeneous structures, while the typical Taylor lattice structure and the formation of microband are not observed in the ultra-fine austenite grains of heterogeneous structures, indicating that decreasing grain size might inhibit the occurrence of microbands. High density of dislocation is also observed in the interiors of BCC grains, indicating that both phases are deformable and can accommodate plastic deformation. It is interesting to note that the deformation mechanisms are highly dependent on the phase and grain size for the present MBIP steel with heterogeneous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengde Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (F.Y.)
| | - Xiaolei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (F.Y.)
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A sustainable ultra-high strength Fe18Mn3Ti maraging steel through controlled solute segregation and α-Mn nanoprecipitation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2330. [PMID: 35484147 PMCID: PMC9050706 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous magnitude of 2 billion tons of alloys produced per year demands a change in design philosophy to make materials environmentally, economically, and socially more sustainable. This disqualifies the use of critical elements that are rare or have questionable origin. Amongst the major alloy strengthening mechanisms, a high-dispersion of second-phase precipitates with sizes in the nanometre range is particularly effective for achieving ultra-high strength. Here, we propose an alternative segregation-based strategy for sustainable steels, free of critical elements, which are rendered ultrastrong by second-phase nano-precipitation. We increase the Mn-content in a supersaturated, metastable Fe-Mn solid solution to trigger compositional fluctuations and nano-segregation in the bulk. These fluctuations act as precursors for the nucleation of an unexpected α-Mn phase, which impedes dislocation motion, thus enabling precipitation strengthening. Our steel outperforms most common commercial alloys, yet it is free of critical elements, making it a new platform for sustainable alloy design. Recent demands to design alloys in a more sustainable way have discouraged the use of critical elements that are rare. Here the authors demonstrate a segregation-based strategy to produce a sustainable steel, Fe18Mn3Ti, without critical elements while achieving ultrahigh-strength.
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35
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The Role of Cold Rolling Reduction on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-Low Carbon Bainitic Steel. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093070. [PMID: 35591405 PMCID: PMC9102471 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra-low carbon bainitic steel (UCBS) under different cold rolling reductions. When the rolling reduction ratios were increased to 80%, the microstructure was refined, and the lath width of the bainite decreased from 601 nm to 252 nm. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increased from 812 MPa and 683 MPa to 1195 MPa and 1150 MPa, respectively, whereas the elongation decreased from 15.9% to 7.9%. In addition, the dislocation density increased from 8.3 × 1013 m−2 to 4.87 × 1014 m−2 and a stronger γ-fiber texture was obtained at the 80% cold rolling reduction ratio. The local stress distribution and kernel average misorientation were not uniform and became more severe with increased rolling reduction ratios. The strength increment of UCBS was primarily due to boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening. The theoretical strength increment agreed well with the experimental measurements, which can be helpful for the design and production of UCBS for broad engineering applications.
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36
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Uniting tensile ductility with ultrahigh strength via composition undulation. Nature 2022; 604:273-279. [PMID: 35418634 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metals with nanocrystalline grains have ultrahigh strengths approaching two gigapascals. However, such extreme grain-boundary strengthening results in the loss of almost all tensile ductility, even when the metal has a face-centred-cubic structure-the most ductile of all crystal structures1-3. Here we demonstrate that nanocrystalline nickel-cobalt solid solutions, although still a face-centred-cubic single phase, show tensile strengths of about 2.3 gigapascals with a respectable ductility of about 16 per cent elongation to failure. This unusual combination of tensile strength and ductility is achieved by compositional undulation in a highly concentrated solid solution. The undulation renders the stacking fault energy and the lattice strains spatially varying over length scales in the range of one to ten nanometres, such that the motion of dislocations is thus significantly affected. The motion of dislocations becomes sluggish, promoting their interaction, interlocking and accumulation, despite the severely limited space inside the nanocrystalline grains. As a result, the flow stress is increased, and the dislocation storage is promoted at the same time, which increases the strain hardening and hence the ductility. Meanwhile, the segment detrapping along the dislocation line entails a small activation volume and hence an increased strain-rate sensitivity, which also stabilizes the tensile flow. As such, an undulating landscape resisting dislocation propagation provides a strengthening mechanism that preserves tensile ductility at high flow stresses.
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37
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Effect of Intercritical Tempering Temperature on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of High Strength and Toughness Medium Manganese Steel. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062162. [PMID: 35329620 PMCID: PMC8949609 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of intercritical tempering temperature (TT) on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 3.6Mn medium manganese steel, which contained martensite and austenite, was investigated by X-ray diffraction, electron backscattering diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, as well as Thermo-Calc calculation. The results showed that the volume fraction of reversed austenite (RA) increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing TT in the range of 550~650 °C. When the TT was below 620 °C, lath-like RA with good stability was mainly displayed between martensite laths and its size is about 100 nm. When the TT was higher than 650 °C, larger-size and block RA was formed in the martensite block boundaries, and part of the RA transformed into fresh martensite during cooling. The yield strength and tensile strength of the experimental steels decreased gradually as the TT increased, but the tensile strength increased gradually with the formation of block RA and fresh martensite. Lath-like RA could significantly improve the toughness and plasticity with slight loss of yield strength, but block RA decreased slightly them.
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38
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The dual role of martensitic transformation in fatigue crack growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2110139119. [PMID: 35210359 PMCID: PMC8892355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110139119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
About 90% of all mechanical service failures are caused by fatigue. Avoiding fatigue failure requires addressing the wide knowledge gap regarding the micromechanical processes governing damage under cyclic loading, which may be fundamentally different from that under static loading. This is particularly true for deformation-induced martensitic transformation (DIMT), one of the most common strengthening mechanisms for alloys. Here, we identify two antagonistic mechanisms mediated by martensitic transformation during the fatigue process through in situ observations and demonstrate the dual role of DIMT in fatigue crack growth and its strong crack-size dependence. Our findings open up avenues for designing fatigue-resistant alloys through optimal use of DIMT. They also enable the development of physically based lifetime prediction models with higher fidelity. Deformation-induced martensitic transformation (DIMT) has been used for designing high-performance alloys to prevent structural failure under static loads. Its effectiveness against fatigue, however, is unclear. This limits the application of DIMT for parts that are exposed to variable loads, although such scenarios are the rule and not the exception for structural failure. Here we reveal the dual role of DIMT in fatigue crack growth through in situ observations. Two antagonistic fatigue mechanisms mediated by DIMT are identified, namely, transformation-mediated crack arresting, which prevents crack growth, and transformation-mediated crack coalescence, which promotes crack growth. Both mechanisms are due to the hardness and brittleness of martensite as a transformation product, rather than to the actual transformation process itself. In fatigue crack growth, the prevalence of one mechanism over the other critically depends on the crack size and the mechanical stability of the parent austenite phase. Elucidating the two mechanisms and their interplay allows for the microstructure design and safe use of metastable alloys that experience fatigue loads. The findings also generally reveal how metastable alloy microstructures must be designed for materials to be fatigue-resistant.
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Massive interstitial solid solution alloys achieve near-theoretical strength. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1102. [PMID: 35232964 PMCID: PMC8888583 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitials, e.g., C, N, and O, are attractive alloying elements as small atoms on interstitial sites create strong lattice distortions and hence substantially strengthen metals. However, brittle ceramics such as oxides and carbides usually form, instead of solid solutions, when the interstitial content exceeds a critical yet low value (e.g., 2 at.%). Here we introduce a class of massive interstitial solid solution (MISS) alloys by using a highly distorted substitutional host lattice, which enables solution of massive amounts of interstitials as an additional principal element class, without forming ceramic phases. For a TiNbZr-O-C-N MISS model system, the content of interstitial O reaches 12 at.%, with no oxides formed. The alloy reveals an ultrahigh compressive yield strength of 4.2 GPa, approaching the theoretical limit, and large deformability (65% strain) at ambient temperature, without localized shear deformation. The MISS concept thus offers a new avenue in the development of metallic materials with excellent mechanical properties. Interstitials can substantially strengthen metals. Here the authors show a massive interstitial solid solution (MISS) approach enabling a model multicomponent alloy to achieve near-theoretical strength together with large deformability.
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40
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Xu H, Ji W, Guo W, Li Y, Zou J, Wang W, Fu Z. Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Oxidation Resistance of Zirconium Diboride Ceramics via Grain-Refining and Dislocation Regulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104532. [PMID: 35199495 PMCID: PMC8867202 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium diboride (ZrB2 ) is considered as one of the most promising ultra-high temperature materials for the applications in extreme environments. However, the difficulty in fabrication of ZrB2 limits its industrial applications. In this study, fully dense and grain-refined ZrB2 is prepared under ultra-high pressure of 15 GPa at low temperature of 1450 °C. The as-prepared ZrB2 exhibits excellent mechanical and oxidation-resistant properties. Compared with raw powder, the grain size decreases 56%. Compared with high-temperature sintered control specimen beyond 2000 °C, the hardness and fracture toughness increase about 46% and 69%, respectively, the dislocation density increase 3 orders of magnitude, while the grain size considerably decrease 96%. According to work hardening, Hall-Petch and Taylor dislocation hardening effects, the refined grains, substructures, and high dislocation density caused by plastic deformation during sintering can enhance the mechanical properties. The unique structure contributes to a threshold oxidation temperature increase of ≈250 °C relative to the high-temperature sintered ZrB2 , achieving one of the highest values (1100 °C) among the reported monolithic ultra-high temperature ceramics. A developed densification mechanism of dislocation multiplication with grain refining is proposed and proved to dominate the sintering, which is responsible for simultaneous improvements in mechanical and oxidation-resistant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Wei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Weiming Guo
- School of Electromechanical EngineeringGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Ji Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Weimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
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41
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Jiang L, Gong M, Wang J, Pan Z, Wang X, Zhang D, Wang YM, Ciston J, Minor AM, Xu M, Pan X, Rupert TJ, Mahajan S, Lavernia EJ, Beyerlein IJ, Schoenung JM. Visualization and validation of twin nucleation and early-stage growth in magnesium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:20. [PMID: 35013175 PMCID: PMC8748725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The abrupt occurrence of twinning when Mg is deformed leads to a highly anisotropic response, making it too unreliable for structural use and too unpredictable for observation. Here, we describe an in-situ transmission electron microscopy experiment on Mg crystals with strategically designed geometries for visualization of a long-proposed but unverified twinning mechanism. Combining with atomistic simulations and topological analysis, we conclude that twin nucleation occurs through a pure-shuffle mechanism that requires prismatic-basal transformations. Also, we verified a crystal geometry dependent twin growth mechanism, that is the early-stage growth associated with instability of plasticity flow, which can be dominated either by slower movement of prismatic-basal boundary steps, or by faster glide-shuffle along the twinning plane. The fundamental understanding of twinning provides a pathway to understand deformation from a scientific standpoint and the microstructure design principles to engineer metals with enhanced behavior from a technological standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Materials & Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Mingyu Gong
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Zhiliang Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Dalong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Y Morris Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94701, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94701, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Timothy J Rupert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Subhash Mahajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Irene J Beyerlein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Julie M Schoenung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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42
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Lu Q, Lai Q, Chai Z, Wei X, Xiong X, Yi H, Huang M, Xu W, Wang J. Revolutionizing car body manufacturing using a unified steel metallurgy concept. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk0176. [PMID: 34860541 PMCID: PMC8641927 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous high-performance steels with various compositions and mechanical properties were developed to enable a safe and light-weight automotive body-in-white (BIW). However, this multisteel scheme creates substantial challenges, including the resistance spot welding of dissimilar steels, processing optimization, and recycling. Here, we propose a revolutionary unified steel (UniSteel) concept, i.e., using a single chemistry to produce multiple steel grades for the entire BIW. The tensile strengths of various UniSteel grades are ranging from 600 to 1680 MPa, encompassing the strengths of typical commercial counterparts while exhibiting competent ductility. The prototype parts made of UniSteel press-hardened steel (PHS) grade demonstrate superior side-intrusion resistance over the commercial PHS, and the satisfactory weldability is verified. The UniSteel reduces the resistivity difference within the sheet stack-ups, allowing the simplification of welding processes. The UniSteel concept could potentially revolutionize the manufacturing of BIW for the global automotive industry and contribute to carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- China Science Laboratory, General Motors Global
Research and Development, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingquan Lai
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhisong Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Hongliang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Easyforming Materials Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou,
China
| | - Mingxin Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- China Science Laboratory, General Motors Global
Research and Development, Shanghai, China
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43
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Han J, Wang X, Jiang W, Liu C, Zhang Z, Liaw PK. Nanoprecipitate-Strengthened High-Entropy Alloys. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100870. [PMID: 34677914 PMCID: PMC8655203 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent high-entropy alloys (HEAs) can be tuned to a simple phase with some unique alloy characteristics. HEAs with body-centered-cubic (BCC) or hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) structures are proven to possess high strength and hardness but low ductility. The faced-centered-cubic (FCC) HEAs present considerable ductility, excellent corrosion and radiation resistance. However, their strengths are relatively low. Therefore, the strategy of strengthening the ductile FCC matrix phase is usually adopted to design HEAs with excellent performance. Among various strengthening methods, precipitation strengthening plays a dazzling role since the characteristics of multiple principal elements and slow diffusion effect of elements in HEAs provide a chance to form fine and stable nanoscale precipitates, pushing the strengths of the alloys to new high levels. This paper summarizes and review the recent progress in nanoprecipitate-strengthened HEAs and their strengthening mechanisms. The alloy-design strategies and control of the nanoscale precipitates in HEAs are highlighted. The future works on the related aspects are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China
| | - Xiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China
| | - Chain‐Tsuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCollege of EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Zhongwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China
| | - Peter K. Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN37996‐2100USA
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44
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Sun B, Lu W, Gault B, Ding R, Makineni SK, Wan D, Wu CH, Chen H, Ponge D, Raabe D. Chemical heterogeneity enhances hydrogen resistance in high-strength steels. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1629-1634. [PMID: 34239084 PMCID: PMC8610813 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The antagonism between strength and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in metallic materials is an intrinsic obstacle to the design of lightweight yet reliable structural components operated in hydrogen-containing environments. Economical and scalable microstructural solutions to this challenge must be found. Here, we introduce a counterintuitive strategy to exploit the typically undesired chemical heterogeneity within the material's microstructure that enables local enhancement of crack resistance and local hydrogen trapping. We use this approach in a manganese-containing high-strength steel and produce a high dispersion of manganese-rich zones within the microstructure. These solute-rich buffer regions allow for local micro-tuning of the phase stability, arresting hydrogen-induced microcracks and thus interrupting the percolation of hydrogen-assisted damage. This results in a superior hydrogen embrittlement resistance (better by a factor of two) without sacrificing the material's strength and ductility. The strategy of exploiting chemical heterogeneities, rather than avoiding them, broadens the horizon for microstructure engineering via advanced thermomechanical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhan Sun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ran Ding
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Surendra Kumar Makineni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Di Wan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Chun-Hung Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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45
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Liu C, Xiong F, Liu G, Wang Y, Cao Y, Xue Z, Peng Q. Austenite Stability and Deformation Behavior in Medium Mn Steel Processed by Cyclic Quenching ART Heat Treatment. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237132. [PMID: 34885285 PMCID: PMC8658205 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the austenite stability and deformation behavior of cyclic quenching-austenite reverse transformation processed Fe-0.25C-3.98Mn-1.22Al-0.20Si-0.19Mo-0.03Nb medium Mn steel. A number of findings were obtained. Most importantly, the extent of the TRIP effect was mainly determined by an appropriately retained austenite stability rather than its content. Simultaneously, chemical elements were the key factors affecting austenite stability, of which Mn had the greatest impact, while the difference of retained austenite grain size and Mn content resulted in different degrees of retained austenite stability. Additionally, there were still large amounts of strip and granular-retained austenite shown in the microstructure of the CQ3-ART sample after tensile fracture, revealing that the excessively stable, retained austenite inhibited the generation of an extensive TRIP effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunquan Liu
- Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China; (F.X.); (G.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Fen Xiong
- Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China; (F.X.); (G.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Guanni Liu
- Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China; (F.X.); (G.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yong Wang
- Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China; (F.X.); (G.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuxin Cao
- Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China; (F.X.); (G.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhengliang Xue
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China;
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Qichun Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China;
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46
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Pan Q, Zhang L, Feng R, Lu Q, An K, Chuang AC, Poplawsky JD, Liaw PK, Lu L. Gradient cell-structured high-entropy alloy with exceptional strength and ductility. Science 2021; 374:984-989. [PMID: 34554824 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Pan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
| | - Liangxue Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
| | - Rui Feng
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Qiuhong Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
| | - Ke An
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophases Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Peter K Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Lei Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
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Guo S, Wu T, Kwak M, Lu W, Ma W, Liu Q, Liu H, Meng Q, Liu G, Cheng X, Zhao X. Achieving a combination of decent biocompatibility and large near-linear-elastic deformation behavior in shell-core-like structural TiNb/NiTi composite. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 123:104789. [PMID: 34450418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As expected from the material design, a novel shell-core-like structural TiNb/NiTi composite possessing both decent biocompatibility and large near-linear-elastic deformation behavior (namely as near-linear elasticity accompanied by high elastic strain limit) was prepared successfully by a hot pack-rolling combined with cold rolling procedure. Non-cytotoxic TiNb outer shell obstructs the NiTi inner core from cells and provides the decent biocompatibility of TiNb/NiTi composite. Large near-linear-elastic deformation behavior for this TiNb/NiTi composite has been confirmed to be associated with intrinsic elastic deformation, two types of reversible stress-induced martensitic transformations (i.e. β↔α'' and B2↔B19' transformations) occurring in a homogeneous manner, together with the (001) compound twin in B19' martensitic plates. Our study provides a new design approach for developing NiTi-based composites with both decent biocompatibility and large near-linear-elastic deformation behavior for biomedical or engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tinghui Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Minkyung Kwak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Weiqun Lu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Youke Publishing Co., Ltd., Grinm Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Youke Publishing Co., Ltd., Grinm Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100088, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Qingkun Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Guanglei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaonong Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xinqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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48
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Simultaneous Improvement of Yield Strength and Ductility at Cryogenic Temperature by Gradient Structure in 304 Stainless Steel. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071856. [PMID: 34361244 PMCID: PMC8308231 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The tensile properties and the corresponding deformation mechanism of the graded 304 stainless steel (ss) at both room and cryogenic temperatures were investigated and compared with those of the coarse-grained (CGed) 304 ss. Gradient structures were found to have excellent synergy of strength and ductility at room temperature, and both the yield strength and the uniform elongation were found to be simultaneously improved at cryogenic temperature in the gradient structures, as compared to those for the CG sample. The hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) hardening was found to play a more important role in the gradient structures as compared to the CG sample and be more obvious at cryogenic temperature as compared to that at room temperature. The central layer in the gradient structures provides stronger strain hardening during tensile deformation at both temperatures, due to more volume fraction of martensitic transformation. The volume fraction of martensitic transformation in the gradient structures was found to be much higher at cryogenic temperature, resulting in a much stronger strain hardening at cryogenic temperature. The amount of martensitic transformation at the central layer of the gradient structures is observed to be even higher than that for the CG sample at cryogenic temperature, which is one of the origins for the simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility by the gradient structures at cryogenic temperature.
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49
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Tao A, Yao T, Jiang Y, Yang L, Yan X, Ohta H, Ikuhara Y, Chen C, Ye H, Ma X. Single-Dislocation Schottky Diodes. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5586-5592. [PMID: 34138575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dislocations often exhibit unique physical properties distinct from those of the bulk material. However, functional applications of dislocations are challenging due to difficulties in the construction of high-performance devices of dislocations. Here we demonstrate unidirectional single-dislocation Schottky diode arrays in a Fe2O3 thin film on Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrates. Conductivity measurements using conductive atomic force microscopy indicate that a net current will flow through individual dislocation Schottky diodes under forward bias and disappear under reverse bias. Under cyclic bias voltages, the single-dislocation Schottky diodes exhibit a distinct resistive switching behavior containing low-resistance and high-resistance states with a high resistance ratio of ∼103. A combined study of transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations reveals that the Fe2O3 dislocations comprise mixed Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions due to O deficiency and exhibit a one-dimensional electrical conductivity. The single-dislocation Schottky diodes may find applications for developing ultrahigh-density electronic and memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Tao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Yao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiao Jiang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexi Yan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hiromichi Ohta
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Kita, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikuhara
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Chunlin Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengqiang Ye
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuliang Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050 Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Bifunctional nanoprecipitates strengthen and ductilize a medium-entropy alloy. Nature 2021; 595:245-249. [PMID: 34234333 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-phase high- and medium-entropy alloys with face-centred cubic (fcc) structure can exhibit high tensile ductility1,2 and excellent toughness2,3, but their room-temperature strengths are low1-3. Dislocation obstacles such as grain boundaries4, twin boundaries5, solute atoms6 and precipitates7-9 can increase strength. However, with few exceptions8-11, such obstacles tend to decrease ductility. Interestingly, precipitates can also hinder phase transformations12,13. Here, using a model, precipitate-strengthened, Fe-Ni-Al-Ti medium-entropy alloy, we demonstrate a strategy that combines these dual functions in a single alloy. The nanoprecipitates in our alloy, in addition to providing conventional strengthening of the matrix, also modulate its transformation from fcc-austenite to body-centred cubic (bcc) martensite, constraining it to remain as metastable fcc after quenching through the transformation temperature. During subsequent tensile testing, the matrix progressively transforms to bcc-martensite, enabling substantial increases in strength, work hardening and ductility. This use of nanoprecipitates exploits synergies between precipitation strengthening and transformation-induced plasticity, resulting in simultaneous enhancement of tensile strength and uniform elongation. Our findings demonstrate how synergistic deformation mechanisms can be deliberately activated, exactly when needed, by altering precipitate characteristics (such as size, spacing, and so on), along with the chemical driving force for phase transformation, to optimize strength and ductility.
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