1
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Abadia M, Piquero-Zulaica I, Brede J, Verdini A, Floreano L, V. Barth J, Lobo-Checa J, Corso M, Rogero C. Enhancing Haloarene Coupling Reaction Efficiency on an Oxide Surface by Metal Atom Addition. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1923-1930. [PMID: 38315034 PMCID: PMC10870764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The bottom-up synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials directly on semiconductor surfaces allows for the decoupling of their electronic and magnetic properties from the substrates. However, the typically reduced reactivity of such nonmetallic surfaces adversely affects the course of these reactions. Here, we achieve a high polymerization yield of halogenated polyphenyl molecular building blocks on the semiconducting TiO2(110) surface via concomitant surface decoration with cobalt atoms, which catalyze the Ullmann coupling reaction. Specifically, cobalt atoms trigger the debromination of 4,4″-dibromo-p-terphenyl molecules on TiO2(110) and mediate the formation of an intermediate organometallic phase already at room temperature (RT). As the debromination temperature is drastically reduced, homocoupling and polymerization readily proceed, preventing presursor desorption from the substrate and entailing a drastic increase of the poly-para-phenylene polymerization yield. The general efficacy of this mechanism is shown with an iodinated terphenyl derivative, which exhibits similar dehalogenation and reaction yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Abadia
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ignacio Piquero-Zulaica
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Physics
Department E20, Technical University of
Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jens Brede
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM,
Instituto Officina dei Materiali Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM,
Instituto Officina dei Materiali Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics
Department E20, Technical University of
Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jorge Lobo-Checa
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martina Corso
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Celia Rogero
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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2
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Zuzak R, Quiroga S, Engelund M, Pérez D, Peña D, Godlewski S, Melle-Franco M. Sequential On-Surface Cyclodehydrogenation in a Nonplanar Nanographene. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10442-10449. [PMID: 37962022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as an attractive method for the atomically precise synthesis of new molecular nanostructures, being complementary to the widespread approach based on solution chemistry. It has been particularly successful in the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons and nanographenes. In both cases, the target compound is often generated through cyclodehydrogenation reactions, leading to planarization and the formation of hexagonal rings. To improve the flexibility and tunability of molecular units, however, the incorporation of other, nonbenzenoid, subunits is highly desirable. In this letter, we thoroughly analyze sequential cyclodehydrogenation reactions with a custom-designed molecular precursor. We demonstrate the step-by-step formation of hexagonal and pentagonal rings from the nonplanar precursor within fjord and cove regions, respectively. Computer models comprehensively support the experimental observations, revealing that both reactions imply an initial hydrogen abstraction and a final [1,2] hydrogen shift, but the formation of a pentagonal ring proceeds through a radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zuzak
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sabela Quiroga
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mads Engelund
- Espeem S.A.R.L., L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO─Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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3
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Sun K, Li D, Kaihara T, Minakata S, Takeda Y, Kawai S. On-surface synthesis of nitrogen-doped nanographene with an [18]annulene pore on Ag(111). Commun Chem 2023; 6:228. [PMID: 37863965 PMCID: PMC10589310 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is of importance to fabricate low dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials with atomic precision. Here, we synthesize nitrogen-doped nanographene with an [18]annulene pore and its dimer through sequential reactions of debromination, aryl-aryl coupling, cyclodehydrogenation and C-N coupling on Ag(111) from 3,12-dibromo-7,8-diaza[5]helicene. The inner structures of the products were characterized with scanning tunneling microscopy with a CO terminated tip at low temperature. Furthermore, the first four unoccupied electronic states of the nanographene were investigated with a combination of scanning tunneling spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Except for the LUMO + 2 state observed at +1.3 V, the electronic states at 500 mV, 750 mV and 1.9 V were attributed to the superatom molecular orbitals at the [18]annulene pore, which were significantly shifted towards the Fermi level due to the hybridization with the confined surface state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Donglin Li
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Segen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takahito Kaihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Segen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan.
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4
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Ma C, Wang J, Ma H, Yin R, Zhao XJ, Du H, Meng X, Ke Y, Hu W, Li B, Tan S, Tan YZ, Yang J, Wang B. Remote-Triggered Domino-like Cyclodehydrogenation in Second-Layer Topological Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10126-10135. [PMID: 37097709 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodehydrogenation reactions in the on-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) usually involve a series of Csp2-Csp2 and/or Csp2-Csp3 couplings and just happen on uncovered metal or metal oxide surfaces. It is still a big challenge to extend the growth of second-layer GNRs in the absence of necessary catalytic sites. Here, we demonstrate the direct growth of topologically nontrivial GNRs via multistep Csp2-Csp2 and Csp2-Csp3 couplings in the second layer by annealing designed bowtie-shaped precursor molecules over one monolayer on the Au(111) surface. After annealing at 700 K, most of the polymerized chains that appear in the second layer covalently link to the first-layer GNRs that have partially undergone graphitization. Following annealing at 780 K, the second-layer GNRs are formed and linked to the first-layer GNRs. Benefiting from the minimized local steric hindrance of the precursors, we suggest that the second-layer GNRs undergo domino-like cyclodehydrogenation reactions that are remotely triggered at the link. We confirm the quasi-freestanding behaviors in the second-layer GNRs by measuring the quasiparticle energy gap of topological bands and the tunable Kondo resonance from topological end spins using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy combined with first-principles calculations. Our findings pave the avenue to diverse multilayer graphene nanostructures with designer quantum spins and topological states for quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Jufeng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hongjian Du
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Xinyong Meng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yifan Ke
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Bin Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen 518054, China
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5
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Wang T, Fan Q, Zhu J. Steering On-Surface Reactions by Kinetic and Thermodynamic Strategies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2251-2262. [PMID: 36821589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool to fabricate various functional low-dimensional nanostructures with atomic precision, thus becoming a promising platform for the preparation of next-generation semiconductive, magnetic, and topological nanodevices. With the aid of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, both the chemical structures and physical properties of the obtained products can be well characterized. A major challenge in this field is how to efficiently steer reaction pathways and improve the yield/quality of products. To address this problem, in recent years various kinetic and thermodynamic strategies have been successfully employed to control on-surface reactions. In this Perspective, we discuss these strategies in view of basic reaction steps on surfaces, including molecular adsorption, diffusion, and reaction. We hope this Perspective will help readers to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of on-surface reactions and rationally design reaction procedures for the fabrication of high-quality functional nanomaterials on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qitang Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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6
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Niu K, Fan Q, Chi L, Rosen J, Gottfried JM, Björk J. Unveiling the formation mechanism of the biphenylene network. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:368-376. [PMID: 36629866 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00528j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We have computationally studied the formation mechanism of the biphenylene network via the intermolecular HF zipping, as well as identified key intermediates experimentally, on the Au(111) surface. We elucidate that the zipping process consists of a series of defluorinations, dehydrogenations, and C-C coupling reactions. The Au substrate not only serves as the active site for defluorination and dehydrogenation, but also forms C-Au bonds that stabilize the defluorinated and dehydrogenated phenylene radicals, leading to "standing" benzyne groups. Despite that the C-C coupling between the "standing" benzyne groups is identified as the rate-limiting step, the limiting barrier can be reduced by the adjacent chemisorbed benzyne groups. The theoretically proposed mechanism is further supported by scanning tunneling microscopy experiments, in which the key intermediate state containing chemisorbed benzyne groups can be observed. This study provides a comprehensive understanding towards the on-surface intermolecular HF zipping, anticipated to be instructive for its future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Niu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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7
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Zuzak R, Castro-Esteban J, Engelund M, Pérez D, Peña D, Godlewski S. On-Surface Synthesis of Nanographenes and Graphene Nanoribbons on Titanium Dioxide. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2580-2587. [PMID: 36692226 PMCID: PMC9933590 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation of two types of nanographenes from custom designed and synthesized molecular precursors has been achieved through thermally induced intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation reactions on the semiconducting TiO2(110)-(1×1) surface, confirmed by the combination of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) measurements, and corroborated by theoretical modeling. The application of this protocol on differently shaped molecular precursors demonstrates the ability to induce a highly efficient planarization reaction both within strained pentahelicenes as well as between vicinal phenyl rings. Additionally, by the combination of successive Ullmann-type polymerization and cyclodehydrogenation reactions, the archetypic 7-armchair graphene nanoribbons (7-AGNRs) have also been fabricated on the titanium dioxide surface from the standard 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthryl (DBBA) molecular precursors. These examples of the effective cyclodehydrogenative planarization processes provide perspectives for the rational design and synthesis of molecular nanostructures on semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zuzak
- Centre
for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty
of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jesus Castro-Esteban
- Centro
de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais
Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mads Engelund
- Espeem
S.A.R.L. (espeem.com), 12 Cité Franz Leesbierg, L-4206 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro
de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais
Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro
de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais
Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Centre
for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty
of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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8
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Rublev P, Tkachenko NV, Boldyrev AI. Overlapping electron density and the global delocalization of π-aromatic fragments as the reason of conductivity of the biphenylene network. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:168-178. [PMID: 35385143 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently fabricated 2D biphenylene network is an astonishing solid-state material, which possesses unique metal-like conductive properties. At the same time, two-dimensional boron nitride network (2D-BN)-an isoelectronic and structural analogue of biphenylene network, is an insulator with a wide direct bandgap. This study investigates the relationship between the electronic properties and chemical bonding patterns for these species. It is shown that the insulating 2D-BN network possesses a strong localization of electron density on the nitrogen atoms. In turn, for a carbon-containing sheet, we found a highly delocalized electron density and an appreciable overlap of pz orbitals of neighboring C6 rings, which might be a reason for the conductive properties of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rublev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Nikolay V Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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9
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers have garnered widespread interest because of their intriguing physicochemical properties. Envisaged applications in fields including nanodevices, solid-state chemistry, physical organic chemistry, and condensed matter physics, however, demand high-quality and large-scale production. In this perspective, we first introduce exotic band structures of organic frameworks holding honeycomb, kagome, and Lieb lattices. We further discuss how mesoscale ordered 2D polymers can be synthesized by means of choosing suitable monomers and optimizing growth conditions. We describe successful polymerization strategies to introducing a non-benzenoid subunit into a π-conjugated carbon lattice via delicately designed monomer precursors. Also, to obviate transfer and restore the intrinsic properties of π-conjugated polymers, new paradigms of aryl-aryl coupling on inert surfaces are discussed. Recent achievements in the photopolymerization demonstrate the need for monomer design. We conclude the potential applications of these organic networks and project the future possibilities in providing new insights into on-surface polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchao Niu
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chenqiang Hua
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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10
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On-Surface Chemistry on Low-Reactive Surfaces. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zero-dimensional (0D), mono-dimensional (1D), or two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures with well-defined properties fabricated directly on surfaces are of growing interest. The fabrication of covalently bound nanostructures on non-metallic surfaces is very promising in terms of applications, but the lack of surface assistance during their synthesis is still a challenge to achieving the fabrication of large-scale and defect-free nanostructures. We discuss the state-of-the-art approaches recently developed in order to provide covalently bounded nanoarchitectures on passivated metallic surfaces, semiconductors, and insulators.
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11
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Yin R, Wang J, Qiu ZL, Meng J, Xu H, Wang Z, Liang Y, Zhao XJ, Ma C, Tan YZ, Li Q, Wang B. Step-Assisted On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons Embedded with Periodic Divacancies. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14798-14808. [PMID: 35926228 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bottom-up approach through on-surface synthesis of porous graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) presents a controllable manner for implanting periodic nanostructures to tune the electronic properties of GNRs in addition to bandgap engineering by width and edge configurations. However, owing to the existing steric hindrance in small pores like divacancies, it is still difficult to embed periodic divacancies with a nonplanar configuration into GNRs. Here, we demonstrate the on-surface synthesis of atomically precise eight-carbon-wide armchair GNRs embedded with periodic divacancies (DV8-aGNRs) by utilizing the monatomic step edges on the Au(111) surface. From a single molecular precursor correspondingly following a trans- and cis-coupling, the DV8-aGNR and another porous nanographene are respectively formed at step edges and on terraces at 720 and 570 K. Combining scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and first-principles calculations, we determine the out-of-plane conformation, wide bandgap (∼3.36 eV), and wiggly shaped frontier orbitals of the DV8-aGNR. Nudged elastic band calculations further quantitatively reveal that the additional steric hindrance effect in the cyclodehydrogenative reactions has a higher barrier of 1.3 eV than that in the planar porous nanographene, which also unveils the important role played by the monatomic Au step and adatoms in reducing the energy barriers and enhancing the thermodynamic preference of the oxidative cyclodehydrogenation. Our results provide the first case of GNRs containing periodic pores as small as divacancies with a nonplanar configuration and demonstrate the strategy by utilizing the chemical heterogeneity of a substrate to promote the formation of novel carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Qiu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengya Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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12
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New paradigms in molecular nanocarbon science. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Gu Y, Qiu Z, Müllen K. Nanographenes and Graphene Nanoribbons as Multitalents of Present and Future Materials Science. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11499-11524. [PMID: 35671225 PMCID: PMC9264366 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As cut-outs from a graphene sheet, nanographenes (NGs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are ideal cases with which to connect the world of molecules with that of bulk carbon materials. While various top-down approaches have been developed to produce such nanostructures in high yields, in the present perspective, precision structural control is emphasized for the length, width, and edge structures of NGs and GNRs achieved by modern solution and on-surface syntheses. Their structural possibilities have been further extended from "flatland" to the three-dimensional world, where chirality and handedness are the jewels in the crown. In addition to properties exhibited at the molecular level, self-assembly and thin-film structures cannot be neglected, which emphasizes the importance of processing techniques. With the rich toolkit of chemistry in hand, NGs and GNRs can be endowed with versatile properties and functions ranging from stimulated emission to spintronics and from bioimaging to energy storage, thus demonstrating their multitalents in present and future materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Gu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Shenzhen
Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and
Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg
University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Tenorio M, Moreno C, Febrer P, Castro-Esteban J, Ordejón P, Peña D, Pruneda M, Mugarza A. Atomically Sharp Lateral Superlattice Heterojunctions Built-In Nitrogen-Doped Nanoporous Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110099. [PMID: 35334133 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer scale lateral heterostructures with atomically sharp band discontinuities can be conceived as the 2D analogues of vertical Van der Waals heterostructures, where pristine properties of each component coexist with interfacial phenomena that result in a variety of exotic quantum phenomena. However, despite considerable advances in the fabrication of lateral heterostructures, controlling their covalent interfaces and band discontinuities with atomic precision, scaling down components and producing periodic, lattice-coherent superlattices still represent major challenges. Here, a synthetic strategy to fabricate nanometer scale, coherent lateral superlattice heterojunctions with atomically sharp band discontinuity is reported. By merging interdigitated arrays of different types of graphene nanoribbons by means of a novel on-surface reaction, superlattices of 1D, and chemically heterogeneous nanoporous junctions are obtained. The latter host subnanometer quantum dipoles and tunneling in-gap states, altogether expected to promote interfacial phenomena such as interribbon excitons or selective photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tenorio
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Cesar Moreno
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Pol Febrer
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jesús Castro-Esteban
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Pablo Ordejón
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Miguel Pruneda
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Aitor Mugarza
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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15
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Chuan MW, Riyadi MA, Hamzah A, Alias NE, Mohamed Sultan S, Lim CS, Tan MLP. Device performances analysis of p-type doped silicene-based field effect transistor using SPICE-compatible model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264483. [PMID: 35239699 PMCID: PMC8893636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Moore's Law is approaching its end as transistors are scaled down to tens or few atoms per device, researchers are actively seeking for alternative approaches to leverage more-than-Moore nanoelectronics. Substituting the channel material of a field-effect transistors (FET) with silicene is foreseen as a viable approach for future transistor applications. In this study, we proposed a SPICE-compatible model for p-type (Aluminium) uniformly doped silicene FET for digital switching applications. The performance of the proposed device is benchmarked with various low-dimensional FETs in terms of their on-to-off current ratio, subthreshold swing and drain-induced barrier lowering. The results show that the proposed p-type silicene FET is comparable to most of the selected low-dimensional FET models. With its decent performance, the proposed SPICE-compatible model should be extended to the circuit-level simulation and beyond in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Wen Chuan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Munawar Agus Riyadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Afiq Hamzah
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Ezaila Alias
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Suhana Mohamed Sultan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Siong Lim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Michael Loong Peng Tan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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16
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Tasić M, Ivković J, Carlström G, Melcher M, Bollella P, Bendix J, Gorton L, Persson P, Uhlig J, Strand D. Electro-mechanically switchable hydrocarbons based on [8]annulenes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:860. [PMID: 35165264 PMCID: PMC8844043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure hydrocarbons with shape and conjugation properties that can be switched by external stimuli is an intriguing prospect in the design of new responsive materials and single-molecule electronics. Here, we develop an oligomeric [8]annulene-based material that combines a remarkably efficient topological switching upon redox changes with structural simplicity, stability, and straightforward synthesis: 5,12-alkyne linked dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraenes (dbCOTs). Upon reduction, the structures accommodate a reversible reorganization from a pseudo-conjugated tub-shape to a conjugated aromatic system. This switching in oligomeric structures gives rise to multiple defined states that are deconvoluted by electrochemical, NMR, and optical methods. The combination of stable electromechanical responsivity and ability to relay electrons stepwise through an extended (pseudo-conjugated) π-system in partially reduced structures validate alkyne linked dbCOTs as a practical platform for developing new responsive materials and switches based on [8]annulene cores. Pure hydrocarbons with properties that can be switched by external stimuli are interesting for the design and development of new responsive materials. Here, the authors develop an oligomeric [8]annulene-based material that combines topological switching upon redox changes with structural simplicity, stability, and straightforward synthesis.
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17
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Zhang Y, Viereck J, Rangan S, Bartynski R, Galoppini E. Synthesis and study of fluorine-functionalized ZnTPPs. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Barrena E, Palacios-Rivera R, Babuji A, Schio L, Tormen M, Floreano L, Ocal C. On-surface products from de-fluorination of C 60F 48 on Ag(111): C 60, C 60F x and silver fluoride formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2349-2356. [PMID: 35018905 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05146f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By employing diverse surface sensitive synchrotron radiation spectroscopies we demonstrate that the fluorine content of initial C60F48 deposited at room temperature on Ag(111) varies with molecular coverage. At the very early stages of deposition, C60F48 fully de-fluorinates and transforms into C60. Strong indications of silver fluoride formation are provided. The chemical footprint of fluorinated fullerenes emerges at relatively low molecular coverage indicating that the degree of fullerene de-fluorination decreases (from total to partial de-fluorination) as molecules are deposited. Full de-fluorination stops well before the substrate surface is completely covered by fullerenes. At the molecular level, the fluorine loss observed by spectroscopic techniques is supported by scanning tunneling microscopy imaging. Both molecules and metal surface are importantly involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barrena
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - R Palacios-Rivera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Babuji
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L Schio
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - M Tormen
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - L Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - C Ocal
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Li X, Ge H, Xue R, Wu M, Chi L. Anchoring and Reacting On-Surface to Achieve Programmability. JACS AU 2022; 2:58-65. [PMID: 35098221 PMCID: PMC8790738 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has developed into a modern method to fabricate low-dimensional molecular nanostructures with atomic precision. It impresses the chemistry community mostly via its simplicity, selectivity, and programmability during the synthesis. However, an insufficient mechanistic understanding of on-surface reactions and the discriminations in methodologies block it out from the conventional cognition of reaction and catalysis, which inhibits the extensive implication of on-surface synthesis. In this Perspective, we summarize the empirical paradigms of conceptually appealing programmability in on-surface synthesis. We endeavor to deliver the message that the impressive programmability is related to chemical heterogeneity which can also be coded at the molecular level and deciphered by the catalytic surfaces in varying chemical environments as specific chemical selectivity. With the assistance of structure-sensitive techniques, it is possible to recognize the chemical heterogeneity on surfaces to provide insight into the programmable on-surface construction of molecular nanoarchitectures and to reshape the correlation between the mechanistic understanding in on-surface synthesis and conventional chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renjie Xue
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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20
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Liu L, Zou H, Miao X, Yip HL, Deng W, Cao Y. Stepwise on-surface synthesis of thiophene-based polymeric ribbons by coupling reactions and the carbon-fluorine bond cleavage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:697-703. [PMID: 34932052 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rational synthesis of thiophene-based cross-coupled polymers on surfaces has been attracting more attention recently. Here, we report the stepwise activation of 5,5'-(2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene)bis(2-bromothiophene) as a precursor to synthesize thiophene-based polymeric ribbons on the Au(111) surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy studies showed that the precursor adopted different conformations in the self-assembled structure, organometallic species, and covalent polymers. On annealing the sample at a relatively low temperature (150 °C), the conversion of the organometallic structure into a covalent product with straight lines was observed, in which the Br adatoms arranged between the neighboring chains. On further annealing the sample at 270 °C, the detached Br adatoms played a key role in promoting the C-H bond activation. The cross-linked polymer was achieved by a combination of Ullmann and dehydrogenative coupling. When the annealing temperature was up to 390 °C, the C-F bond activation was triggered, which led to the formation of polymeric ribbons resulting from the cyclodehydrogenation of the fluorinated polymer. This study further supplements the reaction mechanism of thiophene-based dehalogenative, dehydrogenative and defluorinative coupling, and provides us a rational way for synthesizing cross-linked functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Hengqi Zou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Xinrui Miao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China. .,Innovation Center of Printed Photovoltaics, South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Deng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
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21
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Feofanov M, Akhmetov V, Amsharov K. Domino Dehydrative π-Extension: A Facile Path to Extended Perylenes and Terrylenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:17322-17325. [PMID: 34553791 PMCID: PMC9299636 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new method for synthesis of extended perylenes and terrylenes. The technique is based on the cascade dehydrative π‐extensions (DPEX) of aryl aldehydes, in which stepwise annulations activate previously “dormant” substituents. Two‐ and fourfold cyclizations of 3‐aryl‐biphenyl‐2,2′‐dicarbaldehydes offer a rapid path to unsymmetrical perylenes and elusive terrylene derivatives, respectively. DPEX of 3,3′′‐(phenanthrene‐1,8‐diyl)bis (([1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2,2′‐dicarbaldehyde)) leads to the biradical structure, which proceeds in situ into oxidative electrocyclization at room temperature. The described domino process complements and expands DPEX approach to a large family of fused acenes and related PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Feofanov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Vladimir Akhmetov
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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22
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Ma C, Xiao Z, Bonnesen PV, Liang L, Puretzky AA, Huang J, Kolmer M, Sumpter BG, Lu W, Hong K, Bernholc J, Li AP. On-surface cyclodehydrogenation reaction pathway determined by selective molecular deuterations. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15637-15644. [PMID: 35003594 PMCID: PMC8653995 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the reaction mechanisms of dehydrogenative Caryl–Caryl coupling is the key to directed formation of π-extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Here we utilize isotopic labeling to identify the exact pathway of cyclodehydrogenation reaction in the on-surface synthesis of model atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). Using selectively deuterated molecular precursors, we grow seven-atom-wide armchair GNRs on a Au(111) surface that display a specific hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) pattern with characteristic Raman modes. A distinct hydrogen shift across the fjord of Caryl–Caryl coupling is revealed by monitoring the ratios of gas-phase by-products of H2, HD, and D2 with in situ mass spectrometry. The identified reaction pathway consists of a conrotatory electrocyclization and a distinct [1,9]-sigmatropic D shift followed by H/D eliminations, which is further substantiated by nudged elastic band simulations. Our results not only clarify the cyclodehydrogenation process in GNR synthesis but also present a rational strategy for designing on-surface reactions towards nanographene structures with precise hydrogen/deuterium isotope labeling patterns. Selective deuterations were exploited to synthesize graphene nanoribbons on Au(111) surface with a specific H/D pattern on edges, allowing the determination of cyclodehydrogenation reaction pathway within the framework of pericyclic reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Ma
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Zhongcan Xiao
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Peter V Bonnesen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Alexander A Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Jingsong Huang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Marek Kolmer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA .,Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Wenchang Lu
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA.,Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Jerzy Bernholc
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA.,Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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23
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Feofanov M, Förtsch A, Amsharov K, Akhmetov V. Solid-state construction of zigzag periphery via intramolecular C-H insertion induced by alumina-mediated C-F activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12325-12328. [PMID: 34735559 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caryl-F bond activation has become an important and quickly developing method for construction of carbon-based materials. We report that alumina-mediated C-F bond activation (AmCFA) enables construction of PAHs with zigzag periphery. This method includes formal Csp3-H activation and opens an avenue for generation of carbon-based nanomagnets directly on technologically relevant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Feofanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany. .,Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Förtsch
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany. .,South Ural State University, pr. Lenina 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Akhmetov
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany. .,Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Chen Z, Xie C, Wang W, Zhao J, Liu B, Shan J, Wang X, Hong M, Lin L, Huang L, Lin X, Yang S, Gao X, Zhang Y, Gao P, Novoselov KS, Sun J, Liu Z. Direct growth of wafer-scale highly oriented graphene on sapphire. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk0115. [PMID: 34797705 PMCID: PMC8604399 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of wafer-scale high-quality graphene on dielectrics is of paramount importance for versatile applications. Nevertheless, the synthesized graphene is typically a polycrystalline film with high density of uncontrolled defects, resulting in a low carrier mobility and high sheet resistance. Here, we report the direct growth of highly oriented monolayer graphene films on sapphire wafers. Our growth strategy is achieved by designing an electromagnetic induction heating CVD operated at elevated temperature, where the high pyrolysis and migration barriers of carbon species are easily overcome. Meanwhile, the embryonic graphene domains are guided into good alignment by minimizing its configuration energy. The thus obtained graphene film accordingly manifests a markedly improved carrier mobility (~14,700 square centimeters per volt per second at 4 kelvin) and reduced sheet resistance (~587 ohms per square), which compare favorably with those from catalytic growth on polycrystalline metal foils and epitaxial growth on silicon carbide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Chunyu Xie
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wendong Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jinpei Zhao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Bingyao Liu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingyuan Shan
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Min Hong
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Lin
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shenyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author. (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (K.S.N.); (J.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xuan Gao
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author. (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (K.S.N.); (J.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Peng Gao
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China
- Corresponding author. (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (K.S.N.); (J.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 400714, China
- Corresponding author. (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (K.S.N.); (J.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Corresponding author. (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (K.S.N.); (J.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
- Corresponding author. (S.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (K.S.N.); (J.S.); (Z.L.)
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25
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Wei T, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Evolution of Graphene Patterning: From Dimension Regulation to Molecular Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104060. [PMID: 34569112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The realization that nanostructured graphene featuring nanoscale width can confine electrons to open its bandgap has aroused scientists' attention to the regulation of graphene structures, where the concept of graphene patterns emerged. Exploring various effective methods for creating graphene patterns has led to the birth of a new field termed graphene patterning, which has evolved into the most vigorous and intriguing branch of graphene research during the past decade. The efforts in this field have resulted in the development of numerous strategies to structure graphene, affording a variety of graphene patterns with tailored shapes and sizes. The established patterning approaches combined with graphene chemistry yields a novel chemical patterning route via molecular engineering, which opens up a new era in graphene research. In this review, the currently developed graphene patterning strategies is systematically outlined, with emphasis on the chemical patterning. In addition to introducing the basic concepts and the important progress of traditional methods, which are generally categorized into top-down, bottom-up technologies, an exhaustive review of established protocols for emerging chemical patterning is presented. At the end, an outlook for future development and challenges is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Liang X, Ge X, He Y, Xu M, Shehzad MA, Sheng F, Bance‐Soualhi R, Zhang J, Yu W, Ge Z, Wei C, Song W, Peng J, Varcoe JR, Wu L, Xu T. 3D-Zipped Interface: In Situ Covalent-Locking for High Performance of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102637. [PMID: 34636177 PMCID: PMC8596103 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells can generate high power using a potentially green fuel (H2 ) and zero emissions of greenhouse gas (CO2 ). However, significant mass transport resistances in the interface region of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), between the membrane and the catalyst layers remains a barrier to achieving MEAs with high power densities and long-term stabilities. Here, a 3D-interfacial zipping concept is presented to overcome this challenge. Vinylbenzyl-terminated bi-cationic quaternary-ammonium-based polyelectrolyte is employed as both the anionomer in the anion-exchange membrane (AEM) and catalyst layers. A quaternary-ammonium-containing covalently locked interface is formed by thermally induced inter-crosslinking of the terminal vinyl groups. Ex situ evaluation of interfacial bonding strength and in situ durability tests demonstrate that this 3D-zipped interface strategy prevents interfacial delamination without any sacrifice of fuel cell performance. A H2 /O2 AEMFC test demonstration shows promisingly high power densities (1.5 W cm-2 at 70 °C with 100% RH and 0.2 MPa backpressure gas feeds), which can retain performances for at least 120 h at a usefully high current density of 0.6 A cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material EngineeringHuainan Normal UniversityHuainanAnhui232001P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Yubin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Mai Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material EngineeringHuainan Normal UniversityHuainanAnhui232001P. R. China
| | - Muhammad A. Shehzad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Fangmeng Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | | | - Jianjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Zijuan Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Chengpeng Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Wanjie Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Jinlan Peng
- The Center for Micro‐ and Nanoscale Research and FabricationUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - John R. Varcoe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyGU2 7XHUK
| | - Liang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
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27
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Sun K, Sagisaka K, Peng L, Watanabe H, Xu F, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Okuda Y, Orita A, Kawai S. Head-to-Tail Oligomerization by Silylene-Tethered Sonogashira Coupling on Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19598-19603. [PMID: 33955126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a powerful method for the fabrication of π-conjugated nanomaterials. Herein, we demonstrate chemoselective Sonogashira coupling between (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl and chlorophenyl groups in silylethynyl- and chloro-substituted partially fluorinated phenylene ethynylenes (SiCPFPEs) on Ag(111). The desilylative Sonogashira coupling occurred with high chemoselectivity up to 75 %, while the competing Ullmann and desilylative Glaser homocoupling reactions were suppressed. A combination of bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy/atomic force microscopy (STM/AFM) and DFT calculations revealed that the oligomers were obtained by the formation of intermolecular silylene tethers (-Me2 Si-) through CH3 -Si bond activation at 130 °C and subsequent elimination of the tethers at an elevated temperature of 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sagisaka
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Lifen Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.,Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Extraordinarily robust extended covalent organic nanostructures with unprecedented structures and intriguing chemical and electronic properties are currently synthesized on metal surfaces. Envisaged electronic applications, for instance in field effect transistors or sensors, however, demand insulating supports. To obviate the need for a cumbersome post-synthetic transfer from the metal growth surface to the target substrate, synthesis directly on inert surfaces is highly desirable. Albeit reversible polycondensations are broadly established on inert graphite surfaces, carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling remains mostly elusive. Thermally activated coupling on weakly interacting supports suffers from the "desorption problem", that is the premature desorption of reactants due to increased reaction barriers, which becomes even worse on inert surfaces due to diminished desorption barriers. Consequently, C-C coupling on inert surfaces requires new paradigms. We propose either photochemical coupling or activation of monomers prior to deposition as possible alternatives, discuss the current state-of-the-art and identify future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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29
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Qiu X, Sang Y, Wu H, Xue XS, Yan Z, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Wang X, Tan H, Song S, Zhang G, Zhang X, Houk KN, Jiao N. Cleaving arene rings for acyclic alkenylnitrile synthesis. Nature 2021; 597:64-69. [PMID: 34280952 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry is built around the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. However, the development of methods for selective carbon-carbon bond cleavage is a largely unmet challenge1-6. Such methods will have promising applications in synthesis, coal liquefaction, petroleum cracking, polymer degradation and biomass conversion. For example, aromatic rings are ubiquitous skeletal features in inert chemical feedstocks, but are inert to many reaction conditions owing to their aromaticity and low polarity. Over the past century, only a few methods under harsh conditions have achieved direct arene-ring modifications involving the cleavage of inert aromatic carbon-carbon bonds7,8, and arene-ring-cleavage reactions using stoichiometric transition-metal complexes or enzymes in bacteria are still limited9-11. Here we report a copper-catalysed selective arene-ring-opening reaction strategy. Our aerobic oxidative copper catalyst converts anilines, arylboronic acids, aryl azides, aryl halides, aryl triflates, aryl trimethylsiloxanes, aryl hydroxamic acids and aryl diazonium salts into alkenyl nitriles through selective carbon-carbon bond cleavage of arene rings. This chemistry was applied to the modification of polycyclic aromatics and the preparation of industrially important hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid derivatives. Several examples of the late-stage modification of complex molecules and fused ring compounds further support the potential broad utility of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqian Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zixi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yachong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
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31
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Houtsma RSK, de la Rie J, Stöhr M. Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons: interplay of structural and electronic properties. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6541-6568. [PMID: 34100034 PMCID: PMC8185524 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons hold great promise for future applications in nanoelectronic devices, as they may combine the excellent electronic properties of graphene with the opening of an electronic band gap - not present in graphene but required for transistor applications. With a two-step on-surface synthesis process, graphene nanoribbons can be fabricated with atomic precision, allowing precise control over width and edge structure. Meanwhile, a decade of research has resulted in a plethora of graphene nanoribbons having various structural and electronic properties. This article reviews not only the on-surface synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons but also how their electronic properties are ultimately linked to their structure. Current knowledge and considerations with respect to precursor design, which eventually determines the final (electronic) structure, are summarized. Special attention is dedicated to the electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons, also in dependence on their width and edge structure. It is exactly this possibility of precisely changing their properties by fine-tuning the precursor design - offering tunability over a wide range - which has generated this vast research interest, also in view of future applications. Thus, selected device prototypes are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joris de la Rie
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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32
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Sun K, Sagisaka K, Peng L, Watanabe H, Xu F, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Okuda Y, Orita A, Kawai S. Head‐to‐Tail Oligomerization by Silylene‐Tethered Sonogashira Coupling on Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Keisuke Sagisaka
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Lifen Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba 305-8571 Japan
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33
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Fan Q, Yan L, Tripp MW, Krejčí O, Dimosthenous S, Kachel SR, Chen M, Foster AS, Koert U, Liljeroth P, Gottfried JM. Biphenylene network: A nonbenzenoid carbon allotrope. Science 2021; 372:852-856. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abg4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Linghao Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Matthias W. Tripp
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ondřej Krejčí
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Stefan R. Kachel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mengyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Adam S. Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, 920-1192 Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ulrich Koert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Liljeroth
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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34
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Che S, Li C, Wang C, Zaheer W, Ji X, Phillips B, Gurbandurdyyev G, Glynn J, Guo ZH, Al-Hashimi M, Zhou HC, Banerjee S, Fang L. Solution-processable porous graphitic carbon from bottom-up synthesis and low-temperature graphitization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8438-8444. [PMID: 34221325 PMCID: PMC8221055 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01902c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is urgently desired yet challenging to synthesize porous graphitic carbon (PGC) in a bottom-up manner while circumventing the need for high-temperature pyrolysis. Here we present an effective and scalable strategy to synthesize PGC through acid-mediated aldol triple condensation followed by low-temperature graphitization. The deliberate structural design enables its graphitization in situ in solution and at low pyrolysis temperature. The resulting material features ultramicroporosity characterized by a sharp pore size distribution. In addition, the pristine homogeneous composition of the reaction mixture allows for solution-processability of the material for further characterization and applications. Thin films of this PGC exhibit several orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity compared to analogous control materials that are carbonized at the same temperatures. The integration of low-temperature graphitization and solution-processability not only allows for an energy-efficient method for the production and fabrication of PGC, but also paves the way for its wider employment in applications such as electrocatalysis, sensing, and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Che
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Changping Beijing 102249 China
| | - Chenxuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Wasif Zaheer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Xiaozhou Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Bailey Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | | | - Jessica Glynn
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Zi-Hao Guo
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Mohammed Al-Hashimi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar P. O. Box 23874 Doha Qatar
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Sarbajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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35
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Nguyen TTN, de Vries N, Karakachian H, Gruschwitz M, Aprojanz J, Zakharov AA, Polley C, Balasubramanian T, Starke U, Flipse CFJ, Tegenkamp C. Topological Surface State in Epitaxial Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbons. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2876-2882. [PMID: 33819041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protected and spin-polarized transport channels are the hallmark of topological insulators, coming along with an intrinsic strong spin-orbit coupling. Here we identified such corresponding chiral states in epitaxially grown zigzag graphene nanoribbons (zz-GNRs), albeit with an extremely weak spin-orbit interaction. While the bulk of the monolayer zz-GNR is fully suspended across a SiC facet, the lower edge merges into the SiC(0001) substrate and reveals a surface state at the Fermi energy, which is extended along the edge and splits in energy toward the bulk. All of the spectroscopic details are precisely described within a tight binding model incorporating a Haldane term and strain effects. The concomitant breaking of time-reversal symmetry without the application of external magnetic fields is supported by ballistic transport revealing a conduction of G = e2/h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels de Vries
- Faculty of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 19, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hrag Karakachian
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Gruschwitz
- Institute for Physics, Technical University of Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Johannes Aprojanz
- Institute for Physics, Technical University of Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | - Craig Polley
- MAX IV Laboratory and Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ulrich Starke
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cornelis F J Flipse
- Faculty of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 19, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Tegenkamp
- Institute for Physics, Technical University of Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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36
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Li L, Mahapatra S, Liu D, Lu Z, Jiang N. On-Surface Synthesis and Molecular Engineering of Carbon-Based Nanoarchitectures. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3578-3585. [PMID: 33606498 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis via covalent coupling of adsorbed precursor molecules on metal surfaces has emerged as a promising strategy for the design and fabrication of novel organic nanoarchitectures with unique properties and potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, spintronics, catalysis, etc. Surface-chemistry-driven molecular engineering (i.e., bond cleavage, linkage, and rearrangement) by means of thermal activation, light irradiation, and tip manipulation plays critical roles in various on-surface synthetic processes, as exemplified by the work from the Ernst group in a prior issue of ACS Nano. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in and discuss the outlook for on-surface syntheses and molecular engineering of carbon-based nanoarchitectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Dairong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zhongyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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37
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Milotti V, Melle-Franco M, Steiner AK, Verbitskii I, Amsharov K, Pichler T. In situ laser annealing as pathway for the metal free synthesis of tailored nanographenes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:703-709. [PMID: 36133840 PMCID: PMC9416805 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00909a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tailored synthesis of nanographenes, and especially graphene nanoribbons (GNR), has been achieved on metal substrates via a bottom-up approach from organic precursors, which paves the way to their application in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Since quantum confinement in nanographenes leads to the creation of peculiar band structures, strongly influenced by their topological characteristics, it is important to be able to exactly engineer them in order to precisely tune their electronic, optical and magnetic properties. However practical application of these materials requires post-synthesis transfer to insulating substrates. Recently, cyclodehydrofluorination of fluorinated organic precursors has been shown to be a promising pathway to achieve metal-free bottom-up synthesis of nanographenes. Here we present how to apply in situ laser annealing to induce cyclodehydrofluorination leading to nanographene formation directly on non-metallic surfaces. In this work, we analyze the changes in the Raman fingerprint of the fluorinated precursor tetrafluoro-diphenyl-quinquephenyl (TDQ) during the laser annealing process in high vacuum (HV), demonstrating that both heating and photo-induced processes influence the cyclization process. Hence, in situ laser annealing allows not only to influence chemical reactions, but also to have a fast and contact-free monitoring of the reaction products. Optimization of the laser annealing process adds a new level of control in the tailored synthesis of nanographenes on non-metallic substrates. This is a very promising pathway to unravel the full application potential of nanographenes in general and GNR in particular, enabling a fast optimization of precursor molecules and substrate geometry engineered for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Milotti
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna Strudlhofgasse 4 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Ann-Kristin Steiner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ivan Verbitskii
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna Strudlhofgasse 4 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg 06108 Halle Germany
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna Strudlhofgasse 4 1090 Vienna Austria
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38
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Initiating Ullmann-like coupling of Br 2Py by a semimetal surface. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3414. [PMID: 33564022 PMCID: PMC7873249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive efforts have been devoted to surface Ullmann-like coupling in recent years, due to its appealing success towards on-surface synthesis of tailor-made nanostructures. While attentions were mostly drawn on metallic substrates, however, Ullmann dehalogenation and coupling reaction on semimetal surfaces has been seldom addressed. Herein, we demonstrate the self-assembly of 2, 7-dibromopyrene (Br2Py) and the well controllable dehalogenation reaction of Br2Py on the Bi(111)–Ag substrate with a combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory calculations (DFT). By elaborately investigating the reaction path and formed organic nanostructures, it is revealed that the pristinely inert bismuth layer supported on the silver substrate can initiate Ullmann-like coupling in a desired manner by getting alloyed with Ag atoms underneath, while side products have not been discovered. By clarifying the pristine nature of Bi–Ag(111) and Ullmann-like reaction mechanisms, our report proposes an ideal template for thoroughly exploring dehalogenative coupling reaction mechanisms with atomic insights and on-surface synthesis of carbon-based architectures.
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39
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Song S, Su J, Telychko M, Li J, Li G, Li Y, Su C, Wu J, Lu J. On-surface synthesis of graphene nanostructures with π-magnetism. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3238-3262. [PMID: 33481981 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01060j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanostructures (GNs) including graphene nanoribbons and nanoflakes have attracted tremendous interest in the field of chemistry and materials science due to their fascinating electronic, optical and magnetic properties. Among them, zigzag-edged GNs (ZGNs) with precisely-tunable π-magnetism hold great potential for applications in spintronics and quantum devices. To improve the stability and processability of ZGNs, substitutional groups are often introduced to protect the reactive edges in organic synthesis, which renders the study of their intrinsic properties difficult. In contrast to the conventional wet-chemistry method, on-surface bottom-up synthesis presents a promising approach for the fabrication of both unsubstituted ZGNs and functionalized ZGNs with atomic precision via surface-catalyzed transformation of rationally-designed precursors. The structural and spin-polarized electronic properties of these ZGNs can then be characterized with sub-molecular resolution by means of scanning probe microscopy techniques. This review aims to highlight recent advances in the on-surface synthesis and characterization of a diversity of ZGNs with π-magnetism. We also discuss the important role of precursor design and reaction stimuli in the on-surface synthesis of ZGNs and their π-magnetism origin. Finally, we will highlight the existing challenges and future perspective surrounding the synthesis of novel open-shell ZGNs towards next-generation quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaotang Song
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Center, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shen Zhen, 518060, China.
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40
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Zuzak R, Brandimarte P, Olszowski P, Izydorczyk I, Markoulides M, Such B, Kolmer M, Szymonski M, Garcia-Lekue A, Sánchez-Portal D, Gourdon A, Godlewski S. On-Surface Synthesis of Chlorinated Narrow Graphene Nanoribbon Organometallic Hybrids. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10290-10297. [PMID: 33226814 PMCID: PMC7751011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and their derivatives attract growing attention due to their excellent electronic and magnetic properties as well as the fine-tuning of such properties that can be obtained by heteroatom substitution and/or edge morphology modification. Here, we introduce graphene nanoribbon derivatives-organometallic hybrids with gold atoms incorporated between the carbon skeleton and side Cl atoms. We show that narrow chlorinated 5-AGNROHs (armchair graphene nanoribbon organometallic hybrids) can be fabricated by on-surface polymerization with omission of the cyclodehydrogenation reaction by a proper choice of tailored molecular precursors. Finally, we describe a route to exchange chlorine atoms connected through gold atoms to the carbon skeleton by hydrogen atom treatment. This is achieved directly on the surface, resulting in perfect unsubstituted hydrogen-terminated GNRs. This will be beneficial in the molecule on-surface processing when the preparation of final unsubstituted hydrocarbon structure is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zuzak
- Centre
for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty
of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Pedro Brandimarte
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Piotr Olszowski
- Centre
for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty
of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Irena Izydorczyk
- Centre
for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty
of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marios Markoulides
- CEMES-CNRS
(UPR 8011), BP 94347, 29 Rue J. Marvig, 31055 Cedex 4 Toulouse, France
| | - Bartosz Such
- Centre
for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty
of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Kolmer
- Centre
for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty
of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Centre
for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty
of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - André Gourdon
- CEMES-CNRS
(UPR 8011), BP 94347, 29 Rue J. Marvig, 31055 Cedex 4 Toulouse, France
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Centre
for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty
of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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41
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Galeotti G, Fritton M, Lackinger M. Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Kupplung auf inerten Oberflächen durch die Abscheidung von en route erzeugten Aryl Radikalen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
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42
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Galeotti G, Fritton M, Lackinger M. Carbon-Carbon Coupling on Inert Surfaces by Deposition of En Route Generated Aryl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22785-22789. [PMID: 32926497 PMCID: PMC7814669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate C-C coupling in on-surface synthesis on inert surfaces, we devised a radical deposition source (RDS) for the direct deposition of aryl radicals onto arbitrary substrates. Its core piece is a heated reactive drift tube through which halogenated precursors are deposited and en route converted into radicals. For the proof of concept we study 4,4''-diiodo-p-terphenyl (DITP) precursors on iodine-passivated metal surfaces. Deposition with the RDS at room temperature results in highly regular structures comprised of mostly monomeric (terphenyl) or dimeric (sexiphenyl) biradicals. Mild heating activates progressive C-C coupling into more extended molecular wires. These structures are distinctly different from the self-assemblies observed upon conventional deposition of intact DITP. Direct deposition of radicals renders substrate reactivity unnecessary, thereby paving the road for synthesis on application-relevant inert surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Deutsches MuseumMuseumsinsel 180538MunichGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität MünchenJames-Franck-Str. 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches MuseumMuseumsinsel 180538MunichGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität MünchenJames-Franck-Str. 185748GarchingGermany
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43
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Steiner AK, Feofanov M, Amsharov K. Intramolecular aryl-aryl coupling via C-F bond activation tolerant towards C-I functionality. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14377-14380. [PMID: 33140779 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a transition-metal free activation of a particularly stable aromatic carbon-fluorine bond allowing intramolecular aryl-aryl coupling which is orthogonal to carbon-iodine functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Steiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany.
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44
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Wei T, Bao L, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Recent Advances in Graphene Patterning. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1655-1668. [PMID: 32757359 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging field of research, graphene patterning has received considerable attention because of its ability to tailor the structure of graphene and the respective properties, aiming at practical applications such as electronic devices, catalysts, and sensors. Recent efforts in this field have led to the development of a variety of different approaches to pattern graphene sheets, providing a multitude of graphene patterns with different shapes and sizes. These established patterning techniques in combination with graphene chemistry have paved the road towards highly attractive chemical patterning approaches, establishing a very promising and vigorously developing research topic. In this review, an overview of commonly used strategies is presented that are categorized into top-down and bottom-up routes for graphene patterning, focusing mainly on new advances. Other than the introduction of basic concepts of each method, the advantages/disadvantages are compared as well. In addition, for the first time, an overview of chemical patterning techniques is outlined. At the end, the challenges and future perspectives in the field are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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45
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Kolmer M, Steiner AK, Izydorczyk I, Ko W, Engelund M, Szymonski M, Li AP, Amsharov K. Rational synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons directly on metal oxide surfaces. Science 2020; 369:571-575. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) attract great interest because of their highly tunable electronic, optical, and transport properties. However, on-surface synthesis of GNRs is typically based on metal surface–assisted chemical reactions, where metallic substrates strongly screen their designer electronic properties and limit further applications. Here, we present an on-surface synthesis approach to forming atomically precise GNRs directly on semiconducting metal oxide surfaces. The thermally triggered multistep transformations preprogrammed in our precursors’ design rely on highly selective and sequential activations of carbon-bromine (C-Br) and carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds and cyclodehydrogenation. The formation of planar armchair GNRs terminated by well-defined zigzag ends is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, which also reveal weak interaction between GNRs and the rutile titanium dioxide substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kolmer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Ann-Kristin Steiner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irena Izydorczyk
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wonhee Ko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mads Engelund
- Espeem S.A.R.L. (espeem.com), 9 rue de Haut-Fournaux, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
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46
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Yuan B, Li C, Zhao Y, Gröning O, Zhou X, Zhang P, Guan D, Li Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Mai Y, Liu P, Ji W, Jia J, Wang S. Resolving Quinoid Structure in Poly(para-phenylene) Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10034-10041. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingkai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Oliver Gröning
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xieyu Zhou
- Department of Physics, Renmin University, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - DanDan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Canhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peinian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics, Renmin University, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jinfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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47
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez E, Abdo MA, Dos Passos Gomes G, Ayad S, White FD, Tsvetkov NP, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Twofold π-Extension of Polyarenes via Double and Triple Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Radical Cascades Converging on the Same Aromatic Core. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8352-8366. [PMID: 32249571 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A versatile synthetic route to distannyl-substituted polyarenes was developed via double radical peri-annulations. The cyclization precursors were equipped with propargylic OMe traceless directing groups (TDGs) for regioselective Sn-radical attack at the triple bonds. The two peri-annulations converge at a variety of polycyclic cores to yield expanded difunctionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This approach can be extended to triple peri-annulations, where annulations are coupled with a radical cascade that connects two preexisting aromatic cores via a formal C-H activation step. The installed Bu3Sn groups serve as chemical handles for further functionalization via direct cross-coupling, iodination, or protodestannylation and increase solubility of the products in organic solvents. Photophysical studies reveal that the Bu3Sn-substituted PAHs are moderately fluorescent, and their protodestannylation results in an up to 10-fold fluorescence quantum yield enhancement. DFT calculations identified the most likely possible mechanism of this complex chemical transformation involving two independent peri-cyclizations at the central core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Miguel A Abdo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Suliman Ayad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frankie D White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Nikolay P Tsvetkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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48
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Hartl H, MacLeod J, O'Mullane AP, Motta N, Ostrikov KK. Multiscale Plasma-Catalytic On-Surface Assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903184. [PMID: 31433111 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlled modification of surfaces is one of the key pursuits of the nanoscience and nanotechnology fields, allowing for the fabrication of bespoke materials with targeted functionalities. However, many surface modifications currently require painstakingly precise and/or energy intensive processing to implement, and are thus limited in scope and scale. Here, a concept which can enhance the capacity for control of surfaces is introduced: plasma-assisted nucleation and self-assembly at atomic to nanoscales, scalable at atmospheric pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Hartl
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Jennifer MacLeod
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Nunzio Motta
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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49
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Zhou D, Meng Q, Si N, Zhou X, Zhai S, Tang Q, Ji Q, Zhou M, Niu T, Fuchs H. Epitaxial Growth of Flat, Metallic Monolayer Phosphorene on Metal Oxide. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2385-2394. [PMID: 32031783 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) group VA elemental materials have attracted considerable interest from physics/chemistry and materials science communities, with particular attention paid to honeycomb blue phosphorene. To date, phosphorene is limited to its α-phase and small sizes because it can only be produced by exfoliating black phosphorus crystals. Here, we report the direct synthesis of high-quality phosphorene on a nonmetallic copper oxide substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations, we demonstrate the growth intermediates and electronic structures of phosphorene on Cu3O2/Cu(111). Surprisingly, the grown phosphorene has a flat honeycomb lattice, similar to graphene, which exhibits a metallic nature. We reveal that the growth mechanism and morphology of phosphorene are strongly correlated with the surface structures of prepared copper oxide, and the resulting phosphorene can be stabilized after high-temperature annealing above 600 K even in oxygen gas. The high stability is closely related to the irregular Moiré pattern and structural corrugations of phosphorene on Cu3O2/Cu(111) that efficiently relieve the surface strain. These results shed light on future fabrication of large-scale, versatile 2D structures for interconnect and device integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Zhou
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , No. 200 Xiaolingwei , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Qingling Meng
- School of Physics , Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Nan Si
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , No. 200 Xiaolingwei , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- SynCat@Beijing , Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. , Leyuan South Street II , No. 1 Huairou District, Beijing 101407 , China
| | - Shuwei Zhai
- School of Physics , Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Qin Tang
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , No. 200 Xiaolingwei , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Qingmin Ji
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , No. 200 Xiaolingwei , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Miao Zhou
- School of Physics , Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Tianchao Niu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , No. 200 Xiaolingwei , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , No. 200 Xiaolingwei , Nanjing 210094 , China
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10 , Münster 48149 , Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Heisenbergstrasse 11 , Münster 48149 , Germany
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50
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Zhou X, Yu G. Modified Engineering of Graphene Nanoribbons Prepared via On-Surface Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905957. [PMID: 31830353 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1D graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have a bright future in the fabrication of next-generation nanodevices because of their nontrivial electronic properties and tunable bandgaps. To promote the application of GNRs, preparation strategies of miscellaneous GNRs have to be developed. The GNRs prepared by top-down approaches are accompanied by uncontrolled edges and structures. In order to overcome the difficulties, bottom-up methods are widely used in the growth of various GNRs due to controllability of GNRs' features. Among those bottom-up methods, the on-surface synthesis is a promising approach to prepare GNRs with distinct widths, edge/backbone structures, and so forth. Therefore, modified engineering of the GNRs prepared via on-surface synthesis is of great significance in controllable preparation of GNRs and their potential applications. In the past decade, there have been a lot of reports on controllable preparation of GNRs using on-surface synthesis approach. Herein, the advances of GNRs grown via on-surface growth strategy are described. Several growth parameters, the latest advances in the modification of the GNR structure and width, the GNR doping/co-doping with heteroatoms, a variety of GNR heterojunctions, and the device application of GNRs are reviewed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiahong Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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