1
|
Piewngam P, Otto M. Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and strategies for decolonisation. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e606-e618. [PMID: 38518792 PMCID: PMC11162333 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of death by infectious diseases worldwide. Treatment of S aureus infections is difficult due to widespread antibiotic resistance, necessitating alternative approaches and measures for prevention of infection. Because S aureus infections commonly arise from asymptomatic colonisation, decolonisation is considered a key approach for their prevention. Current decolonisation procedures include antibiotic-based and antiseptic-based eradication of S aureus from the nose and skin. However, despite the widespread implementation and partial success of such measures, S aureus infection rates remain worrisome, and resistance to decolonisation agents is on the rise. In this Review we outline the epidemiology and mechanisms of S aureus colonisation, describe how colonisation underlies infection, and discuss current and novel approaches for S aureus decolonisation, with a focus on the latest findings on probiotic strategies and the intestinal S aureus colonisation site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pipat Piewngam
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aoyama R, Nakagawa S, Ichikawa Y, Inohara N, Yamazaki Y, Ito T, Sugihira T, Kono M, Akiyama M, Takahashi H, Takaya A, Ichikawa F, Nakano T, Tanaka S, Koyano Y, Fujimoto M, Núñez G, Shimojo N, Nakamura Y. Neonatal skin dysbiosis to infantile atopic dermatitis: Mitigating effects of skin care. Allergy 2024; 79:1618-1622. [PMID: 38459797 DOI: 10.1111/all.16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Reika Aoyama
- Department of Dermatology, Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cutaneous Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yoko Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Ichikawa Clinic, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuriko Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoka Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugihira
- Department of Cutaneous Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kono
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Takaya
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ichikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ichikawa Clinic, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Taiji Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tham EH, Chia M, Riggioni C, Nagarajan N, Common JE, Kong HH. The skin microbiome in pediatric atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Allergy 2024; 79:1470-1484. [PMID: 38308490 PMCID: PMC11142881 DOI: 10.1111/all.16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The skin microbiome is an extensive community of bacteria, fungi, mites, viruses and archaea colonizing the skin. Fluctuations in the composition of the skin microbiome have been observed in atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA), particularly in early life, established disease, and associated with therapeutics. However, AD is a multifactorial disease characterized by skin barrier aberrations modulated by genetics, immunology, and environmental influences, thus the skin microbiome is not the sole feature of this disease. Future research should focus on mechanistic understanding of how early-life skin microbial shifts may influence AD and FA onset, to guide potential early intervention strategies or as microbial biomarkers to identify high-risk infants who may benefit from possible microbiome-based biotherapeutic strategies. Harnessing skin microbes as AD biotherapeutics is an emerging field, but more work is needed to investigate whether this approach can lead to sustained clinical responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Minghao Chia
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Carmen Riggioni
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Niranjan Nagarajan
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - John E.A. Common
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Heidi H. Kong
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Costa FG, Mills KB, Crosby HA, Horswill AR. The Staphylococcus aureus regulatory program in a human skin-like environment. mBio 2024; 15:e0045324. [PMID: 38546267 PMCID: PMC11077960 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00453-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen responsible for the majority of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). S. aureus colonizes the anterior nares of approximately 20%-30% of the population and transiently colonizes the skin, thereby increasing the risk of developing SSTIs and more serious infections. Current laboratory models that mimic the skin surface environment are expensive, require substantial infrastructure, and limit the scope of bacterial physiology studies under human skin conditions. To overcome these limitations, we developed a cost-effective, open-source, chemically defined media recipe termed skin-like medium (SLM) that incorporates key aspects of the human skin surface environment and supports growth of several staphylococcal species. We utilized SLM to investigate the transcriptional response of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) following growth in SLM compared to a commonly used laboratory media. Through RNA-seq analysis, we observed the upregulation of several virulence factors, including genes encoding functions involved in adhesion, proteolysis, and cytotoxicity. To further explore these findings, we conducted quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments to determine the influence of media composition, pH, and temperature on the transcriptional response of key factors involved in adhesion and virulence. We also demonstrated that MRSA primed in SLM adhered better to human corneocytes and demonstrated adhesin-specific phenotypes that previously required genetic manipulation. This improved adherence to corneocytes was dependent on both acidic pH and growth in SLM. These results support the potential utility of SLM as an in vitro model for assessing staphylococcal physiology and metabolism on human skin. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of skin diseases, and its increased prevalence in skin colonization and infections present a need to understand its physiology in this environment. The work presented here outlines S. aureus upregulation of colonization and virulence factors using a newly developed medium that strives to replicate the human skin surface environment and demonstrates roles for adhesins clumping factor A (ClfA), serine-rich repeat glycoprotein adhesin (SraP), and the fibronectin binding proteins (Fnbps) in human corneocyte adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia G. Costa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Krista B. Mills
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Heidi A. Crosby
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paller AS, Scharschmidt TC, Kezic S, Irvine AD. Preclinical Atopic Dermatitis Skin in Infants: An Emerging Research Area. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1001-1009. [PMID: 38573278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Whereas clinically apparent atopic dermatitis (AD) can be confirmed by validated diagnostic criteria, the preclinical phenotype of infants who eventually develop AD is less well-characterized. Analogous to unaffected or nonlesional skin in established AD, clinically normal-appearing skin in infants who will develop clinical AD has distinct changes. Prospective studies have revealed insights into this preclinical AD phenotype. In this study, we review the structural, immunologic, and microbiome nature of the preclinical AD phenotype. Determination of markers that predict the development of AD will facilitate targeting of interventions to prevent the development or reduce the severity of AD in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamaguchi J, Manome T, Hara Y, Yamazaki Y, Nakamura Y, Ishibashi M, Takaya A. Physalin H, physalin B, and isophysalin B suppress the quorum-sensing function of Staphylococcus aureus by binding to AgrA. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1365815. [PMID: 38659576 PMCID: PMC11039898 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1365815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The virulence of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), depends on the expression of toxins and virulence factors controlled by the quorum-sensing (QS) system, encoded on the virulence accessory gene regulator (agr) locus. The aim of this study was to identify a phytochemical that inhibits Agr-QS function and to elucidate its mechanism. We screened 577 compounds and identified physalin H, physalin B, and isophysalin B--phytochemicals belonging to physalins found in plants of the Solanaceae family--as novel Agr-QS modulators. Biological analyses and in vitro protein-DNA binding assays suggested that these physalins suppress gene expression related to the Agr-QS system by inhibiting binding of the key response regulator AgrA to the agr promoters, reducing the function of hemolytic toxins downstream of these genes in MRSA. Furthermore, although physalin F suppressed gene expression in the Agr-QS system, its anti-hemolytic activity was lower than that of physalins H, B, and isophysalin B. Conversely, five physalins isolated from the same plant with the ability to suppress Agr-QS did not reduce bacterial Agr-QS activity but inhibited AgrA binding to DNA in vitro. A docking simulation revealed that physalin interacts with the DNA-binding site of AgrA in three docking states. The carbonyl oxygens at C-1 and C-18 of physalins, which can suppress Agr-QS, were directed to residues N201 and R198 of AgrA, respectively, whereas these carbonyl oxygens of physalins, without Agr-QS suppression activity, were oriented in different directions. Next, 100-ns molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the hydrogen bond formed between the carbonyl oxygen at C-15 of physalins and L186 of AgrA functions as an anchor, sustaining the interaction between the carbonyl oxygen at C-1 of physalins and N201 of AgrA. Thus, these results suggest that physalin H, physalin B, and isophysalin B inhibit the interaction of AgrA with the agr promoters by binding to the DNA-binding site of AgrA, suppressing the Agr-QS function of S. aureus. Physalins that suppress the Agr-QS function are proposed as potential lead compounds in the anti-virulence strategy for MRSA infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Yamaguchi
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Manome
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Hara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yamazaki
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Takaya
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamazaki Y, Ito T, Tamai M, Nakagawa S, Nakamura Y. The role of Staphylococcus aureus quorum sensing in cutaneous and systemic infections. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:9. [PMID: 38429810 PMCID: PMC10905890 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of human bacterial infections worldwide. It is the most common causative agent of skin and soft tissue infections, and can also cause various other infections, including pneumonia, osteomyelitis, as well as life-threatening infections, such as sepsis and infective endocarditis. The pathogen can also asymptomatically colonize human skin, nasal cavity, and the intestine. S. aureus colonizes approximately 20-30% of human nostrils, being an opportunistic pathogen for subsequent infection. Its strong ability to silently spread via human contact makes it difficult to eradicate S. aureus. A major concern with S. aureus is its capacity to develop antibiotic resistance and adapt to diverse environmental conditions. The variability in the accessory gene regulator (Agr) region of the genome contributes to a spectrum of phenotypes within the bacterial population, enhancing the likelihood of survival in different environments. Agr functions as a central quorum sensing (QS) system in S. aureus, allowing bacteria to adjust gene expression in response to population density. Depending on Agr expression, S. aureus secretes various toxins, contributing to virulence in infectious diseases. Paradoxically, expressing Agr may be disadvantageous in certain situations, such as in hospitals, causing S. aureus to generate Agr mutants responsible for infections in healthcare settings. MAIN BODY This review aims to demonstrate the molecular mechanisms governing the diverse phenotypes of S. aureus, ranging from a harmless colonizer to an organism capable of infecting various human organs. Emphasis will be placed on QS and its role in orchestrating S. aureus behavior across different contexts. SHORT CONCLUSION The pathophysiology of S. aureus infection is substantially influenced by phenotypic changes resulting from factors beyond Agr. Future studies are expected to give the comprehensive understanding of S. aureus overall profile in various settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Yamazaki
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka, University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoka Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tamai
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka, University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cha J, Kim TG, Bhae E, Gwak HJ, Ju Y, Choe YH, Jang IH, Jung Y, Moon S, Kim T, Lee W, Park JS, Chung YW, Yang S, Kang YK, Hyun YM, Hwang GS, Lee WJ, Rho M, Ryu JH. Skin microbe-dependent TSLP-ILC2 priming axis in early life is co-opted in allergic inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:244-260.e11. [PMID: 38198924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Although early life colonization of commensal microbes contributes to long-lasting immune imprinting in host tissues, little is known regarding the pathophysiological consequences of postnatal microbial tuning of cutaneous immunity. Here, we show that postnatal exposure to specific skin commensal Staphylococcus lentus (S. lentus) promotes the extent of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like inflammation in adults through priming of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Early postnatal skin is dynamically populated by discrete subset of primed ILC2s driven by microbiota-dependent induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in keratinocytes. Specifically, the indole-3-aldehyde-producing tryptophan metabolic pathway, shared across Staphylococcus species, is involved in TSLP-mediated ILC2 priming. Furthermore, we demonstrate a critical contribution of the early postnatal S. lentus-TSLP-ILC2 priming axis in facilitating AD-like inflammation that is not replicated by later microbial exposure. Thus, our findings highlight the fundamental role of time-dependent neonatal microbial-skin crosstalk in shaping the threshold of innate type 2 immunity co-opted in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Euihyun Bhae
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Gwak
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yeajin Ju
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Young Ho Choe
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - In-Hwan Jang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngae Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Sungmin Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Wuseong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jung Sun Park
- Development and Differentiation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Youn Wook Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yong-Kook Kang
- Development and Differentiation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mina Rho
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Glatthardt T, Lima RD, de Mattos RM, Ferreira RBR. Microbe Interactions within the Skin Microbiome. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:49. [PMID: 38247608 PMCID: PMC10812674 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest human organ and is responsible for many important functions, such as temperature regulation, water transport, and protection from external insults. It is colonized by several microorganisms that interact with each other and with the host, shaping the microbial structure and community dynamics. Through these interactions, the skin microbiota can inhibit pathogens through several mechanisms such as the production of bacteriocins, proteases, phenol soluble modulins (PSMs), and fermentation. Furthermore, these commensals can produce molecules with antivirulence activity, reducing the potential of these pathogens to adhere to and invade human tissues. Microorganisms of the skin microbiota are also able to sense molecules from the environment and shape their behavior in response to these signals through the modulation of gene expression. Additionally, microbiota-derived compounds can affect pathogen gene expression, including the expression of virulence determinants. Although most studies related to microbial interactions in the skin have been directed towards elucidating competition mechanisms, microorganisms can also use the products of other species to their benefit. In this review, we will discuss several mechanisms through which microorganisms interact in the skin and the biotechnological applications of products originating from the skin microbiota that have already been reported in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Glatthardt
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (T.G.); (R.D.L.); (R.M.d.M.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Research Innovation Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Rayssa Durães Lima
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (T.G.); (R.D.L.); (R.M.d.M.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Raquel Monteiro de Mattos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (T.G.); (R.D.L.); (R.M.d.M.)
| | - Rosana Barreto Rocha Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (T.G.); (R.D.L.); (R.M.d.M.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hamushan M, Yu J, Jiang F, Wang B, Li M, Hu Y, Wang J, Wu Q, Tang J, Han P, Shen H. Adaptive evolution of the Clf-Sdr subfamily contributes to Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infection: Evidence from comparative genomics. Microbiol Res 2024; 278:127502. [PMID: 37832395 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Staphylococcus aureus infections of the musculoskeletal system are a challenge in clinical practice. Although extensive studies on the genotypic changes in S. aureus in soft tissue and blood system infections have been conducted, little is known about how S. aureus adapts to the microenvironment of the musculoskeletal system. Here, we used comparative genomics to analyze the isolates from patients with an S. aureus infection of the musculoskeletal system. We observed that mutations in the Clf-Sdr subfamily proteins frequently occurred during persistent infections. Furthermore, these mutations were primarily located in the non-active site (R region), rather than in the active site (A region). Mechanistically, the clfA/B mutation enhanced the S. aureus biofilm formation ability through the binding to fibrinogen and intercellular adhesion. Complementation studies using the USA300-ΔMSCRAMMs strains clfA and clfB revealed that mutations in both the A and R regions could enhance their corresponding function. The results of protein structure prediction and ligand-binding simulations suggest that these mutations influence the protein structure and ligand binding. In conclusion, our study suggests that the Clf-Sdr subfamily mutations may be one of the mechanisms contributing to persistent S. aureus infections of the musculoskeletal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musha Hamushan
- Orthopaedic Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Orthopaedic Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Orthopaedic Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyong Wang
- Orthopaedic Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhang Li
- Orthopaedic Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- Orthopaedic Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei Han
- Orthopaedic Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hao Shen
- Orthopaedic Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou Y, Xu X, Liu Y, Wang A, Luo Y, Liu X, Wang X, Li W, Yao X. Heterogeneous Regulation of StaphylococcusAureus by Different StaphylococcusEpidermidisagr Types in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2484-2493.e11. [PMID: 37271450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibits a protective role in skin inflammation; however, the exact functions of S. epidermidis and their mechanisms in atopic dermatitis (AD) are not fully understood. Here, whole-genome sequencing was conducted on strains of S. epidermidis isolated from pediatric patients with AD and revealed significant strain-level heterogeneity in functional genes. Specific sequence analysis of S. epidermidis identified four types of accessory gene regulator (agr) according to locus variations in the agr operon, which was consistent with the metagenomic data of the contextual microbiota. The number of S. epidermidisagr type I was slightly decreased among AD isolates, whereas agr type IV was hardly detected in AD isolates. Functional experiments showed that strains of S. epidermidisagr types I and IV, but not types II and III, inhibited the expression of S. aureusagr-mediated virulence factors in vitro, suppressed S. aureus epidermal colonization, and attenuated skin inflammation in a mouse model. The delineation of genome signatures of S. epidermidis at the strain level in AD and the quorum-sensing interference between S. epidermidisagr type IV and S. aureus provide a foundation for the modulation of the skin microbiota and the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- 01 Life Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yao
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cai H, Li X, Zhang C, Zhong H, Xie Y, Huang L, Zhang B, Long Y, Zhou Z, Liang B. Molecular characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus in school-age children in Guangzhou: associations among agr types, virulence genes, sequence types, and antibiotic resistant phenotypes. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:368. [PMID: 38017399 PMCID: PMC10685675 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most prevalent opportunistic pathogens, mainly colonizes the nasal cavity and is a risk factor for severe infections. Virulence factors and accessory gene regulator (agr) are key to the severity and diversity of staphylococcal infection. In this study, we aimed to characterise S. aureus agr-types and virulence genes and correlated them with genetic background and antibiotic-resistant phenotypes. RESULTS Agr types were identified in 704 isolates (98.5%), with only 11 isolates were negative for agr type. Most of our isolates were classified as agr type I, followed by types III, II and IV. The enterotoxin c gene (sec) was detected in 48.6% of isolates, showing the highest prevalence among the five enterotoxin genes detected. The positivity rates for the lukS/F-PV and tsst genes were 4% and 2.2%, respectively, while neither sed nor SasX were detected. ST45, ST59, ST338, ST188, ST6, ST7, ST22, ST25, ST398, and ST944 belonged to agr I group, while ST5 and ST15 belonged to agr II group. ST30 and ST1 were classified into agr III group, and ST121 was assigned into agr IV group. The tsst gene was found exclusively within agr I and III types belonging to ST7 and ST30 isolates, while the lukS/F-PV was predominantly carried by agr I type isolates primarily within CC59 and CC22 clones. Among the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates, 89.7% belonged to agr I group, and 97.8% of rifampicin-resistant or intermediate isolates were assigned to agr I group. MRSA isolates harboured more tested virulence genes compared to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates. CONCLUSIONS We characterized the distributions of agr types and eight major virulence genes of 715 S. aureus isolates, and our findings revealed clear associations between agr types and STs, as well as virulence genes, and drug resistant phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Huamin Zhong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianfen Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Baidu Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Long
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Costa FG, Mills KB, Crosby HA, Horswill AR. The Staphylococcus aureus regulatory program in a human skin-like environment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563767. [PMID: 37961268 PMCID: PMC10634794 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen responsible for the majority of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). S. aureus colonizes the anterior nares of approximately 20-30% of the population and transiently colonizes the skin, thereby increasing the risk of developing SSTIs and more serious infections. Current laboratory models that mimic the skin surface environment are expensive, require substantial infrastructure, and limit the scope of bacterial physiology studies under human skin conditions. To overcome these limitations, we developed a cost-effective, open-source, chemically defined media recipe termed skin-like media (SLM) that incorporates key aspects of the human skin surface environment and supports growth of several Staphylococcal species. We utilized SLM to investigate the transcriptional response of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) following growth in SLM compared to a commonly used laboratory media. Through RNA-seq analysis, we observed the upregulation of several virulence factors, including genes encoding functions involved in adhesion, proteolysis, and cytotoxicity. To further explore these findings, we conducted qRT-PCR experiments to determine the influence of media composition, pH, and temperature on the transcriptional response of key factors involved in adhesion and virulence. We also demonstrated that MRSA primed in SLM adhered better to human corneocytes and demonstrated adhesin-specific phenotypes that previously required genetic manipulation. These results support the potential utility of SLM as an in vitro model for assessing Staphylococcal physiology and metabolism on human skin. Importance Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of skin diseases, and its increased prevalence in skin colonization and infections present a need to understand its physiology in this environment. The work presented here outlines S. aureus upregulation of colonization and virulence factors using a newly developed media that strives to replicate the human skin surface environment, and demonstrates roles for adhesins ClfA, SraP, and Fnbps in human corneocyte adherence.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gehrke AKE, Giai C, Gómez MI. Staphylococcus aureus Adaptation to the Skin in Health and Persistent/Recurrent Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1520. [PMID: 37887220 PMCID: PMC10604630 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism with an incredible capability to adapt to different niches within the human body. Approximately between 20 and 30% of the population is permanently but asymptomatically colonized with S. aureus in the nose, and another 30% may carry S. aureus intermittently. It has been established that nasal colonization is a risk factor for infection in other body sites, including mild to severe skin and soft tissue infections. The skin has distinct features that make it a hostile niche for many bacteria, therefore acting as a strong barrier against invading microorganisms. Healthy skin is desiccated; it has a low pH at the surface; the upper layer is constantly shed to remove attached bacteria; and several host antimicrobial peptides are produced. However, S. aureus is able to overcome these defenses and colonize this microenvironment. Moreover, this bacterium can very efficiently adapt to the stressors present in the skin under pathological conditions, as it occurs in patients with atopic dermatitis or suffering chronic wounds associated with diabetes. The focus of this manuscript is to revise the current knowledge concerning how S. aureus adapts to such diverse skin conditions causing persistent and recurrent infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Katharina E. Gehrke
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Constanza Giai
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—(UNCuyo) CONICET, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina;
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Mendoza C1006ACC, Argentina
| | - Marisa I. Gómez
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Halling AS, Fritz BG, Gerner T, Rinnov MR, Bay L, Knudgaard MH, Ravn NH, Trautner S, Ruge IF, Olesen C, Díiaz-Pinées Cort I, Skov L, Sørensen N, Møller Rønnstad AT, Thomsen SF, Egeberg A, Jakasa I, Kezic S, Bjarnsholt T, Thyssen JP. Reduced Skin Microbiome Diversity in Infancy Is Associated with Increased Risk of Atopic Dermatitis in High-Risk Children. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2030-2038.e6. [PMID: 37085040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
It is currently unknown whether alterations in the skin microbiome exist before development of atopic dermatitis (AD). In this prospective Danish birth cohort of 300 children, we examined whether skin microbiome alterations during the first 2 months of life were associated with an increased risk of AD in the first 2 years and its severity after adjustment for environmental factors and selected skin chemokine and natural moisturizing factor levels. We found no overall association between the skin microbiome at birth and age 2 months and AD during the first 2 years of life. However, when restricting the analysis to children with at least one parent with atopy, a lower alpha diversity at age 2 months was associated with an increased risk of AD (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.6). We observed a stronger association in children where both parents had atopy (adjusted hazard ratio = 4.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-18.2). The putative pathogenic role of changes in the skin microbiome on AD risk remains uncertain but may play a role in those with an atopic predisposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sofie Halling
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Blaine Gabriel Fritz
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Gerner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Maria Rasmussen Rinnov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Bay
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Hjorslev Knudgaard
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Nina Haarup Ravn
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Simon Trautner
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Frier Ruge
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Olesen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabel Díiaz-Pinées Cort
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Skov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | | | - Simon F Thomsen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Egeberg
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivone Jakasa
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang J, Bowring JZ, Krusche J, Lehmann E, Bejder BS, Silva SF, Bojer MS, Grunert T, Peschel A, Ingmer H. Cross-species communication via agr controls phage susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113154. [PMID: 37725513 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) to coordinate group behavior in response to cell density, and some bacterial viruses (phages) also respond to QS. In Staphylococcus aureus, the agr-encoded QS system relies on accumulation of auto-inducing cyclic peptides (AIPs). Other staphylococci also produce AIPs of which many inhibit S. aureus agr. We show that agr induction reduces expression of tarM, encoding a glycosyltransferase responsible for α-N-acetylglucosamine modification of the major S. aureus phage receptor, the wall teichoic acids. This allows lytic phage Stab20 and related phages to infect and kill S. aureus. However, in mixed communities, producers of inhibitory AIPs like S. haemolyticus, S. caprae, and S. pseudintermedius inhibit S. aureus agr, thereby impeding phage infection. Our results demonstrate that cross-species interactions dramatically impact phage susceptibility. These interactions likely influence microbial ecology and impact the efficacy of phages in medical and biotechnological applications such as phage therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Yang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine Zara Bowring
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janes Krusche
- Department of Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)," German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Esther Lehmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Svejdal Bejder
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Fulaz Silva
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Saxtorph Bojer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom Grunert
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Department of Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)," German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Obata S, Hisatsune J, Kawasaki H, Fukushima-Nomura A, Ebihara T, Arai C, Masuda K, Kutsuno S, Iwao Y, Sugai M, Amagai M, Tanese K. Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Atopic Dermatitis Patients in Japan: Correlations with Disease Severity, Eruption Type, and Anatomical Site. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0523922. [PMID: 37432109 PMCID: PMC10434064 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05239-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) shows frequent recurrence. Staphylococcus aureus is the primary microbial component in AD and is associated with disease activity. However, traditional typing methods have failed to characterize virulent AD isolates at the clone level. We conducted a comprehensive genomic characterization of S. aureus strains isolated from the skin of AD patients and healthy donors, comparing the whole-genome sequences of the 261 isolates with anatomical and lesional (AD-A)/nonlesional (AD-NL)/healthy sites, eruption types, clinical scores, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance gene repertoires in Japan. Sequence type (ST) diversity was lost with worsening disease activity; ST188 was the most frequently detected ST in AD-A and had the strongest correlation with AD according to the culture rate and proportion with worsening disease activity. ST188 and ST20 isolates inhabited all skin conditions, with significantly higher proportions in AD skin than in healthy skin. ST8, ST15, and ST5 proportions were equivalent for all skin conditions; ST30 was detected only in healthy skin; and ST12 was detected only in AD skin. ST97 detected in AD-A and healthy skin was clearly branched into two subclades, designated ST97A and ST97H. A comparison of two genomes led to the discovery that only ST97A possessed the complete trp operon, enabling bacterial survival without exogenous tryptophan (Trp) on AD skin, where the Trp level was significantly reduced. Primary STs showing an AD skin inhabitation trend (ST188, ST97A, ST20, and ST12) were all trp operon positive. The predominant clones (ST188 and ST97) possessed almost no enterotoxin genes, no mecA gene, and few other antimicrobial resistance genes, different from the trend observed in Europe/North America. IMPORTANCE While Staphylococcus aureus is a member of the normal human skin flora, its strong association with the onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been suggested. However, previous studies failed to assign specific clones relevant to disease activities. Enterotoxins produced by S. aureus have been suggested to aggravate and exacerbate the inflammation of AD skin, but their role remains ambiguous. We conducted a nuanced comprehensive characterization of isolates from AD patients and healthy donors, comparing the whole-genome sequences of the isolates with anatomical and lesional/nonlesional/healthy sites, eruption types, clinical scores, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance gene repertoires in Japan. We demonstrate that specific clones are associated with disease severity and clinical manifestations, and the dominant clones are devoid of enterotoxin genes and antimicrobial resistance genes. These findings undermine the established notion of the pathophysiological function of S. aureus associated with AD and introduce a new concept of S. aureus colonization in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Obata
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junzo Hisatsune
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Tamotsu Ebihara
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chika Arai
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kanako Masuda
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shoko Kutsuno
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Iwao
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanese
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Williams P, Hill P, Bonev B, Chan WC. Quorum-sensing, intra- and inter-species competition in the staphylococci. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001381. [PMID: 37578829 PMCID: PMC10482373 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), the accessory gene regulator (agr) is a highly conserved but polymorphic quorum-sensing system involved in colonization, virulence and biofilm development. Signalling via agr depends on the interaction of an autoinducing peptide (AIP) with AgrC, a transmembrane sensor kinase that, once phosphorylated activates the response regulator AgrA. This in turn autoinduces AIP biosynthesis and drives target gene expression directly via AgrA or via the post-transcriptional regulator, RNAIII. In this review we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the agr-mediated generation of, and response to, AIPs and the molecular basis of AIP-dependent activation and inhibition of AgrC. How the environment impacts on agr functionality is considered and the consequences of agr dysfunction for infection explored. We also discuss the concept of AIP-driven competitive interference between S. aureus and the CoNS and its anti-infective potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Williams
- Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Phil Hill
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Boyan Bonev
- Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Weng C. Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang F, Chen Y, Yu J, Zhang F, Liu Q, He L, Musha H, Du J, Wang B, Han P, Chen X, Tang J, Li M, Shen H. Repurposed Fenoprofen Targeting SaeR Attenuates Staphylococcus aureus Virulence in Implant-Associated Infections. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1354-1373. [PMID: 37521790 PMCID: PMC10375895 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Implant-associated infections (IAIs) caused by S. aureus can result in serious challenges after orthopedic surgery. Due to biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance, this refractory infection is highly prevalent, and finding drugs to attenuate bacterial virulence is becoming a rational alternative strategy. In S. aureus, the SaeRS two-component system (TCS) plays a key role in the production of over 20 virulence factors and the pathogenesis of the bacterium. Here, by conducting a structure-based virtual screening against SaeR, we identified that fenoprofen, a USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), had excellent inhibitory potency against the response regulator SaeR protein. We showed that fenoprofen attenuated the virulence of S. aureus without drug resistance. In addition, it was helpful in relieving osteolysis and restoring the walking ability of mice in vitro and in implant-associated infection models. More importantly, fenoprofen treatment suppressed biofilm formation and changed the biofilm structure, which caused S. aureus to form loose and porous biofilms that were more vulnerable to infiltration and elimination by leukocytes. Our results reveal that fenoprofen is a potent antivirulence agent with potential value in clinical applications and that SaeR is a drug target against S. aureus implant-associated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Department
of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yingjia Chen
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, No.19A Yuan
Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Department
of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Feiyang Zhang
- Department
of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lei He
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hamushan Musha
- Department
of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Jiafei Du
- Department
of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Boyong Wang
- Department
of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Pei Han
- Department
of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Jin Tang
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Min Li
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Faculty of
Medical Laboratory Science, Shanghai Jiaotong
University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department
of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s
Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hsieh RC, Liu R, Burgin DJ, Otto M. Understanding mechanisms of virulence in MRSA: implications for antivirulence treatment strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:911-928. [PMID: 37501364 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2242585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widespread pathogen, often causing recurrent and deadly infections in the hospital and community. Many S. aureus virulence factors have been suggested as potential targets for antivirulence therapy to decrease the threat of diminishing antibiotic availability. Antivirulence methods hold promise due to their adjunctive and prophylactic potential and decreased risk for selective pressure. AREAS COVERED This review describes the dominant virulence mechanisms exerted by MRSA and antivirulence therapeutics that are currently undergoing testing in clinical or preclinical stages. We also discuss the advantages and downsides of several investigational antivirulence approaches, including the targeting of bacterial transporters, host-directed therapy, and quorum-sensing inhibitors. For this review, a systematic search of literature on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for relevant search terms was performed in April and May 2023. EXPERT OPINION Vaccine and antibody strategies have failed in clinical trials and could benefit from more basic science-informed approaches. Antivirulence-targeting approaches need to be set up better to meet the requirements of drug development, rather than only providing limited results to provide 'proof-of-principle' translational value of pathogenesis research. Nevertheless, there is great potential of such strategies and potential particular promise for novel probiotic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Hsieh
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dylan J Burgin
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Otto M, Dickey SW, Wolz C. Editorial: Quorum-sensing in Gram-positive pathogens - mechanisms, role in infection, and potential as a therapeutic target. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1236705. [PMID: 37404725 PMCID: PMC10315904 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1236705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Seth W. Dickey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Conte AL, Brunetti F, Marazzato M, Longhi C, Maurizi L, Raponi G, Palamara AT, Grassi S, Conte MP. Atopic dermatitis-derived Staphylococcus aureus strains: what makes them special in the interplay with the host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1194254. [PMID: 37389215 PMCID: PMC10303148 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1194254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition whose pathogenesis involves genetic predisposition, epidermal barrier dysfunction, alterations in the immune responses and microbial dysbiosis. Clinical studies have shown a link between Staphylococcus aureus and the pathogenesis of AD, although the origins and genetic diversity of S. aureus colonizing patients with AD is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to investigate if specific clones might be associated with the disease. Methods WGS analyses were performed on 38 S. aureus strains, deriving from AD patients and healthy carriers. Genotypes (i.e. MLST, spa-, agr- and SCCmec-typing), genomic content (e.g. virulome and resistome), and the pan-genome structure of strains have been investigated. Phenotypic analyses were performed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility, the biofilm production and the invasiveness within the investigated S. aureus population. Results Strains isolated from AD patients revealed a high degree of genetic heterogeneity and a shared set of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes, suggesting that no genotype and genomic content are uniquely associated with AD. The same strains were characterized by a lower variability in terms of gene content, indicating that the inflammatory conditions could exert a selective pressure leading to the optimization of the gene repertoire. Furthermore, genes related to specific mechanisms, like post-translational modification, protein turnover and chaperones as well as intracellular trafficking, secretion and vesicular transport, were significantly more enriched in AD strains. Phenotypic analysis revealed that all of our AD strains were strong or moderate biofilm producers, while less than half showed invasive capabilities. Conclusions We conclude that in AD skin, the functional role played by S. aureus may depend on differential gene expression patterns and/or on post-translational modification mechanisms rather than being associated with peculiar genetic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Lucia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunetti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Marazzato
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Longhi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Maurizi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giammarco Raponi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia- Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Grassi
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lebtig M, Scheurer J, Muenkel M, Becker J, Bastounis E, Peschel A, Kretschmer D. Keratinocytes use FPR2 to detect Staphylococcus aureus and initiate antimicrobial skin defense. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188555. [PMID: 37325619 PMCID: PMC10264695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Keratinocytes form a multilayer barrier that protects the skin from invaders or injuries. The barrier function of keratinocytes is in part mediated by the production of inflammatory modulators that promote immune responses and wound healing. Skin commensals and pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus secrete high amounts of phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptides, agonists of formyl-peptide receptor 2 (FPR2). FPR2 is crucial for the recruitment of neutrophils to the sites of infection, and it can influence inflammation. FPR1 and FPR2 are also expressed by keratinocytes but the consequences of FPR activation in skin cells have remained unknown. Methods Since an inflammatory environment influences S. aureus colonization, e. g. in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), we hypothesized that interference with FPRs may alter keratinocyte-induced inflammation, proliferation, and bacterial colonization of the skin. To assess this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of FPR activation and inhibition in keratinocytes with respect to chemokine and cytokine release as well as proliferation and skin wound gap closure. Results We observed that FPR activation induces the release of IL-8, IL-1α and promotes keratinocyte proliferation in a FPR-dependent manner. To elucidate the consequence of FPR modulation on skin colonization, we used an AD-simulating S. aureus skin colonization mouse model using wild-type (WT) or Fpr2-/- mice and demonstrate that inflammation enhances the eradication of S. aureus from the skin in a FPR2-dependent way. Consistently, inhibition of FPR2 in the mouse model or in human keratinocytes as well as human skin explants promoted S. aureus colonization. Discussion Our data indicate that FPR2 ligands promote inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation in a FPR2-dependent manner, which is necessary for eliminating S. aureus during skin colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lebtig
- Department first: Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Scheurer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marie Muenkel
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janna Becker
- Department first: Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Effie Bastounis
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Department first: Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Department first: Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Key FM, Khadka VD, Romo-González C, Blake KJ, Deng L, Lynn TC, Lee JC, Chiu IM, García-Romero MT, Lieberman TD. On-person adaptive evolution of Staphylococcus aureus during treatment for atopic dermatitis. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:593-603.e7. [PMID: 37054679 PMCID: PMC10263175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus frequently colonizes the inflamed skin of people with atopic dermatitis (AD) and worsens disease severity by promoting skin damage. Here, we show, by longitudinally tracking 23 children treated for AD, that S. aureus adapts via de novo mutations during colonization. Each patient's S. aureus population is dominated by a single lineage, with infrequent invasion by distant lineages. Mutations emerge within each lineage at rates similar to those of S. aureus in other contexts. Some variants spread across the body within months, with signatures of adaptive evolution. Most strikingly, mutations in capsule synthesis gene capD underwent parallel evolution in one patient and across-body sweeps in two patients. We confirm that capD negativity is more common in AD than in other contexts, via reanalysis of S. aureus genomes from 276 people. Together, these findings highlight the importance of the mutation level when dissecting the role of microbes in complex disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Key
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Veda D Khadka
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolina Romo-González
- Experimental Bacteriology Laboratory, National Institute for Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kimbria J Blake
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liwen Deng
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tucker C Lynn
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean C Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tami D Lieberman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kato T, Adachi Y, Tsuchida A, Matsumura K, Murakami S, Shimizu M, Wada T, Okabe H, Hashimoto K, Hosoya M, Inadera H. Association of soap use when bathing 18-month-old infants with the prevalence of allergic diseases at age 3 years: The Japan Environment and Children's Study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e13949. [PMID: 37102383 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic march is defined as the progression from atopic dermatitis (AD) during early life to other allergic diseases in later childhood. In a nationwide birth cohort study, the Japan Environment and Children's Study, we investigated the association of bathing habits, which are known to affect skin conditions, for infants with their later development of allergic diseases. METHODS Pregnant women who lived in 15 designated regional centers throughout Japan were recruited. We obtained information on bathing habits for their 18-month-old infants and the prevalence of allergic diseases when they were aged 3 years. RESULTS Data for 74,349 children were analyzed. Most 18-month-old infants were bathed or showered almost every day. When they were divided into four groups according to the frequency of soap use during bathing (every time, most of the time, sometimes, and seldom), the risk of AD later at age 3 was shown to increase in association with a decreasing frequency of soap use [most of the time: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.34; sometimes: aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.46-2.03; seldom: aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.58-2.50], compared with soap use every time during bathing at 18 months of age. Similar results were obtained for food allergy but not for bronchial asthma. CONCLUSIONS Frequent soap use when bathing 18-month-old infants was associated with a decreased risk of them developing allergic diseases at age 3. Further well-designed clinical studies are warranted to determine an effective bathing regimen for preventing the development of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Adachi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akiko Tsuchida
- Department of Public Health, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kenta Matsumura
- Department of Public Health, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shokei Murakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Muneyuki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takuya Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Okabe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- Fukushima Regional Center for the Japan Environmental and Children's Study, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- Fukushima Regional Center for the Japan Environmental and Children's Study, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hidekuni Inadera
- Department of Public Health, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
McAleer JP. Obesity and the microbiome in atopic dermatitis: Therapeutic implications for PPAR-γ agonists. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1167800. [PMID: 37051264 PMCID: PMC10083318 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1167800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier disruption, Th2 immune responses to skin allergens and microbial dysbiosis within affected lesions. Studies within the past decade have revealed genetic and environmental factors contributing to AD in children. Obesity is a metabolic disorder that often manifests early in life and is associated with reduced bacterial diversity, leading to skin colonization with lipophilic bacteria and intestinal colonization with pro-inflammatory species. These changes impair epithelial barriers and promote Th17 responses, which may worsen the severity of AD symptoms. While few studies have examined the contribution of microbiota in obesity-induced allergies, there is emerging evidence that PPAR-γ may be an effective therapeutic target. This review discusses the microbiome in pediatric AD, treatment with probiotics, how disease is altered by obesity and potential therapeutic effects of PPAR-γ agonists. While healthy skin contains diverse species adapted for specific niches, lesional skin is highly colonized with Staphylococcus aureus which perpetuates the inflammatory reaction. Treatments for AD should help to restore microbial diversity in the skin and intestine, as well as epithelial barrier function. Pre-clinical models have shown that PPAR-γ agonists can suppress Th17 responses, IgE production and mast cell function, while improving the epidermal barrier and microbial homeostasis. Overall, PPAR-γ agonists may be effective in a subset of patients with AD, and future studies should distinguish their metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects in order to inform the best therapies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Nousbeck J, McAleer MA, Irvine AD. Peripheral Blood Gene Expression Profile of Infants with Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2023; 3:100165. [PMID: 36699197 PMCID: PMC9868882 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance the understanding of molecular mechanisms and mine previously unidentified biomarkers of pediatric atopic dermatitis, PBMC gene expression profiles were generated by RNA sequencing in infants with atopic dermatitis and age-matched controls. A total of 178 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (115 upregulations and 63 downregulations) were seen, compared with those in healthy controls. The DEGs identified included IL1β, TNF, TREM1, IL18R1, and IL18RAP. DEGs were validated by real-time RT- qPCR in a larger number of samples from PBMCs of infants with atopic dermatitis aged <12 months. Using the DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery) database, functional and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were associated with immune responses, inflammatory responses, regulation of immune responses, and platelet activation. Pathway analysis indicated that DEGs were enriched in cytokine‒cytokine receptor interaction, immunoregulatory interactions between lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells, hematopoietic cell lineage, phosphoinositide 3-kinase‒protein kinase B signaling pathway, NK cell‒mediated cytotoxicity, and platelet activation. Furthermore, the protein‒protein interaction network was predicted using the STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) database and visualized with Cytoscape software. Finally, on the basis of the protein‒protein interaction network, 18 hub genes were selected, and two significant modules were obtained. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of pediatric atopic dermatitis and may provide diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Nousbeck
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maeve A McAleer
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan D Irvine
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Otto M. Critical Assessment of the Prospects of Quorum-Quenching Therapy for Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044025. [PMID: 36835436 PMCID: PMC9958572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that causes a high number of infections and is one of the leading causes of death in hospitalized patients. Widespread antibiotic resistance such as in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has prompted research into potential anti-virulence-targeted approaches. Targeting the S. aureus accessory gene regulator (Agr) quorum-sensing system, a master regulator of virulence, is the most frequently proposed anti-virulence strategy for S. aureus. While much effort has been put into the discovery and screening for Agr inhibitory compounds, in vivo analysis of their efficacy in animal infection models is still rare and reveals various shortcomings and problems. These include (i) an almost exclusive focus on topical skin infection models, (ii) technical problems that leave doubt as to whether observed in vivo effects are due to quorum-quenching, and (iii) the discovery of counterproductive biofilm-increasing effects. Furthermore, potentially because of the latter, invasive S. aureus infection is associated with Agr dysfunctionality. Altogether, the potential of Agr inhibitory drugs is nowadays seen with low enthusiasm given the failure to provide sufficient in vivo evidence for their potential after more than two decades since the initiation of such efforts. However, current Agr inhibition-based probiotic approaches may lead to a new application of Agr inhibition strategies in preventing S. aureus infections by targeting colonization or for otherwise difficult-to-treat skin infections such as atopic dermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis and its dual lifestyle in skin health and infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:97-111. [PMID: 36042296 PMCID: PMC9903335 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The coagulase-negative bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis is a member of the human skin microbiota. S. epidermidis is not merely a passive resident on skin but actively primes the cutaneous immune response, maintains skin homeostasis and prevents opportunistic pathogens from causing disease via colonization resistance. However, it is now appreciated that S. epidermidis and its interactions with the host exist on a spectrum of potential pathogenicity derived from its high strain-level heterogeneity. S. epidermidis is the most common cause of implant-associated infections and is a canonical opportunistic biofilm former. Additional emerging evidence suggests that some strains of S. epidermidis may contribute to the pathogenesis of common skin diseases. Here, we highlight new developments in our understanding of S. epidermidis strain diversity, skin colonization dynamics and its multifaceted interactions with the host and other members of the skin microbiota.
Collapse
|
31
|
Joshi AA, Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Wolf P, Patra V. Microbial derived antimicrobial peptides as potential therapeutics in atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125635. [PMID: 36761743 PMCID: PMC9907850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that significantly affects the patient's quality of life. A disrupted skin barrier, type 2 cytokine-dominated inflammation, and microbial dysbiosis with increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization are critical components of AD pathogenesis. Patients with AD exhibit decreased expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which is linked to increased colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. The skin microbiome itself is a source of several AMPs. These host- and microbiome-derived AMPs define the microbial landscape of the skin based on their differential antimicrobial activity against a range of skin microbes or their quorum sensing inhibitory properties. These are particularly important in preventing and limiting dysbiotic colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, AMPs are critical for immune homeostasis. In this article, we share our perspectives about the implications of microbial derived AMPs in AD patients and their potential effects on overlapping factors involved in AD. We argue and discuss the potential of bacterial AMPs as therapeutics in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaroh Anand Joshi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marc Vocanson
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Francois Nicolas
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France,Department of Allergology & Clinical Immunology, Lyon-Sud University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vijaykumar Patra
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France,*Correspondence: Vijaykumar Patra,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tamai M, Yamazaki Y, Ito T, Nakagawa S, Nakamura Y. Pathogenic role of the staphylococcal accessory gene regulator quorum sensing system in atopic dermatitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178650. [PMID: 37124047 PMCID: PMC10140505 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is home to various bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, collectively referred to as the skin microbiota. Patients with certain skin diseases reportedly have unique skin "dysbiosis," a condition involving imbalanced microbiota, suggesting that dysbiosis in the skin may be either causal or a consequence of specific skin diseases. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common allergic skin disease that affects 15-20% of children and 2-10% of adults worldwide. Both intrinsic genetic factors, such as susceptibility to type 2 inflammation or skin barrier dysfunction, and extrinsic environmental factors, such as air pollen and skin microbiota, contribute to AD. Staphylococcus aureus, which does not often colonize the skin of healthy individuals, is commonly identified in the lesional skin of patients with AD and is correlated with the disease flare. However, the role of S. aureus in the pathogenesis of AD has not been elucidated. Here, we discuss the pathological behavior of S. aureus, focusing on accessory gene regulator (Agr) quorum sensing, which is a fundamental bacterial cell-to-cell interaction mechanism that affects the behavior of S. aureus and other members of the microbial community. Importantly, beyond bacteria-bacteria interactions, the Agr quorum sensing system also regulates various virulence factors, which induce type 2 and IL-17-dependent skin inflammation in the host. Furthermore, the colonization of Agr-positive S. aureus in early life accelerates the development of pediatric AD. Finally, we aim to highlight the current efforts to establish novel therapeutic methods to ameliorate or prevent AD through Agr-targeted intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Tamai
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuumi Nakamura, ; Yuriko Yamazaki,
| | - Tomoka Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuumi Nakamura, ; Yuriko Yamazaki,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Engineering a "detect and destroy" skin probiotic to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276795. [PMID: 36520793 PMCID: PMC9754240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and virulence of pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA), which can cause recurrent skin infections, are of significant clinical concern. Prolonged antibiotic exposure to treat or decolonize S. aureus contributes to development of antibiotic resistance, as well as depletion of the microbiome, and its numerous beneficial functions. We hypothesized an engineered skin probiotic with the ability to selectively deliver antimicrobials only in the presence of the target organism could provide local bioremediation of pathogen colonization. We constructed a biosensing S. epidermidis capable of detecting the presence of S. aureus quorum sensing autoinducer peptide and producing lysostaphin in response. Here, we demonstrate in vitro activity of this biosensor and present and discuss challenges to deployment of this and other engineered topical skin probiotics.
Collapse
|
34
|
Gonzalez JR, Celli A, Weckel A, Dhariwala MO, Merana GR, Ojewumi OT, Okoro J, Dwyer LR, Tran VM, Meyer JM, Mauro TM, Scharschmidt TC. FLG Deficiency in Mice Alters the Early-Life CD4 + T-Cell Response to Skin Commensal Bacteria. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 143:790-800.e12. [PMID: 36496196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FLG variants underlie ichthyosis vulgaris and increased risk of atopic dermatitis, conditions typified by disruption of the skin microbiome and cutaneous immune response. Yet, it remains unclear whether neonatal skin barrier compromise because of FLG deficiency alters the quality of commensal-specific T cells and the functional impact of such responses. To address these questions, we profiled changes in the skin barrier and early cutaneous immune response of neonatal C57BL/6 Flg‒/‒ and wild-type mice using single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and other modalities. Flg‒/‒ neonates showed little alteration in transepidermal water loss or lipid- or corneocyte-related gene expression. However, they showed increases in barrier disruption genes, epidermal dye penetration, and numbers of skin CD4+ T cells. Using an engineered strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis 2W) to study the response to neonatal skin colonization, we found that commensal-specific CD4+ T cells were skewed in Flg‒/‒ pups toward effector rather than regulatory T cells. This altered response persisted into adulthood, where it was typified by T helper 17 (Th17) cells and associated with increased susceptibility to imiquimod-induced skin inflammation. Thus, subtle but impactful differences in neonatal barrier function in Flg‒/‒ mice are accompanied by a skewed commensal-specific CD4+ response, with enduring consequences for skin immune homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie R Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Geil R Merana
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oluwasunmisola T Ojewumi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joy Okoro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Laura R Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Victoria M Tran
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason M Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesse, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Severn MM, Cho YSK, Manzer HS, Bunch ZL, Shahbandi A, Todd DA, Cech NB, Horswill AR. The Commensal Staphylococcus warneri Makes Peptide Inhibitors of MRSA Quorum Sensing that Protect Skin from Atopic or Necrotic Damage. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3349-3352.e5. [PMID: 35803321 PMCID: PMC10084446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Severn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Young-Saeng K Cho
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Haider S Manzer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Zoie L Bunch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ali Shahbandi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel A Todd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Caldwell R, Zhou W, Oh J. Strains to go: interactions of the skin microbiome beyond its species. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102222. [PMID: 36242896 PMCID: PMC9701184 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An extraordinary biodiversity of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and even small multicellular eukaryota inhabit the human skin. Genomic innovations have accelerated characterization of this biodiversity both at a species as well as the subspecies, or strain level, which further imparts a tremendous genetic diversity to an individual's skin microbiome. In turn, these advances portend significant species- and strain-specificity in the skin microbiome's functional impact on cutaneous immunity, barrier integrity, aging, and other skin physiologic processes. Future advances in defining strain diversity, spatial distribution, and metabolic diversity for major skin species will be foundational for understanding the microbiome's essentiality to the skin ecosystem and for designing topical therapeutics that leverage or target the skin microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Caldwell
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Julia Oh
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huo Y, Jiang Q, Zhao W. Meta-analysis of metagenomics reveals the signatures of vaginal microbiome in preterm birth. MEDICINE IN MICROECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2022.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
38
|
Jung SY, You HJ, Kim MJ, Ko G, Lee S, Kang KS. Wnt-activating human skin organoid model of atopic dermatitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus and its protective effects by Cutibacterium acnes. iScience 2022; 25:105150. [PMID: 36193049 PMCID: PMC9526179 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed human PSC-derived skin organoid model has opened up new avenues for studying skin development, diseases, and regeneration. The current model has limitations since the generated organoids are enclosed, circular aggregates with an inside-out morphology with unintended off-target development of cartilage. Here, we first demonstrated that Wnt signaling activation resulted in larger organoids without off-target cartilage. We optimized further using an air-liquid interface (ALI) culture method to recapitulate structural features representative of human skin tissue. Finally, we used the ALI-skin organoid platform to model atopic dermatitis by Staphylococcus aureus (SA) colonization and infection. SA infection led to a disrupted skin barrier and increased production of epidermal- and dermal-derived inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, we found that pre-treatment with Cutibacterium acnes had a protective effect on SA-infected organoids. Thus, this ALI-skin organoid platform may be a useful tool for modeling human skin diseases and evaluating the efficacy of novel therapeutics. Wnt signaling activation results in larger organoids without off-target cartilage Air-liquid interface culture is used to recapitulate human skin tissue structure S. aureus infection damaged the skin barrier and elevated inflammatory cytokines Pre-treated Cutibacterium acnes had a protective effect on Staphylococcus aureus-infected organoids
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-yi Jung
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co. Ltd., Seoul 08590, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Reshamwala K, Cheung GYC, Hsieh RC, Liu R, Joo HS, Zheng Y, Bae JS, Nguyen TH, Villaruz AE, Gozalo AS, Elkins WR, Otto M. Identification and characterization of the pathogenic potential of phenol-soluble modulin toxins in the mouse commensal Staphylococcus xylosus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:999201. [PMID: 36189200 PMCID: PMC9520458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.999201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the virulent human skin commensal Staphylococcus aureus, which secretes a plethora of toxins, other staphylococci have much reduced virulence. In these species, commonly the only toxins are those of the phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) family. PSMs are species-specific and have only been characterized in a limited number of species. S. xylosus is a usually innocuous commensal on the skin of mice and other mammals. Prompted by reports on the involvement of PSMs in atopic dermatitis (AD) and the isolation of S. xylosus from mice with AD-like symptoms, we here identified and characterized PSMs of S. xylosus with a focus on a potential involvement in AD phenotypes. We found that most clinical S. xylosus strains produce two PSMs, one of the shorter α- and one of the longer β-type, which were responsible for almost the entire lytic and pro-inflammatory capacities of S. xylosus. Importantly, PSMα of S. xylosus caused lysis and degranulation of mast cells at degrees higher than that of S. aureus δ-toxin, the main PSM previously associated with AD. However, S. xylosus did not produce significant AD symptoms in wild-type mice as opposed to S. aureus, indicating that promotion of AD by S. xylosus likely requires a predisposed host. Our study indicates that non-specific cytolytic potency rather than specific interaction underlies PSM-mediated mast cell degranulation and suggest that the previously reported exceptional potency of δ-toxin of S. aureus is due to its high-level production. Furthermore, they suggest that species that produce cytolytic PSMs, such as S. xylosus, all have the capacity to promote AD, but a high combined level of PSM cytolytic potency is required to cause AD in a non-predisposed host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Reshamwala
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gordon Y. C. Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael Otto, ; Gordon Y. C. Cheung,
| | - Roger C. Hsieh
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hwang-Soo Joo
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yue Zheng
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Justin S. Bae
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thuan H. Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amer E. Villaruz
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alfonso S. Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch (CMB), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William R. Elkins
- Comparative Medicine Branch (CMB), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael Otto, ; Gordon Y. C. Cheung,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang YJ, Porsche C, Kozik AJ, Lynch SV. Microbiome-Immune Interactions in Allergy and Asthma. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:2244-2251. [PMID: 35724951 PMCID: PMC10566566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiota has been established as a key regulator of host health, in large part owing to its constant interaction with and impact on host immunity. A range of environmental exposures spanning from the prenatal period through adulthood are known to affect the composition and molecular productivity of microbiomes across mucosal and dermal tissues with short- and long-term consequences for host immune function. Here we review recent findings in the field that provide insights into how microbial-immune interactions promote and sustain immune dysfunction associated with allergy and asthma. We consider both early life microbiome perturbation and the molecular underpinnings of immune dysfunction associated with subsequent allergy and asthma development in childhood, as well as microbiome features that relate to phenotypic attributes of allergy and asthma in older patients with established disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| | - Cara Porsche
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Ariangela J Kozik
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Staphylococcus hominis is frequently isolated from human skin, and we hypothesize that it may protect the cutaneous barrier from opportunistic pathogens. We determined that S. hominis makes six unique autoinducing peptide (AIP) signals that inhibit the major virulence factor accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum sensing system of Staphylococcus aureus. We solved and confirmed the structures of three novel AIP signals in conditioned medium by mass spectrometry and then validated synthetic AIP activity against all S. aureus agr classes. Synthetic AIPs also inhibited the conserved agr system in a related species, Staphylococcus epidermidis. We determined the distribution of S. hominis agr types on healthy human skin and found S. hominis agr-I and agr-II were highly represented across subjects. Further, synthetic AIP-II was protective in vivo against S. aureus-associated dermonecrotic or epicutaneous injury. Together, these findings demonstrate that a ubiquitous colonizer of human skin has a fundamentally protective role against opportunistic damage. IMPORTANCE Human skin is home to a variety of commensal bacteria, including many species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). While it is well established that the microbiota as a whole maintains skin homeostasis and excludes pathogens (i.e., colonization resistance), relatively little is known about the unique contributions of individual CoNS species to these interactions. Staphylococcus hominis is the second most frequently isolated CoNS from healthy skin, and there is emerging evidence to suggest that it may play an important role in excluding pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, from colonizing or infecting the skin. Here, we identified that S. hominis makes 6 unique peptide inhibitors of the S. aureus global virulence factor regulation system (agr). Additionally, we found that one of these peptides can prevent topical or necrotic S. aureus skin injury in a mouse model. Our results demonstrate a specific and broadly protective role for this ubiquitous, yet underappreciated skin commensal.
Collapse
|
42
|
Asano K, Tamari M, Zuberbier T, Yasudo H, Morita H, Fujieda S, Nakamura Y, Traidl S, Hamelmann E, Raap U, Babina M, Nagase H, Okano M, Katoh N, Ebisawa M, Renz H, Izuhara K, Worm M. Diversities of allergic pathologies and their modifiers: Report from the second DGAKI-JSA meeting. Allergol Int 2022; 71:310-317. [PMID: 35662539 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2021, researchers from the German Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) and from the Japanese Society of Allergology (JSA) focused their attention on the pathological conditions and modifiers of various allergic diseases. Topics included 1) the pathophysiology of IgE/mast cell-mediated allergic diseases; 2) the diagnosis and prevention of IgE/mast cell-mediated diseases; 3) the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of eosinophilic airway diseases; and 4) host-pathogen interaction and allergic diseases. This report summarizes the panel discussions, which highlighted the importance of recognizing the diversity of genetics, immunological mechanisms, and modifying factors underlying allergic diseases.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Our skin is the interface through which we mediate lifelong interactions with our surrounding environment. Initial development of the skin's epidermis, adnexal structures, and barrier function is necessary for normal cutaneous microbial colonization, immune development, and prevention of disease. Early life microbial exposures can have unique and long-lasting impacts on skin health. The identity of neonatal skin microbes and the context in which they are first encountered, i.e., through a compromised skin barrier or in conjunction with cutaneous inflammation, can have additional short- and long-term health consequences. Here, we discuss key attributes of infant skin and endogenous and exogenous factors that shape its relationship to the early life cutaneous microbiome, with a focus on their clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kong HH, Oh J. State of Residency: Microbial Strain Diversity in the Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1260-1264. [PMID: 34688614 PMCID: PMC9021319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human skin hosts a diversity of microbiota. Advances in sequencing and analytical methods have increasingly illuminated the importance of the finest resolution in understanding the genetic diversity of the skin microbiota, highlighting strain-level differences and their functional implications. Such genetic diversity, which exists within an individual and is strongly individual specific underscores the difficulty in elucidating functionality. Integrated investigations of the microbial strain diversity through sequencing and culture-based approaches with host immunology and physiology will be critical in expanding our understanding of the roles of the skin microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi H Kong
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Oh
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hu J, Chen S, Yang Y, Li L, Cheng X, Cheng Y, Huang Q. A Smart Hydrogel with Anti-Biofilm and Anti-Virulence Activities to Treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200299. [PMID: 35306745 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm is the main culprit of refractory infections and seriously threaten to the human health. Here, a smart hydrogel consisted of norspermidine, aminoglycosides, and oxidized polysaccharide is prepared via the formation of acid-labile imine linkage to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections in several animal models. The increased acidity caused by bacterial infection triggers the release of norspermidine and aminoglycosides covalently bound with the polymer scaffold. The released norspermidine inhibits biofilm formation and virulence production by regulating the quorum sensing of P. aeruginosa, while the aminoglycoside antibiotics effectively kill the released bacteria. The gel thoroughly inhibits biofilm formation on various medical devices and decreases bacteria pathogenicity. It efficiently inhibits implantation-associated biofilm infections and chronic wound infections, and shows great promise to prevent and treat biofilm-induced refractory infection in clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongxin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Orthopedics Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xuejing Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Quan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhao L, Liu Q, Xu FH, Liu H, Zhang J, Liu F, Wang G. Identification and analysis of Rap-Phr system in Bacillus cereus 0-9. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6549557. [PMID: 35293995 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, eight rap-related genes were found in the Bacillus cereus 0-9 genome; five rap genes were located on chromosomes and three on large plasmids. Five Rap proteins in B. cereus 0-9 were annotated as 'tetratricopeptide repeat proteins'. SMART Server analysis showed that the eight Rap proteins had typical tetrapeptide repeat sequence (TPR) domains. Biofilm assays and crystal violet staining showed that overexpression of the rapp1 and rap5 genes affected the biofilm formation of B. cereus 0-9, and the activities of Rapp1 and Rap5 proteins were inhibited by their corresponding cognate Phr, suggesting that the Rap-Phr quorum sensing (QS) system might also exist in the B. cereus 0-9 strain. In addition, overexpression of rap1 genes inhibited in the extracellular amylase decomposition capacity of B. cereus 0-9. The results of the sporulation assay indicated that overexpression of the eight rap genes inhibited the spore formation of B. cereus 0-9 to varying degrees. These results provide a reference for research on the regulation of the Rap-Phr QS system in B. cereus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Feng Hua Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huiping Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Juanmei Zhang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Pharmaceutical, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengying Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zheng Y, Hunt RL, Villaruz AE, Fisher EL, Liu R, Liu Q, Cheung GYC, Li M, Otto M. Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier homeostasis by generating protective ceramides. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:301-313.e9. [PMID: 35123653 PMCID: PMC8917079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously either regarded as insignificant or feared as potential sources of infection, the bacteria living on our skin are increasingly recognized for their role in benefitting human health. Skin commensals modulate mucosal immune defenses and directly interfere with pathogens; however, their contribution to the skin's physical integrity is less understood. Here, we show that the abundant skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier integrity. S. epidermidis secretes a sphingomyelinase that acquires essential nutrients for the bacteria and assists the host in producing ceramides, the main constituent of the epithelial barrier that averts skin dehydration and aging. In mouse models, S. epidermidis significantly increases skin ceramide levels and prevents water loss of damaged skin in a fashion entirely dependent on its sphingomyelinase. Our findings reveal a symbiotic mechanism that demonstrates an important role of the skin microbiota in the maintenance of the skin's protective barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rachelle L Hunt
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Amer E Villaruz
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Strain-specific interspecies interactions between co-isolated pairs of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with tracheobronchitis or bronchial colonization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3374. [PMID: 35233050 PMCID: PMC8888623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual species interactions in co-isolated pairs of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with tracheobronchitis or bronchial colonization were examined. The genetic and phenotypic diversity between the isolates was high making the interactions detected strain-specific. Despite this, and the clinical origin of the strains, some interactions were common between some co-isolated pairs. For most pairs, P. aeruginosa exoproducts affected biofilm formation and reduced growth in vitro in its S. aureus counterpart. Conversely, S. aureus did not impair biofilm formation and stimulated swarming motility in P. aeruginosa. Co-culture in a medium that mimics respiratory mucus promoted coexistence and favored mixed microcolony formation within biofilms. Under these conditions, key genes controlled by quorum sensing were differentially regulated in both species in an isolate-dependent manner. Finally, co-infection in the acute infection model in Galleria mellonella larvae showed an additive effect only in the co-isolated pair in which P. aeruginosa affected less S. aureus growth. This work contributes to understanding the complex interspecies interactions between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus by studying strains isolated during acute infection.
Collapse
|
49
|
Raghuram V, Alexander AM, Loo HQ, Petit RA, Goldberg JB, Read TD. Species-Wide Phylogenomics of the Staphylococcus aureus Agr Operon Revealed Convergent Evolution of Frameshift Mutations. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0133421. [PMID: 35044202 PMCID: PMC8768832 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01334-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent nosocomial pathogen that causes several life-threatening diseases, such as pneumonia and bacteremia. S. aureus modulates the expression of its arsenal of virulence factors through sensing and integrating responses to environmental signals. The agr (accessory gene regulator) quorum sensing (QS) system is a major regulator of virulence phenotypes in S. aureus. There are four agr specificity groups each with a different autoinducer peptide sequence encoded by the agrD gene. Although agr is critical for the expression of many toxins, paradoxically, S. aureus strains often have nonfunctional agr activity due to loss-of-function mutations in the four-gene agr operon. To understand patterns in agr variability across S. aureus, we undertook a species-wide genomic investigation. We developed a software tool (AgrVATE; https://github.com/VishnuRaghuram94/AgrVATE) for typing and detecting frameshift mutations in the agr operon. In an analysis of over 40,000 S. aureus genomes, we showed a close association between agr type and S. aureus clonal complex. We also found a strong linkage between agrBDC alleles (encoding the peptidase, autoinducing peptide itself, and peptide sensor, respectively) but not agrA (encoding the response regulator). More than 5% of the genomes were found to have frameshift mutations in the agr operon. While 52% of these frameshifts occurred only once in the entire species, we observed cases where the recurring mutations evolved convergently across different clonal lineages with no evidence of long-term phylogenetic transmission, suggesting that strains with agr frameshifts were evolutionarily short-lived. Overall, genomic analysis of agr operon suggests evolution through multiple processes with functional consequences that are not fully understood. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a globally pervasive pathogen that produces a plethora of toxic molecules that can harm host immune cells. Production of these toxins is mainly controlled by an active agr quorum-sensing system, which senses and responds to bacterial cell density. However, there are many reports of S. aureus strains with genetic changes leading to impaired agr activity that are often found during chronic bloodstream infections and may be associated with increased disease severity. We developed an open-source software called AgrVATE to type agr systems and identify mutations. We used AgrVATE for a species-wide genomic survey of S. aureus, finding that more than 5% of strains in the public database had nonfunctional agr systems. We also provided new insights into the evolution of these genetic mutations in the agr system. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of a common but relatively understudied means of virulence regulation in S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Raghuram
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley M. Alexander
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Qi Loo
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert A. Petit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy D. Read
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The skin microbiome is a key component of pathogenesis in atopic dermatitis (AD). The skin of AD patients is characterized by microbial dysbiosis, with a reduction of microbial diversity and overrepresentation of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Recent exciting studies have elucidated an importance of establishing an appropriate immune response to microbes in early life and uncovered the new mechanisms of microbial community dynamics in modulating our skin microbiome. Several microbes are associated with AD pathogenesis, with proposed pathogenic effects from S. aureus and Malassezia. The complex relationships between microbes within the skin microbiome consortia includes various species, such as Staphylococcal, Roseomonas and Cutibacterium strains, that can inhibit S. aureus and are potential probiotics for AD skin. Numerous microbes are now also reported to modulate host response via communication with keratinocytes, specialized immune cells and adipocytes to improve skin health and barrier function. This increased understanding of skin microbiota bioactives has led to new biotherapeutic approaches that target the skin surface microenvironment for AD treatment.
Collapse
|