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Shin YH, Park CM, Yoon CH. An Overview of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antiretroviral Drugs: General Principles and Current Status. Infect Chemother 2021; 53:29-45. [PMID: 34409780 PMCID: PMC8032919 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2020.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can prolong a patient's life-span by disrupting pivotal steps in the replication cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). However, drug resistance is emerging as a major problem worldwide due to the prolonged period of treatment undergone by HIV-1 patients. Since the approval of zidovudine in 1987, over thirty antiretroviral drugs have been categorized into the following six distinct classes based on their biological function and resistance profiles: (1) nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors; (2) non–nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; (3) integrase strand transferase inhibitors; (4) protease inhibitors; (5) fusion inhibitors; and (6) co-receptor antagonists. Additionally, several antiretroviral drugs have been developed recently, such as a long active drug, humanized antibody and pro-drug metabolized into an active form in the patient's body. Although plenty of antiretroviral drugs are beneficially used to treat patients with HIV-1, the ongoing efforts to develop antiretroviral drugs have overcome the drug resistances, adverse effects, and limited adherence of drugs observed in previous drugs to some extent. Furthermore, studies focused on agents targeting latent HIV-1 reservoirs should be strengthened, as that may lead to eradication of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hyun Shin
- Division of Chronic Viral Disease Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Cheol Hee Yoon
- Division of Chronic Viral Disease Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungbuk, Korea.
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2
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Obisesan O, Katata-Seru L, Mufamadi S, Mufhandu H. Applications of Nanoparticles for Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Treatment. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:793-808. [PMID: 34082867 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the growing studies focused on the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma and proved the preclinical and clinical promises of host antitumor immune response. However, there were still various obstacles in meeting satisfactory clinic need, such as low response rate, primary resistance and secondary resistance to immunotherapy. Tackling these barriers required a deeper understanding of immune underpinnings and a broader understanding of advanced technology. This review described immune microenvironment of liver and HCC which naturally decided the complexity of immunotherapy, and summarized recent immunotherapy focusing on different points. The ever-growing clues indicated that the instant killing of tumor cell and the subsequent relive of immunosuppressive microenvironment were both indis- pensables. The nanotechnology applied in immunotherapy and the combination with intervention technology was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Obisesan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Lebogang Katata-Seru
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Steven Mufamadi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Hazel Mufhandu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
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3
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Kandeel M, Yamamoto M, Tani H, Kobayashi A, Gohda J, Kawaguchi Y, Park BK, Kwon HJ, Inoue JI, Alkattan A. Discovery of New Fusion Inhibitor Peptides against SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting the Spike S2 Subunit. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:282-289. [PMID: 33424013 PMCID: PMC8094075 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused a worldwide pandemic. Our aim in this study is to produce new fusion inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2, which can be the basis for developing new antiviral drugs. The fusion core comprising the heptad repeat domains (HR1 and HR2) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) were used to design the peptides. A total of twelve peptides were generated, comprising a short or truncated 24-mer (peptide #1), a long 36-mer peptide (peptide #2), and ten peptide #2 analogs. In contrast to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated cell-cell fusion cannot be inhibited with a minimal length, 24-mer peptide. Peptide #2 demonstrated potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated cell-cell fusion at 1 µM concentration. Three peptide #2 analogs showed IC50 values in the low micromolar range (4.7-9.8 µM). Peptide #2 inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus assay at IC50=1.49 µM. Given their potent inhibition of viral activity and safety and lack of cytotoxicity, these peptides provide an attractive avenue for the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mizuki Yamamoto
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Ayako Kobayashi
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jin Gohda
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Byoung Kwon Park
- Department of Microbiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ichiro Inoue
- Senior Professor Office, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Abdallah Alkattan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Cao SJ, Lv ZQ, Guo S, Jiang GP, Liu HL. An update - Prolonging the action of protein and peptide drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Wang C, Cheng S, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Chong H, Xing H, Jiang S, Li X, Ma L. Long-Acting HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitory Peptides and their Mechanisms of Action. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090811. [PMID: 31480738 PMCID: PMC6784077 DOI: 10.3390/v11090811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of HIV fusion inhibitor, enfuvirtide (T20), was limited mainly because of its short half-life. Here we designed and synthesized two PEGylated C34 peptides, PEG2kC34 and PEG5kC34, with the PEG chain length of 2 and 5 kDa, respectively, and evaluated their anti-HIV-1 activity and mechanisms of action. We found that these two PEGylated peptides could bind to the HIV-1 peptide N36 to form high affinity complexes with high α-helicity. The peptides PEG2kC34 and PEG5kC34 effectively inhibited HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusion with an effective concentration for 50% inhibition (EC50) of about 36 nM. They also inhibited infection of the laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain NL4-3 with EC50 of about 4-5 nM, and against 47 HIV-1 clinical isolates circulating in China with mean EC50 of PEG2kC34 and PEG5kC34 of about 26 nM and 32 nM, respectively. The plasma half-life (t1/2) of PEG2kC34 and PEG5kC34 was 2.6 h and 5.1 h, respectively, and the t1/2 of PEGylated C34 was about 2.4-fold and 4.6-fold longer than C34 (~1.1 h), respectively. These findings suggest that PEGylated C34 with broad-spectrum anti-HIV-1 activity and prolonged half-life can be further developed as a peptide fusion inhibitor-based long-acting anti-HIV drug for clinical use to treat HIV-infected patients who have failed to respond to current anti-retrovirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuihong Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yibo Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huihui Chong
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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6
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Ikeda T, Tennyson RL, Walker SN, Harris RS, McNaughton BR. Evolved Proteins Inhibit Entry of Enfuvirtide-Resistant HIV-1. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:634-640. [PMID: 30811933 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that block HIV-1 entry are relatively limited. Enfuvirtide is a 36-residue synthetic peptide that targets gp41 and blocks viral fusion. However, Enfuvirtide-resistant HIV has been reported, and this peptide drug requires daily injection. Previously, we have reported helix-grafted display proteins, consisting of HIV-1 gp41 C-peptide helix grafted onto Pleckstrin Homology domains. Some of these biologics inhibit HIV-1 entry with relatively modest and varied potency (IC50 = 190 nM to >1 μM). Here, we report that gp41 C-peptide helix-grafted Sac7d (Sac7d-Cpep) potently suppresses HIV-1 entry in a live virus assay (IC50 = 1.9-12.4 nM). Yeast display sequence optimization of solvent exposed helix residues led to new biologics with improved expression in E. coli (a common biosimilar expression host), with no appreciable change in entry inhibition. Evolved proteins inhibit the entry of a clinically relevant mutant of HIV-1 that is gp41 C-peptide sensitive and Enfuvirtide resistant. Fusion proteins designed for serum stability also potently suppress HIV-1 entry. Collectively, we report several evolved biologics that are functional against an Enfuvirtide-resistant strain and are designed for serum stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Rachel L. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Susanne N. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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7
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Kaminskas LM, Williams CC, Leong NJ, Chan LJ, Butcher NJ, Feeney OM, Porter CJH, Tyssen D, Tachedjian G, Ascher DB. A 30 kDa polyethylene glycol-enfuvirtide complex enhances the exposure of enfuvirtide in lymphatic viral reservoirs in rats. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 137:218-226. [PMID: 30851352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV therapy with anti-retroviral drugs is limited by the poor exposure of viral reservoirs, such as lymphoid tissue, to these small molecule drugs. We therefore investigated the effect of PEGylation on the anti-retroviral activity and subcutaneous lymphatic pharmacokinetics of the peptide-based fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide in thoracic lymph duct cannulated rats. Both the peptide and the PEG were quantified in plasma and lymph via ELISA. Conjugation to a single 5 kDa linear PEG decreased anti-HIV activity three-fold compared to enfuvirtide. Whilst plasma and lymphatic exposure to peptide mass was moderately increased, the loss of anti-viral activity led to an overall decrease in exposure to enfuvirtide activity. A 20 kDa 4-arm branched PEG conjugated with an average of two enfuvirtide peptides decreased peptide activity by six-fold. Plasma and lymph exposure to enfuvirtide, however, increased significantly such that anti-viral activity was increased two- and six-fold respectively. The results suggest that a multi-enfuvirtide-PEG complex may optimally enhance the anti-retroviral activity of the peptide in plasma and lymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kaminskas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Charlotte C Williams
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nathania J Leong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Linda J Chan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Neville J Butcher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Orlagh M Feeney
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David Tyssen
- Burnet Institute, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Burnet Institute, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David B Ascher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia
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8
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Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by germs, parasites, fungi, virus and bacteria are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Polymeric therapeutics are nanomedicines that offer several advantages making them useful for the treatment of infectious diseases such as targeted drug release mechanism, ability to maintain the drug concentration within a therapeutic window for a desired duration, biocompatibility with low immunogenicity and reduced drug toxicity resulting in enhanced therapeutic efficacy of the incorporated drug. Although polymeric therapeutics have been evaluated for the treatment of infectious diseases in vitro and in vivo with improved therapeutic efficacy, most treatments for infectious disease have not been evaluated using polymeric therapeutics. This review will focus on the applications of polymeric therapeutics for the treatment of infectious diseases (preclinical studies and clinical trials), with particular focus on parasitic and viral infections.
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9
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Asai D, Kanamoto T, Takenaga M, Nakashima H. In situ depot formation of anti-HIV fusion-inhibitor peptide in recombinant protein polymer hydrogel. Acta Biomater 2017; 64:116-125. [PMID: 29037895 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most peptide drugs have short half-lives, necessitating frequent injections that may induce skin sensitivity reactions; therefore, versatile prolonged-release delivery platforms are urgently needed. Here, we focused on an oxidatively and thermally responsive recombinant elastin-like polypeptide with periodic cysteine residues (cELP), which can rapidly and reversibly form a disulfide cross-linked network in which peptide can be physically incorporated. As a model for proof of concept, we used enfuvirtide, an antiretroviral fusion-inhibitor peptide approved for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. cELP was mixed with enfuvirtide and a small amount of hydrogen peroxide (to promote cross-linking), and the soluble mixture was injected subcutaneously. The oxidative cross-linking generates a network structure, causing the mixture to form a hydrogel in situ that serves as an enfuvirtide depot. We fabricated a series of enfuvirtide-containing hydrogels and examined their stability, enfuvirtide-releasing profile and anti-HIV potency in vitro. Among them, hydrophobic cELP hydrogel provided effective concentrations of enfuvirtide in blood of rats for up to 8 h, and the initial concentration peak was suppressed compared with that after injection of enfuvirtide alone. cELP hydrogels should be readily adaptable as platforms to provide effective depot systems for delivery of other anti-HIV peptides besides enfuvirtide. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this paper, we present an anti-HIV peptide delivery system using oxidatively and thermally responsive polypeptides that contain multiple periodic cysteine residues as an injectable biomaterial capable of in situ self-gelation, and we demonstrate its utility as an injectable depot capable of sustained release of anti-HIV peptides. The novelty of this work stems from the platform employed to provide the depot encapsulating the peptide drugs (without chemical conjugation), which consists of rationally designed, genetically engineered polypeptides that enable the release rate of the peptide drugs to be precisely controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Asai
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Taisei Kanamoto
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Takenaga
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae, Kawasaki 216-8512, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
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10
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Cheng S, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Lv X, Gao GF, Shao Y, Ma L, Li X. Enfuvirtide-PEG conjugate: A potent HIV fusion inhibitor with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:232-237. [PMID: 27240277 PMCID: PMC7115413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enfuvirtide (ENF) is a clinically used peptide drug for the treatment of HIV infections, but its poor pharmacokinetic profile (T1/2 = 1.5 h in rats) and low aqueous solubility make the therapy expensive and inconvenience. In this study, we present a simple and practical strategy to address these problems by conjugating ENF with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Site-specific attachment of a 2 kDa PEG at the N-terminus of ENF resulted in an ENF-PEG (EP) conjugate with high solubility (≥3 mg/mL) and long half-life in rats (T1/2 = 16.1 h). This conjugate showed similar antiviral activity to ENF against various primary HIV-1 isolates (EC50 = 6-91 nM). Mechanistic studies suggested the sources of the antiviral potency. The conjugate bound to a functional domain of the HIV gp41 protein in a helical conformation with high affinity (Kd = 307 nM), thereby inhibiting the gp41-mediated fusion of viral and host-cell membranes. As PEG conjugation has advanced many bioactive proteins and peptides into clinical applications, the EP conjugate described here represents a potential new treatment for HIV infections that may address the unmet medical needs associated with the current ENF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuihong Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infection Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Infection Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Infection Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xuebing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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11
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Rai M, Ingle A, Gaikwad S, Gupta I, Gade A, Silvério da Silva S. Nanotechnology based anti-infectives to fight microbial intrusions. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:527-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rai
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology; S.G.B. Amravati University; Amravati Maharashtra India
| | - A.P. Ingle
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology; S.G.B. Amravati University; Amravati Maharashtra India
| | - S. Gaikwad
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology; S.G.B. Amravati University; Amravati Maharashtra India
- Department of Biotechnology; Engineering School of Lorena; Estrada municipal do Campinho; University of Sao Paulo; Lorena SP Brazil
| | - I. Gupta
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology; S.G.B. Amravati University; Amravati Maharashtra India
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Science; Aurangabad Maharashtra India
| | - A. Gade
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology; S.G.B. Amravati University; Amravati Maharashtra India
| | - S. Silvério da Silva
- Department of Biotechnology; Engineering School of Lorena; Estrada municipal do Campinho; University of Sao Paulo; Lorena SP Brazil
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12
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Podust VN, Balan S, Sim BC, Coyle MP, Ernst U, Peters RT, Schellenberger V. Extension of in vivo half-life of biologically active molecules by XTEN protein polymers. J Control Release 2015; 240:52-66. [PMID: 26497931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
XTEN™ is a class of unstructured hydrophilic, biodegradable protein polymers designed to increase the half-lives of therapeutic peptides and proteins. XTEN polymers and XTEN fusion proteins are typically expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by conventional protein chromatography as monodisperse polypeptides of exact length and sequence. Unstructured XTEN polypeptides have hydrodynamic volumes significantly larger than typical globular proteins of similar mass, thus imparting a bulking effect to the therapeutic payloads attached to them. Since their invention, XTEN polypeptides have been utilized to extend the half-lives of a variety of peptide- and protein-based therapeutics. Multiple clinical and preclinical studies and related drug discovery and development efforts are in progress. This review details the most current understanding of physicochemical properties and biological behavior of XTEN and XTENylated molecules. Additionally, the development path and status of several advanced drug discovery and development efforts are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sibu Balan
- Amunix, 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Bee-Cheng Sim
- Amunix, 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | | | - Ulrich Ernst
- Amunix, 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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13
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Irwin N, Patterson S, de Kort M, Moffett RC, Wisse JAJ, Dokter WHA, Bos ES, Miltenburg AMM, Flatt PR. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Series of Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Pentasaccharide Conjugates for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1424-34. [PMID: 26059252 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study details the development of a family of novel D-Ala(8) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) peptide conjugates by site specific conjugation to an antithrombin III (ATIII) binding carrier pentasaccharide through tetraethylene glycol linkers. All conjugates were found to possess potent insulin-releasing activity. Peptides with short linkers (<25 atoms) conjugated at Lys(34) and Lys(37) displayed strong GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1-R) binding affinity. All D-Ala(8) GLP-1 conjugates exhibited prominent glucose-lowering action. Biological activity of the Lys(37) short-linker peptide was evident up to 72 h post-injection. In agreement, the pharmacokinetic profile of this conjugate (t1/2 , 11 h) was superior to that of the GLP-1-R agonist, exenatide. Once-daily injection of the Lys(37) short-linker peptide in ob/ob mice for 21 days significantly decreased food intake and improved HbA1c and glucose tolerance. Islet size was decreased, with no discernible change in islet number. The beneficial effects of the Lys(37) short-linker peptide were similar to or better than either exenatide or liraglutide, another GLP-1-R agonist. In conclusion, GLP-1 peptides conjugated to an ATIII binding carrier pentasaccharide have a substantially prolonged bioactive profile compatible for possible once-weekly treatment of type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, BT52 1SA Coleraine (UK).
| | - Steven Patterson
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, BT52 1SA Coleraine (UK).,Diabetes Research Group, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, G4 0BA Glasgow (UK)
| | | | - R Charlotte Moffett
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, BT52 1SA Coleraine (UK)
| | | | | | - Ebo S Bos
- MSD, Kloosterstraat 6, 5349 AB Oss, (The Netherlands)
| | | | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, BT52 1SA Coleraine (UK)
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14
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Cheng S, Chang X, Wang Y, Gao GF, Shao Y, Ma L, Li X. Glycosylated Enfuvirtide: A Long-Lasting Glycopeptide with Potent Anti-HIV Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1372-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5016582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuihong Cheng
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xuesong Chang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory for Infection Disease Prevention and Control, National
Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Center for Influenza
Research and Early-warning,
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Chaoyang
District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State
Key Laboratory for Infection Disease Prevention and Control, National
Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Liying Ma
- State
Key Laboratory for Infection Disease Prevention and Control, National
Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
- Center for Influenza
Research and Early-warning,
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Chaoyang
District, Beijing 100101, China
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15
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Meng Q, Dong T, Chen X, Tong B, Qian X, Che J, Cheng Y. Pharmacokinetics of sifuvirtide in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:4038-4047. [PMID: 25291974 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics assessment in two clinical studies of sifuvirtide (a novel HIV fusion inhibitor) was first reported in Chinese HIV patients. Nineteen treatment-naive HIV patients were treated with s.c.(subcutaneous injection) sifuvirtide [10 or 20 mg q.d.(quaque die)] for 28 days in study 1, and eight treatment-experienced HIV patients were treated with s.c. sifuvirtide (20 mg q.d.) in combination with HAART drugs (lamivudine, didanosine, and Kaletra) for 168 days in study 2. In study 1, T1/2 was 17.8 ± 3.7 h for 10 mg group and 39.0 ± 3.5 h for 20 mg group; the mean Cmax of last dose was 498 ± 54 ng/mL for 10 mg group and 897 ± 136 ng/mL for 20 mg group. In study 2, T1/2 was 6.71 ± 2.17 h in treatment-experienced patients. Cmax was 765 ± 288 ng/mL after last 168th dosage. Sifuvirtide showed improved clinical pharmacokinetics characteristics compared with Enfuvirtide, and showed very different pharmacokinetic characteristics between treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:4038-4047, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Meng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokineticsm, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Dong
- FusoGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- FusoGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohui Tong
- Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokineticsm, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjing Che
- Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokineticsm, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanguo Cheng
- Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokineticsm, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ding S, Song M, Sim BC, Gu C, Podust VN, Wang CW, McLaughlin B, Shah TP, Lax R, Gast R, Sharan R, Vasek A, Hartman MA, Deniston C, Srinivas P, Schellenberger V. Multivalent antiviral XTEN-peptide conjugates with long in vivo half-life and enhanced solubility. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1351-9. [PMID: 24932887 PMCID: PMC4157762 DOI: 10.1021/bc500215m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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XTENs are unstructured, nonrepetitive
protein polymers designed
to prolong the in vivo half-life of pharmaceuticals by introducing
a bulking effect similar to that of poly(ethylene glycol). While XTEN
can be expressed as a recombinant fusion protein with bioactive proteins
and peptides, therapeutic molecules of interest can also be chemically
conjugated to XTEN. Such an approach permits precise control over
the positioning, spacing, and valency of bioactive moieties along
the length of XTEN. We have demonstrated the attachment of T-20, an
anti-retroviral peptide indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 patients
with multidrug resistance, to XTEN. By reacting maleimide-functionalized
T-20 with cysteine-containing XTENs and varying the number and positioning
of cysteines in the XTENs, a library of different peptide–polymer
combinations were produced. The T-20-XTEN conjugates were tested using
an in vitro antiviral assay and were found to be effective in inhibiting
HIV-1 entry and preventing cell death, with the copy number and spacing
of the T-20 peptides influencing antiviral activity. The peptide–XTEN
conjugates were also discovered to have enhanced solubilities in comparison
with the native T-20 peptide. The pharmacokinetic profile of the most
active T-20-XTEN conjugate was measured in rats, and it was found
to exhibit an elimination half-life of 55.7 ± 17.7 h, almost
20 times longer than the reported half-life for T-20 dosed in rats.
As the conjugation of T-20 to XTEN greatly improved the in vivo half-life
and solubility of the peptide, the XTEN platform has been demonstrated
to be a versatile tool for improving the properties of drugs and enabling
the development of a class of next-generation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ding
- Amunix Operating Inc. , 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, California 94043 United States
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17
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Dual role of novel ingenol derivatives from Euphorbia tirucalli in HIV replication: inhibition of de novo infection and activation of viral LTR. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97257. [PMID: 24827152 PMCID: PMC4020785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is not cleared by antiretroviral drugs due to the presence of latently infected cells that are not eliminated with current therapies and persist in the blood and organs of infected patients. New compounds to activate these latent reservoirs have been evaluated so that, along with HAART, they can be used to activate latent virus and eliminate the latently infected cells resulting in eradication of viral infection. Here we describe three novel diterpenes isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli, a tropical shrub. These molecules, identified as ingenols, were modified at carbon 3 and termed ingenol synthetic derivatives (ISD). They activated the HIV-LTR in reporter cell lines and human PBMCs with latent virus in concentrations as low as 10 nM. ISDs were also able to inhibit the replication of HIV-1 subtype B and C in MT-4 cells and human PBMCs at concentrations of EC50 0.02 and 0.09 µM respectively, which are comparable to the EC50 of some antiretroviral currently used in AIDS treatment. Control of viral replication may be caused by downregulation of surface CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 observed after ISD treatment in vitro. These compounds appear to be less cytotoxic than other diterpenes such as PMA and prostratin, with effective dose versus toxic dose TI>400. Although the mechanisms of action of the three ISDs are primarily attributed to the PKC pathway, downregulation of surface receptors and stimulation of the viral LTR might be differentially modulated by different PKC isoforms.
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18
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New hope for eradication of HIV from the body: the role of polymeric nanomedicines in HIV/AIDS pharmacotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2014; 12:9. [PMID: 24655921 PMCID: PMC3994339 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus continued to be the greatest challenge and killer disease of the 21st century despite the advent of potent highly active antiretroviral therapy which are limited by their severe adverse effects, significant drug interactions, frequent dosing, limited bioavailability, and less access to viral reservoir sites like macrophages. Nano-medicines are becoming new hopes in avoiding these shortcomings of conventional antiretroviral drugs. The emphasis of this review is mainly the application of polymers based nanomedicines in pharmacotherapy of HIV/AIDS. Most of the studies to date on this area are in vitro and human clinical trials are totally missed. However, many interesting points are uncovered through this review like the possibility of achieving high intracellular concentration of drugs, very good antiretroviral activity, improved bioavailability, reduced toxicity and release of the drugs from nanocarriers for long time reducing the need for frequent dosing. Indeed, a lot of assignments left behind for researchers to overcome the challenges hindering the wider application of nanomedicines in treatment of HIV/AIDS.
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19
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2-Aminothiazolones as anti-HIV agents that act as gp120-CD4 inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3043-52. [PMID: 24614386 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02739-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of 2-aminothiazolones along with their biological properties as novel anti-HIV agents. Such compounds have proven to act through the inhibition of the gp120-CD4 protein-protein interaction that occurs at the very early stage of the HIV-1 entry process. No cytotoxicity was found for these compounds, and broad antiviral activities against laboratory strains and pseudotyped viruses were documented. Docking simulations have also been applied to predict the mechanism, at the molecular level, by which the inhibitors were able to interact within the Phe43 cavity of HIV-1 gp120. Furthermore, a preliminary absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) evaluation was performed. Overall, this study led the basis for the development of more potent HIV entry inhibitors.
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20
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21
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Danial M, van Dulmen THH, Aleksandrowicz J, Pötgens AJG, Klok HA. Site-Specific PEGylation of HR2 Peptides: Effects of PEG Conjugation Position and Chain Length on HIV-1 Membrane Fusion Inhibition and Proteolytic Degradation. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1648-60. [DOI: 10.1021/bc3002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Danial
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences
et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tim H. H. van Dulmen
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences
et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences
et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Chang CH, Hinkula J, Loo M, Falkeborn T, Li R, Cardillo TM, Rossi EA, Goldenberg DM, Wahren B. A novel class of anti-HIV agents with multiple copies of enfuvirtide enhances inhibition of viral replication and cellular transmission in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41235. [PMID: 22844444 PMCID: PMC3402531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed novel HIV-1 fusion inhibitors that may overcome the current limitations of enfuvirtide, the first such therapeutic in this class. The three prototypes generated by the Dock-and-Lock (DNL) technology to comprise four copies of enfuvirtide tethered site-specifically to the Fc end of different humanized monoclonal antibodies potently neutralize primary isolates (both R5-tropic and X4-tropic), as well as T-cell-adapted strains of HIV-1 in vitro. All three prototypes show EC50 values in the subnanomolar range, which are 10- to 100-fold lower than enfuvirtide and attainable whether or not the constitutive antibody targets HIV-1. The potential of such conjugates to purge latently infected cells was also demonstrated in a cell-to-cell viral inhibition assay by measuring their efficacy to inhibit the spread of HIV-1LAI from infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to Jurkat T cells over a period of 30 days following viral activation with 100 nM SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid). The IgG-like half-life was not significantly different from that of the parental antibody, as shown by the mean serum concentration of one prototype in mice at 72 h. These encouraging results provide a rationale to develop further novel anti-HIV agents by coupling additional antibodies of interest with alternative HIV-inhibitors via recombinantly-produced, self-assembling, modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Chang
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CHC); (BW)
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Virology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Meiyu Loo
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tina Falkeborn
- Department of Molecular Virology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Rongxiu Li
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Edmund A. Rossi
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David M. Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (CHC); (BW)
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23
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Is there a future for antiviral fusion inhibitors? Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Katsila T, Siskos AP, Tamvakopoulos C. Peptide and protein drugs: the study of their metabolism and catabolism by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:110-133. [PMID: 21698655 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Peptide and protein drugs have evolved in recent years into mainstream therapeutics, representing a significant portion of the pharmaceutical market. Peptides and proteins exhibit highly diverse structures, broad biological activities as hormones, neurotransmitters, structural proteins, metabolic modulators and therefore have a significant role as both therapeutics and biomarkers. Understanding the metabolism of synthetic or biotechnologically derived peptide and protein drugs is critical for pharmaceutical development as metabolism has a significant impact on drug efficacy and safety. Although the same principles of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of small molecule drugs apply to peptide and protein drugs, there are few notable differences. Moreover, the study of peptide and protein drug metabolism is a rather complicated process which requires sophisticated analytical techniques, and mass spectrometry based approaches have provided the capabilities for efficient and reliable quantification, characterization, and metabolite identification. This review article will focus on the current use of mass spectrometry for the study of the metabolism of peptide and protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Katsila
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Soranou Efesiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
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25
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Bioactive synthetic heparan sulfate and heparin derivatives: From long fragments mimetics to chimeras. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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The rare HIV-1 gp41 mutations 43T and 50V elevate enfuvirtide resistance levels of common enfuvirtide resistance mutations that did not impact susceptibility to sifuvirtide. Antiviral Res 2010; 86:253-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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