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Miah M, Davis AM, Hannoun C, Said JS, Fitzek M, Preston M, Smith D, Uwamariya C, Kärmander A, Lundbäck T, Bergström T, Trybala E. Identification of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the VP1 pocket of human rhinovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0106423. [PMID: 38349161 PMCID: PMC10916396 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01064-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Screening a library of 1,200 preselected kinase inhibitors for anti-human rhinovirus 2 (HRV-2) activity in HeLa cells identified a class of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) as effective virus blockers. These were based on the 4-anilinoquinazoline-7-oxypiperidine scaffold, with the most potent representative AZ5385 inhibiting the virus with EC50 of 0.35 µM. Several structurally related analogs confirmed activity in the low µM range, while interestingly, other TKIs targeting EGFR lacked anti-HRV-2 activity. To further probe this lack of association between antiviral activity and EGFR inhibition, we stained infected cells with antibodies specific for activated EGFR (Y1068) and did not observe a dependency on EGFR-TK activity. Instead, consecutive passages of HRV-2 in HeLa cells in the presence of a compound and subsequent nucleotide sequence analysis of resistant viral variants identified the S181T and T210A alterations in the major capsid VP1 protein, with both residues located in the vicinity of a known hydrophobic pocket on the viral capsid. Further characterization of the antiviral effects of AZ5385 showed a modest virus-inactivating (virucidal) activity, while anti-HRV-2 activity was still evident when the inhibitor was added as late as 10 h post infection. The RNA copy/infectivity ratio of HRV-2 propagated in AZ5385 presence was substantially higher than that of control HRV indicating that the compound preferentially targeted HRV progeny virions during their maturation in infected cells. Besides HRV, the compound showed anti-respiratory syncytial virus activity, which warrants its further studies as a candidate compound against viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masum Miah
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew M. Davis
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Hannoun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joanna S. Said
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martina Fitzek
- HTS Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Preston
- HTS Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Smith
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colores Uwamariya
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ambjörn Kärmander
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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2
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Laajala M, Kalander K, Consalvi S, Amamuddy OS, Bishop ÖT, Biava M, Poce G, Marjomäki V. Antiviral Mechanisms of N-Phenyl Benzamides on Coxsackie Virus A9. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031028. [PMID: 36986888 PMCID: PMC10058015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are one of the most abundant groups of viruses infecting humans, and yet there are no approved antivirals against them. To find effective antiviral compounds against enterovirus B group viruses, an in-house chemical library was screened. The most effective compounds against Coxsackieviruses B3 (CVB3) and A9 (CVA9) were CL212 and CL213, two N-phenyl benzamides. Both compounds were more effective against CVA9 and CL213 gave a better EC50 value of 1 µM with high a specificity index of 140. Both drugs were most effective when incubated directly with viruses suggesting that they mainly bound to the virions. A real-time uncoating assay showed that the compounds stabilized the virions and radioactive sucrose gradient as well as TEM confirmed that the viruses stayed intact. A docking assay, taking into account larger areas around the 2-and 3-fold axes of CVA9 and CVB3, suggested that the hydrophobic pocket gives the strongest binding to CVA9 but revealed another binding site around the 3-fold axis which could contribute to the binding of the compounds. Together, our data support a direct antiviral mechanism against the virus capsid and suggest that the compounds bind to the hydrophobic pocket and 3-fold axis area resulting in the stabilization of the virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kerttu Kalander
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sara Consalvi
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Olivier Sheik Amamuddy
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Mariangela Biava
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Poce
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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3
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Meanwell NA. The pyridazine heterocycle in molecular recognition and drug discovery. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1-69. [PMID: 37362319 PMCID: PMC10015555 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The pyridazine ring is endowed with unique physicochemical properties, characterized by weak basicity, a high dipole moment that subtends π-π stacking interactions and robust, dual hydrogen-bonding capacity that can be of importance in drug-target interactions. These properties contribute to unique applications in molecular recognition while the inherent polarity, low cytochrome P450 inhibitory effects and potential to reduce interaction of a molecule with the cardiac hERG potassium channel add additional value in drug discovery and development. The recent approvals of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist relugolix (24) and the allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor deucravacitinib (25) represent the first examples of FDA-approved drugs that incorporate a pyridazine ring. In this review, the properties of the pyridazine ring are summarized in comparison to the other azines and its potential in drug discovery is illustrated through vignettes that explore applications that take advantage of the inherent physicochemical properties as an approach to solving challenges associated with candidate optimization. Graphical Abstract
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4
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Insertion of an Amphipathic Linker in a Tetrapodal Tryptophan Derivative Leads to a Novel and Highly Potent Entry Inhibitor of Enterovirus A71 Clinical Isolates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043539. [PMID: 36834952 PMCID: PMC9959982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AL-471, the leading exponent of a class of potent HIV and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) entry inhibitors discovered in our research group, contains four l-tryptophan (Trp) units bearing an aromatic isophthalic acid directly attached to the C2 position of each indole ring. Starting from AL-471, we (i) replaced l-Trp with d-Trp, (ii) inserted a flexible linker between C2 and the isophthalic acid, and (iii) substituted a nonaromatic carboxylic acid for the terminal isophthalic acid. Truncated analogues lacking the Trp motif were also synthesized. Our findings indicate that the antiviral activity seems to be largely independent of the stereochemistry (l- or d-) of the Trp fragment and also that both the Trp unit and the distal isophthalic moiety are essential for antiviral activity. The most potent derivative, 23 (AL-534), with the C2 shortest alkyl urea linkage (three methylenes), showed subnanomolar potency against different EV-71 clinical isolates. This finding was only observed before with the early dendrimer prototype AL-385 (12 l-Trp units) but remained unprecedented for the reduced-size prototype AL-471. Molecular modeling showed the feasibility of high-affinity binding of the novel l-Trp-decorated branches of 23 (AL-534) to an alternative site on the VP1 protein that harbors significant sequence variation among EV-71 strains.
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5
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Alhazmi A, Nekoua MP, Mercier A, Vergez I, Sane F, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Combating coxsackievirus B infections. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2406. [PMID: 36371612 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses B (CVB) are small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. They are common worldwide and cause a wide variety of human diseases ranging from those having relatively mild symptoms to severe acute and chronic pathologies such as cardiomyopathy and type 1 diabetes. The development of safe and effective strategies to combat these viruses remains a challenge. The present review outlines current approaches to control CVB infections and associated diseases. Various drugs targeting viral or host proteins involved in viral replication as well as vaccines have been developed and shown potential to prevent or combat CVB infections in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Repurposed drugs and alternative strategies targeting miRNAs or based on plant extracts and probiotics and their derivatives have also shown antiviral effects against CVB. In addition, clinical trials with vaccines and drugs are underway and offer hope for the prevention or treatment of CVB-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhazmi
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France.,Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ambroise Mercier
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ines Vergez
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
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6
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Zhong M, Wang H, Yan H, Wu S, Wang K, Yang L, Cui B, Wu M, Li Y. Effects and mechanism of Aβ 1-42 on EV-A71 replication. Virol J 2022; 19:151. [PMID: 36127711 PMCID: PMC9485788 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-Amyloid (Aβ) protein is a pivotal pathogenetic factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, increasing evidence suggests that the brain has to continuously produce excessive Aβ to efficaciously prevent pathogenic micro-organism infections, which induces and accelerates the disease process of AD. Meanwhile, Aβ exhibits activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and influenza A virus (IAV) replication, but not against other neurotropic viruses. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the most important neurotropic enterovirus in the post-polio era. Given the limitation of existing research on the relationship between Aβ and other virus infections, this study aimed to investigate the potent activity of Aβ on EV-A71 infection and extended the potential function of Aβ in other unenveloped viruses may be linked to Alzheimer's disease or infectious neurological diseases. Methods Aβ peptides 1–42 are a major pathological factor of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, we utilized Aβ1–42 as a test subject to perform our study. The production of monomer Aβ1–42 and their high-molecular oligomer accumulations in neural cells were detected by immunofluorescence assay, ELISA, or Western blot assay. The inhibitory activity of Aβ1–42 peptides against EV-A71 in vitro was detected by Western blot analysis or qRT-PCR. The mechanism of Aβ1–42 against EV-A71 replication was analyzed by time-of-addition assay, attachment inhibition assay, pre-attachment inhibition analysis, viral-penetration inhibition assay, TEM analysis of virus agglutination, and pull-down assay. Results We found that EV-A71 infection induced Aβ production and accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells. We also revealed for the first time that Aβ1–42 efficiently inhibited the RNA level of EV-A71 VP1, and the protein levels of VP1, VP2, and nonstructural protein 3AB in SH-SY5Y, Vero, and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Aβ1–42 primarily targeted the early stage of EV-A71 entry to inhibit virus replication by binding virus capsid protein VP1 or scavenger receptor class B member 2. Moreover, Aβ1–42 formed non-enveloped EV-A71 particle aggregates within a certain period and bound to the capsid protein VP1, which partially caused Aβ1–42 to prevent viruses from infecting cells. Conclusions Our findings unveiled that Aβ1–42 effectively inhibited nonenveloped EV-A71 by targeting the early phase of an EV-A71 life cycle, thereby extending the potential function of Aβ in other non-envelope viruses linked to infectious neurological diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01882-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huiqiang Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kun Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lu Yang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Boming Cui
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Mengyuan Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan xili, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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7
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Nekoua MP, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Persistent coxsackievirus B infection and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:503-516. [PMID: 35650334 PMCID: PMC9157043 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are believed to trigger or accelerate islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals, thereby resulting in loss of functional insulin-producing β-cells and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Although enteroviruses are primarily involved in acute and lytic infections in vitro and in vivo, they can also establish a persistent infection. Prospective epidemiological studies have strongly associated the persistence of enteroviruses, especially coxsackievirus B (CVB), with the appearance of islet autoantibodies and an increased risk of T1DM. CVB can persist in pancreatic ductal and β-cells, which leads to structural or functional alterations of these cells, and to a chronic inflammatory response that promotes recruitment and activation of pre-existing autoreactive T cells and β-cell autoimmune destruction. CVB persistence in other sites, such as the intestine, blood cells and thymus, has been described; these sites could serve as a reservoir for infection or reinfection of the pancreas, and this persistence could have a role in the disturbance of tolerance to β-cells. This Review addresses the involvement of persistent enterovirus infection in triggering islet autoimmunity and T1DM, as well as current strategies to control enterovirus infections for preventing or reducing the risk of T1DM onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France.
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8
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Martí-Marí O, Martínez-Gualda B, Fernández-Barahona I, Mills A, Abdelnabi R, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Camarasa MJ, Herranz F, Gago F, San-Félix A. Organotropic dendrons with high potency as HIV-1, HIV-2 and EV-A71 cell entry inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Murer L, Petkidis A, Vallet T, Vignuzzi M, Greber UF. Chemical Evolution of Rhinovirus Identifies Capsid-Destabilizing Mutations Driving Low-pH-Independent Genome Uncoating. J Virol 2022; 96:e0106021. [PMID: 34705560 PMCID: PMC8791267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01060-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) cause recurrent infections of the nasal and pulmonary tracts, life-threatening conditions in chronic respiratory illness patients, predisposition of children to asthmatic exacerbation, and large economic cost. RVs are difficult to treat. They rapidly evolve resistance and are genetically diverse. Here, we provide insight into RV drug resistance mechanisms against chemical compounds neutralizing low pH in endolysosomes. Serial passaging of RV-A16 in the presence of the vacuolar proton ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) or the endolysosomotropic agent ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) promoted the emergence of resistant virus populations. We found two reproducible point mutations in viral proteins 1 and 3 (VP1 and VP3), A2526G (serine 66 to asparagine [S66N]), and G2274U (cysteine 220 to phenylalanine [C220F]), respectively. Both mutations conferred cross-resistance to BafA1, NH4Cl, and the protonophore niclosamide, as identified by massive parallel sequencing and reverse genetics, but not the double mutation, which we could not rescue. Both VP1-S66 and VP3-C220 locate at the interprotomeric face, and their mutations increase the sensitivity of virions to low pH, elevated temperature, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 receptor. These results indicate that the ability of RV to uncoat at low endosomal pH confers virion resistance to extracellular stress. The data endorse endosomal acidification inhibitors as a viable strategy against RVs, especially if inhibitors are directly applied to the airways. IMPORTANCE Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the predominant agents causing the common cold. Anti-RV drugs and vaccines are not available, largely due to rapid evolutionary adaptation of RVs giving rise to resistant mutants and an immense diversity of antigens in more than 160 different RV types. In this study, we obtained insight into the cell biology of RVs by harnessing the ability of RVs to evolve resistance against host-targeting small chemical compounds neutralizing endosomal pH, an important cue for uncoating of normal RVs. We show that RVs grown in cells treated with inhibitors of endolysosomal acidification evolved capsid mutations yielding reduced virion stability against elevated temperature, low pH, and incubation with recombinant soluble receptor fragments. This fitness cost makes it unlikely that RV mutants adapted to neutral pH become prevalent in nature. The data support the concept of host-directed drug development against respiratory viruses in general, notably at low risk of gain-of-function mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Petkidis
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Real-Hohn A, Blaas D. Rhinovirus Inhibitors: Including a New Target, the Viral RNA. Viruses 2021; 13:1784. [PMID: 34578365 PMCID: PMC8473194 DOI: 10.3390/v13091784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the main cause of recurrent infections with rather mild symptoms characteristic of the common cold. Nevertheless, RVs give rise to enormous numbers of absences from work and school and may become life-threatening in particular settings. Vaccination is jeopardised by the large number of serotypes eliciting only poorly cross-neutralising antibodies. Conversely, antivirals developed over the years failed FDA approval because of a low efficacy and/or side effects. RV species A, B, and C are now included in the fifteen species of the genus Enteroviruses based upon the high similarity of their genome sequences. As a result of their comparably low pathogenicity, RVs have become a handy model for other, more dangerous members of this genus, e.g., poliovirus and enterovirus 71. We provide a short overview of viral proteins that are considered potential drug targets and their corresponding drug candidates. We briefly mention more recently identified cellular enzymes whose inhibition impacts on RVs and comment novel approaches to interfere with infection via aggregation, virus trapping, or preventing viral access to the cell receptor. Finally, we devote a large part of this article to adding the viral RNA genome to the list of potential drug targets by dwelling on its structure, folding, and the still debated way of its exit from the capsid. Finally, we discuss the recent finding that G-quadruplex stabilising compounds impact on RNA egress possibly via obfuscating the unravelling of stable secondary structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Coultas JA, Cafferkey J, Mallia P, Johnston SL. Experimental Antiviral Therapeutic Studies for Human Rhinovirus Infections. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:645-659. [PMID: 34276229 PMCID: PMC8277446 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s255211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus infection is common and usually causes mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract symptoms. Rhinoviruses can cause exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, leading to a significant burden of morbidity and mortality. There has been a great deal of progress in efforts to understand the immunological basis of rhinovirus infection. However, despite a number of in vitro and in vivo attempts, there have been no effective treatments developed. This review article summarises the up to date virological and immunological understanding of these infections. We discuss the challenges researchers face, and key solutions, in their work to investigate potential therapies including in vivo rhinovirus challenge studies. Finally, we explore past and present experimental therapeutic strategies employed in the treatment of rhinovirus infections and highlight promising areas of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Coultas
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Cafferkey
- Respiratory Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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Martí-Marí O, Martínez-Gualda B, de la Puente-Secades S, Mills A, Quesada E, Abdelnabi R, Sun L, Boonen A, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Camarasa MJ, Gago F, San-Félix A. Double Arylation of the Indole Side Chain of Tri- and Tetrapodal Tryptophan Derivatives Renders Highly Potent HIV-1 and EV-A71 Entry Inhibitors†. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10027-10046. [PMID: 34229438 PMCID: PMC8389807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We have recently
described a new generation of potent human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) and EV-A71 entry inhibitors. The prototypes contain three
or four tryptophan (Trp) residues bearing an isophthalic acid moiety
at the C2 position of each side-chain indole ring. This work is now
extended by both shifting the position of the isophthalic acid to
C7 and synthesizing doubly arylated C2/C7 derivatives. The most potent
derivative (50% effective concentration (EC50) HIV-1, 6
nM; EC50 EV-A71, 40 nM), 33 (AL-518), is a C2/C7 doubly arylated tetrapodal compound. Its superior anti-HIV
potency with respect to the previous C2-arylated prototype is in consonance
with its higher affinity for the viral gp120. 33 (AL-518) showed comparable antiviral activities against X4
and R5 HIV-1 strains and seems to interact with the tip and base of
the gp120 V3 loop. Taken together, these findings support the interest
in 33 (AL-518) as a useful new prototype
for anti-HIV/EV71 drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Martí-Marí
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Martínez-Gualda
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Mills
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Quesada
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liang Sun
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Boonen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Ruiz-Santaquiteria M, Illescas BM, Abdelnabi R, Boonen A, Mills A, Martí-Marí O, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Gago F, San-Félix A, Camarasa MJ, Martín N. Multivalent Tryptophan- and Tyrosine-Containing [60]Fullerene Hexa-Adducts as Dual HIV and Enterovirus A71 Entry Inhibitors. Chemistry 2021; 27:10700-10710. [PMID: 33851758 PMCID: PMC8361981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented 3D hexa‐adducts of [60]fullerene peripherally decorated with twelve tryptophan (Trp) or tyrosine (Tyr) residues have been synthesized. Studies on the antiviral activity of these novel compounds against HIV and EV71 reveal that they are much more potent against HIV and equally active against EV71 than the previously described dendrimer prototypes AL‐385 and AL‐463, which possess the same number of Trp/Tyr residues on the periphery but attached to a smaller and more flexible pentaerythritol core. These results demonstrate the relevance of the globular 3D presentation of the peripheral groups (Trp/Tyr) as well as the length of the spacer connecting them to the central core to interact with the viral envelopes, particularly in the case of HIV, and support the hypothesis that [60]fullerene can be an alternative and attractive biocompatible carbon‐based scaffold for this type of highly symmetrical dendrimers. In addition, the functionalized fullerenes here described, which display twelve peripheral negatively charged indole moieties on their globular surface, define a new and versatile class of compounds with a promising potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz-Santaquiteria
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz M Illescas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Boonen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Mills
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia Martí-Marí
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sam Noppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Anasir MI, Zarif F, Poh CL. Antivirals blocking entry of enteroviruses and therapeutic potential. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:10. [PMID: 33451326 PMCID: PMC7811253 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses from the genus Enterovirus (EV) of the Picornaviridae family are known to cause diseases such as hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), respiratory diseases, encephalitis and myocarditis. The capsid of EV is an attractive target for the development of direct-acting small molecules that can interfere with viral entry. Some of the capsid binders have been evaluated in clinical trials but the majority have failed due to insufficient efficacy or unacceptable off-target effects. Furthermore, most of the capsid binders exhibited a low barrier to resistance. Alternatively, host-targeting inhibitors such as peptides derived from the capsid of EV that can recognize cellular receptors have been identified. However, the majority of these peptides displayed low anti-EV potency (µM range) as compared to the potency of small molecule compounds (nM range). Nonetheless, the development of anti-EV peptides is warranted as they may complement the small-molecules in a drug combination strategy to treat EVs. Lastly, structure-based approach to design antiviral peptides should be utilized to unearth potent anti-EV peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faisal Zarif
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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15
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Khanna M, Gautam A, Rajput R, Sharma L. Natural Products as a Paradigm for the Treatment of Coxsackievirus - induced Myocarditis. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:607-616. [PMID: 31995007 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200129094516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is considered to be one of the most important infectious agents to cause virus-induced myocarditis. Despite improvements in studying viral pathology, structure and molecular biology, as well as diagnosis of this disease, there is still no virus-specific drug in clinical use. Structural and nonstructural proteins produced during the coxsackievirus life cycle have been identified as potential targets for blocking viral replication at the step of attachment, entry, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis by synthetic or natural compounds. Moreover, WIN (for Winthrop) compounds and application of nucleic-acid based strategies were shown to target viral capsid, entry and viral proteases, but have not reached to the clinical trials as a successful antiviral agent. There is an urgent need for diverse molecular libraries for phenotype-selective and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khanna
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Anju Gautam
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Roopali Rajput
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Latika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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16
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Laajala M, Reshamwala D, Marjomäki V. Therapeutic targets for enterovirus infections. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:745-757. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1784141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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17
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Martínez-Gualda B, Sun L, Martí-Marí O, Noppen S, Abdelnabi R, Bator CM, Quesada E, Delang L, Mirabelli C, Lee H, Schols D, Neyts J, Hafenstein S, Camarasa MJ, Gago F, San-Félix A. Scaffold Simplification Strategy Leads to a Novel Generation of Dual Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Enterovirus-A71 Entry Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 63:349-368. [PMID: 31809045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are only three FDA-approved drugs that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry-fusion into host cells. The situation is even worse for enterovirus EV71 infection for which no antiviral therapies are available. We describe here the discovery of potent entry dual inhibitors of HIV and EV71. These compounds contain in their structure three or four tryptophan (Trp) residues linked to a central scaffold. Critical for anti-HIV/EV71 activity is the presence of extra phenyl rings, bearing one or two carboxylates, at the C2 position of the indole ring of each Trp residue. The most potent derivatives, 22 and 30, inhibit early steps of the replicative cycles of HIV-1 and EV-A71 by interacting with their respective viral surfaces (glycoprotein gp120 of HIV and the fivefold axis of the EV-A71 capsid). The high potency, low toxicity, facile chemical synthesis, and great opportunities for chemical optimization make them useful prototypes for future medicinal chemistry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | | | - Sam Noppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Carol M Bator
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , 16802 State College , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Ernesto Quesada
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC) , 28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Leen Delang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Hyunwook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , 16802 State College , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Susan Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , 16802 State College , Pennsylvania , United States.,Department of Medicine , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , 17033 Hershey , Pennsylvania , United States
| | | | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH , Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, E-28805 Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC) , 28006 Madrid , Spain
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18
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Egorova A, Ekins S, Schmidtke M, Makarov V. Back to the future: Advances in development of broad-spectrum capsid-binding inhibitors of enteroviruses. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:606-622. [PMID: 31226653 PMCID: PMC8194503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic pocket within viral capsid protein 1 is a target to combat the rhino- and enteroviruses (RV and EV) using small molecules. The highly conserved amino acids lining this pocket enable the development of antivirals with broad-spectrum of activity against numerous RVs and EVs. Inhibitor binding blocks: the attachment of the virion to the host cell membrane, viral uncoating, and/or production of infectious virus particles. Syntheses and biological studies of the most well-known antipicornaviral capsid binders have been reviewed and we propose next steps in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Egorova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 33-2, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC27606, USA
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology, Section Experimental Virology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 33-2, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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19
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Cryo-EM structure of pleconaril-resistant rhinovirus-B5 complexed to the antiviral OBR-5-340 reveals unexpected binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19109-19115. [PMID: 31462495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904732116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral inhibitors, such as pleconaril and vapendavir, target conserved regions in the capsids of rhinoviruses (RVs) and enteroviruses (EVs) by binding to a hydrophobic pocket in viral capsid protein 1 (VP1). In resistant RVs and EVs, bulky residues in this pocket prevent their binding. However, recently developed pyrazolopyrimidines inhibit pleconaril-resistant RVs and EVs, and computational modeling has suggested that they also bind to the hydrophobic pocket in VP1. We studied the mechanism of inhibition of pleconaril-resistant RVs using RV-B5 (1 of the 7 naturally pleconaril-resistant rhinoviruses) and OBR-5-340, a bioavailable pyrazolopyrimidine with proven in vivo activity, and determined the 3D-structure of the protein-ligand complex to 3.6 Å with cryoelectron microscopy. Our data indicate that, similar to other capsid binders, OBR-5-340 induces thermostability and inhibits viral adsorption and uncoating. However, we found that OBR-5-340 attaches closer to the entrance of the pocket than most other capsid binders, whose viral complexes have been studied so far, showing only marginal overlaps of the attachment sites. Comparing the experimentally determined 3D structure with the control, RV-B5 incubated with solvent only and determined to 3.2 Å, revealed no gross conformational changes upon OBR-5-340 binding. The pocket of the naturally OBR-5-340-resistant RV-A89 likewise incubated with OBR-5-340 and solved to 2.9 Å was empty. Pyrazolopyrimidines have a rigid molecular scaffold and may thus be less affected by a loss of entropy upon binding. They interact with less-conserved regions than known capsid binders. Overall, pyrazolopyrimidines could be more suitable for the development of new, broadly active inhibitors.
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20
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Martínez-Gualda B, Sun L, Martí-Marí O, Mirabelli C, Delang L, Neyts J, Schols D, Camarasa MJ, San-Félix A. Modifications in the branched arms of a class of dual inhibitors of HIV and EV71 replication expand their antiviral spectrum. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:210-214. [PMID: 31228490 PMCID: PMC7114229 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported a new class of dendrimers with tryptophan (Trp) residues on the surface that show dual antiviral activities against HIV and enterovirus EV71. The prototype compound of this family is a derivative of pentaerythritol with 12 peripheral Trp groups and trivalent spacer arms. Here a novel series of dendrimers with divalent and tetravalent branched arms, instead of the trivalent ones present on the prototype, has been synthesized and its activity against HIV, EV71 and a panel of 16 different viruses and other pathogens has been determined. Convergent or divergent approaches have been used for the synthesis of these compounds. Our findings demonstrate that only compounds with tetravalent branched arms showed the same anti-HIV and anti-EV71 activity of the prototype (low micromolar) and even gain significant antiviral activity against new pathogens such as HSV-2, adenovirus-2, human corona virus and respiratory syncytial virus, being the first members of the Trp dendrimer family that showed activity against those viruses. As the prototype, these compounds also showed low-nanomolar activity against a representative EV71 clinical isolate. Experimental work carried on to determine the mode of action of the most potent IIa, containing tetravalent branched arms, demonstrated that it interacts with the viral envelopes of HIV, EV71 and HSV-2 and thus may prevent virus attachment to the host cell. These results support the interest of this new series of Trp dendrimers and qualify them as useful prototypes for the development of novel inhibitors of viral entry with broad antiviral spectrum. Tryptophan (Trp) dendrimers with divalent and tetravalent branched arms have been synthesized. Only dendrimers with tetravalent branched arms (IIa-IId) showed (sub)micromolar inhibitory activity against HIV and EV71. IIa-IId inhibit a representative EV71 clinical isolate in the low-nanomolar range. IIa-IId are the first members of the Trp dendrimer family that showed activity against new viruses such as HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liang Sun
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olaia Martí-Marí
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Madia VN, Messore A, Pescatori L, Saccoliti F, Tudino V, De Leo A, Scipione L, Fiore L, Rhoden E, Manetti F, Oberste MS, Santo RD, Costi R. In Vitro Antiviral Activity of New Oxazoline Derivatives as Potent Poliovirus Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:798-810. [PMID: 30512950 PMCID: PMC9169555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The final stages of polio eradication are proving more difficult than the early phases, and the development of effective drugs and treatments is considered a priority; thus, the research is ongoing. A screening of our in-house chemical library against poliovirus Sabin strains led to the identification of compounds 5 and 6 as hits active at submicromolar concentrations. Derivatives of these compounds were synthesized as a preliminary structure-activity-relationship study. Among them, 7 and 11 were highly active against poliovirus Sabin 1-3. Compound 11 was also very potent against a large panel of wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses. Time-of-addition experiments suggest that 5 and 7 could be active at an early stage of viral replication, whereas 11 was active at same concentration at all stages of viral replication. A ligand-based approach was applied to find the common structural features shared by the new compounds and already-known poliovirus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Noemi Madia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universitaà di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Messore
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universitaà di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Pescatori
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universitaà di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universitaà di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Tudino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universitaà di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Leo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universitaà di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Scipione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universitaà di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Fiore
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, CRIVIB, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Eric Rhoden
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- LDS Lead Discovery Siena Srl, Via Fiorentina 1, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M. Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universitaà di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universitaà di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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22
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Valbuena A, Rodríguez-Huete A, Mateu MG. Mechanical stiffening of human rhinovirus by cavity-filling antiviral drugs. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1440-1452. [PMID: 29302674 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08704g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging studies at the nanoscale on the relationships between the structure, mechanical properties and infectivity of virus particles are revealing important physics-based foundations of virus biology that may have biomedical and nanotechnological applications. Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the major causative agent of common colds leading to important economic losses, and is also associated with more severe diseases. There is renewed interest in developing effective anti-HRV drugs, but none have been approved so far. We have chosen HRV to explore a possible link between virus mechanics and infectivity and the antiviral effect of certain drugs. In particular, we have investigated a suggestion that the antiviral action of drugs that bind to capsid cavities (pockets) may be related to changes in virus stiffness. Mechanical analysis using atomic force microscopy shows that filling the pockets with drugs or genetically introducing bulkier amino acid side chains into the pockets stiffen HRV virions to different extents. Drug-mediated stiffening affected some regions distant from the pockets and involved in genome uncoating, and may be caused by a subtle structural rearrangement of the virus particle. The results also revealed for HRV a quantitative, logarithmic relationship between mechanical stiffening, achieved either by drug binding or introducing bulkier amino acid side chains into the pockets, and reduced infectivity. From a fundamental physics perspective, these drugs may exert their biological effect by decreasing the deformability of the virion, thus impairing its equilibrium dynamics. The results encourage the design of novel antiviral drugs that inhibit infection by mechanically stiffening the viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Valbuena
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Gunaseelan S, Chu JJH. Identifying novel antiviral targets against enterovirus 71: where are we? Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) has been considered as an essential human pathogen, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease in young children. Several HEV71 outbreaks have been observed in many Asia-Pacific countries for the past two decades with significant fatalities. However, there are no competent vaccines or antivirals against HEV71 infection to date. Thus, it is of critical priority to delve into the search for anti-HEV71 agents. Prior to this, there is a need to gain knowledge about the distinct targets of HEV71 that are available and that have been exploited for antiviral therapy. This review aims to provide a better understanding of HEV71 virology and feature potential antivirals for progressive clinical development with respect to their elucidated mechanistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06–05, Singapore 138673
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Powell K, Thomas E, Cockerill G. Antiviral Drugs for Acute Infections. COMPREHENSIVE MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY III 2017. [PMCID: PMC7149606 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.12408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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25
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Structure-activity relationship studies on a Trp dendrimer with dual activities against HIV and enterovirus A71. Modifications on the amino acid. Antiviral Res 2016; 139:32-40. [PMID: 28017762 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described a new class of dendrimers with tryptophan (Trp) on the surface that show dual antiviral activities against HIV and EV71 enterovirus. The prototype compound of this family is a pentaerythritol derivative with 12 Trps on the periphery. Here we complete the structure-activity relationship studies of this family to identify key features that might be significant for the antiviral activity. With this aim, novel dendrimers containing different amino acids (aromatic and non-aromatic), tryptamine (a "decarboxylated" analogue of Trp) and N-methyl Trp on the periphery have been prepared. Dendrimer with N-Methyl Trp was the most active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 while dendrimer with tyrosine was endowed with the most potent antiviral activity against EV71. This tyrosine dendrimer proved to inhibit a large panel of EV71 clinical isolates (belonging to different clusters) in the low nanomolar/high picomolar range. In addition, a new synthetic procedure (convergent approach) has been developed for the synthesis of the prototype and some other dendrimers. This convergent approach proved more efficient (higher yields, easier purification) than the divergent approach previously reported.
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Optimization of a Class of Tryptophan Dendrimers That Inhibit HIV Replication Leads to a Selective, Specific, and Low-Nanomolar Inhibitor of Clinical Isolates of Enterovirus A71. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5064-7. [PMID: 27246775 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00626-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan dendrimers that inhibit HIV replication by binding to the HIV envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 have unexpectedly also proven to be potent, specific, and selective inhibitors of the replication of the unrelated enterovirus A71. Dendrimer 12, a consensus compound that was synthesized on the basis of the structure-activity relationship analysis of this series, is 3-fold more potent against the BrCr lab strain and, surprisingly, inhibits a large panel of clinical isolates in the low-nanomolar/high-picomolar range.
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27
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Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy's Current Antiviral Agents FactFile 2006 (1st Edition) the DNA Viruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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28
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Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy's Current Antiviral Agents FactFile 2006 (1st edition): The RNA Viruses with DNA Intermediates (Retroviruses). Antivir Chem Chemother 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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29
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Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy'sCurrent Antiviral Agents FactFile 2006 (1st edition) the RNA viruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Abstract
Considerable efforts have been made over the past several years to discover a broad-spectrum antipicornavirus agent. The X-ray crystal structure of several rhinovirus serotypes, as well as a coxsackievirus, has provided valuable information with respect to the virus structure as well as the location of the binding site of several capsid-binding compounds. This has aided in the design of broad-spectrum compounds. Several potential drug candidates have reached clinical status and some progress has been made in achieving efficacy. However, none of these compounds has as yet become a marketable drug. This review summarizes the current status of efforts in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- GD Diana
- ViroPharma Incorporated, 76 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - DC Pevear
- ViroPharma Incorporated, 76 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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Nishimura Y, McLaughlin NP, Pan J, Goldstein S, Hafenstein S, Shimizu H, Winkler JD, Bergelson JM. The Suramin Derivative NF449 Interacts with the 5-fold Vertex of the Enterovirus A71 Capsid to Prevent Virus Attachment to PSGL-1 and Heparan Sulfate. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005184. [PMID: 26430888 PMCID: PMC4592248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NF449, a sulfated compound derived from the antiparasitic drug suramin, was previously reported to inhibit infection by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). In the current work, we found that NF449 inhibits virus attachment to target cells, and specifically blocks virus interaction with two identified receptors—the P-selectin ligand, PSGL-1, and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan—with no effect on virus binding to a third receptor, the scavenger receptor SCARB2. We also examined a number of commercially available suramin analogues, and newly synthesized derivatives of NF449; among these, NF110 and NM16, like NF449, inhibited virus attachment at submicromolar concentrations. PSGL-1 and heparan sulfate, but not SCARB2, are both sulfated molecules, and their interaction with EV-A71 is thought to involve positively charged capsid residues, including a conserved lysine at VP1-244, near the icosahedral 5-fold vertex. We found that mutation of VP1-244 resulted in resistance to NF449, suggesting that this residue is involved in NF449 interaction with the virus capsid. Consistent with this idea, NF449 and NF110 prevented virus interaction with monoclonal antibody MA28-7, which specifically recognizes an epitope overlapping VP1-244 at the 5-fold vertex. Based on these observations we propose that NF449 and related compounds compete with sulfated receptor molecules for a binding site at the 5-fold vertex of the EV-A71 capsid. Enterovirus A71 is epidemic in the Asia-Pacific region, and has been responsible for thousands of cases of fatal neurological disease in young children. There are no specific therapies available. We previously identified NF449 as a compound with anti-EV-A71 activity, although its mechanism of action was uncertain. In the current work we found that NF449 and related molecules prevent virus attachment both to PSGL-1, a receptor molecule important for virus interaction with white blood cells, and to heparan sulfate, a receptor that may be important for virus interaction with a variety of other cell types. In contrast, we found that NF449 had no effect on virus attachment to another proposed receptor, SCARB2. We also found that NF449 and related compounds interact with a specific site on the viral capsid, remote from the binding site for another major receptor, SCARB2. Our work provides information that may facilitate development of improved antiviral compounds that block the attachment of EV-A71 to cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorihiro Nishimura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YN); (JDW); (JMB)
| | - Noel P. McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jieyan Pan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan Hafenstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey D. Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YN); (JDW); (JMB)
| | - Jeffrey M. Bergelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YN); (JDW); (JMB)
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Lacroix C, Laconi S, Angius F, Coluccia A, Silvestri R, Pompei R, Neyts J, Leyssen P. In vitro characterisation of a pleconaril/pirodavir-like compound with potent activity against rhinoviruses. Virol J 2015; 12:106. [PMID: 26169596 PMCID: PMC4501209 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus infections do not only cause common colds, but may also trigger severe exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Even though rhinoviruses have been the focus of extensive drug development efforts in the past, an anti-rhinoviral drug still has to make it to the market. In the past, the viral capsid protein VP1 has been shown to be an important target for the development of antiviral molecules. Furthermore, many different chemical scaffolds appear to possess the properties that are required to inhibit virus replication by this mechanism of action. I-6602, an analogue of the rhinovirus inhibitor pirodavir, was previously identified as a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection. Here, we describe the antiviral activity of its analogue ca603, a molecule with a modified linker structure, and corroborate its mechanism of action as a capsid binder. FINDINGS The molecule ca603 shows antiviral activity against a panel of rhino-and enteroviruses. Cross-resistance is observed against viruses with mutations that render them resistant to the inhibitory effect of the capsid binder pleconaril and thermostability assays demonstrate that the compound binds and stabilizes the viral capsid. Binding of the molecule to the VP1 protein is corroborated by in silico modeling. CONCLUSIONS It is confirmed that ca603 inhibits rhinovirus replication by interaction with the VP1 protein and, by this, allows to further expand the chemical diversity of capsid-binding molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Lacroix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Samuela Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09124, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Angius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09124, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaello Pompei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09124, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Bernard A, Lacroix C, Cabiddu MG, Neyts J, Leyssen P, Pompei R. Exploration of the anti-enterovirus activity of a series of pleconaril/pirodavir-like compounds. Antivir Chem Chemother 2015; 24:56-61. [PMID: 26071135 DOI: 10.1177/2040206615589035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae is represented by several viral pathogens that are associated with human disease, namely Poliovirus 1, Enterovirus 71 and Rhinoviruses. Enterovirus 71 has been associated with encephalitis, while Rhinoviruses are a major cause of asthma exacerbations and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Based on the structure of both pleconaril and pirodavir, we previously synthesized some original compounds as potential inhibitors of Rhinovirus replication. METHODS These compounds were explored for in vitro antiviral potential on other human pathogenic Enteroviruses, namely Enterovirus 71 on rhabdo-myosarcoma cells, Coxsackievirus B3 on Vero cells, Poliovirus 1 and Echovirus 11 on BGM cells. RESULTS Activity was confirmed for compound against Rhinovirus 14. Furthermore, few compounds showed a cell-protective effect on Enterovirus 71, presented a marked improvement as compared to the reference drug pleconaril for inhibitory activity on both Enterovirus 71 and Poliovirus 1. The most striking observation was the clear cell protective effect for the set of analogues in a virus-cell-based assay for Echovirus 11 with an effective concentration (EC50) as low as 0.3 µM (Selectivity index or SI = 483), and selectivity indexes greater than 857 (EC50 = 0.6 µM) and 1524 (EC50 = 0.33 µM). CONCLUSION Some of the evaluated compounds showed potent and selective antiviral activity against several enterovirus species, such as Enterovirus 71 (EV-A), Echovirus 11 (EV-B), and Poliovirus 1 (EV-C). This could be used as a starting point for the development of other pleconaril/pirodavir-like enterovirus inhibitors with broad-spectrum activity and improved effects as compared to the reference drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bernard
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria G Cabiddu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raffaello Pompei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Liu Y, Sheng J, Fokine A, Meng G, Shin WH, Long F, Kuhn RJ, Kihara D, Rossmann MG. Structure and inhibition of EV-D68, a virus that causes respiratory illness in children. Science 2015; 347:71-4. [PMID: 25554786 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a member of Picornaviridae and is a causative agent of recent outbreaks of respiratory illness in children in the United States. We report here the crystal structures of EV-D68 and its complex with pleconaril, a capsid-binding compound that had been developed as an anti-rhinovirus drug. The hydrophobic drug-binding pocket in viral protein 1 contained density that is consistent with a fatty acid of about 10 carbon atoms. This density could be displaced by pleconaril. We also showed that pleconaril inhibits EV-D68 at a half-maximal effective concentration of 430 nanomolar and might, therefore, be a possible drug candidate to alleviate EV-D68 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ju Sheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrei Fokine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Geng Meng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Woong-Hee Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Feng Long
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Department of Computer Science, 305 North University Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael G Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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The capsid binder Vapendavir and the novel protease inhibitor SG85 inhibit enterovirus 71 replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6990-2. [PMID: 25199773 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03328-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivirals against enterovirus 71 (EV71) are urgently needed. We demonstrate that the novel enteroviral protease inhibitor (PI) SG85 and capsid binder (CB) vapendavir efficiently inhibit the in vitro replication of 21 EV71 strains/isolates that are representative of the different genogroups A, B, and C. The PI rupintrivir, the CB pirodavir, and the host-targeting compound enviroxime, which were included as reference compounds, also inhibited the replication of all isolates. Remarkably, the CB compound pleconaril was devoid of any anti-EV71 activity. An in silico docking study revealed that pleconaril-unlike vapendavir and pirodavir-lacks essential binding interactions with the viral capsid. Vapendavir and SG85 (or analogues) should be further explored for the treatment of EV71 infections. The data presented here may serve as a reference when developing yet-novel inhibitors.
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Tijsma A, Thibaut HJ, Spieser SAH, De Palma A, Koukni M, Rhoden E, Oberste S, Pürstinger G, Volny-Luraghi A, Martin J, Marchand A, Chaltin P, Neyts J, Leyssen P. H1PVAT is a novel and potent early-stage inhibitor of poliovirus replication that targets VP1. Antiviral Res 2014; 110:1-9. [PMID: 25043639 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel small molecule, H1PVAT, was identified as a potent and selective inhibitor of the in vitro replication of all three poliovirus serotypes, whereas no activity was observed against other enteroviruses. Time-of-drug-addition studies revealed that the compound interfered with an early stage of virus replication. Four independently-selected H1PVAT-resistant virus variants uniformly carried the single amino acid substitution I194F in the VP1 capsid protein. Poliovirus type 1 strain Sabin, reverse-engineered to contain this substitution, proved to be completely insensitive to the antiviral effect of H1PVAT and was cross-resistant to the capsid-binding inhibitors V-073 and pirodavir. The VP1 I194F mutant had a smaller plaque phenotype than wild-type virus, and the amino acid substitution rendered the virus more susceptible to heat inactivation. Both for the wild-type and VP1 I194F mutant virus, the presence of H1PVAT increased the temperature at which the virus was inactivated, providing evidence that the compound interacts with the viral capsid, and that capsid stabilization and antiviral activity are not necessarily correlated. Molecular modeling suggested that H1PVAT binds with high affinity in the pocket underneath the floor of the canyon that is involved in receptor binding. Introduction of the I194F substitution in the model of VP1 induced a slight concerted rearrangement of the core β-barrel in this pocket, which disfavors binding of the compound. Taken together, the compound scaffold, to which H1PVAT belongs, may represent another promising class of poliovirus capsid-binding inhibitors next to V-073 and pirodavir. Potent antivirals against poliovirus will be essential in the poliovirus eradication end-game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloys Tijsma
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Stéphane A H Spieser
- Centre for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery, CISTIM Leuven vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Armando De Palma
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Koukni
- Centre for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery, CISTIM Leuven vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Rhoden
- Polio and Picornavirus Lab, Branch Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD/OID/CDC, Atlanta, USA
| | - Steve Oberste
- Polio and Picornavirus Lab, Branch Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD/OID/CDC, Atlanta, USA
| | - Gerhard Pürstinger
- Institut für Pharmazie, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Chemie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonia Volny-Luraghi
- Centre for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery, CISTIM Leuven vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Javier Martin
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Arnaud Marchand
- Centre for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery, CISTIM Leuven vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Chaltin
- Centre for Drug Design and Discovery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery, CISTIM Leuven vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Bernard AM, Cabiddu MG, De Montis S, Mura R, Pompei R. Synthesis of new compounds with promising antiviral properties against group A and B Human Rhinoviruses. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4061-6. [PMID: 24973816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human common cold, which is a benign disease caused by the Rhinoviruses, generally receives palliative symptomatic treatments, since no specific therapy against any of these viruses currently exists. In this work, some original synthetic compounds were produced and tested, in order to find non-toxic substances with an improved protection index (PI) for infected cells, as compared to reference drugs such as Pirodavir. We designed a series of novel molecules with a double oxygen in the central hydrocarbon chain and some modifications of the lateral methylisoxazole and propoxybenzoate moieties of lead compound 6602 (ethyl 4-{3-[2-(3-methyl-1,2-isoxazol-5-yl)ethoxy]propoxy}benzoate). It was found that most of these substances were actually less toxic than Pirodavir; in addition, the new molecule indicated as 8c was more than 30 times less toxic than Pirodavir, about twice as active on the group A strain of Rhinovirus HRV14, and even four times more effective on the group B strain HRV39, as compared to Pirodavir's PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Bernard
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Maria G Cabiddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Stefania De Montis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Roberto Mura
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Raffaello Pompei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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Mechanism of action and capsid-stabilizing properties of VHHs with an in vitro antipolioviral activity. J Virol 2014; 88:4403-13. [PMID: 24501405 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03402-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previously, we reported on the in vitro antiviral activity of single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs) directed against poliovirus type 1. Five VHHs were found to neutralize poliovirus type 1 in an in vitro setting and showed 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) in the nanomolar range. In the present study, we further investigated the mechanism of action of these VHHs. All five VHHs interfere at multiple levels of the viral replication cycle, as they interfere both with attachment of the virus to cells and with viral uncoating. The latter effect is consistent with their ability to stabilize the poliovirus capsid, as observed in a ThermoFluor thermal shift assay, in which the virus is gradually heated and the temperature causing 50% of the RNA to be released from the capsid is determined, either in the presence or in the absence of the VHHs. The VHH-capsid interactions were also seen to induce aggregation of the virus-VHH complexes. However, this observation cannot yet be linked to their mechanism of action. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstructions of two VHHs in complex with poliovirus type 1 show no conformational changes of the capsid to explain this aggregation. On the other hand, these reconstructions do show that the binding sites of VHHs PVSP6A and PVSP29F overlap the binding site for the poliovirus receptor (CD155/PVR) and span interfaces that are altered during receptor-induced conformational changes associated with cell entry. This may explain the interference at the level of cell attachment of the virus as well as their effect on uncoating. IMPORTANCE The study describes the mechanism of neutralization and the capsid-stabilizing activity of five single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs) that have an in vitro neutralizing activity against poliovirus type 1. The results show that the VHHs interfere at multiple levels of the viral replication cycle (cell attachment and viral uncoating). These mechanisms are possibly shared by some conventional antibodies and may therefore provide some insight into the natural immune responses. Since the binding sites of two VHHs studied by cryo-EM are very similar to that of the receptor, the VHHs can be used as probes to study the authentic virus-cell interaction. The structures and conclusions in this study are original and raise interesting findings regarding virus-receptor interactions and the order of key events early in infection.
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Multiple classes of antiviral agents exhibit in vitro activity against human rhinovirus type C. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1546-55. [PMID: 24366736 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01746-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus type C (HRV-C) is a newly discovered enterovirus species frequently associated with exacerbation of asthma and other acute respiratory conditions. Until recently, HRV-C could not be propagated in vitro, hampering in-depth characterization of the virus replication cycle and preventing efficient testing of antiviral agents. Herein we describe several subgenomic RNA replicon systems and a cell culture infectious model for HRV-C that can be used for antiviral screening. The replicon constructs consist of genome sequences from HRVc15, HRVc11, HRVc24, and HRVc25 strains, with the P1 capsid region replaced by a Renilla luciferase coding sequence. Following transfection of the replicon RNA into HeLa cells, the constructs produced time-dependent increases in luciferase signal that can be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by known inhibitors of HRV replication, including the 3C protease inhibitor rupintrivir, the nucleoside analog inhibitor MK-0608, and the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4K-IIIβ) kinase inhibitor PIK93. Furthermore, with the exception of pleconaril and pirodavir, the other tested classes of HRV inhibitors blocked the replication of full-length HRVc15 and HRVc11 in human airway epithelial cells (HAEs) that were differentiated in the air-liquid interface, exhibiting antiviral activities similar to those observed with HRV-16. In summary, this study is the first comprehensive profiling of multiple classes of antivirals against HRV-C, and the set of newly developed quantitative HRV-C antiviral assays represent indispensable tools for the identification and evaluation of novel panserotype HRV inhibitors.
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40
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Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta is essential for replication of human rhinovirus and its inhibition causes a lethal phenotype in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3358-68. [PMID: 23650168 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00303-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the predominant cause of the common cold, but more importantly, infection may have serious repercussions in asthmatics and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) patients. A cell-based antiviral screen against HRV was performed with a subset of our proprietary compound collection, and an aminothiazole series with pan-HRV species and enteroviral activity was identified. The series was found to act at the level of replication in the HRV infectious cycle. In vitro selection and sequencing of aminothiazole series-resistant HRV variants revealed a single-nucleotide mutation leading to the amino acid change I42V in the essential HRV 3A protein. This same mutation has been previously implicated in resistance to enviroxime, a former clinical-stage antipicornavirus agent. Enviroxime-like compounds have recently been shown to target the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KIIIβ). A good correlation between PI4KIIIβ activity and HRV antiviral potency was found when analyzing the data over 80 compounds of the aminothiazole series, covering a 750-fold potency range. The mechanism of action through PI4KIIIβ inhibition was further demonstrated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of PI4KB, which reduced HRV replication and also increased the potency of the PI4KIIIβ inhibitors. Inhibitors from two different structural classes with promising pharmacokinetic profiles and with very good selectivity for PI4KIIIβ were used to dissociate compound-related toxicity from target-related toxicity. Mortality was seen in all dosing groups of mice treated with either compound, therefore suggesting that short-term inhibition of PI4KIIIβ is deleterious.
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41
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Ji XY, Wang HQ, Hao LH, He WY, Gao RM, Li YP, Li YH, Jiang JD, Li ZR. Synthesis and antiviral activity of N-phenylbenzamide derivatives, a novel class of enterovirus 71 inhibitors. Molecules 2013; 18:3630-40. [PMID: 23519203 PMCID: PMC6270001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel N-phenylbenzamide derivatives were synthesized and their anti-EV 71 activities were assayed in vitro. Among the compounds tested, 3-amino-N-(4-bromophenyl)-4-methoxybenzamide (1e) was active against the EV 71 strains tested at low micromolar concentrations, with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 ± 0.8–12 ± 1.2 μM, and its cytotoxicity to Vero cells (TC50 = 620 ± 0.0 μM) was far lower than that of pirodavir (TC50 = 31 ± 2.2 μM). Based on these results, compound 1e is a promising lead compound for the development of anti-EV 71 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan-Ping Li
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); Tel.: +86-10-6316-5267 (Y.-P.L.); +86-10-6301-0984 (Y.-H.L.); Fax: +86-10-6301-7302 (Y.-P.L. & Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); Tel.: +86-10-6316-5267 (Y.-P.L.); +86-10-6301-0984 (Y.-H.L.); Fax: +86-10-6301-7302 (Y.-P.L. & Y.-H.L.)
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42
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Feil SC, Hamilton S, Krippner GY, Lin B, Luttick A, McConnell DB, Nearn R, Parker MW, Ryan J, Stanislawski PC, Tucker SP, Watson KG, Morton CJ. An Orally Available 3-Ethoxybenzisoxazole Capsid Binder with Clinical Activity against Human Rhinovirus. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:303-7. [PMID: 24900468 DOI: 10.1021/ml2002955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections caused by human rhinovirus are responsible for severe exacerbations of underlying clinical conditions such as asthma in addition to their economic cost in terms of lost working days due to illness. While several antiviral compounds for treating rhinoviral infections have been discovered, none have succeeded, to date, in reaching approval for clinical use. We have developed a potent, orally available rhinovirus inhibitor 6 that has progressed through early clinical trials. The compound shows favorable pharmacokinetic and activity profiles and has a confirmed mechanism of action through crystallographic studies of a rhinovirus-compound complex. The compound has now progressed to phase IIb clinical studies of its effect on natural rhinovirus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C. Feil
- Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy,
Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Stephanie Hamilton
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | - Guy Y. Krippner
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | - Bo Lin
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | - Angela Luttick
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | - Darryl B. McConnell
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | - Roland Nearn
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy,
Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville,
Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jane Ryan
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | | | - Simon P. Tucker
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | - Keith G. Watson
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | - Craig J. Morton
- Biota Holdings Ltd., 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria
3168, Australia
- Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy,
Victoria 3065, Australia
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43
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Study of the biological activity of novel synthetic compounds with antiviral properties against human rhinoviruses. Molecules 2011; 16:3479-87. [PMID: 21522081 PMCID: PMC6263271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16053479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviridae represent a very large family of small RNA viruses, some of which are the cause of important human and animal diseases. Since no specific therapy against any of these viruses currently exists, palliative symptomatic treatments are employed. The early steps of the picornavirus replicative cycle seem to be privileged targets for some antiviral compounds like disoxaril and pirodavir. Pirodavir’s main weakness is its cytotoxicity on cell cultures at relatively low doses. In this work some original synthetic compounds were tested, in order to find less toxic compounds with an improved protection index (PI) on infected cells. Using an amino group to substitute the oxygen atom in the central chain, such as that in the control molecule pirodavir, resulted in decreased activity against Rhinoviruses and Polioviruses. The presence of an -ethoxy-propoxy- group in the central chain (as in compound I-6602) resulted in decreased cell toxicity and in improved anti-Rhinovirus activity. This compound actually showed a PI >700 on HRV14, while pirodavir had a PI of 250. These results demonstrate that modification of pirodavir’s central hydrocarbon chain can lead to the production of novel derivatives with low cytotoxicity and improved PI against some strains of Rhinoviruses.
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Thibaut HJ, Leyssen P, Puerstinger G, Muigg A, Neyts J, De Palma AM. Towards the design of combination therapy for the treatment of enterovirus infections. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:213-7. [PMID: 21466823 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report here on a comparative study of the activity of 10 enterovirus inhibitors against poliovirus 1, enterovirus 71 and human rhinovirus 14. Three of the selected molecules (Pleconaril, BTA-798 and V-073) are in clinical development. The in vitro antiviral activity of pairwise combinations of inhibitors indicated that most combinations resulted in an additive to slightly synergistic antiviral activity. However, the combination of ribavirin with a nucleoside polymerase inhibitor resulted in a pronounced antagonistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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45
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Phillips T, Jenkinson L, McCrae C, Thong B, Unitt J. Development of a high-throughput human rhinovirus infectivity cell-based assay for identifying antiviral compounds. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:182-8. [PMID: 21300110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations are associated with human rhinovirus (HRV) lung infections for which there are no current effective antiviral therapies. To date, HRV infectivity of cells in vitro has been measured by a variety of biochemical and immunological methods. This paper describes the development of a high-throughput HRV infectivity assay using HeLa OHIO cells and a chemiluminescent-based ATP cell viability system, CellTiter-Glo from Promega, to measure HRV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). This CellTiter-Glo assay was validated with standard antiviral agents and employed to screen AstraZeneca compounds for potential antiviral activity. Compound potency values in this assay correlated well with the quantitative RT-PCR assay measuring HRV infectivity and replication in human primary airway epithelial cells. In order to improve pan-HRV screening capability, compound potency was also measured in the CellTiter-Glo assay with a combination of 3 different HRV serotypes. This HRV serotype combination assay could be used to identify quickly compounds with desirable broad spectrum antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Phillips
- Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Bakewell Road, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom.
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46
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Rollinger JM, Schmidtke M. The human rhinovirus: human-pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:42-92. [PMID: 19714577 PMCID: PMC7168442 DOI: 10.1002/med.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the major etiological agent of the common cold, human rhinoviruses (HRV) cause millions of lost working and school days annually. Moreover, clinical studies proved an association between harmless upper respiratory tract infections and more severe diseases e.g. sinusitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both the medicinal and socio-economic impact of HRV infections and the lack of antiviral drugs substantiate the need for intensive antiviral research. A common structural feature of the approximately 100 HRV serotypes is the icosahedrally shaped capsid formed by 60 identical copies of viral capsid proteins VP1-4. The capsid protects the single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome of about 7,400 bases in length. Both structural as well as nonstructural proteins produced during the viral life cycle have been identified as potential targets for blocking viral replication at the step of attachment, entry, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis by synthetic or natural compounds. Moreover, interferon and phytoceuticals were shown to protect host cells. Most of the known inhibitors of HRV replication were discovered as a result of empirical or semi-empirical screening in cell culture. Structure-activity relationship studies are used for hit optimization and lead structure discovery. The increasing structural insight and molecular understanding of viral proteins on the one hand and the advent of innovative computer-assisted technologies on the other hand have facilitated a rationalized access for the discovery of small chemical entities with antirhinoviral (anti-HRV) activity. This review will (i) summarize existing structural knowledge about HRV, (ii) focus on mechanisms of anti-HRV agents from synthetic and natural origin, and (iii) demonstrate strategies for efficient lead structure discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Hayashi K, Narutaki K, Nagaoka Y, Hayashi T, Uesato S. Therapeutic effect of arctiin and arctigenin in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice infected with influenza A virus. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1199-205. [PMID: 20606313 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arctiin and its aglucone, arctigenin from the fruits of Arctium lappa L. showed potent in vitro antiviral activities against influenza A virus (A/NWS/33, H1N1) (IFV). Based on the data from time-of-addition experiments and on release tests of progeny viruses, arctigenin was assumed to interfere with early event(s) of viral replication after viral penetration into cells, and to suppress the release of progeny viruses from the host cells. Arctiin was orally effective against either IFV-inoculated normal or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated mice, being less effective as compared with oseltamivir. Noticeably, arctiin produced a larger amount of virus-specific antibody than those of control and oseltamivir in sera collected from 5-FU-treated mice. Furthermore, oral treatment of 5-FU-treated mice with arctiin did not induce any resistant viruses, although the same treatment with oseltamivir induced resistant viruses at a 50% frequency. When the combination of arctiin and oseltamivir was administered to normal mice infected with IFV, the virus yields in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and lungs were significantly reduced relative to those in the mice treated with arctiin or oseltamivir alone. Thus, monotherapy of arctiin or combined therapy of arctiin with oseltamivir would be another treatment option for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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48
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Wu KX, Ng MML, Chu JJH. Developments towards antiviral therapies against enterovirus 71. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:1041-51. [PMID: 20974282 PMCID: PMC7108380 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as a clinically important neurotropic virus that can cause acute flaccid paralysis and encephalitis, leading to cardiopulmonary failure and death. Recurring outbreaks of EV71 have been reported in several countries. The current lack of approved anti-EV71 therapy has prompted intense research into antiviral development. Several strategies--ranging from target-based chemical design to compound library screenings--have been employed, while others revisited compound series generated from antiviral developments against poliovirus and human rhinoviruses. These efforts have given rise to a diversity of antiviral candidates that include small molecules and non-conventional nucleic-acid-based strategies. This review aims to highlight candidates with potential for further clinical development based on their putative modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan X Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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49
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Chin LW, Cheng YW, Lin SS, Lai YY, Lin LY, Chou MY, Chou MC, Yang CC. Anti-herpes simplex virus effects of berberine from Coptidis rhizoma, a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine, Ching-Wei-San. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1933-41. [PMID: 20686799 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Berberine is an alkaloid extracted from Coptidis rhizome. Among the individual herbal components of a Chinese herb medicine, Ching-Wei-San, Coptidis Rhizoma has the most potent antimicrobial activity. By high-pressure liquid chromatography, the quantitative analysis of berberine from 6.25-mg/mL (w/v) Coptidis rhizome extract or 50.00-mg/mL (w/v) Ching-Wei-San was determined to be 0.26 mg/mL. To explore the potential use of Ching-Wei-San against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, the cytotoxicity, anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 activity in Vero cells were assayed. The selectivity index of berberine was about 1.2-1.5 times higher than that of Coptidis rhizome extract and Ching-Wei-San. Moreover, the antiviral activities correspond to the content of berberine in the aqueous solution. Berberine may interfere with the viral replication cycle after virus penetration and no later than the viral DNA synthesis step, and its activities were not affected by the preparation processes. Berberine, the natural plants that contain this component, including Coptidis rhizome, and Ching-Wei-San have all shown anti-HSV effects.
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50
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De Palma AM, Vliegen I, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Selective inhibitors of picornavirus replication. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:823-84. [PMID: 18381747 DOI: 10.1002/med.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses cover a large family of pathogens that have a major impact on human but also on veterinary health. Although most infections in man subside mildly or asymptomatically, picornaviruses can also be responsible for severe, potentially life-threatening disease. To date, no therapy has been approved for the treatment of picornavirus infections. However, efforts to develop an antiviral that is effective in treating picornavirus-associated diseases are ongoing. In 2007, Schering-Plough, under license of ViroPharma, completed a phase II clinical trial with Pleconaril, a drug that was originally rejected by the FDA after a New Drug Application in 2001. Rupintrivir, a rhinovirus protease inhibitor developed at Pfizer, reached clinical trials but was recently halted from further development. Finally, Biota's HRV drug BTA-798 is scheduled for phase II trials in 2008. Several key steps in the picornaviral replication cycle, involving structural as well as non-structural proteins, have been identified as valuable targets for inhibition. The current review aims to highlight the most important developments during the past decades in the search for antivirals against picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando M De Palma
- Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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