1
|
Singh P, Hernandez‐Rauda R, Peña‐Rodas O. Preventative and therapeutic potential of animal milk components against COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2547-2579. [PMID: 37324885 PMCID: PMC10261805 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 is considered one of the most catastrophic events on earth. During the pandemic, food ingredients may play crucial roles in preventing infectious diseases and sustaining people's general health and well-being. Animal milk acts as a super food since it has the capacity to minimize the occurrence of viral infections due to inherent antiviral properties of its ingredients. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection can be prevented by immune-enhancing and antiviral properties of caseins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, mucin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and glycerol monolaurate. Some of the milk proteins (i.e., lactoferrin) may work synergistically with antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir), and enhance the effectiveness of treatment in this disease. Cytokine storm during COVID-19 can be managed by casein hydrolyzates, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and lactoperoxidase. Thrombus formation can be prevented by casoplatelins as these can inhibit human platelet aggregation. Milk vitamins (i.e., A, D, E, and B complexes) and minerals (i.e., Ca, P, Mg, Zn, and Se) can have significantly positive effects on boosting the immunity and health status of individuals. In addition, certain vitamins and minerals can also act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antivirals. Thus, the overall effect of milk might be a result of synergistic antiviral effects and host immunomodulator activities from multiple components. Due to multiple overlapping functions of milk ingredients, they can play vital and synergistic roles in prevention as well as supportive agents during principle therapy of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh
- Department of Animal Husbandry AmritsarGovernment of PunjabAmritsarIndia
| | - Roberto Hernandez‐Rauda
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
| | - Oscar Peña‐Rodas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morrin ST, Buck RH, Farrow M, Hickey RM. Milk-derived anti-infectives and their potential to combat bacterial and viral infection. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
3
|
Khadivi Derakshan F, Darvishi F, Dezfulian M, Madzak C. Expression and Characterization of Glucose Oxidase from Aspergillus niger in Yarrowia lipolytica. Mol Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
4
|
Badr G, Ramadan NK, Sayed LH, Badr BM, Omar HM, Selamoglu Z. Why whey? Camel whey protein as a new dietary approach to the management of free radicals and for the treatment of different health disorders. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:338-349. [PMID: 28804604 PMCID: PMC5425915 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.8573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The balance between free radicals and antioxidants is an important factor for maintaining health and slowing disease progression. The use of antioxidants, particularly natural antioxidants, has become an important strategy for dealing with this cause of widespread diseases. Natural antioxidants have been used as therapeutic tools against many diseases because they are safe, effective, and inexpensive and are among the most commonly used adjuvants in the treatment of several diseases. Camel whey protein (CWP) is considered a strong natural antioxidant because it decreases oxidative stress, enhances immune system function, and increases glutathione levels. The structure of CWP is very similar to that of other types of whey protein from different types of milk. CWP contains many components, such as lactoferrin (LF), lactalbumin, lactoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, and lysozyme, and is rich in immunoglobulins. However, in contrast to other WPs, CWP lacks β-lactoglobulin, the main cause of milk allergies in children. The components of CWP have many beneficial effects, including stimulation of both innate and adaptive immunity and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Recently, it has been shown that CWP and its unique components can facilitate the treatment of impaired diabetic wound healing. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of CWP in human and other animal disorders are not fully understood. Therefore, the current review presents a concise summary of the scientific evidence of the beneficial effects of CWP to support its therapeutic use in disease treatment and nutritional intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Badr
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nancy K Ramadan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
- Animal Health Research Institute, Assiut Branch. Assiut, Egypt
| | - Leila H Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Badr M Badr
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt
| | - Hossam M Omar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Redwan EM, Almehdar HA, EL-Fakharany EM, Baig AWK, Uversky VN. Potential antiviral activities of camel, bovine, and human lactoperoxidases against hepatitis C virus genotype 4. RSC Adv 2015; 5:60441-60452. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11768b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidases (LPOs) were assayed against hepatitis C virus (HCV) using PCR. Direct interaction of HCV with LPO neutralized the viral particles and prevented entry into cells. LPOs inhibited virus amplification in infected HepG2 cells with a relative activity of 100%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Department of Biological Science
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein A. Almehdar
- Department of Biological Science
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Esmail M. EL-Fakharany
- Protective and Therapeutic Proteins Laboratory
- Protein Research Department
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute GEBRI
- City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications
- Alexandria
| | - Abdul-Wahab K. Baig
- Department of Biological Science
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Biological Science
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bassim CW, Ambatipudi KS, Mays JW, Edwards DA, Swatkoski S, Fassil H, Baird K, Gucek M, Melvin JE, Pavletic SZ. Quantitative salivary proteomic differences in oral chronic graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1390-9. [PMID: 22806177 PMCID: PMC3805145 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a severe immunological complication that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although oral cGVHD occurs in >25 % of cGVHD patients and leads to decreased quality of life, its etiology is poorly understood. The present retrospective cross-sectional analysis of oral cGVHD patients sought to (1) test the feasibility of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify protein biomarkers of oral cGVHD and (2) to gain a clearer understanding of salivary proteins impacted by oral cGVHD. Methods Using unstimulated whole saliva, we compared pooled saliva from five patients with a diagnosis of moderate or severe oral cGVHD, with a gender-and age- matched pool of five cGVHD patients with no oral mucosal findings. LC-MS/MS was used to identify salivary proteins, followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Selected mass spectrometric findings, including lactotransferrin, lactoperoxidase, and albumin, were confirmed by targeted label-free quantification. Results LC-MS/MS led to confident identification of 180 proteins. Of these proteins, 102 changed in abundance at least 2 fold, including 12 proteins identified only in the No oral cGVHD group. Downregulation of ~0.4 fold was confirmed for both lactotransferrin and lactoperoxidase in Oral cGVHD saliva using targeted label-free quantification. IPA analysis implicated pathways involved in cellular metabolism and immunoregulation. Conclusions Reduction of salivary lactoperoxidase, lactotransferrin, and several cysteine proteinase inhibitor family proteins suggests impaired oral antimicrobial host immunity in cGVHD patients. This shotgun proteomic analysis of oral cGVHD saliva using targeted label-free quantification of select proteins supports the use of mass spectrometry for future validation in a large patient population as noninvasive tests for screening, early detection, and monitoring of cGVHD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10875-012-9738-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol W Bassim
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, 10 Center Drive, room 5-2531, MSC 1470, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arakeri G. Autologous saliva transfusion: treatment for HIV? Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:772-6. [PMID: 20060653 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 pandemic is a complex mix of diverse epidemics within and between countries and regions of the world, and is undoubtedly the defining public-health crisis of our time. Any therapeutic or prophylactic measure which holds promise or provides clues of eliminating or inhibiting the infection is worthy of investigation. As our body's own saliva is suspiciously escaping from the infection and providing clues regarding the resistance/inhibition of HIV; in this paper, a treatment approach is suggested with the rationale of in vitro effective antiviral action of autogenous saliva may also have a better therapeutic potential by its intravenous administration along with dextran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Arakeri
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad and Craniofacial Unit, FMS Dental Hospital, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Fragoso MA, Torbati A, Fregien N, Conner GE. Molecular heterogeneity and alternative splicing of human lactoperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 482:52-7. [PMID: 19059195 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human lactoperoxidase (LPO) exists as two distinct molecules independent of glycosylation. The N-terminus of one form is blocked and has not been identified while the other is proteolytically processed at the N-terminus similar to myeloperoxidase. Our analysis identified alternatively spliced human LPO mRNAs that may explain the observed molecular heterogeneity of LPO. Two mRNAs omit propeptide encoding exons while retaining the 5' exon encoding the secretion signal, consistent with the heterogeneity and suggesting a possible functional role for the propeptide. Two LPO forms were expressed using baculovirus and both showed similar enzyme activity. LC/MS/MS analysis of trypsin digested, partially purified, salivary LPO confirmed the larger unprocessed LPO is present in saliva. To compare variant expression patterns, antisera were raised against purified recombinant (rhLPO) as well as against an antigenic peptide sequence within the exons encoding the propeptide region. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated proLPO was differently localized within gland cells compared to other forms of LPO. The data suggested splice variants may contribute to LPO molecular heterogeneity and its regulation by intracellular compartmental localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miryam A Fragoso
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tanaka T, Murakami S, Kumura H, Igarashi I, Shimazaki KI. Parasiticidal activity of bovine lactoperoxidase against Toxoplasma gondii. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 84:774-9. [PMID: 17167541 DOI: 10.1139/o06-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasitic protozoan transmitted via the ingestion of raw, infected meat that causes congenital infections. In a cell-free environment, virulent Toxoplasma was strikingly resistant to H2O2. The activity of H2O2 or H2O2 generated by glucose – glucose oxidase against the resistant tachyzoite stage of pathogenic T. gondii was enhanced by adding KI and bovine lactoperoxidase (bLPO), referred to here as the bLPO system. Replacing bLPO (heme content, 90%) with recombinant bLPO (heme content, 6%) did not enhance the parasiticidal activity with KI and H2O2. These results indicated that heme contributed to the enzyme activity and resulted in the killing of tachyzoites of T. gondii. Tachyzoites treated with the bLPO system also lost the ability to penetrate the mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3), and could be killed intracellularly after exposure by bLPO to a mouse macrophage cell line (J774A.1). These findings suggested that toxicity was mediated through small amounts of H2O2 generated by phagocytic events in naive macrophages, and by the peroxidative activity of bLPO. Our observations suggest that the bLPO system could help prevent the development of Toxoplasmosis in humans after ingesting raw, infected meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Dairy Food Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tripathi V, Vashishtha B. Bioactive Compounds of Colostrum and Its Application. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120600694606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
12
|
Campo J, Perea MA, del Romero J, Cano J, Hernando V, Bascones A. Oral transmission of HIV, reality or fiction? An update. Oral Dis 2006; 12:219-28. [PMID: 16700731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and many other viruses can be isolated in blood and body fluids, including saliva, and can be transmitted by genital-genital and especially anal-genital sexual activity. The risk of transmission of HIV via oral sexual practices is very low. Unlike other mucosal areas of the body, the oral cavity appears to be an extremely uncommon transmission route for HIV. We present a review of available evidence on the oral-genital transmission of HIV and analyse the factors that act to protect oral tissues from infection, thereby reducing the risk of HIV transmission by oral sex. Among these factors we highlight the levels of HIV RNA in saliva, presence of fewer CD4+ target cells, presence of IgA antibodies in saliva, presence of other infections in the oral cavity and the endogenous salivary antiviral factors lysozyme, defensins, thrombospondin and secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Campo
- Department of Buccofacial Medicine and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rogan MP, Geraghty P, Greene CM, O'Neill SJ, Taggart CC, McElvaney NG. Antimicrobial proteins and polypeptides in pulmonary innate defence. Respir Res 2006; 7:29. [PMID: 16503962 PMCID: PMC1386663 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired air contains a myriad of potential pathogens, pollutants and inflammatory stimuli. In the normal lung, these pathogens are rarely problematic. This is because the epithelial lining fluid in the lung is rich in many innate immunity proteins and peptides that provide a powerful anti-microbial screen. These defensive proteins have anti-bacterial, anti- viral and in some cases, even anti-fungal properties. Their antimicrobial effects are as diverse as inhibition of biofilm formation and prevention of viral replication. The innate immunity proteins and peptides also play key immunomodulatory roles. They are involved in many key processes such as opsonisation facilitating phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses by macrophages and monocytes. They act as important mediators in inflammatory pathways and are capable of binding bacterial endotoxins and CPG motifs. They can also influence expression of adhesion molecules as well as acting as powerful anti-oxidants and anti-proteases. Exciting new antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions are being elucidated for existing proteins that were previously thought to be of lesser importance. The potential therapeutic applications of these proteins and peptides in combating infection and preventing inflammation are the subject of ongoing research that holds much promise for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Rogan
- Pulmonary Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Pulmonary Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Pulmonary Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane J O'Neill
- Pulmonary Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Pulmonary Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Pulmonary Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seifu E, Buys EM, Donkin E. Significance of the lactoperoxidase system in the dairy industry and its potential applications: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Conner GE, Salathe M, Forteza R. Lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide metabolism in the airway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:S57-61. [PMID: 12471090 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2206018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is known to play an important role in airway homeostasis. For this reason its levels and thus its synthesis and consumption are important mechanisms for controlling airway functions. We have identified the major macromolecular consumer of H2O2 in sheep airway secretions to be lactoperoxidase (LPO), a heme peroxidase previously studied in milk and saliva. This enzyme uses H2O2 to oxidize the anion thiocyanate to an antibiotic compound that prevents growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. LPO was isolated from sheep airways and proved to be a major constituent comprising about 1% of the soluble protein in airway secretions. The isolated airway LPO was catalytically active and displayed the enzymatic characteristics previously described for the enzyme isolated from bovine milk. Airway LPO activity was shown to increase the rate of bacterial clearance from sheep airways. The role of this enzyme in the airway host defense strongly suggests that an active H2O2 production system exists to supply appropriate substrate for the enzyme. The identity of this H2O2 synthesis system is an important, yet unknown feature of airway oxygen radical metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Conner
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gerson C, Sabater J, Scuri M, Torbati A, Coffey R, Abraham JW, Lauredo I, Forteza R, Wanner A, Salathe M, Abraham WM, Conner GE. The lactoperoxidase system functions in bacterial clearance of airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:665-71. [PMID: 10837362 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.6.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway mucus is a complex mixture of secretory products that provides a multifaceted defense against pulmonary infection. Mucus contains antimicrobial peptides (e.g., defensins) and enzymes (e.g., lysozyme) although the contribution of these to airway sterility has not been tested in vivo. We have previously shown that an enzymatically active, heme-containing peroxidase comprises 1% of the soluble protein in sheep airway secretions, and it has been hypothesized that this airway peroxidase may function as a biocidal system. In this study, we show that sheep airway peroxidase is identical to milk lactoperoxidase (LPO) and that sheep airway secretions contain thiocyanate (SCN(-)) at concentrations necessary and sufficient for a functional peroxidase system that can protect against infection. We also show that airway LPO, like milk LPO, produces the biocidal compound hypothiocyanite (OSCN(-)) in vitro. Finally, we show that in vivo inhibition of airway LPO in sheep leads to a significant decrease in bacterial clearance from the airways. The data suggest that the LPO system is a major contributor to airway defenses. This discovery may have significant implications for chronic airway colonization seen in respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gerson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shugars DC, Alexander AL, Fu K, Freel SA. Endogenous salivary inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Oral Biol 1999; 44:445-53. [PMID: 10401522 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(99)00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is rarely transmitted through salivary secretions, due in part to the presence of endogenous inhibitors. Here, the protective characteristics of the intraoral environment are summarized and inhibitory factors that reduce HIV-1 infectivity in vitro described, focusing on secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a 12-kDa mucosal protein that blocks HIV infection in several cell-culture systems. SLPI appears to interact with a cellular surface molecule to limit viral entry into target cells. To determine whether the inhibitor has a similar role in vivo, the contribution of salivary SLPI to anti-HIV-1 activity was assessed. Whole unstimulated filtered salivas from infected and uninfected donors contained similar concentrations of the inhibitor. Depletion from SLPI filtered saliva produced a corresponding loss of inhibitory activity. In general, filtered whole salivas obtained from 10 donors had antiviral activities that correlated positively with SLPI concentrations. However, some samples having SLPI well below the concentration required for inhibitory activity in vitro exhibited modest inhibition, suggesting the presence of other anti-HIV-1 components in oral fluids. Thus, SLPI is a major but not sole inhibitor of this virus in saliva.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Shugars
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, or HIV-1, is infrequently transmitted through the mouth, unlike other mucosal sites. Factors such as low salivary viral titers, low numbers of CD4-positive target cells, anti-HIV antibodies and endogenous salivary antiviral factors work in concert to protect oral tissues from infection and reduce the risk of viral transmission through salivary secretions. This review summarizes the various factors thought to influence oral transmission HIV-1, focusing on the mucosal protein secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, or SLPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Shugars
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7450, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Pauwels R, De Clercq E. Development of vaginal microbicides for the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 11:211-21. [PMID: 8603257 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199603010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Various compounds could be considered to be vaginal microbicides, preventing heterosexual transmission of HIV (i.e. virucidal agents such as nonoxynol 9 and chlorhexidine) and antiviral agents interfering with either virus adsorption/fusion [polyanionic substances such as polysulfates (i.e. PVAS, PAVAS), polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates and negatively charged albumins], or fusion/uncoating (bicyclams), or reverse transcription [dideoxynucleoside analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates such as PMEA and PMPA, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) such as TIBO, HEPT, and alpha-APA derivatives]. In particular, combination of two or more of these compounds seems to be an attractive approach to interrupt transmission of HIV at different stages of the infectious process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pauwels
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Klebanoff SJ, Coombs RW. Virucidal effect of stimulated eosinophils on human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:25-9. [PMID: 8825615 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils, when stimulated, release a variety of agents that can be toxic to ingested or extracellular targets. Among these systems is one that consists of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), H2O2, and a halide. We report here that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated human eosinophils are virucidal to HIV-1 in a chloride-containing medium. When the eosinophil concentration is decreased to a level at which the virucidal effect is incomplete, the addition of bromide or iodide restored complete virucidal activity. The virucidal effect of eosinophils, PMA, and bromide under these conditions is inhibited by the peroxidase inhibitor azide and catalase, but not heated catalase or superoxide dismutase, implicating the EPO-H2O2-halide system. Purified EPO when combined with H2O2 in a chloride-containing medium is virucidal to HIV-1. When the EPO concentration is suboptimal, virucidal activity is increased by bromide, iodide, and, in this instance, thiocyanate and the virucidal activity of the bromide-supplemented system is inhibited by azide and catalase. Our findings, together with the demonstration that eosinophils express CD4 on their surface and, under some circumstances, can be productively infected with HIV-1, raise the possibility that biological oxidants formed by eosinophils can influence the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection by their toxicity to eosinophil-associated or extracellular virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Klebanoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chochola J, Strosberg AD, Stanislawski M. Release of hydrogen peroxide from human T cell lines and normal lymphocytes co-infected with HIV-1 and mycoplasma. Free Radic Res 1995; 23:197-212. [PMID: 7581816 DOI: 10.3109/10715769509064034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell lines and normal lymphocytes persistently or acutely co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and mycoplasmas were found to release hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a likely cause of oxidative stress in these cells. The spectrofluorometric measurement of H2O2 release from these cells, using the scopoletin fluorescence quenching technique, gave values of 16-84 p moles/10(6) cells/min. In CEM cells, H2O2 was released only when acutely co-infected with HIV-1 and mycoplasmas, and not when infected with either organism alone. Anti-mycoplasmal antibiotics strongly reduced H2O2 release, and improved cell viability without blocking virus replication. These results suggest that the simultaneous infection by HIV-1 and mycoplasma leads to the release of H2O2, a toxic and potentially lethal metabolite, which in vivo may contribute to HIV-1 pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chochola
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Parasitaires et Tropicales, INSERM U313, CHU Pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Klebanoff SJ, Kazazi F. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by the amine oxidase-peroxidase system. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2054-7. [PMID: 7559947 PMCID: PMC228334 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.8.2054-2057.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is rapidly inactivated by exposure to a naturally occurring antimicrobial system consisting of peroxidase, H2O2, and a halide. Among the potential sources of H2O2 is the amine oxidase system in which mono-, di-, and polyamines are oxidatively deaminated with the formation of H2O2. The polyamine spermine is present at exceptionally high concentrations in semen. We report here that spermine, spermidine, and, to a lesser degree, the synthetic polyamine 15-deoxyspergualin are viricidal to HIV-1 when combined with amine oxidase and myeloperoxidase. Antiviral activity required each component of the spermine-amine oxidase-peroxidase system and was inhibited by azide (a peroxidase inhibitor) and by catalase but not by superoxide dismutase. Heat treatment of catalase largely abolished its inhibitory effect. These findings implicate H2O2 formed by the amine oxidase system in the antiviral effect and raise the possibility that the polyamine-amine oxidase-peroxidase system influences the survival of HIV-1 in semen and in the vaginal canal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Klebanoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tenovuo J, Hannuksela S, Lenander-Lumikari M. Effects of delmopinol on antimicrobial peroxidase systems and lysozyme in vitro and in human whole saliva. Eur J Oral Sci 1995; 103:247-52. [PMID: 7552957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1995.tb00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Delmopinol is a new surface-active agent which can reduce plaque formation and gingivitis. This study was aimed to analyze whether delmopinol (0.0032-0.65 mM) interferes with the activity of two surface-active oral antimicrobial enzymes, salivary peroxidase and lysozyme. In addition to human whole saliva (pH 5.0 and 6.0), the experiments were done in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) with purified lactoperoxidase (LPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). LPO and MPO were significantly inhibited in buffer by delmopinol concentrations > 6.5 mM and > or = 3.2 mM, respectively. No such inhibition was found for total peroxidase activity in mixed saliva. In vitro, delmopinol was found to desorb surface-bound peroxidases in an active form to the liquid phase. In further analyses, the possible effect of delmopinol on peroxidase-generated hypothiocyanite (HOSCN/OSCN-) was studied in saliva and buffer. No effect was found in buffer, but salivary HOSCN/OSCN- declined significantly with 6.5 mM delmopinol. This was obviously due to an enhanced decay of hypothiocyanite, rather than its reduced rate of formation. No delmopinol-related inhibition of lysozyme occurred in saliva or buffer. The results suggest that high concentration (6.4 mM -0.2%) of delmopinol may lower the concentrations of antimicrobial HOSCN/OSCN- in saliva but has no effect on human lysozyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tenovuo
- Department of Cariology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chochola J, Yamaguchi Y, Moguilevsky N, Bollen A, Strosberg AD, Stanislawski M. Virucidal effect of myeloperoxidase on human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected T cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:969-72. [PMID: 8067778 PMCID: PMC188135 DOI: 10.1128/aac.38.5.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is virucidal to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the persistently infected CEM human T-cell line or in acutely infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as judged by viral infectivity and P24 radioimmunoassay. HIV-1 was specifically inactivated by low doses of the human myeloperoxidase (1.4 to 14.3 mU/ml) and the cells were spared. A higher enzyme concentration (143 mU/m) was cytotoxic, but uninfected CEM cells and normal lymphocytes were resistant to > or = 143 mU of myeloperoxidase per ml. The enzyme was virucidal with the Cl- present in medium and did not require exogenous H2O2. Catalase, an antioxidant enzyme, partially inhibited the virucidal effect of myeloperoxidase. Hence, the H2O2 probably came from the HIV-infected cells themselves. These in vitro findings indicate that the myeloperoxidase system is capable of inactivating HIV-1 of infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chochola
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|